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Academic literature on the topic 'Leases – Europe'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Leases – Europe"

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Nasarre-Aznar, Sergio. "Leases as an Alternative to Homeownership in Europe. Some Key Legal Aspects." European Review of Private Law 22, Issue 6 (December 1, 2014): 815–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2014064.

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Abstract: Leasing a property is sometimes not a real alternative to homeownership in many countries. A low proportion of rented housing hinders the efficiency of the housing market. Reasons for this may be of different natures but, for sure, most of them have roots in the urban leases legal system. A lease conceived as not flexible, not stable, and not affordable for tenants has little opportunity to be successful. At the same time, if it entails legal uncertainties, has low guarantees, and does not have an efficient eviction process, it is neither attractive for landlords who might prefer to close down their properties and leave them in disrepair. This paper analyses some key legal features in the three countries with the highest proportion of rented dwellings and in five Southern European countries with low proportions of rented properties and tries to find common elements that encourage or discourage citizens from opting for renting a property instead of buying it. Resumé: Dans de nombreux pays, le bail d'une propriété n'offre pas toujours une alternative réelle à la propriété. Un faible pourcentage de baux d'habitation freine l'efficacité du marché des immeubles d'habitations. Il peut y avoir différentes raisons à cette situation mais il est certain que la plupart d'entre elles proviennent du système légal des baux urbains. Un bail conçu comme peu flexible, peu stable et coûteux pour les locataires offre peu de chances de succès. Si en même temps il comporte des incertitudes juridiques et des rendements faibles, s'il offre peu de garanties et ne connaît pas de procédure d'expulsion efficace, il n'est pas intéressant non plus pour les bailleurs qui pourraient être amenés à fermer leurs propriétés et les laisser à l'abandon. Le présent article analyse ces principales caractéristiques dans les trois pays qui ont le plus haut pourcentage de logements loués et dans cinq pays du sud de l'Europe ayant un faible pourcentage de propriétés louées et tente de trouver des éléments communs qui encouragent ou découragent les citoyens à choisir la location d'une propriété plutôt que l'achat. Zusammenfassung: Wohnimmobilien zu mieten stellt in vielen Ländern manchmal keine wirkliche Alternative zum Eigentumserwerb dar. Eine geringe Anzahl an gemietetem Wohnraum behindert die Effizienz des Wohnraummietmarkts. Die Gründe hierfür können unterschiedlicher Natur sein, aber sicherlich wurzeln die meisten von ihnen in dem Rechtssystem städtischen Mietens. Eine von Mietern als unflexibel, instabil und unbezahlbar empfundene Miete hat kaum Chancen auf Erfolg. Gleichzeitig stellt Vermieten, soweit es rechtliche Unsicherheiten beinhaltet, nur geringe Sicherheiten und kein effizientes Zwangsräumungsverfahren bietet, auch keine attraktive Alternative für Eigentümer dar, die es gegebenenfalls bevorzugen, die Wohnimmobilie leer stehen und verfallen zu lassen. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert einige Schlüsselaspekte in den drei Ländern mit dem höchsten Anteil an vermietetem Wohnraum sowie in fünf südeuropäischen Ländern mit geringem Anteil hieran und versucht gemeinsame Elemente herauszuarbeiten, die Bürger dazu motivieren oder demotivieren, sich für das Mieten anstelle des Kaufens einer Immobilie zu entscheiden.
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Bunkus, Ramona, and Insa Theesfeld. "Land Grabbing in Europe? Socio-Cultural Externalities of Large-Scale Land Acquisitions in East Germany." Land 7, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7030098.

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Recently, we witnessed an immense increase in international land transactions in the Global South, a phenomenon slowly expanding in northern industrialized countries, too. Even though in Europe agriculture plays a decreasing economic role for rural livelihoods, the increases in land transactions by non-local, non-agricultural investors pervades rural life. Nevertheless, the underlying processes are not yet well understood. Large-scale land acquisitions describe such purchases and leases in a neutral way, while ‘land grabbing’ expresses negative consequences for rural people. We investigate whether and under which conditions the term land grabbing is justified for the phenomenon observed in Europe. We propose six socio-cultural criteria that scholars should consider to come to an initial classification: legal irregularities, non-residence of new owners, centralization in decision-making structures, treating land as an investment object, concentration of decision-power, and limited access to land markets. We supplement our findings with empirical material from East Germany, where such land acquisition processes occur. Our paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about agricultural structural change in Europe, which is intensified by increasing land prices and a new distribution of landownership but likewise strongly intertwined with rural development.
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Tuanku Muhriz, HRH Tunku Zain al-Abidin ibni. "Malaysia: Roof of a Democratic Society." ICR Journal 9, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v9i4.92.

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In discussing democratic transitions in the Muslim world, many turn to episodes in the history of the Middle East, Andalusia, the Ottoman Empire and Mughal Empire for inspiration. By comparison, Southeast Asia is often neglected. Looking back at Malaysia’s rich history, however, evidence of democratic leanings situated within a specifically Muslim cultural and religious context are clearly evident. This paper briefly discusses six such leanings, namely: the fourteenth-century Terengganu Inscription Stone (Batu Bersurat Terengganu), which hints at notions of a social contract, rule of law and limits to a rulers authority; the Malay Annals (Sejarah Melayu’s) story of King Sangsapurba and its concept of a social contract; the unquestioned loyalty to authority demonstrated in the famous story of Hang Tuah; the 1656 text called the Laws of Melaka (Undang-undang Melaka), which reveals an understanding of legal, economic and philosophical concepts that were first expounded in Europe only during the Enlightenment; Johors Kangchu System, where Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim practiced the issuing of surat sungai, granting leases to planters to cultivate river banks; and, lastly, the key concepts of Negeri Sembilans ancient adat pepatih, which have been adapted to serve present-day Malaysia. The democratic developments that occurred in these explicitly Malay Muslim examples provide an alternative to the authoritarian modes of thinking often advocated by modern-day proponents of a supposedly more Islamic society. Without a renewed national consensus affirming these underlying principles of the nation, involving all parties and a cross-section of citizens, these centuries-old roots of democracy may yet be poisoned and eradicated in Malaysia.
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Nasarre-Aznar, Sergio, and Elga Molina-Roig. "A legal perspective of current challenges of the Spanish residential rental market." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-03-2017-0013.

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Purpose This paper aims to explain the main difficulties in the Spanish residential rental market becoming a true alternative to home ownership. Design/methodology/approach Currently, the Spanish rental market only meets temporary housing needs; it is very atomized and lacks professionalism. It does not provide an adequate legal framework to fulfil the parties’ aspirations (i.e. stability, affordability and flexibility for tenants; profitability, security and guarantees to landlords). The analysis of this proposition and the resulting proposal are based on six years of research, which started with the TENLAW European project. Findings Overcoming these constrains is essential to double the rate of residential leases in Spain and get closer to the European average, thus achieving a true diversification of housing tenures and avoiding future housing bubbles. Practical implications The paper makes a series of recommendations to legislators and policymakers to draft an adequate legal framework aimed at increasing the housing rental market share. This is based on the experience of mature tenancy markets in Europe, such as the German, Swiss and Austrian ones. Social implications The new proposed legal framework will help to transform the tenancy model in Spain into a functional one, making it more stable, affordable and flexible, while increasing safety and profitability for landlords. The model is also applicable, on a more general level, to all Mediterranean European countries. Originality/value Rethinking the regulation of tenancies, in a context of housing crisis and unaffordability (still a reality in many European and worldwide countries) has valuable potential for making this type of tenure more popular and for avoiding future housing bubbles.
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Kočan, Edina. "ISTORIJSKI RAZVOJ PRAVA GRAĐENjA." Glasnik prava 11, no. 1 (2020): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/gp.1101.85k.

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The author presents the historical genesis of the institute of construction law, with the purpose of presenting the reasons for its introduction in the first place, starting from Roman law to the first civil codifications that can be called modern. In this regard, this paper presents Roman long-term land leases first (emphyteusis and superficies). Superficies are considered the forerunner of modern construction law, because, among other similarities, it had almost the same purpose that is achieved today by construction law: to enable cheaper construction of buildings on someone else's land. Part of this paper is dedicated to the reasons for the revival of the institute of construction rights in the first civil codifications from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century (Austrian law, German law, French law). This part of the paper will also reflect the forms of this right (construction rights and superficiary rights) which occurred when the Roman law was accepted in the countries of the Germanic and Roman legal circles. In the same period in Serbian law, there was an institute of permanent right to use construction land in social or state ownership, which was in accordance with the, now abandoned, collectivist concept of property rights and which in some way satisfied the interests of individuals and society as a whole. Today, construction right is regulated by most of the legal systems in the region, but also by the countries of continental Europe. In Serbia, this legal institute has never been regulated in the form we find in comparative law, but its introduction was proposed by the preliminary draft of the Civil Code of Serbia, which, if accepted, will, in our opinion, be fully applied in domestic social relations.
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Konrad, Edvard. "Implicit leadership theories in Eastern and Western Europe." Social Science Information 39, no. 2 (June 2000): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901800039002010.

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Modern theories of leadership emphasize cognitive interaction between leaders and followers. Experience shows that the right personality, the correct behaviour or an appropriate situation for leading are not enough; successful leader performance depends to a large extent on how the leader is accepted by his or her followers. That is why the study of implicit leadership theories that determine these perceptions is important. Implicit leadership theories can be considered as cognitive schemata or prototypes that enable a person to categorize the behaviour of the leader. In the present study, the implicit theories of Eastern and Western middle managers are compared. Results show similarities and differences in the prototypicality rating of 21 leadership behaviours perceived by Eastern and Western managers. Possible influences of cultural differences due to the different historical development of these regions are indicated. The implications of the results for selection and development of leaders are discussed.
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HILEMAN, BETTE. "EUROPE LEAVES BIOTECH DOOR AJAR." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 79, no. 8 (February 19, 2001): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n008.p016.

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ESZTER, Bogár. "The LEADER program in Hungary and in Europe." Journal of Central European Agriculture 12, no. 3 (2011): 486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/12.3.945.

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Giangiordand, Andrea Claudia. "Nuevas fronteras del turismo rural en Europa: el Proyecto LEADER della Comunidad Europea." Revista Turismo em Análise 8, no. 2 (November 5, 1997): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v8i2p21-33.

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Glenn, Justin L. "The intellectual-theological leadership of John Amos Comenius." Perichoresis 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2018-0016.

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Abstract John Amos Comenius was a revolutionary leader in both the church and the academy in 17th century Europe. Born and raised in Moravia and firmly grounded in the doctrine of the United Church of the Brethren, Comenius rose from obscurity in what is now the Czech Republic to become recognized around Europe and beyond as an innovative and transformational leader. He contributed to efforts such as advocating for universal education, authoring classroom textbooks (most notably in Latin education), shepherding local churches and his entire denomination, and working for unity and peace among Christians across Europe. Though for many decades after his death he seemed to be lost to time, there has been a resurgence of scholarly interest in the ideas and methods of Comenius. His life and work can serve as a source of encouragement and inspiration to church and educational leaders today.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Leases – Europe"

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Roettger, Glenn D. "Over a barrel where Russian energy policy leaves Europe with regards to its energy security." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FRoettger.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Looney, Robert E. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83). Also available in print.
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Bártová, Alžběta. "'Genderising' aspects of birth-related leave policies and fertility behaviour in Europe : understanding policy from an individual's perspective." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23437.

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In the context of population ageing and its consequences for future welfare state support, the issue of low fertility in Europe has become very topical over the past two decades. The role of policy and gender equality in explaining fertility behaviour has gained a prominent position in the literature and even today represents two streams that are believed to be important predictors of the current fertility outcomes in Europe. When building arguments regarding the policy effects on fertility behaviour, authors often implicitly assume that everyone living in a given country is entitled to support from particular statutory policy and/or that each individual is entitled to the same amount of support. However, although everyone of reproductive age is likely to make a decision about having children, the policy support does not mean the same thing for each one of them. Instead the set of rules on eligibility conditions clearly states who is entitled to welfare state support and how extensive this support is going to be. These rules consequently mediate the impact a child is going to have on an individual’s circumstances and therefore may influence the decision of whether or when to start a family and how big this family is going to be. The issue of within-country variation in the distribution of entitlements to policy support has been largely ignored in the comparative welfare state literature and has not been sufficiently acknowledged in fertility research. By focusing on the birth-related leave schemes in Europe, this thesis aims to address this gap. It does so by linking the individual-level survey data from EU-SILC with legislative rules from 27 European countries. Such an approach allows the identification of individuals that would be entitled to birth-related leave and compares how their socio-economic situation would change if they were to have a child. Apart from that the thesis is set into a wider context of contemporary fertility research that examines the role of gender issues in fertility behaviour. As such the thesis is particularly interested in the distribution of entitlements to birth-related leave between men and women and in the analyses pays special attention to the policy designs that strengthen traditional gender roles and whether they are associated with fertility behaviour.
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Lang, Markus. "The economics of professional team sports leagues /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9783832268022.

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Favaretto, Matteo <1996&gt. "Il Competitive Balance come principale differenza tra i modelli di gestione dello sport business di Stati Uniti ed Europa, analisi delle major leagues nordamericane e del calcio europeo." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19896.

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La tesi sviluppa un confronto tra il modello di sport management statunitense e quello europeo, in particolare andando ad analizzare le differenze nella struttura e nella gestione delle rispettive leghe sportive più significative, quindi NFL, NBA, MLB ed NHL per gli Stati Uniti e Premier League inglese, Liga spagnola, Bundesliga tedesca, Serie A italiana ed infine Ligue 1 francese per il calcio europeo. L'elaborato tratta nella prima parte le differenze strutturali gestionali nei due modelli di sport management da un punto di vista teorico, successivamente viene analizzato empiricamente il competitive balance dei vari campionati per capire quali hanno più appeal mediatico. Questo perché l'equilibrio competitivo è riconosciuto come fondamentale perché un campionato susciti interesse negli spettatori. In seguito vengono analizzate nel dettaglio le situazioni economico-finanziarie di leghe e club dei due modelli, facendo riferimento in particolare al volume di business generato ed alla sostenibilità economica nel medio-lungo periodo, per capire quale dei due risulta più efficace ed efficiente grazie alle proprie regole gestionali ed alla struttura sviluppata.
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Marino, Bruno. "Why do parties open their leader selection rules? Evidence from Western Europe between party change and personalisation of politics (1985-2015)." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86217.

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Dearing, Helene. "Does parental leave influence the gender division of labour? Recent empirical findings from Europe." Institut für Sozialpolitik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4501/1/WP_HD_gesamt.pdf.

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There has been increasingly interest in parental leave policies as instruments for the implementation of gender equality in society. This review essay explores the link between parental leave policies and the gender division of labour - referring to both paid employment and unpaid family work. Against this backdrop the essay systematically reviews evidence from quantitative empirical research on the effects of parental leave policies on mothers' employment and fathers' involvement in family work. The article suggests that there are several aspects of parental leave that seem to be especially relevant for the gender division of labour, such as the duration of leave, the provision of payments, and an individual entitlement of non-transferable leave rights. In a concluding section the article summarizes the results, discusses doubts and questions raised by the material and identifies promising areas of future research that are crucial for a better understanding of the effects of parental leave on the gender division of labour. (author's abstract)
Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik
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Molina, Roig Elga. "Una nueva regulación para los arrendamientos de vivienda en un contexto europeo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461049.

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En la tesi es porta a terme un estudi crític del contracte de lloguer d'habitatge vigent a Espanya i es proposa una nova normativa funcional, la qual es considera imprescindible per corregir les disfuncions existents en el mercat de lloguer (la taxa més baixa d'Europa occidental , ampli mercat negre, inassequibilitat) i, en concret, per servir com a alternativa real (i no merament friccional) a la propietat com a forma de tinença d'accés a l’habitatge. Per això, s'adreça al dret històric, al dret positiu tant del lloguer urbà com d'altres figures afins i al dret comparat sobre arrendament d'habitatge dels països amb menor (Grècia, Portugal, Itàlia, Malta i Espanya) i major taxa de lloguer d'Europa (Alemanya, Suïssa i Àustria). A més, per reinterpretar la normativa sobre arrendaments urbans d'acord amb el dret a l’habitatge, hem analitzat la raonabilitat i la proporcionalitat de les diferents mesures que es proposen per buscar un equilibri (no necessàriament simètric) entre els drets i les obligacions de les parts. El model funcional que proposem persegueix, per una banda, l'estabilitat (fomentar la formalització de contractes indefinits), la assequibilitat (promoure sistemes de renda referenciada) i la flexibilitat (facilitar el desistiment unilateral amb un termini de preavís i el sotsarrendament quan existeix un interès personal o econòmic) del arrendatari; i, per altra banda, la rendibilitat (sistemes de renda referenciada a preus de mercat que aporten transparència al sector), l’estalvi, les garanties i la seguretat (els dipòsits, assegurances de caució o una possible garantia legal) del arrendador.
En la tesis se lleva a cabo un estudio crítico del contrato de arrendamiento de vivienda vigente en España y se propone una nueva normativa funcional, la cual se considera imprescindible para corregir las disfunciones existentes en el mercado de alquiler (la tasa más baja de Europa occidental, amplio mercado negro, inasequibilidad) y, en concreto, para que sirva como alternativa real (y no meramente friccional) a la propiedad como forma de tenencia de acceso a la vivienda. Para ello, se atiende al derecho histórico, al derecho positivo tanto del arrendamiento urbano como de otras figuras afines y al derecho comparado sobre arrendamiento de vivienda de los países con menor (Grecia, Portugal, Italia, Malta y España) y mayor tasa de alquiler de Europa (Alemania, Suiza y Austria). Además, para reinterpretar la normativa sobre arrendamientos urbanos de acuerdo al derecho a la vivienda, hemos analizado la razonabilidad y la proporcionalidad de las diferentes medidas que se proponen para buscar un equilibrio (no necesariamente simétrico) entre los derechos y las obligaciones de las partes. El modelo funcional que proponemos persigue, por un lado, la estabilidad (fomentar la formalización de contratos indefinidos), la asequibilidad (promover sistemas de renta referenciada) y la flexibilidad (facilitar el desistimiento unilateral con un plazo de preaviso y el subarrendamiento cuando existe un interés personal o económico)del arrendatario; y, por otro lado, la rentabilidad (sistemas de renta referenciada a precios de mercado que aporte transparencia al sector), el ahorro, las garantías y la seguridad (depósitos, seguros de caución o una posible prenda legal) del arrendador.
The thesis covers a critical study of the Spanish rental sector of housing and a new functional regulation is proposed, which is considered essential to correct the existing dysfunctions in the rental market (the lowest rate in Western Europe , broad black market, unaffordability) and, in particular, to serve as a real (and not merely frictional) alternative to homeownership as a form of access to housing. To this end, the historical right, the positive law of both urban leasing and other related figures, and the comparative law on the leasing of housing in countries with a low (Greece, Portugal, Italy, Malta and Spain) and the highest rental sector in Europe (Germany, Switzerland and Austria) are taken into account. In addition, in order to reinterpret the legislation on urban leases in accordance with the right to housing, the reasonableness and proportionality of the different measures proposed are analysed to seek a balance (not necessarily symmetrical) between the rights and obligations of the parties. The functional model we propose pursues, on the one hand, stability (promoting the formalization of indefinite contracts), affordability (promoting referenced income systems) and flexibility (facilitating unilateral withdrawal with a notice period and sublease when there is a Personal or financial interest) of lessees; and, on the other hand, profitability (income systems referenced to market prices that provide transparency to the sector), savings, guarantees and security (deposits, surety bond or a possible legal pledge) for lessors.
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Palumbo, Carmelo Anthony 1970. "Pan-European durable container strategy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84334.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 79).
by Carmelo Anthony Palumbo.
S.M.
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Mickovski, Kiril <1992&gt. "LGBT RIGHTS: how politicization of LGBT issues leads to violence against sexual minorities." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18903.

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The purpose of this research is to, through examining historical occurrences and contemporary politicization of LGBT issue, identify good practices in combating the cultural and institutional violence against sexual minorities Considering its of paramount importance for discussing contemporary LGBT issues, the first chapter discusses the Stonewell movements in the 1970s, as well as prior organizations called the homophiles, which paved the way in combating issues regarding hate crime laws and sodomy laws that present a concerning elements from legislative part of many LGBT movements in the 21st century Subsequently, the second chapter continues the research on the state of sexual minorities in regards to the evolution of Europe legislature in treating instruments to tackle sexual orientation as a discriminatory offence. Furthermore, I will try to explain the complexities and the advancement of the court cases promulgated by the ECJ and ECtHR as a benchmark jurisprudence in combating discrimination based on gender or sex. My research will expose the European broad legal anti-discrimination strategy, its vagueness in relation to active and passive discrimination along with the hierarchical position of gender or sex compared to other grounds for discrimination. In the last chapter, my paper tries to make an assessment with other countries ideological struggle against LGBT rights in Russia, Poland and the Balkans when it comes these countries tendencies in particular when it comes to breaking norms in front of supranational institutions such as the Council of Europe and the ECtHR.In conclusion I will try to expose in the dichotomy of implementing European norms and legislature to aspiring countries that try to integrate into EU, but taking into account their differential cultural and social context. in the larger context of the lgbt struggle against politicization of LGBT issues Finally, I will try to answer the research question: what is the role of the LGBT activist groups and supranational organizations such as the ECJ or the ECtHR in creating precedence when in comes to combating the cultural and institutional violence over sexual minorities in regards to grounds of discrimination such as sex or gender in the EU.
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Katon, Ruth Steinfeld. "Case Study: How an East European Student Learns to Compose in English." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4770.

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Since the political climate in the former Soviet bloc has shifted, there is an influx of East Europeans to the United States. As these refugees enter the U.S. educational system in greater numbers, teachers must adapt to the special needs of this population. The intent of this study is to focus on the composing skills of a Polish student who enrolled in an English for Non-Native Residents (ENNR) program at an urban university. The investigation examines the contextual framework that supports the subject's literacy experiences by means of a longitudinal case study format Several ethnographic and experimental techniques are used to explore three areas of interest: cultural context, the learning situation, and the composing processes. Multiple sources of data are used to investigate culture and learning, and a single elicitation technique is applied to the study of the writing process. Study of the cultural context suggests that the subject's early education and literacy experiences in Poland strongly influenced her development as a writer of English. Investigation of the classroom context at the university revealed both her preferences and frustrations with teaching and learning experiences. The primary focus of this study is exploration of writing process by means of a think-aloud protocol. The subject was asked to speak aloud while composing an essay on a narrative topic. She was instructed to say everything that came to mind while writing, and the session was videotaped for later analysis. A coding system was developed to help identify various components of the writing process, such as planning, commenting, rereading and pauses. Writing strategies, repetitions, fillers, revisions, verbal rehearsing, and quantity of words were identified according to frequency and location within the protocol. The results of the protocol analysis suggest that composing is not a neat and tidy process, but a complex configuration of multiple strategies. In the early stages simple patterns such as comments, planning, and fillers help the subject get started. A cycle of patterns, which seem automatic and deeply embedded, occurs throughout. These patterns emerge as Writing-Rehearsing-Pausing events. Each of these categories contains within a multitude of behaviors, such as pausing to think, rereading, and trying out new ideas. The data reveal numerous efforts at surface editing, yet the final product contains an average of 2.8 errors per sentence. The findings suggest that a writer's strategies and goals may shift during a controlled writing situation, and that initial steps may differ from those needed to attain closure. They suggest that attempts at surface revisions may not, in fact, improve the final product.
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Books on the topic "Leases – Europe"

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(Firm), Leaseurope, and Arthur Andersen & Co., S.C., eds. Leasing in Europe. London, England: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1992.

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Bavel, B. J. P. van, 1964- and Schofield Phillipp R. 1964-, eds. The development of leasehold in northwestern Europe, c. 1200-1600. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2008.

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Bavel, B. J. P. van, 1964- and Schofield Phillipp R. 1964-, eds. The development of leasehold in northwestern Europe, c. 1200-1600. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2008.

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1952-, Lilleholt Kåre, ed. Lease of goods (PEL LG). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment., ed. Energy efficiency technologies for Central and Eastern Europe. Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the U.S., 1993.

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Die Vorgeschichte und die Entstehung des Mieterschutzgesetzes von 1923 nebst der Anordnung für das Verfahren vor dem Mieteinigungsamt und der Beschwerdestelle. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1991.

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Brewerton, Jane E. European leases: A study on the differences between UK and mainland Europe and the likelihood of integration post 1992. London: Polytechnic of East London, 1992.

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Miete: Handkommentar ; [Paragraph] 535 bis 580a des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches : Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011.

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Time limited interests in land. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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inc, International Resource Development, ed. Equipment leasing in Europe. Norwalk, Conn., U.S.A. (6 Prowitt St., Norwalk 06855): International Resource Development, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Leases – Europe"

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Mayo, Peter. "A View from Southern Europe." In Leaders in Critical Pedagogy, 93–102. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-166-3_7.

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Ramiro Troitiño, David. "The Essence of Europe: Understanding Europe Through Its Designers." In The European Union and its Political Leaders, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96662-1_1.

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Marino, Bruno. "Leaders and parties in Western Europe." In Party Leaders and their Selection Rules in Western Europe, 5–20. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003142218-2.

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Swaab, Peter. "Edward Lear’s Travels in Nonsense and Europe." In Victorian Comedy and Laughter, 75–105. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57882-2_4.

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Malmquist, Anna. "How could equal parental leaves be promoted in Europe?" In Nordic Gender Equality Policy in a Europeanisation Perspective, 40–51. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429351136-3.

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Orlow, Dietrich. "Leaders, Agencies, Groups, Agendas." In The Lure of Fascism in Western Europe, 17–39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230617926_2.

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Gherghina, Sergiu. "Party Leaders in Eastern Europe: Traits, Behaviors and Consequences." In Party Leaders in Eastern Europe, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32025-6_1.

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Spasojević, Dušan. "Rising Expectations and Centralizing Power: Party Leaders in Serbia." In Party Leaders in Eastern Europe, 219–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32025-6_10.

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Nemčok, Miroslav, and Peter Spáč. "The Rise and Sustainability of Party Leaders in Slovakia: Robert Fico and Mikuláš Dzurinda." In Party Leaders in Eastern Europe, 241–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32025-6_11.

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Gherghina, Sergiu. "Conclusion: An Aggregate Comparison of Party Leaders in Eastern Europe." In Party Leaders in Eastern Europe, 265–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32025-6_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Leases – Europe"

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"Lease Maturity and Rent: Is There a Term Structure for UK Commercial Property Leases?" In 2005 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society: ERES Conference 2005. ERES, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2005_122.

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Poszytek, Paweł, and Jadwiga Fila. "Digital Maturity of Educational Project Leaders in Europe." In 26th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics. Winter Garden, Florida, United States: International Institute of Informatics and Cybernetics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54808/wmsci2022.03.6.

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Kieft, T. G. "Development of a Marginal Field Through Leased Facilities." In Offshore Europe. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/30380-ms.

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Patkós, Csaba. "LEADER rural development action groups in Central-Eastern Europe." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2018.17.

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"Valuing Upward-Only Adjusting Leases." In 5th European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 1998. ERES, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres1998_111.

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Fardad, Makan, Fu Lin, and Mihailo R. Jovanovic. "Algorithms for leader selection in large dynamical networks: Noise-free leaders." In 2011 50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference (CDC-ECC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2011.6161482.

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Lin, Fu, Makan Fardad, and Mihailo R. Jovanovic. "Algorithms for leader selection in large dynamical networks: Noise-corrupted leaders." In 2011 50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference (CDC-ECC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2011.6161507.

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Rehák, Štefan. "Akumulácia ľudského kapitálu nedávnych absolventov škôl v regiónoch Európy." In XXV. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0068-2022-1.

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The article aims to explore the development of differences in the accumulation of human capital in European regions. Specifically, we analyze the human capital accumulation of recent school leavers through data on the average number of years of education in NUTS2 regions of Europe between 2000 and 2020. The results of the decomposition of Theil's T index point to a reduction in regional disparities in human capital in Europe. However, this is the result of reducing disparities between countries rather than between regions within countries. In Central and Eastern Europe, the increase in human capital has been linked to an increase in intra-regional disparities due to the concentration of educated young graduates in the capital regions. The results show that the uneven accumulation of human capital in the regions of Central and Eastern Europe will be an important determinant of the development of regional disparities in the future.
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"Implementation of Green leases in Sweden." In 18th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2011. ERES, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2011_77.

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Ameir, Omar. "GREEN COMPETITIVENESS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT IN URBAN SOCIETY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.027.

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Climate change and environmental degradation pose an existential threat to the EU and the world. The aim of the Green Agreement for Europe is to make Europe climate neutral by 2050, to support the economy through green technologies, to create a sustainable industry and transport and to reduce pollution. Turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities will make the transformation fair and inclusive. The European Commission is helping EU Member States to design and implement reforms that support ecological transformation and contribute to achieving the goals of the Green Agreement for Europe. It also helps to design the necessary procedures in central and local administrations and to set up the coordination structures necessary to implement environmental policies. The aim of this article was to propose possible strategies for the use and support of the competitiveness of companies in the Czech Republic in meeting the objectives of the European Union. In the interests of competitiveness, this contribution leads to the strengthening of the SME sector, the reduction of market barriers, the facilitation of foreign investment and trade, the development of research and innovation, better management of public-private partnerships and the optimization of state-owned enterprises.
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Reports on the topic "Leases – Europe"

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Ruhm, Christopher, and Jackqueline Teague. Parental Leave Policies in Europe and North America. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5065.

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Ruhm, Christopher. The Economic Consequences of Parental Leave Mandates: Lessons from Europe. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5688.

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Djordjević, Ljubica. ECMI Minorities Blog. National Minorities and the Future of Europe. European Centre for Minority Issues, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/kkpo2109.

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The Conference on the Future of Europe, which was finally launched on 9 May 2021, has opened “a new space for debate with citizens to address Europe’s challenges and priorities”. The initiative uses three channels for citizens’ participation: the Multilingual digital platform, European Citizens’ Panels, and Conference Plenary. Content-wise it is grounded on the indicative list of nine topics covering wide range of areas from climate change to sports. This blog post draws attention to the importance of involving national minorities in the process, both regarding participation and issues covered. The Conference should strive to reach out to various population groups, including the ones in minority or marginalized position. Moreover, the Conference could serve as a good opportunity to reconsider the EU’s position with regard to the protection of national minorities: in a complex and increasingly diverse Europe, the EU has to take responsibility and search for innovative models of diversity management, including the protection of national minorities. Provided that it leads to some tangible action, the Conference might be a valuable step forward.
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Langenkamp, Max, and Melissa Flagg. AI Hubs: Europe and CANZUK. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200061.

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U.S. policymakers need to understand the landscape of artificial intelligence talent and investment as AI becomes increasingly important to national and economic security. This knowledge is critical as leaders develop new alliances and work to curb China’s growing influence. As an initial effort, an earlier CSET report, “AI Hubs in the United States,” examined the domestic AI ecosystem by mapping where U.S. AI talent is produced, where it is concentrated, and where AI private equity funding goes. Given the global nature of the AI ecosystem and the importance of international talent flows, this paper looks for the centers of AI talent and investment in regions and countries that are key U.S. partners: Europe and the CANZUK countries (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom).
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Willis, Craig. Why Scottish and Welsh Speakers Will Miss European Structural Funds. European Centre for Minority Issues, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/jkwo3330.

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In this blog piece Craig Willis investigates the contribution of European Structural and Investment Funds projects in the period between 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, in order to ascertain direct and indirect links to the four Celtic languages, following the separation of cultural funds from the ESIF into Creative Europe and Erasmus Plus from 2007. He shows that, given that the speakers of such languages often reside in economically peripheral areas (at least in higher percentage terms), their livelihoods and everyday culture in the traditional speaking areas (even for non-speakers) are affected by availability of structural funds.
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Katon, Ruth. Case Study: How an East European Student Learns to Compose in English. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6654.

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Stelter, Robert, David De la Croix, and Mikko Myrskylä. Leaders and laggards in life expectancy among European scholars from the sixteenth to the early twentieth century. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2020-030.

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Adler, Amy B., and Carl A. Castro. The Impact of Lost Leave on the Medical Readiness of US Soldiers: It's Not a European Vacation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401612.

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Gromyko, Alexey. Comments on the Brussels Summit Communique, 14 June 2021. Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/analytics32220211922.

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All in all, the document sadly contains few tangibles on NATO-Russia military risk reduction even on practical issues of obvious mutual interest. At the same time, it has incorporated a new dose of harsh rhetoric against Russia, which in some instances runs counter to the results of the Geneva summit. Some parts of the documents contradict each other. There is an impression that as far as Russia is concerned the task of the document was to strengthen even further its “hard talk” on Russia while keeping a minimal set of formal references about selective engagement. The Communique tilts further in the direction of raising stakes and showing no interest of NATO in playing its own or at least supportive role in military de-escalation in Europe. It seems that in this regard the Alliance’s intention is to wait and see what will happen next in Russia – US relations.
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Álvarez Florens Odendahl, Luis J., and Germán López-Espinosa. Data outliers and Bayesian VARs in the euro area. Madrid: Banco de España, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/23552.

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We propose a method to adjust for data outliers in Bayesian Vector Autoregressions (BVARs), which allows for different outlier magnitudes across variables and rescales the reduced form error terms. We use the method to document several facts about the effect of outliers on estimation and out-of-sample forecasting results using euro area macroeconomic data. First, the COVID-19 pandemic led to large swings in macroeconomic data that distort the BVAR estimation results. Second, these swings can be addressed by rescaling the shocks’ variance. Third, taking into account outliers before 2020 leads to mild improvements in the point forecasts of BVARs for some variables and horizons. However, the density forecast performance considerably deteriorates. Therefore, we recommend taking into account outliers only on pre-specified dates around the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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