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Journal articles on the topic 'Leases – Europe'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Nasarre-Aznar, Sergio. "Leases as an Alternative to Homeownership in Europe. Some Key Legal Aspects." European Review of Private Law 22, Issue 6 (December 1, 2014): 815–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2014064.

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Abstract: Leasing a property is sometimes not a real alternative to homeownership in many countries. A low proportion of rented housing hinders the efficiency of the housing market. Reasons for this may be of different natures but, for sure, most of them have roots in the urban leases legal system. A lease conceived as not flexible, not stable, and not affordable for tenants has little opportunity to be successful. At the same time, if it entails legal uncertainties, has low guarantees, and does not have an efficient eviction process, it is neither attractive for landlords who might prefer to close down their properties and leave them in disrepair. This paper analyses some key legal features in the three countries with the highest proportion of rented dwellings and in five Southern European countries with low proportions of rented properties and tries to find common elements that encourage or discourage citizens from opting for renting a property instead of buying it. Resumé: Dans de nombreux pays, le bail d'une propriété n'offre pas toujours une alternative réelle à la propriété. Un faible pourcentage de baux d'habitation freine l'efficacité du marché des immeubles d'habitations. Il peut y avoir différentes raisons à cette situation mais il est certain que la plupart d'entre elles proviennent du système légal des baux urbains. Un bail conçu comme peu flexible, peu stable et coûteux pour les locataires offre peu de chances de succès. Si en même temps il comporte des incertitudes juridiques et des rendements faibles, s'il offre peu de garanties et ne connaît pas de procédure d'expulsion efficace, il n'est pas intéressant non plus pour les bailleurs qui pourraient être amenés à fermer leurs propriétés et les laisser à l'abandon. Le présent article analyse ces principales caractéristiques dans les trois pays qui ont le plus haut pourcentage de logements loués et dans cinq pays du sud de l'Europe ayant un faible pourcentage de propriétés louées et tente de trouver des éléments communs qui encouragent ou découragent les citoyens à choisir la location d'une propriété plutôt que l'achat. Zusammenfassung: Wohnimmobilien zu mieten stellt in vielen Ländern manchmal keine wirkliche Alternative zum Eigentumserwerb dar. Eine geringe Anzahl an gemietetem Wohnraum behindert die Effizienz des Wohnraummietmarkts. Die Gründe hierfür können unterschiedlicher Natur sein, aber sicherlich wurzeln die meisten von ihnen in dem Rechtssystem städtischen Mietens. Eine von Mietern als unflexibel, instabil und unbezahlbar empfundene Miete hat kaum Chancen auf Erfolg. Gleichzeitig stellt Vermieten, soweit es rechtliche Unsicherheiten beinhaltet, nur geringe Sicherheiten und kein effizientes Zwangsräumungsverfahren bietet, auch keine attraktive Alternative für Eigentümer dar, die es gegebenenfalls bevorzugen, die Wohnimmobilie leer stehen und verfallen zu lassen. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert einige Schlüsselaspekte in den drei Ländern mit dem höchsten Anteil an vermietetem Wohnraum sowie in fünf südeuropäischen Ländern mit geringem Anteil hieran und versucht gemeinsame Elemente herauszuarbeiten, die Bürger dazu motivieren oder demotivieren, sich für das Mieten anstelle des Kaufens einer Immobilie zu entscheiden.
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2

Bunkus, Ramona, and Insa Theesfeld. "Land Grabbing in Europe? Socio-Cultural Externalities of Large-Scale Land Acquisitions in East Germany." Land 7, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7030098.

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Recently, we witnessed an immense increase in international land transactions in the Global South, a phenomenon slowly expanding in northern industrialized countries, too. Even though in Europe agriculture plays a decreasing economic role for rural livelihoods, the increases in land transactions by non-local, non-agricultural investors pervades rural life. Nevertheless, the underlying processes are not yet well understood. Large-scale land acquisitions describe such purchases and leases in a neutral way, while ‘land grabbing’ expresses negative consequences for rural people. We investigate whether and under which conditions the term land grabbing is justified for the phenomenon observed in Europe. We propose six socio-cultural criteria that scholars should consider to come to an initial classification: legal irregularities, non-residence of new owners, centralization in decision-making structures, treating land as an investment object, concentration of decision-power, and limited access to land markets. We supplement our findings with empirical material from East Germany, where such land acquisition processes occur. Our paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about agricultural structural change in Europe, which is intensified by increasing land prices and a new distribution of landownership but likewise strongly intertwined with rural development.
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Tuanku Muhriz, HRH Tunku Zain al-Abidin ibni. "Malaysia: Roof of a Democratic Society." ICR Journal 9, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v9i4.92.

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In discussing democratic transitions in the Muslim world, many turn to episodes in the history of the Middle East, Andalusia, the Ottoman Empire and Mughal Empire for inspiration. By comparison, Southeast Asia is often neglected. Looking back at Malaysia’s rich history, however, evidence of democratic leanings situated within a specifically Muslim cultural and religious context are clearly evident. This paper briefly discusses six such leanings, namely: the fourteenth-century Terengganu Inscription Stone (Batu Bersurat Terengganu), which hints at notions of a social contract, rule of law and limits to a rulers authority; the Malay Annals (Sejarah Melayu’s) story of King Sangsapurba and its concept of a social contract; the unquestioned loyalty to authority demonstrated in the famous story of Hang Tuah; the 1656 text called the Laws of Melaka (Undang-undang Melaka), which reveals an understanding of legal, economic and philosophical concepts that were first expounded in Europe only during the Enlightenment; Johors Kangchu System, where Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim practiced the issuing of surat sungai, granting leases to planters to cultivate river banks; and, lastly, the key concepts of Negeri Sembilans ancient adat pepatih, which have been adapted to serve present-day Malaysia. The democratic developments that occurred in these explicitly Malay Muslim examples provide an alternative to the authoritarian modes of thinking often advocated by modern-day proponents of a supposedly more Islamic society. Without a renewed national consensus affirming these underlying principles of the nation, involving all parties and a cross-section of citizens, these centuries-old roots of democracy may yet be poisoned and eradicated in Malaysia.
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4

Nasarre-Aznar, Sergio, and Elga Molina-Roig. "A legal perspective of current challenges of the Spanish residential rental market." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-03-2017-0013.

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Purpose This paper aims to explain the main difficulties in the Spanish residential rental market becoming a true alternative to home ownership. Design/methodology/approach Currently, the Spanish rental market only meets temporary housing needs; it is very atomized and lacks professionalism. It does not provide an adequate legal framework to fulfil the parties’ aspirations (i.e. stability, affordability and flexibility for tenants; profitability, security and guarantees to landlords). The analysis of this proposition and the resulting proposal are based on six years of research, which started with the TENLAW European project. Findings Overcoming these constrains is essential to double the rate of residential leases in Spain and get closer to the European average, thus achieving a true diversification of housing tenures and avoiding future housing bubbles. Practical implications The paper makes a series of recommendations to legislators and policymakers to draft an adequate legal framework aimed at increasing the housing rental market share. This is based on the experience of mature tenancy markets in Europe, such as the German, Swiss and Austrian ones. Social implications The new proposed legal framework will help to transform the tenancy model in Spain into a functional one, making it more stable, affordable and flexible, while increasing safety and profitability for landlords. The model is also applicable, on a more general level, to all Mediterranean European countries. Originality/value Rethinking the regulation of tenancies, in a context of housing crisis and unaffordability (still a reality in many European and worldwide countries) has valuable potential for making this type of tenure more popular and for avoiding future housing bubbles.
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5

Kočan, Edina. "ISTORIJSKI RAZVOJ PRAVA GRAĐENjA." Glasnik prava 11, no. 1 (2020): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/gp.1101.85k.

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The author presents the historical genesis of the institute of construction law, with the purpose of presenting the reasons for its introduction in the first place, starting from Roman law to the first civil codifications that can be called modern. In this regard, this paper presents Roman long-term land leases first (emphyteusis and superficies). Superficies are considered the forerunner of modern construction law, because, among other similarities, it had almost the same purpose that is achieved today by construction law: to enable cheaper construction of buildings on someone else's land. Part of this paper is dedicated to the reasons for the revival of the institute of construction rights in the first civil codifications from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century (Austrian law, German law, French law). This part of the paper will also reflect the forms of this right (construction rights and superficiary rights) which occurred when the Roman law was accepted in the countries of the Germanic and Roman legal circles. In the same period in Serbian law, there was an institute of permanent right to use construction land in social or state ownership, which was in accordance with the, now abandoned, collectivist concept of property rights and which in some way satisfied the interests of individuals and society as a whole. Today, construction right is regulated by most of the legal systems in the region, but also by the countries of continental Europe. In Serbia, this legal institute has never been regulated in the form we find in comparative law, but its introduction was proposed by the preliminary draft of the Civil Code of Serbia, which, if accepted, will, in our opinion, be fully applied in domestic social relations.
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6

Konrad, Edvard. "Implicit leadership theories in Eastern and Western Europe." Social Science Information 39, no. 2 (June 2000): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901800039002010.

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Modern theories of leadership emphasize cognitive interaction between leaders and followers. Experience shows that the right personality, the correct behaviour or an appropriate situation for leading are not enough; successful leader performance depends to a large extent on how the leader is accepted by his or her followers. That is why the study of implicit leadership theories that determine these perceptions is important. Implicit leadership theories can be considered as cognitive schemata or prototypes that enable a person to categorize the behaviour of the leader. In the present study, the implicit theories of Eastern and Western middle managers are compared. Results show similarities and differences in the prototypicality rating of 21 leadership behaviours perceived by Eastern and Western managers. Possible influences of cultural differences due to the different historical development of these regions are indicated. The implications of the results for selection and development of leaders are discussed.
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7

HILEMAN, BETTE. "EUROPE LEAVES BIOTECH DOOR AJAR." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 79, no. 8 (February 19, 2001): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n008.p016.

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8

ESZTER, Bogár. "The LEADER program in Hungary and in Europe." Journal of Central European Agriculture 12, no. 3 (2011): 486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/12.3.945.

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9

Giangiordand, Andrea Claudia. "Nuevas fronteras del turismo rural en Europa: el Proyecto LEADER della Comunidad Europea." Revista Turismo em Análise 8, no. 2 (November 5, 1997): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v8i2p21-33.

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10

Glenn, Justin L. "The intellectual-theological leadership of John Amos Comenius." Perichoresis 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2018-0016.

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Abstract John Amos Comenius was a revolutionary leader in both the church and the academy in 17th century Europe. Born and raised in Moravia and firmly grounded in the doctrine of the United Church of the Brethren, Comenius rose from obscurity in what is now the Czech Republic to become recognized around Europe and beyond as an innovative and transformational leader. He contributed to efforts such as advocating for universal education, authoring classroom textbooks (most notably in Latin education), shepherding local churches and his entire denomination, and working for unity and peace among Christians across Europe. Though for many decades after his death he seemed to be lost to time, there has been a resurgence of scholarly interest in the ideas and methods of Comenius. His life and work can serve as a source of encouragement and inspiration to church and educational leaders today.
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11

Hassner, Pierre. "Europe between the United States and the Soviet Union." Government and Opposition 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1986.tb01106.x.

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‘EUROPE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION’. This subject could have been formulated in different terms, such as: ‘Europe between East and West’ or: ‘The European states between the two empires’ or: ‘The two Europes and the two superpowers’. Europe is at the same time one geographically and culturally, divided into nations, and split into two camps. The United States and the Soviet Union are both two global and two European powers, two ordinary states and the leaders of two alliances, the standard bearers of two ideologies. If one were discussing Korea instead of Europe, one would hesitate between calling our study ‘Korea between East and West’ and ‘Korea between North and South’. Europe is that continent where political divisions seem cast in the stone of history and geography, where the opposition between East and West seems to have at the same time a geopolitical meaning (that of maritime versus continental coalition), an ideological one (liberal democracy or capitalism versus communism) and a cultural one (the Western Church versus the Eastern one, Rome versus Byzantium).
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12

Scott, Graham, and Katie Davies. "ANS leader for Europe group." Nursing Standard 9, no. 10 (November 30, 1994): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.9.10.7.s65.

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13

Scott, Graham, and Katie Davies. "ANS leader for Europe group." Nursing Standard 9, no. 11 (December 7, 1994): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.9.11.53.s66.

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14

Tunstall, Jeremy. "Europe as World News Leader." Journal of Communication 42, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00800.x.

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15

Crans, Berend. "Enforcement of 'Authentic' Lease Instruments in Europe." Air and Space Law 22, Issue 2 (June 1, 1997): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila1997012.

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16

Ciobanu, Ceslav. "Mikhail Gorbachev: The Decay of Socialism and the Renaissance of Eastern Europe (From the Perspective of an Insider)." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 18, no. 1 (February 2004): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325403260090.

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This article provides an insider’s view of Gorbachev’s policy “perestroika and glasnost” as it related to the former Central and Eastern European socialist countries. The author describes Gorbachev’s relations with the leaders of communist parties of the Warsaw Treaty. A participant in many of Gorbachev’s meetings with his counterparts, the author analyzes the emergence of democracy and market reforms in these countries. He observed two distinct groups of socialist leaders, one relatively progressive and reform oriented and the other consisting of hardliners with traditional views opposed to any political and economic change. The author describes their attitude toward Gorbachev’s reforms. Based on his personal experience with the Soviet leader, the author also identifies some of the characteristics that made Mikhail Gorbachev one of the most distinguished leaders of the twentieth century, based on his personal experience with the Soviet leader. The author’s description highlights lesser-known aspects of Gorbachev’s performance that complete a portrait of this complex person.
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Hazouard, Solène. "Innovation :l’industrie allemande leader en Europe." Regards sur l’économie allemande, no. 81 (May 1, 2007): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rea.675.

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18

Svyaschenko, Zinaida. "US and the idea of creating a united Europe." European Historical Studies, no. 5 (2016): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2016.05.51-63.

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The article аnalyses the US’ position on the idea of creating the united Europe within the context of the events of the “cold war”. For many years after the Second World War promoting the European integration was one of the important areas of the American foreign policy. An important role in this process belonged to the “Marshall Plan”, which showed support for the ideas of the European unification and forced the leaders of the Western countries to consider the practical steps for their implementation, supported by Washington. Particular attention is paid to NATO, the formation of which was a joint project of the United States and Europe. This organization had globalized and deepened the economic liasions of the countries, and so they became sustainable partners in the most important areas of their cooperation. It was a pledge of stable contacts and coordination on the major 63 issues, which provided guarantees to the both sides. To reinsure its interests, The US started addressing to Europe, appealing to the equal partnership, knowingly claiming to gaining the unquestionable leadership. It is concluded that the renaissance of some European structures by means of the United States’ aid would put the countries of the region in the distinct dependence. Later, economically strong and integrated Western Europe would act as a partner for a global political leader – the United States, without claiming to be an equal partner that develops within the limits set by the USA. That is why the Western Europe faced a difficult choice of integration during this period. All the further actions taken by the European leaders were focused on the possibility of independent planning and subsequent conduct of their internal policies.
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Pluta, Beata, and Marcin Andrzejewski. "Characteristics of Team Leaders Play as exemplified by the European Championships In Basketball." Journal of Human Kinetics 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-011-0013-1.

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Characteristics of Team Leaders Play as exemplified by the European Championships In BasketballThis paper presents a statistical analysis of basketball team leaders performance during a championship status tournament in team sports using the example of the 36th European Championships EuroBasket 2009. The list of player-leaders of particular national teams was developed by means of the expert method, based on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. Empirical data gathered were taken from the website of EuroBasket 2009 Poland (www.eurobasket2009.org) and FIBA Europe (www.fiba.com). Formal statistical methods concerning sample description were used. The comparative analysis was conducted by means of various tabular and graphic techniques. The calculations were performed in a STATISTICA spreadsheet. The applied statistical methods allowed a series of conclusions to be drawn concerning the performance of leader-players and their cooperation with other players on the court. The knowledge of particular SGCs (standard game components) realization allows those dispositions of leader-players which are especially significant in the process of cooperation in a basketball team to be improved by coaching.
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Van Hoek, Remko, and Evert‐jan Visser. "Postponement in Western Europe: laggards and leaders." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 92, no. 3 (August 2001): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00162.

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21

Lev-Yadun, Simcha, and Jarmo K. Holopainen. "Why red-dominated autumn leaves in America and yellow-dominated autumn leaves in Northern Europe?" New Phytologist 183, no. 3 (August 2009): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02904.x.

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22

Marku, Ylber. "Shifting Alliances." Journal of Cold War Studies 24, no. 3 (2022): 80–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01074.

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Abstract Although Albania emerged from the Second World War as an appendage of Yugoslavia, the Albanian Communist regime soon turned against Yugoslavia and forged an alliance with the Soviet Union. However, after the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev launched a campaign of de-Stalinization, Albania’s alliance with the USSR steadily eroded and collapsed altogether by the early 1960s. The PRC under Mao Zedong emerged as the new patron for the only Stalinist regime left in Europe. This article draws on recently declassified archival materials to reassess how and why Albanian Communist leaders shifted from one alliance to another. Both ideological and security considerations shaped the decision-making process. The article sheds light not only on Albania’s Cold War history but also on the history of Eastern Europe and the Soviet bloc.
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Bubueanu, Corina, and Ramona Pavaloiu. "HPTLC Chromatographic Polyphenolic Fingerprints of Plant Species from Eastern Europe." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v5i1.448.

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Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites. They are important active principles from medicinal plants and food supplement that contain medicinal plants. Experimental data indicate that polyphenols exhibit biological functions, as protection against oxidative stress and degenerative diseases. For identification of polyphenolic compounds in plants high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is one of the simple and accurate method, which provide important information regarding chemical composition. The chromatographic polyphenolic fingerprint of the four species analysed (Allium sativum - garlic- green leaves, Allium ursinum - wild garlic - green leaves, Malus pumila - apple tree - leaves, Pyrus communis - pear tree - leaves) revealed the present of flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acids compounds. Because for all the four species for nutritional and therapeutic purpose are used other part of them (garlic and wild garlic- bulbs and apple and pear-fruits) the results obtained can be a first step for superior valorification of hole plant.
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Bulbeniuk, Svitlana. "Особенности проявлений популизма в странах Восточной Европы." Studia Politologiczne, no. 62/2021 (December 18, 2021): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2021.62.2.

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The article examines the features of manifestations of populism in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Ukraine. The origins of right and left populism in these countries are investigated. The activities of populist leaders and political parties, their influence on the political development of each country are analyzed. It is shown that the triumph of populism in most countries is associated with the crisis of traditional politics and the disappointment of citizens in the systemic political forces. The author substantiates the conclusion that the formation of a developed political culture of an activist type can become effective in countering the spread of populism.
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Wooldridge, Kevin. "When the UK leaves Europe Where Does That Leave Me?" Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 8, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2017.1358320.

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26

Tudor, Carissa L., and Hilary Appel. "Is Eastern Europe to Blame for Falling Corporate Taxes in Europe?" East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 30, no. 4 (September 27, 2016): 855–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325416663834.

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When a dozen new countries joined the European Union in the mid-2000s, political tensions spiked over disparities in corporate income tax rates. Since the time of enlargement, leaders have tried repeatedly to enhance corporate tax coordination within the EU, as a result of fears of downward pressure on corporate tax rates and states’ weakening ability to collect revenues. At the same time, leaders from new member states in Eastern Europe with low corporate tax rates have contended that regional efforts to coordinate tax policies are not worthwhile, given that corporate tax competition is a global phenomenon. This article argues that corporate tax competition is more acute at the regional than the global level. While corporate tax rates are falling inside and outside the EU, we demonstrate using a large multiyear, multiregional data set that Eastern European countries have extremely low corporate tax rates relative to other EU and non-EU countries, even when controlling for multiple domestic economic and political factors. These findings support the potential efficacy of pursuing regional corporate tax reform to address the downward spiraling of rates in the EU.
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Jazavita, S. "ILLUSION AND REALITY OF STATEHOOD: THE SEARCH FOR PARALLELS BETWEEN THE LITHUANIAN ACTIVIST FRONT AND THE ORGANISATION OF UKRAINIAN NATIONALISTST." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 132 (2017): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2017.132.1.16.

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he present article analyses the relationship between the Lithuanian Activist Front and the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and their activity parallels in order to reach the Lithuanian and the Ukrainian independence in 1941. The research focuses on the attempts of the OUN and the LAF leaders to project the future Lithuanian and Ukrainian states in the 'New Europe' headed by Germany. Reaching for counterbalance against the USSR and the Communist ideology, the LAF and the OUN organizations aimed at taking into consideration the military and political power of Germany, while Škirpa, the leader of the LAF, coordinated his activities with the OUN leaders, Stetsko, Yaryi, and Bandera. Fanatical chiefs of the Third Reich manipulated with the Lithuanians and Ukrainians' feelings of revenge against the Bolsheviks and the will to feel Europeans; however, they involved a part of Lithuanians and Ukrainians to the massacre of Jews rather than allowed to contribute to Wehrmacht fight against the USSR. Important lesson here that Lithuania and Ukraine did not obtain any independence but just became a part of the Third Reich, which controlled the so called 'New Europe' at the time.
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Ihnatiuk, Olha. "ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES REGARDING MODELS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE CREATIVE TEACHERS-LEADERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION." Theory and practice of social systems management, no. 3 (November 11, 2022): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-7782.2022.3.07.

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Abstract: the article is devoted to the actual problem of forming a “quality” future creative teacher-leader in the conditions of higher education. The focus is on the foreign experience of higher professional pedagogical education in the countries of Northern Europe. It has been established that the professional work of teachers is one of the key determinants not only of educational success of students, but also of their influence on the social and economic development of future Europe. The analysis of models of professional training of teaching staff in higher education in the Northern European countries made it possible to identify a system of priorities in the professional training of teaching staff. The foreign experience of the conducted research can be useful in the context of the training of pedagogues-leaders in the conditions of the higher education system of Ukraine, will contribute to the improvement of the training process.
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Salogub, Yana. "The Russian Empire Policy on the Formation of Population in the Leased from China Territories (1896—1917)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017784-1.

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The leased territories status within Russian Empire in the late XIX – early XX centuries had exclusion zone of CER (concession) and Kwantung Leased Territory (international lease). Despite the differences in the legal status, Russia looked at these territories as part of itself, mastering them in such a way as to create conditions for the consolidation of «Yellow Russia» to political space of the empire. Most important role in this process was played by formation of population and creation of conditions for its life and activities in these territories. A number of factors influenced on formation of population at leased territories. First of all, it was sovereign territory of China, which meant Chinese population continued to live on these territories after Russia leased it. Key problem was that Chinese had a negative attitude to presence of any foreigners in Middle Kingdom, they did not want to obey alien administration. The second factor was presence of foreigners – representatives of European states. Many of them (especially subjects of Great powers of Europe) perceived Russian presence in China as competition and a threat to interests of their states and willingly participated in actions aimed at weakening Russia's position. The third factor was related with remoteness of leased territories from populated (and overpopulated) European center of Russia. In immediate vicinity were territories of Siberia and Russian Far East, where «Russian element» was not enough, the population was small. It was difficult to use demographic resource of nearest Russian territories for settlement of «Yellow Russia». This factor was connected with peculiarities of national and religious policy of the empire, which did not want to see marginal and stigmatized ethnic and religious groups in leased territories. All these factors required special political measures, in which the rational and expedient were intertwined with ideological and political, not always subordinated to pragmatic.
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Vöge, M. "Number of leaves per rosette and fertility characters of the quillwort (Isoëtes lacustris L.) in 50 lakes of Europe: a field study." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 139, no. 3 (June 6, 1997): 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/139/1997/415.

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Boyano Fram, Teofilo Omar. "Análisis comparativo en la logística y la sostenibilidad de los Puertos de Santos y Cartagena de Indias." Ad-gnosis 8, no. 8 (December 1, 2019): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21803/adgnosis.v8i8.361.

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Sea ports are of great importance because cargo enters and leaves through them, although there are other modes of port and other transport operators for those ports, the following article aims to do A comparative analysis of the Ports of Santos and Cartagena de Indias, was made by consulting experts, citation of high impact and review of the literature on port logistics, in which it is concluded that in terms of times and movements Santos is the leader of America, due to its union of rail, maritime and land transportation system, in contrast the Port of Cartagena de Indias has a better logistical position, due to its proximity to Europe, and the United States and Panama, as an excellent transshipment dock.
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Terrien, Mickaël, and Wladimir Andreff. "Organisational efficiency of national football leagues in Europe." European Sport Management Quarterly 20, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1598455.

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33

The Lancet. "Europe and global health: looking for a leader." Lancet 380, no. 9849 (October 2012): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61695-x.

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Pappas, Takis S. "Are Populist Leaders “Charismatic”? The Evidence from Europe." Constellations 23, no. 3 (August 8, 2016): 378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12233.

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Macilwain, Colin. "Europe needs a research leader who will lead." Nature 512, no. 7512 (August 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/512007a.

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36

Seeger, Astrid. "Cisterscapes – Cistercian landscapes connecting Europe." Journal of European Landscapes 3 (February 9, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/jel.2022.3.78298.

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Abstract The LEADER Transnational Cooperation Project „Cisterscapes – Cistercian landscapes connecting Europe“ takes places from 2019–2022. The article gives an overview of the project, the project partners, aims and results and where to follow them.
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37

Katz, Maya Balakirsky. "On the Master-Disciple Relationship in Hasidic Visual Culture: The Life and Afterlife of Rebbe Portraits in Habad, 1798–2006." IMAGES 1, no. 1 (2007): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187180007782347683.

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AbstractScholarship on Hasidism typically utilizes literary source material of the dynastic leaders and their top disciples, while the more typical master/disciple relationship has escaped attention. Hasidic movements have produced, distributed, and voraciously consumed visual portraits of their leaders throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The most visually productive Hasidic community is the Belarusian HabadLubavitch, which has produced images of five of its seven generations of leaders. Indeed, portraits of its leaders have been integral to the development of Habad both in Eastern Europe and its post-Shoah rejuvination in the United States. This paper begins with Habad's visual history from the 1880s release of portrait paintings of the first and third Habad leaders in the effort to establish a unified group identity at a time of factionalism. The survey then moves to Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Rebbe of Habad, who rallied his followers with the medium of photography. Photography became a central component of his leadership in the 1930s and 1940s. The study then moves to the seventh and last Habad leader, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, who expanded the use of visual culture in Habad and used his own image to forge a post-Shoah group identity around a distinctly American leader who was also the spiritual repository of the six preceding Russian leaders. Schneerson's image production and reproduction began to model American celebrity culture in the early 1970s as part of a public campaign to inaugurate the Messianic Age. This broad dissemination of Schneerson's image inadvertantly created an elastic Schneerson portrait, whose reflexivness, in some respects, transcended its subject.
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38

Of the Journal, Editorial board. "Paris charter for a new Europe." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 2 (September 27, 1996): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/1996.2.47.

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Heath, Christopher. "Trademark rights in Europe." European Review of Private Law 4, Issue 4 (December 1, 1996): 289–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/146740.

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After explaining the international framework for intellectual property protection – with particular reference to trademarks – the article focusses more closely on the European position. The measures for harmonisation of trademarks and other related marks are explained. These include a directive on the harmonisation of national trademark laws, which harmonises certain aspects of substantive law but leaves matters of procedure unharmonised, and a regulation establishing a Community Trademark which can be obtained through the Trademark Office in Alicante, Spain. The procedures for obtaining, opposing and cancelling a Community Trademark are detailed as well as the main features of the substantive law system under the Regulation and Directive. The remainder of the article then discusses certain important areas. The Regulation and Directive have provisions on the protection of well-known marks or marks having a reputation. The meaning of this is considered from a comparative standpoint. Finally the problems arising in relation to the clash between free movement of goods and the protection of intellectual property rights are analyzed with particular reference to the case law of the European Court.
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Rechinger, K. H. "Salixtaxonomy in Europe – problems, interpretations, observations." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 98 (1992): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007417.

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I want to give a brief resumé of the reasons why the taxonomic study ofSalixis so notoriously difficult. As long ago as 1737, Linné inFlora Lapponicawrote: “Hunclocum sibi postulat Salicum familia, qui si ulla in Botanicis obscura, haec sane maxima”. The phrase “crux et scandalum botanicorum” has been quoted time and again.(1) All willows are dioecious, developing male and female flowers in different individuals.(2) Flowers in many species are precocious, the flowers appearing before the leaves.(3) There is a tendency for the current year's terminal and past year's lateral branches to differ in indumentum, leaf shape and leaf sequence.
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Kokkonen, Andrej, and Anders Sundell. "Leader Succession and Civil War." Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 3-4 (June 11, 2019): 434–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414019852712.

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Leadership succession is a perennial source of instability in autocratic regimes. Despite this, it has remained a curiously understudied phenomenon in political science. In this article, we compile a novel and comprehensive dataset on civil war in Europe and combine it with data on the fate of monarchs in 28 states over 800 years to investigate how autocratic succession affected the risk of civil war. Exploiting the natural deaths of monarchs to identify exogenous variation in successions, we find that successions substantially increased the risk of civil war. The risk of succession wars could, however, be mitigated by hereditary succession arrangements (i.e., primogeniture—the principle of letting the oldest son inherit the throne). When hereditary monarchies replaced elective monarchies in Europe, succession wars declined drastically. Our results point to the importance of the succession, and the institutions governing it, for political stability in autocratic regimes.
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Mäesalu, Ain. "The Artistic Papsaare Macehead – Weapon or Symbol of Power?" Baltic Journal of Art History 13 (October 9, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/bjah.2017.13.05.

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The article provides a survey of an archaeological find from 2016 –a macehead of moulded bronze found in the village of Papsaare inPärnu County. Human faces are depicted on two opposite side of themiddle section with hemispheres between them that are separatedby grooves into six “leaves”.Maceheads with images of humans are extremely rare in Europe.Until now, only one macehead with a man’s face was known to existfrom Sweden, and another from Norway. A macehead with the fullfigures of two clerics was found in Finby, on the Åland Islands. ThePapsaare macehead was apparently produced in the second half ofthe 12th century or the 13th century somewhere in northern Europe. Itwas probably the power symbol of a noble or military leader, whichcould also be used as a weapon if necessary.
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Bohár, Gy, and I. Schwarczinger. "First Report of a Septoria sp. on Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Europe." Plant Disease 83, no. 7 (July 1999): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.7.696d.

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During a survey for potential biocontrol agents of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.) Descourt) in 1997, plants exhibiting irregular, brown leaf spots were collected repeatedly from six roadside locations in Pest County, Hungary. Many pycnidia developed in the necrotic tissues on detached leaves after 2 days in moist chambers. Pycnidia were globose to slightly flattened, brown, thin walled, 58 to 100 μm in diameter, with a definite ostiole. Conidia were hyaline, filiform with 2 to 3 septa, and 22.0 to 38.0 × 0.7 to 1.3 μm in size. The fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar and identified as a Septoria sp. To confirm pathogenicity, potted ragweed seedlings were sprayed with a suspension of 5 × 106 conidia per ml from pure cultures of the Septoria sp., placed in a dew chamber for 72 h, and then grown in a greenhouse at 16 to 24°C. After 2 weeks, inoculated plants developed small, brown lesions on leaves and leaf petioles. Three weeks after inoculation, necrotic lesions had enlarged to 1 to 3 mm in diameter with irregular, distinct margins and light brown centers. The lesions on the lower leaves were larger and more numerous than on leaves nearer the tops of the plants. Pycnidia developed on the senescent leaves after 1 month. Infected leaves became completely necrotic and occasionally entire plants died. The pathogen was reisolated from all inoculated plants, thus satisfying Koch's postulates. A voucher specimen was deposited at the Department of Botany of the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Buda-pest (No. BP 92081). Septoria ambrosiae Hemmi et Naito was described on ragweed in Japan (1), but our isolate is morphologically distinct from that species. This is the first report of a Septoria sp. on A. artemisiifolia in Europe. Reference: (1) N. Naito. Mem. Coll. Agric. Kyoto 47:41, 1940.
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Ramos Romero, Lucia, Dagmar Tacke, Birger Koopmann, and Andreas von Tiedemann. "First Characterisation of the Phoma Species Complex on Maize Leaves in Central Europe." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091216.

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In the last decade, the cultivated area of maize has increased in Central Europe due to its high yield potential and diverse uses for feed and bio-energy. This has led to more intense maize cultivation, with narrowed crop rotations resulting in the increase in maize leaf diseases. During 2012 and 2013, an inventory of maize leaf spot diseases was carried out in various regions in Central Europe. In addition to the major leaf pathogens, isolates of Phoma-like species were obtained from oval to elliptical spots on leaves or found in lesions produced by other leaf pathogens. A total of 16 representative Phoma-like strains were characterised for their pathogenicity on maize leaves, for their morphological characteristics and with a phylogenetic analysis based on multilocus sequence analysis using part of the actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), β-tubulin (TUB), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU) genes. The strains were grouped into four clades, and morphological studies supported this classification for most of them. Strains were compared with six reference Phoma-like species strains from the Westerndijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute collection reported to colonise maize. The pathogenic group of strains from our collection (after completion of Koch’s postulates) did not cluster with any of these species, indicating a different and novel Phoma-like species infecting maize leaves. To our knowledge, this is the first study dissecting the Phoma species complex on maize leaves in Central Europe.
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Ivanová, Helena, and Slávka Bernadovičová. "Coniochaeta prunicola — first record for Slovakia and Europe." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0122-4.

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AbstractThis study reports the first record of Coniochaeta on Laurocerasus officinalis Roem. from the Nitra district. This is the first record of Coniochaeta for Slovakia and also for Europe. The fungus Coniochaeta prunicola Damm & Crous (Coniochaetales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) was isolated from damaged leaves and twigs of host trees. Morphological analyses demonstrate that Coniochaeta prunicola and Coniochaeta velutina are distinct species.
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Verhofstadt, Guy. "“More Europe is the solution…”." Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 16, no. 1 (May 7, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2014.1.189.

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<p>Lectio Prima delivered by Guy Verhofstadt, MEP, Leader of the ALDE Group in the European Parliament, on the occasion of receiving the Doctor Honoris Causa award from the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest (Romania). The awarding ceremony took place on November 8, 2013, as part of the „European Citizenship Week”.</p>
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Pal, Nicole E., Stephanie T. Gumuchian, Vanessa C. Delisle, Mia Pépin, Vanessa L. Malcarne, Marie-Eve Carrier, Linda Kwakkenbos, Sandra Peláez, Ghassan El-Baalbaki, and Brett D. Thombs. "Development and preliminary validation of the Scleroderma Support Group Leader Self-efficacy Scale." Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders 3, no. 1 (September 25, 2017): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jsrd.5000260.

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Support groups are an important resource for people living with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). Peer support group leaders play an important role in the success and sustainability of SSc support groups, but face challenges that include a lack of formal training. An SSc support group leader training program could improve leader self-efficacy to carry out important leadership tasks, including the management of group dynamics. However, no measures exist to assess self-efficacy among SSc support group leaders. The objective of this study was to develop and provide preliminary evidence on the reliability and validity of the Scleroderma Support Group Leader Self-efficacy Scale (SSGLSS). The SSGLSS was administered to two sets of SSc support group leaders from North America, Europe, and Australia. Study 1 participants (n = 102) completed the SSGLSS only. Study 2 participants (n = 55) completed the SSGLSS and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI). For both studies, we evaluated internal consistency reliability using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Convergent validity was assessed in Study 2 using Pearson correlations of the SSGLSS with the OLBI exhaustion and disengagement subscales. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.96 in Study 1 and 0.95 in Study 2. Consistent with our hypotheses, there was a small negative correlation between SSGLSS scores and the OLBI exhaustion subscale (r = -0.25, p<0.01) and a moderate negative correlation between SSGLSS scores and the disengagement subscale (r = -0.38, p<0.01). These results suggest that the SSGLSS is a reliable and valid measure of self-efficacy for carrying out support group leadership tasks.
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Berger, Silje, Gunnar Söhlke, Gian-Reto Walther, and Richard Pott. "Bioclimatic limits and range shifts of cold-hardy evergreen broad-leaved species at their northern distributional limit in Europe." Phytocoenologia 37, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2007): 523–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2007/0037-0523.

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Barroso, José Manuel. "Let's give Europe a vision." European View 9, no. 1 (June 2010): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-010-0114-6.

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The current economic crisis has wrought havoc on Europe. However, the crisis has also given the leaders of Europe an opportunity to re-evaluate European society and the process of European integration. The time is at hand for Europe to create a new strategic outlook for the future. The Europe 2020 strategy could provide the impetus to create a more prosperous Europe that helps citizens and makes them more dynamic in the new world order.
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Lakusic, Branislava, Violeta Popov, and Dusanka Runjajic-Antic. "Morpho-anatomical characteristics of the raw material of the herbal drug Olivae folium and its counterfeits." Archives of Biological Sciences 59, no. 3 (2007): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0703187l.

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The olive tree leaf is a very significant plant raw material from the medical and economic points of view (Ph. Eur. 5, PDR). In the region of Southeast Europe, olive leaves are most commonly adulterated with oleander leaves and the leaves of Pittosporum tobira. This paper deals with the morphological and anatomical features of leaves of the following species: Olea europaea, Nerium oleander and Pittosporum tobira. The aim of this research was to define concrete diagnostic parameters permitting detection of adulterants in commercial samples of the herbal drug Olivae folium.
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