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1
1949-, Brachman Ronald J., Levesque Hector J. 1951-, Reiter Raymond, and Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence., eds. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. San Mateo, Calif: M. Kaufmann, 1989.
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Sangiuliano, Maria, and Agostino Cortesi. Institutional Change for Gender Equality in Research Lesson Learned from the Field. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-334-2.
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Gender balance in research organizations is considered as a key step for ensuring research excellence and quality and inclusive-sustainable innovation. Still, in spite of an increasing number of HE and research institutions committed to make science more equal and some positive trends in figures on Gender equality in STEM research, it still appears to be difficult to prioritize gender equality. This is particularly true for disciplines such as ICT/IST where female representation at all levels is among the lowest ones among STEM topics and where a gender sensitive approach to ICT design and programming is far from being understood in its implications among computer and information systems scientist. H2020 (PGERI and SWAFS programmes in particular), promoted the concept of institutional change for gender equality, insisting on the need for merging change management and gender policies. The volume is focusing on a presentation and reflexive review of results and tools from the H2020 EQUAL-IST project to discuss opportunities to innovate and transform HR management and Institutional communication, research design, teaching & students services, via gender equality, and how such innovations could be multiplied and sustained with a focus on ICT and IST research organizations. The volume is complemented by contributions from other projects on institutional change in research.
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Luo, Yingmei. A New Representation of Chinese Learners. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2152-9.
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Tytler, Russell, Vaughan Prain, Peter Hubber, and Bruce Waldrip, eds. Constructing Representations to Learn in Science. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-203-7.
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Paprika, Zita Zoltay. Representation and support of decision making: A case where the analysts could learn as much as the stakeholdersdid. Budapest: Karl Marx University of Economics, 1989.
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Programme/Cambodia, United Nations Development. Strengthening democracy and electoral processes in Cambodia: Lessons learnt and best practices in promoting women participation and representation in Cambodia 2010. [Phnom Penh]: UNDP Cambodia, 2010.
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Rey, Georges. Representation of Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855637.001.0001.
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This book is a defense, against mostly philosophical objections, of a Chomskyan postulation of an internal, innate computational system for human language that is typically manifested in native speaker’s intuitive responses to samples of speech. But it is also a critical examination of some of the glosses on the theory: the assimilation of it to traditional Rationalism; a supposed conflict between being innate and learned; an unclear ontology which requires what I call a “representational pretense” (whereby linguists merely pretend for the sake of exposition that, e.g., tokens of words are uttered); and, most crucially to my concerns, Chomsky’s specific eliminativism about the role of intentionality not only in his own theories, but in any serious science at all. This last is a fundamentally important issue for linguistics, psychology, and philosophy that I hope an examination of a theory as rich and promising as a Chomskyan linguistics will help illuminate. I will also touch on some peripheral issues that Chomsky seems to me to mistakenly associate with his theory: an anti-realism about ordinary thought and talk, and a peculiar dismissal of the mind/body problem(s), toward the solution of some of which I think his theory actually makes a promising contribution.
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Douglas, Greenberg, and American Council of Learned Societies., eds. Constitutionalism and democracy: Transitions in the contemporary world : the American Council of Learned Societies comparative constitutionalism papers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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Levesque, Hector J., International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and, Raymond Reiter, Ronald J. Brachman, and Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence. KR Proceedings 1989 (Morgan-Kaufmann Series in Representation and Reasoning). Morgan Kaufmann, 1989.
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Gillespie, Caitlin C. We Learned These Things from the Romans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609078.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 analyzes Dio’s representation of Boudica as an emblem of barbarian strength and fortitude who criticizes the misplaced values of the Romans. Boudica’s fearsome visage opens the conversation. Her appearance has parallels in Diodorus Siculus’s description of the Gauls, and material evidence of East Anglia provides support for her wearing a gold torc (a type of metal band worn around the neck). Images of the personified Britannia and other non-Romans suggest the models Dio is working against in his depiction of Boudica. Boudica’s speech in Dio responds to other female speeches, from Hersilia, to Veturia, to the empress Livia. In her speech, Boudica comments on the failures of Nero’s regime and the lack of imperial models of traditional Roman morality.
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Sunardi, Christina. Maintaining the Representation of Female Power through Beskalan Putri. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038952.003.0005.
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This chapter examines some of the ways in which artists have maintained cultural space for the representation of female power through Beskalan Putri as they have adapted, taught, remembered, learned, performed, and talked about this dance. It focuses on representations of female power through Beskalan Putri because, building on the senses of history explored in the previous chapter, this dance and the femaleness performers associated with it were critical to their senses of Malangan tradition. This analysis thus further illustrates the selection of tradition and the construction of gender as mutually constitutive cultural processes. Considering artists' concerns with preservation as well as the impact of social, political, and cultural climates on the ways artists represented female power through this dance, this chapter argues that artists represented female power strategically—that is, in a “safe” way in times following trauma.
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Feingold, Mordechai, ed. History of Universities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827344.001.0001.
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This text contains a mix of learned articles and book reviews. The text contains a combination of original research and invaluable reference material. Topics covered include: democratic representation and fifteenth-century crisis at the University of Paris, the iconography found in universities in the Holy Roman Empire, and university reform in Victorian Britain.
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André, Elisabeth. Natural Language in Multimodal and Multimedia Systems. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0036.
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Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in the development of multimedia applications. Improving technology and tools enable the creation of large multimedia archives and the development of completely new styles of interaction. This article provides a survey of multimedia applications in which natural language plays a significant role. Conventional multimodal systems usually do not maintain explicit representations of the user's input and handle mode integration only in elementary manner. This article shows how the generalization of techniques and representation formalisms developed for the analysis of natural language can help to overcome some of these problems. It surveys techniques for building automated multimedia presentation systems drawing upon lessons learned during the development of natural language generators. Finally, it argues that the integration of natural language technology can lead to a qualitative improvement of existing methods for document classification and analysis.
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Thompson, Ross A. Attachment Theory and Research. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0009.
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Attachment theory has long been at the forefront of research efforts to understand the origins and enduring impact of early parent–child relationships. It has also expanded into a theory of lifespan implications with relevance to problems in developmental psychopathology, early intervention, and mental representation. This review of the expanding research literature on attachment is organized around eight questions: (a) To whom do attachments develop? (b) What are the biological foundations of attachment? (c) How does culture influence attachment and its consequences? (d) What contributes to attachments becoming secure or insecure? (e) How does attachment security change over time? (f) What are the later outcomes of secure or insecure attachments? (g) How does attachment influence thinking and social representations? (h) What are the clinical implications of attachment research? The answers to these questions summarize what has been learned about the importance of early parent–child relationships and identify future research priorities.
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Browning, Birch P. How Students Learn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928200.003.0006.
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The chapter relates that learning, whether of new knowledge, a new skill, or a new attitude, has both neurological and psychological components. The learning process modifies the structure of the brain (via synaptogenesis) and is experienced by the learner as a representation. Representations enable us to recognize and then cogitate about items, experiences, and concepts . Learning is more efficient if based on prior learning, stored in patterns, and is more likely to occur if the learner finds the material meaningful or useful. The chapter describes the ways in which changing a known routine (adaptive expertise) and being aware of one’s own thought process (metacognition) effect learning. Experts are able to solve complex problems because they have developed interlocking pattern-based representations of the core understandings of their domain.
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Egreteau, Renaud. Crafting Parliament in Myanmar's Disciplined Democracy (2011-2021). Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858740.001.0001.
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In January 2011, parliament was restored in Myanmar after two decades of military rule. Startlingly, it began to repeal obsolete laws, scrutinize government expenditures, summon ministers to the floor, and discuss the state’s annual budget. It also allowed its elected representatives to make public the grievances collected from constituents infuriated at enduring practices of land confiscation, petty corruption, and everyday abuses of power. Yet ten years later in February 2021, parliament was shut down, again, by another coup d’état. What has been learned in the span of a decade of post-junta legislative resurgence? How could an elected legislature resurface—and function—in a country that had only limited experience with parliamentary affairs and representative politics since its independence from British rule? What lessons can be drawn from the Myanmar case for parliamentary institution building and legislative developments (and decay) in post-authoritarian and praetorian contexts? This book offers a compelling account of Myanmar’s halting efforts to develop the institutional framework and practice of a parliament-based democratic governance between 2011 and 2021. It charts the stages of such a parliamentary resurgence, tracing its causes and exploring how various institutional and political legacies both informed and constrained the re-establishment and operations of the Union legislature, or Pyidaungsu Hluttaw. Embracing both ethnographic observations and a methodical engagement with legislative proceedings and historical material, Renaud Egreteau investigates how parliamentary life has (re)emerged in the 2010s. His analysis concentrates on key legislative mechanisms, processes and tasks pertaining to government oversight, budgetary control, representation and lawmaking and interrogates how they have been learned, (re)appropriated, and performed by Myanmar’s new breed of civilian and military legislators until the 2021 army takeover.
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Carter, Sarah Anne. Object Lessons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190225032.001.0001.
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Object Lessons: How Nineteenth-Century Americans Learned to Make Sense of the Material World examines the ways material things—objects and pictures—were used to reason about moral issues, the differences between reality and representation, race, citizenship, and capitalism in the nineteenth-century United States. For modern scholars, an “object lesson” is simply a timeworn metaphor used to describe any sort of reasoning from concrete to abstract. But in the 1860s, object lessons were classroom exercises popular across the United States. Object lessons forced children to learn about the world through their senses instead of through texts and memorization, leading to new modes of classifying and comprehending material evidence drawn from the close study of objects, pictures, and even people. This book argues that object lessons taught Americans how to find information in things in the decades after the Civil War. More than that, this study offers the object lesson as a new tool with which contemporary scholars can interpret the meanings of nineteenth-century material, cultural, and intellectual life.
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Tytler, Russell, Vaughan Prain, Bruce Waldrip, and Peter Hubber. Constructing Representations to Learn in Science. BRILL, 2013.
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19
Kelleher, Marie. Later Medieval Law in Community Context. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.020.
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During the central and late Middle Ages, European lawmakers and jurists began to make intensive use of the principles of both Roman and canon law in their legislation and court decisions. Embedded in these legal principles were ideas about gender that would have a profound effect on litigation involving women. The substantive law that emerged during this legal renaissance helped to define women's place in medieval society, but equally important were the new law's procedural rules, which allowed reputation to be taken into account in legal proceedings, thereby rendering women's self-representation critical in determining the outcomes of their court cases. An examination the interaction of learned law and community knowledge encourages us to see medieval women as active participants in their own fates, as well as in a major shift in legal culture that would shape European women's legal status more generally.
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Coleman, Julie. The Language of The Pilgrim’s Progress. Edited by Michael Davies and W. R. Owens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199581306.013.23.
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This analysis of John Bunyan’s language demonstrates that although he wrote The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678; 1684) in a simple style for uneducated readers, his control of the English language was far from unsophisticated. His vocabulary, eschewing recent and learned loans, ensured that the literal level of his narrative was accessible even to inexperienced readers and listeners. Disentangling normal features of contemporary language from stylistic archaism reveals how the Bible speaks through Bunyan’s work. Using biblical language not only raised the tone of The Pilgrim’s Progress, but also allowed Bunyan to habituate his readers to linguistic features that might otherwise have been off-putting when they turned to the Bible for themselves. Differences between Part I and Part II of The Pilgrim’s Progress indicate that the grammar and syntax became increasingly reflective of the language of the Bible, although in other respects Bunyan moved towards a closer representation of contemporary spoken idiom.
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Brennan, T. Corey. Sabina’s Personal History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190250997.003.0003.
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Trajan and Hadrian were natives of Hispania Baetica, sons of Roman senators, and cousins once removed. Trajan became Hadrian’s guardian, and around 100, Hadrian married Trajan’s grandniece Sabina. Nothing else of her first 30 years or so is recorded by the literary or (so it seems) inscriptional sources—even her whereabouts in August 117, when Hadrian learned of his adoption by Trajan in a dying act. This chapter reviews the few available chronological items for Sabina’s life: assumption of the title ‘Augusta’ in 128; presence on Hadrian’s third and final journey (128–133); survival into 137; deification upon death; and burial (in later 139) in Hadrian’s Mausoleum. The chapter also surveys Sabina’s representation in the literary sources, which are essentially late epitomators and the Historia Augusta. Even the most basic outlines of what Sabina did and how contemporaries regarded her are obscure, never mind her internal life.
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Reichle, Erik D. Computational Models of Reading. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195370669.001.0001.
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This book describes computational models of reading, or models that simulate and explain the mental processes that support the reading of text. The book provides introductory chapters on both reading research and computer models. The central chapters of the book then review what has been learned about reading from empirical research on four core reading processes: word identification, sentence processing, discourse representation, and how these three processes are coordinated with visual processing, attention, and eye-movement control. These central chapters also review an influential sample of computer models that have been developed to explain these key empirical findings, as well as comparative analyses of those models. The final chapter attempts to integrate this empirical and theoretical work by both describing a new comprehensive model of reading, Über-Reader, and reporting several simulations to illustrate how the model accounts for many of the basic phenomena related to reading.
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Vanacker, Beatrijs, and Lieke van Deinsen, eds. Portraits and Poses. Leuven University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/9789461664532.
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The complex relation between gender and the representation of intellectual authority has deep roots in European history. Portraits and Poses adopts a historical approach to shed new light on this topical subject. It addresses various modes and strategies by which learned women (authors, scientists, jurists, midwifes, painters, and others) sought to negotiate and legitimise their authority at the dawn of modern science in Early Modern and Enlightenment Europe (1600–1800). This volume explores the transnational dimensions of intellectual networks in France, Italy, Britain, the German states and the Low Countries. Drawing on a wide range of case studies from different spheres of professionalisation, it examines both individual and collective constructions of female intellectual authority through word and image. In its innovative combination of an interdisciplinary and transnational approach, this volume contributes to the growing literature on women and intellectual authority in the Early Modern Era and outlines contours for future research.
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Gamzou, Assaf, and Ken Koltun-Fromm, eds. Comics and Sacred Texts. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496819215.001.0001.
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Comics and Sacred Texts: Reimagining Religion and Graphic Narratives explores how comics and notions of the sacred interweave to produce new modes of seeing and understanding the sacred. The creative texts explored within this edited volume share an expressive interest in modes of seeing the sacred in graphic structures. We examine the intersections between religion and comics in ways that critically expand our ability to think well about religious landscapes, rhetorical practices, pictorial representation, and the everyday experiences of the uncanny. Sacred Texts and Comics engages the diverse and expansive universe of comic studies and its capacity to reveal new modalities of the sacred. We explore how the sacred erupts in places, and through mediums, that challenge where we should see and encounter divine presence. Comics also reimagine sacred texts, and move readers to see traditional texts anew. But the sacred also has limits and borders, so we look at monsters and wizards in comic books, and how these beings challenge visual assumptions about the normal and the sacred. Finally, we show how comics reveal the everyday sacred: a presence in the mundane, common, and often overlooked features of familiar existence. Collectively, the essays in Sacred Texts and Comics reveal how comics, as a visual medium, moves readers to reimagine the sacred. We claim that seeing the sacred is a learned practice: we must learn where to look for and how to envision the sacred.
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Miller, Earl K., and Timothy J. Buschman. Neural Mechanisms for the Executive Control of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.017.
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The prefrontal cortex is a source of internal control of attention as it captures three important components of an executive controller. First, it provides top-down selection of neural representations through descending projections, This top-down input may act by increasing the synchrony of local neural populations, enhancing their connectivity, and boosting the transmission of information. Second, intelligent top-down control of behaviour requires integrating diverse information. Neural representations in prefrontal cortex capture this breadth of information: representing anything from the specific contents of working memory to abstract categories and rules. Third, through reciprocal connections with the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex neurons are ideally situated to learn the ‘rules’ of behaviour that allow us to know what to attend to in a given situation. These connections may support an iterative, bootstrapping, process that allows for increasingly complex rules to be learned. The prefrontal cortex acts as a generalized executive controller, acting through mechanisms such as attention, to guide thoughts and behaviour.
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Forbus, Kenneth D. Qualitative Representations: How People Reason and Learn about the Continuous World. The MIT Press, 2019.
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Vlaeyen, Johan W. S. Learning and Conditioning in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0004.
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This chapter highlights the ways that individuals learn to adapt to changes due to painful experiences. Learning is the observable change in behavior due to events in the internal and external environment, and it includes non-associative (habituation and sensitization) and associative learning (Pavlovian and operant conditioning). Once acquired, new knowledge representations remain stored in memory and may generalize to perceptually or functionally similar events. Moreover, these processes are not just a consequence of pain; they may also modulate the perception of pain. In contrast to the rapid acquisition of learned responses, their extinction is slow, fragile, and context-dependent, and it only occurs through inhibitory processes. The chapter reviews features of associative forms of learning in humans that contribute to pain, pain-related distress, and disability. It concludes with a discussion of promising future directions.
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Papafragou, Anna, John C. Trueswell, and Lila R. Gleitman, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Mental Lexicon. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.001.0001.
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The present handbook is a state-of-the-art compilation of papers from leading scholars on the mental lexicon—the representation of language in the mind/brain at the level of individual words and meaningful sub-word units. In recent years, the study of words as mental objects has grown rapidly across several fields including linguistics, psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, education, and computational cognitive science. This comprehensive collection spans multiple disciplines, topics, theories, and methods, to highlight important advances in the study of the mental lexicon, identify areas of debate, and inspire innovation in the field from present and future generations of scholars. The book is divided into three parts. Part I presents modern linguistic and cognitive theories of how the mind/brain represents words at the phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels. This part also discusses broad architectural issues pertaining to the organization of the lexicon, the relation between words and concepts, and the role of compositionality. Part II discusses how children learn the form and meaning of words in their native language drawing from the key domains of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Multiple approaches to lexical learning are introduced to explain how learner- and environment-driven factors contribute to both the stability and the variability of lexical learning across both individual learners and communities. Part III examines how the mental lexicon contributes to language use during listening, speaking, and conversation, and includes perspectives from bilingualism, sign languages, and disorders of lexical access and production.
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Hall, Michael Ra-Shon. Freedom Beyond Confinement. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781949979701.001.0001.
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Freedom Beyond Confinement examines the cultural history of African American travel and the lasting influence of travel on the imagination particularly of writers of literary fiction and nonfiction. Using the paradox of freedom and confinement to frame the ways travel represented both opportunity and restriction for African Americans, the book details the intimate connection between travel and imagination from post Reconstruction (ca. 1877) to the present. Analysing a range of sources from the black press and periodicals to literary fiction and nonfiction, the book charts the development of critical representation of travel from the foundational black press and periodicals which offered African Americans crucial information on travel precautions and possibilities (notably during the era of Jim Crow) to the woefully understudied literary fiction that would later provide some of the most compelling and lasting portrayals of the freedoms and constraints African Americans associated with travel. Travel experiences (often challenging and vexed) provided the raw data with which writers produced images and ideas meaningful as they learned to navigate, negotiate and even challenge racialized and gendered impediments to their mobility. In their writings African Americans worked to realize a vision and state of freedom informed by those often difficult experiences of mobility. In telling this story, the book hopes to center literary fiction in studies of travel where fiction has largely remained absent.
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Mooney, Raymond J. Machine Learning. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0020.
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This article introduces the type of symbolic machine learning in which decision trees, rules, or case-based classifiers are induced from supervised training examples. It describes the representation of knowledge assumed by each of these approaches and reviews basic algorithms for inducing such representations from annotated training examples and using the acquired knowledge to classify future instances. Machine learning is the study of computational systems that improve performance on some task with experience. Most machine learning methods concern the task of categorizing examples described by a set of features. These techniques can be applied to learn knowledge required for a variety of problems in computational linguistics ranging from part-of-speech tagging and syntactic parsing to word-sense disambiguation and anaphora resolution. Finally, this article reviews the applications to a variety of these problems, such as morphology, part-of-speech tagging, word-sense disambiguation, syntactic parsing, semantic parsing, information extraction, and anaphora resolution.
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Sarnecka, Barbara W., Meghan C. Goldman, and Emily B. Slusser. How Counting Leads to Children’s First Representations of Exact, Large Numbers. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.011.
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Young children initially learn to ‘count’ without understanding either what counting means, or what numerical quantities the individual number words pick out. Over a period of many months, children assign progressively more sophisticated meanings to the number words, linking them to discrete objects, to quantification, to numerosity, and so on. Eventually, children come to understand the logic of counting. Along with this knowledge comes an implicit understanding of the successor function, as well as of the principle of equinumerosity, or exact equality between sets. Thus, when children arrive at a mature understanding of counting, they have (for the first time in their lives) a way of mentally representing exact, large numbers.
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Cox, James D., and Randall S. Thomas. The Evolution in the U.S. of Private Enforcement via Litigation and Monitoring Techniques. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.38.
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This chapter examines the evolution of private enforcement in the United States and the lessons that can be learned by German public companies from the experiences of their US counterparts. It first looks at the place of representative shareholder litigation within the US corporate governance system before turning to the broad-based criticisms against all forms of representative shareholder litigation on the grounds of excessive litigation agency costs. It then discusses the role of shareholder derivative suits in remedying breaches of duty of loyalty, along with the use of hedge funds in shareholder monitoring. It explores the increasing role of appraisal remedy against the backdrop of developments in shareholder litigation focused on acquisitions, and highlights the limitations of hedge fund activism. Finally, it assesses the implications of shareholder monitoring mechanisms in the United States for shareholders in Germany.
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Kaputa, Catherine, and Lynn Zimmerman. Learn The Secrets: The Field-Tested, Combat-Ready Guide To Becoming A Pharmaceutical Sales Representative. iUniverse, Inc., 2005.
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Loudermilk, Brandon C. Psycholinguistic Approaches. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0007.
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The fundamental goal of the study of sociolinguistic cognition is to characterize the computational stages and cognitive representations underlying the perception and production of sociolinguistic variation. This chapter discusses psycholinguistic approaches in four sections. The first section discusses different methods for examining how dialectal variation is represented, perceived, and learned. The second section reviews studies investigating the role of sociolinguistic stereotypes in speech processing. The third section explores the attitudinal aspects of language variation by presenting two recent studies using innovative variations of the matched-guise technique. It concludes by introducing the implicit association test, which may be able to address some of the limitations of alternative methods. The fourth section reports on studies that use eye tracking and event-related brain potentials to investigate sociolinguistic cognition.
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(Editor), Lynn S. Bustle, and Lynn Sanders-Bustle (Editor), eds. Image, Inquiry, and Transformative Practice: Engaging Learners in Creative and Critical Inquiry Through Visual Representation (Counterpoints (New York, N.Y.), Vol. 203.). Peter Lang Publishing, 2003.
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Back to the Drawing Board: A First Look at Lessons Learned from Katrina: Hearing Before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representati. Not Avail, 2006.
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Friedman, William. About Time. The MIT Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1050.001.0001.
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In About Time, William Friedman provides a new integrated look at research on the psychological processes that underlie the human experience of time. Few intellectual problems are as intriguing or as difficult as understanding the nature of time. In About Time, William Friedman provides a new integrated look at research on the psychological processes that underlie the human experience of time. He explains what psychologists have discovered about temporal perception and cognition since the publication of Paul Fraisse's The Psychology of Time in 1963 and offers fresh interpretations of their findings. In particular he shows that the experience of time depends on many different psychological processes and that it is essential to divide temporal experience into component categories in order to understand these processes. In chapters on perception and memory, Friedman discusses our impressions about the rate of time's passage and our ability to localize memories in time. He takes up representation and orientation, our ability to build mental representations of the time structures that surround us and to view these patterns from the unique perspective of the present moment. Moreover he shows that we can learn a great deal about the psychological basis of temporal experience by studying the development of this knowledge in children and the way in which views of time vary by culture, personality type, and kind of psychopathology. Bradford Books imprint
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Taber, Keith S. Modelling Learners and Learning in Science Education: Developing Representations of Concepts, Conceptual Structure and Conceptual Change to Inform Teaching and Research. Springer, 2013.
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Friedberg, Nila. Decoding the 1920s: A Reader for Advanced Learners in Russian. Portland State University Library, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/pdxopen-30.
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The materials presented in this book were developed for an advanced-level content-based Russian language course at Portland State University entitled “Russian Literature of the Twentieth Century: The 1920s.” Literature of this period is a major part of the Russian canon, but is notoriously difficult for learners of Russian to read in the original, due both to its stylistic complexity and the relative obscurity of its historical, political, and cultural references. And yet, this decade is crucial for understanding Russia – not only in the Soviet period, but also today. This was the period, when Mikhail Zoshchenko, Isaak Babel, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Andrei Platonov meticulously documented the birth of the “New Soviet Man,” his “newspeak” and Soviet bureaucratese; when Alexandra Kollontai, a Marxist revolutionary and a diplomat, wrote essays and fiction on the “New Soviet Woman”; when numerous satirical works were created; when Babel experimented with a literary representation of dialects (e.g.,Odessa Russian or Jewish Russian). These varieties of language have not disappeared. Bureaucrats still use some form of bureaucratese. Numerous contemporary TV shows imitate the dialects that Babel described. Moreover, Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog” gave rise, due largely to its film adaptation, to catch-phrases that still appear throughout contemporary Russian media, satirical contexts, and everyday conversation. Thus, the Russian literature of the 1920s does not belong exclusively to the past, but has relevance and interpretive power for the present, and language learners who wish to pursue a career in humanities, media analysis, analytical translation, journalism, or international relations must understand this period and the linguistic patterns it established.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Intentional Signs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0012.
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An intentional sign family has the structure of an infosign family, with variants and invariants. It is a reproductively established family, a REF, that proliferates because enough of its members are also members of an informational sign family and, as such, have served to effect communication between cooperative senders and receivers that have learned or been designed or use these signs for mutual benefit. It is a proper function of an intentional sign to complete such a communication process by producing a cooperative overt or covert receiver response. In Normal cases, this response benefits or fits with further purposes of both sender and receiver. Intentional signs that fail to carry natural information that coincides with their intentional content are wrong, false, or unfulfilled. Besides linguistic signs, intentional signs include signals used by non-human animals, maps, charts and diagrams, instrument readings, and inner representations.
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Hamera, Judith. Unfinished Business. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348589.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Unfinished Business argues that Michael Jackson and Detroit, both as material entities with specific histories and as representations with uncanny persistence, have something valuable to teach us about three decades of structural economic transition in the United States, and particularly about the changing nature of work and capitalism between the mid-1980s and 2016. They teach us about the racialization and aesthetics of these changes, how they operate as structures of feeling and representations as well as shifts in the dominant mode of production, and about how industrialization’s successor mode, financialization, uses imagery both very similar to and very different from that of its predecessor. The book uses the methods of performance studies to advance three major points. First, figural economies of tropes, dance and theater conventions, and actual performances shape and reflect the ways structural economic change in the United States between the mid-1980s and 2016 congeals into public spectacles, circulates through a wide variety of media, and offers “lessons” to be learned about normative and aberrant relations to capital in transitional times. Second, Michael Jackson and Detroit illuminate the operations of these figural economies with special clarity. Third, Jackson’s and Detroit’s figural potential resides in their capacities to both complicate and bring fictive coherence to the intertwining of race, work, and capital in this period. Sites examined include Jackson’s performances, media coverage of his life, plays featuring Detroit, plans for the city’s postindustrial revitalization, and Detroit installations the Heidelberg Project and Mobile Homestead.
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Hutton, William. Pausanias. Edited by Daniel S. Richter and William A. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199837472.013.32.
Full textAbstract:
Pausanias’s Periegesis, an historically and culturally selective topography of the lower Greek mainland, is unlike any work produced in the Second Sophistic, but there are several features of the text that render it difficult to imagine it as the product of any other period. Pausanias shares with his sophistic contemporaries a nostalgia for the glories of classical Greece, a tendency toward religiosity, a moralistic outlook on history, and a literary taste for learned imitation of classical masters. Yet the particular choices Pausanias makes in each of these areas make him a unique representative of sophistic mentalities. For instance, the mimetic gestures in his work include imitations (nonironic, apparently) of Herodotus and, perhaps, of his reviled compatriot Hegesias of Magnesia, the notorious father of Asianic rhetoric. Pauasanias’s attitude toward the Romans and Roman rule—which occasionally seems more dyspeptic than acquiescent—also sets him apart from his contemporaries.
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Prinz, Jesse. Is Consciousness a Trick or a Treat? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0011.
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Dennett often argues that consciousness is an illusion, which we should aim to explain away. But his debunking claims are rarely met with approval. This paper provides a strategy for demystifying consciousness, while accepting the force of Dennett's critical project. While Dennett is probably wrong to claim that visual imagery is encoded in mental pictures or linguistic descriptions of such pictures, he's probably right that an adequate phenomenology of visual imagery will preserve the content and structure of the representations employed by subpersonal processes. And while conscious experience is richer than Dennett believes, we often think we are experiencing the world in richer detail than we actually are. But attention is at play wherever we find conscious experience. And an account of conscious conscious experience that begins from this fact—Attention to Intermediate-level Representations—suggests a way of naturalizing qualia that even Dennett could learn to love.
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Leith, Mary Joan Winn. The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.001.0001.
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The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction describes the evolution of Marian thought from early Christianity to the present day. Readers will learn what Catholic, Orthodox, and other Christian denominations believe about Mary as well as the place of Mary in Islam Taking an interdisciplinary approach that includes art history, archaeology, gender studies, and doctrinal history, this VSI also corrects common misunderstandings and unquestioned assumptions about the Virgin Mary. The apparitions of Mary and representations of Mary in contemporary popular culture are also discussed.
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Lonser, Russell, and Brad Elder, eds. Surgical Neuro-Oncology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Surgical Neuro-Oncology, part of the Neurosurgery by Example series, has the overarching goal of spanning the spectrum of clinical practice and complexity within adult surgical neuro-oncology using representative cases. The presentation and discussion reflects the logic, thought process, and technical details behind surgical candidacy, planning, surgical procedure (including bail-out options, and complication avoidance/management), aftercare, evidence and outcome, and lessons learned. Authors with expert knowledge and technical skills address a wide range of complex clinical cases, which are presented as they are encountered the neurosurgical clinic, hospital emergency department, and operating room. While addressing the overall diagnosis, treatment, and outcome, the authors provide insight into how they handle each case. The books transmits experience gained from leaders to colleagues and provides a great background for maintenance of certification preparation, with each chapter providing lists that highlights elements of accurate diagnosis, successful treatment, and effective complication management. Cases included cover the spectrum of clinical diversity and complexity within surgical neuro-oncology.
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Lombrozo, Tania, and Nadya Vasilyeva. Causal Explanation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.22.
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Explanation and causation are intimately related. Explanations often appeal to causes, and causal claims are often answers to implicit or explicit questions about why or how something occurred. This chapter considers what we can learn about causal reasoning from research on explanation. In particular, it reviews an emerging body of work suggesting that explanatory considerations—such as the simplicity or scope of a causal hypothesis—can systematically influence causal inference and learning. It also discusses proposed distinctions among types of explanations and reviews the effects of each explanation type on causal reasoning and representation. Finally, it considers the relationship between explanations and causal mechanisms and raises important questions for future research.
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Wineinger, Catherine N. Gendering the GOP. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556542.001.0001.
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This book, one of the first to focus exclusively on the experiences of Republican congresswomen, uncovers some of the gendered implications of congressional polarization. Looking beyond legislative behavior, Gendering the GOP: Intraparty Politics and Republican Women’s Representation in Congress reveals changes over time in the way Republican congresswomen (1) claim to represent women and (2) work together to advance their own interests within the party. Through extensive interviews with women members of Congress and in-depth analyses of House floor speeches, the book details how women have both navigated and shaped existing gender dynamics within the House GOP conference. It demonstrates that Republican women in Congress are not merely gender-blind partisans. Rather, it complicates traditional understandings of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation, showing how polarization and party competition have incentivized Republican women to organize around their partisan-gender identity—distinguishing themselves from both Democratic women and Republican men. Doing so has increased their visibility as party messengers, while simultaneously limiting their legislative power in the institution. This book shines light on the ongoing challenges Republican women face, the intricate gender dynamics they must learn to navigate in their party, and potential opportunities for change.
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Brannon, Elizabeth M., and Joonkoo Park. Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Mathematical and Numerical Understanding. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.57.
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This navigator chapter situates the chapters that comprise the section on the phylogeny and ontogeny of mathematical and numerical understanding. How is number represented in the absence of language? What are the key questions that arise as we map out the continuities and discontinuities between non-human and human numerical cognition? What can we learn from studying individual differences in numerical cognition? How do the initial representations of quantity in the infant give rise to the uniquely human mathematical mind? Can we use the knowledge we are gaining about how the preverbal mind represents and manipulate quantity to improve mathematics education?
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García, Cindy. Displace and be Queen. Edited by Melissa Blanco Borelli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199897827.013.011.
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Cinematic representations such asDirty Dancing: Havana Nightsoften produce scenarios in which Anglo leading ladies displace Latina featured extras or supporting actresses on the dance floor as the leading lady learns to connect with her sexuality by becoming “Latina” on the dance floor. This chapter examines how the blond (United States of) American teen, protagonist Katey Miller, makes a transition to life in Havana, and how she pursues her emergent fascination with dance practices of Cuba. Exploring issues of gender and interculturalism, the chapter argues that Katey displaces her nameless Cubana foils as she moves up the salsa social hierarchy to become Queen of Night at La Rosa Negra,Dirty Dancing’sHavana hot spot.
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Jens-Hinrich, Binder, and Singh Dalvinder, eds. Bank Resolution: The European Regime. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754411.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Responding to lessons learned during the global financial crisis, the EU Directive on the Recovery and Resolution of Banks and Securities Firms (Directive 2014/59/EU, the BRRD) has substantially changed the legal framework for insolvency management of financial services institutions across Europe. As the legislative process has been completed with the adoption of the BRRD, and of Regulation No. 806/2014 establishing the Single Resolution Mechanism, this book offers an insight into the new European framework for the resolution of banks in distress. This book takes stock of what has been achieved and presents an insightful analysis of both the technical framework and its impact on Banking institutions and their counterparties in representative forms of Banking activities, including retail and wholesale depositors, counterparties to financial directives, and the providers of relevant parts of the market infrastructure. Special attention is given to the international coordination of resolution. The book’s focus is on resolution and its impact on the relationships between banks, customers, other market participants, and market infrastructure, including the preventative requirements on recovery and resolution planning under the BRRD.