Journal articles on the topic 'Lean tissue mass loss'
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1
Spungen, Ann M., Jack Wang, Richard N. Pierson, and William A. Bauman. "Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.1310.
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To determine the effect of paralysis on body composition, eight pairs of male monozygotic twins, one twin in each pair with paraplegia, were studied by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Significant loss of total body lean tissue mass was found in the paralyzed twins compared with their able-bodied co-twins: 47.5 ± 6.7 vs. 60.1 ± 7.8 (SD) kg ( P < 0.005). Regionally, arm lean tissue mass was not different between the twin pairs, whereas trunk and leg lean tissue masses were significantly lower in the paralyzed twins: −3.0 ± 3.3 kg ( P < 0.05) and −10.1 ± 4.0 kg ( P < 0.0005), respectively. Bone mineral content of the total body and legs was significantly related to lean tissue mass in the able-bodied twins ( R = 0.88 and 0.98, respectively) but not in the paralyzed twins. However, the intrapair difference scores for bone and lean tissue mass were significantly related ( R = 0.80 and 0.81, respectively). The paralyzed twins had significantly more total body fat mass and percent fat per unit body mass index than the able-bodied twins: 4.8 kg ( P < 0.05) and 7 ± 2% ( P< 0.01). In the paralyzed twins, total body lean tissue was significantly lost (mostly from the trunk and legs), independent of age, at a rate of 3.9 ± 0.2 kg per 5-yr period of paralysis ( R = 0.87, P < 0.005). Extreme disuse from paralysis appears to contribute to a parallel loss of bone with loss of lean tissue in the legs. The continuous lean tissue loss may represent a form of sarcopenia that is progressive and accelerated compared with that in ambulatory individuals.
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Voronkov, L. G., К. V. Voitsekhovska, S. V. Fedkiv, and V. I. Koval. "Anthropometric parameters and body tissue compartments of patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction depending on weight loss within the previous 6 months." Ukrainian Journal of Cardiology 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31928/1608-635x-2019.3.5361.
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The aim – to compare the anthropometric parameters and body tissue compartments of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction depending on weight loss ≥ 6 % of total body weight within the previous 6 months. Materials and methods. 77 stable patients with chronic heart failure 25–75 years old, NYHA class II–IV, with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 35 % were screened. The criterion for the patients group distribution was the weight loss in the last 6 months ≥ 6 % according to the European guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of CHF. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Patients were included in a clinical compensation phase. Results and discussion. Weight loss ≥ 6 % within the previous 6 months was observed in 34 (44.2 %) patients. Patients with weight loss ≥ 6 % had a significantly smaller fat tissue mass (p=0.002) and lean tissues mass (p=0.039), which was confirmed by comparing the normalized indicators of these tissue arrays relative to growth. The limb muscle mass (p=0.006) and the limb muscle mass index (p=0.002) were significantly less in this group of patients. The number of lost kilograms over the past 6 months correlated inversely with the muscle mass index of limbs (r=–0.411, p=0.001), body weight (r=–0.381, p=0.001), muscle mass of limbs (r=–0.360, p=0.001), hip circumference (r=–0.352, p=0.002), body surface area (r=–0.345, p=0.009), waist circumference (r=–0.334, p=0.003), body mass index (r=–0.330, p=0.004), shoulder arm circumference (r=–0.280, p=0.015), lean tissue mass (r=–0.277, p=0.015), skin-fat fold thickness under the scapula (r=–0.273, p=0.018), fat mass tissue (r=–0.269, p=0.018), the circumference of tense arm (r=–0.262, p=0.023), the ratio of fat tissue to height (r=–0.253, p=0.026), the fat tissue index (r=–0.233, p=0.042), and correlated positively with the percentage of bone tissues (r=0.250, p=0.028). Conclusions. Weight loss ≥ 6 % over the past 6 months in patients with CHF and reduced ventricular ejection fraction was observed in 34 (44.2 %) patients. Patients with CHF and weight loss ≥ 6 % were significantly older, had a higher NYHA class, lower body weight, body mass index, shoulder circumference of a tense and relaxed arm, waist and hip circumferences, thickness skin and fat folds over the biceps, triceps and under the scapula. Patients with a body weight loss of ≥ 6 % over the past 6 months had a significantly lower percentage of fat tissue, fat mass and lean tissue mass, indexes of fat mass and muscular tissue of limbs. Patients in groups did not differ in terms of mineral bone mass.
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Zdanowicz, Martin M. "Use of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 for Treatment of Tissue Wasting in Catabolic Conditions." Hospital Pharmacy 35, no. 2 (February 2000): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870003500219.
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Trauma, surgery, burn injury, sepsis, prolonged bed rest, cancer, and AIDS are examples of catabolic states that can lead to a significant loss of lean body tissues and skeletal muscle. The physiologic stresses associated with these catabolic conditions can impair immune function, alter drug response, and delay the recovery process. Although enhanced nutritional supplementation is a mainstay for treating tissue wasting in these conditions, it is of limited effectiveness in reversing skeletal muscle protein loss or enhancing anabolism in lean body tissues. The use of anabolic hormones such as Growth Hormone (GH) or Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) to limit lean body wasting and preserve muscle mass in these conditions has been widely investigated. This article was designed to give pharmacists and patient care professionals an overview of recent literature involving anabolic hormone treatment of tissue wasting. The use of these agents in the clinical setting may undergo significant expansion in the near future.
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German, Alexander J., Shelley Holden, Thomas Bissot, Penelope J. Morris, and Vincent Biourge. "Changes in body composition during weight loss in obese client-owned cats: Loss of lean tissue mass correlates with overall percentage of weight lost." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10, no. 5 (October 2008): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.02.004.
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Obesity is one of the most common medical diseases in cats, but there remains little information on success of weight loss regimes in obese client-owned cats. No information currently exists on body composition changes during weight loss in clinical cases. Twelve obese client-owned cats undertook a weight loss programme incorporating a high-protein low fat diet. Body composition was quantified by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, before and after weight loss. Mean (±standard deviation) weight loss was 27±6.8% of starting weight, and mean rate of weight loss was 0.8±0.32% per week. Mean energy allocation during weight loss was 32±7.0 kcal/kg target weight. Mean composition of tissue lost was 86:13:1 (fat:lean:bone mineral). The proportion of lean tissue loss was positively associated with overall percentage of weight loss (simple linear regression, r2=44.2%, P=0.026). Conventional weight loss programmes produce safe weight loss, but lean tissue loss is an inevitable consequence in cats that lose significant proportions of their starting body weight.
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Nindl, Bradley C., Everett A. Harman, James O. Marx, Lincoln A. Gotshalk, Peter N. Frykman, Eric Lammi, Chris Palmer, and William J. Kraemer. "Regional body composition changes in women after 6 months of periodized physical training." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 2251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2251.
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Data are lacking regarding regional morphological changes among women after prolonged physical training. This study employed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess changes in whole body and regional (i.e., trunk, legs, arms) fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral content body composition adaptations in 31 healthy women pre-, mid-, and post-6 mo of periodized physical training. These results were compared with those of 1) a control group of women who had not undergone the training program and were assessed pre- and post-6 mo and 2) a group of 18 men that was tested only once. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess changes in muscle morphology of the thigh in a subset of 11 members of the training group. Physical training consisted of a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise in which the subjects engaged for 5 days/wk for 24 wk. Overall, the training group experienced a 2.2% decrease, a 10% decrease, and a 2.2% increase for body mass, fat mass, and soft tissue lean mass, respectively. No changes in bone mineral content were detected. The women had less of their soft tissue lean mass distributed in their arms than did the men, both before and after the women were trained. Novel to this study were the striking differences in the responses in the tissue composition of the arms (31% loss in fat mass but no change in lean mass) compared with the legs (5.5% gain in lean mass but no change in fat mass). There was a 12% fat loss in the trunk with no change in soft tissue lean mass. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging fat mass measurements showed good agreement ( r = 0.72–0.92); their lean mass measurements were similar as well, showing ∼5.5% increases in leg lean tissue. These findings show the importance of considering regional body composition changes, rather than whole body changes alone when assessing the effects of a periodized physical training program.
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Lachey, J., A. Koncarevic, J. Ucran, R. S. Pearsall, M. L. Sherman, and J. Seehra. "Effect of a soluble activin receptor type IIB on androgen-deprivation-induced effects on body composition." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 5133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.5133.
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5133 Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a well-established treatment for hormone sensitive prostate cancer, but is associated with adverse side effects including loss of bone and lean mass and increased adipose mass. Activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) signaling is necessary for the negative regulation of lean tissue mass and treatment with a non-signaling, decoy ActRIIB results in a robust increase in lean tissue mass. Methods: Similar to ADT patients, orchiectomized (ORX) mice lose bone and lean mass and gain fat mass. To determine the therapeutic potential of inhibiting ActRIIB signaling to reduce the negative effects associated with ADT, we treated sham-operated (SHAM) and orchiectomized (ORX) mice with RAP-031, a fusion protein comprised of a form of the extracellular domain of ActRIIB linked to a murine Fc. Mice received twice weekly injections for 10 weeks with either vehicle (VEH) or 10 mg/kg RAP-031 (RAP). NMR scanning was used to determine body composition and whole body DEXA scans were performed to determine bone mineral density (BMD). Results: ORX resulted in a 4.4% decrease in BMD, an 18% reduction in lean tissue and a 41.6% increase in adiposity compared to the VEH-SHAM cohort. Both RAP-031treated groups of mice had significantly increased BMD and lean tissue mass and decreased adipose mass compared to their respective VEH groups. However, BMD, lean tissue and adiposity were not significantly different between the VEH-SHAM and RAP-ORX groups. These data illustrate that RAP-031 treatment completely attenuates ORX-induced alterations in bone, lean and fat mass. Conclusions: These data support the hypothesis that treatment with a form of soluble ActRIIB can offset negative side effects of ADT and have significant therapeutic implications for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Wu, Shenghui, Kyung-Shin Park, and Joseph B. McCormick. "Effects of Exercise Training on Fat Loss and Lean Mass Gain in Mexican-American and Korean Premenopausal Women." International Journal of Endocrinology 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5465869.
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We investigated the effect of exercise training on body composition change in women. Nineteen Mexican-American and 18 Korean premenopausal overweight/obese women were randomized into one of the following groups: control, low-intensity training group (LI), and high-intensity training group (HI). Subjects completed 12 weeks of training at 50–56% maximal oxygen consumption (LI) or 65–70% maximal oxygen consumption (HI). Body composition components were measured at baseline and after training using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for Mexican-Americans, while whole-body composition was measured by the direct segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and abdominal fat was measured by single-slice computed tomography for Koreans. Data were analyzed using mixed-model repeated measures independent of age, ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Exercise training showed a significant effect on BMI, fat percentage, fat mass, lean mass, and visceral adipose tissue area. HI significantly decreased fat mass and fat percentage but increased lean mass (all P<0.05). LI significantly reduced BMI, fat mass, fat percentage, and visceral adipose tissue area but increased lean mass (all P<0.05). Exercise training had a beneficial effect on reducing BMI, fat percentage, fat mass, and visceral adipose tissue area but had no effect on increasing lean mass for Mexican-American and Korean premenopausal overweight/obese women.
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Groom, Derrick J. E., Jessica E. Deakin, M. Collette Lauzau, and Alexander R. Gerson. "The role of humidity and metabolic status on lean mass catabolism in migratory Swainson's thrushes ( Catharus ustulatus )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1909 (August 28, 2019): 20190859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0859.
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Migratory birds use protein as a fuel source during flight, but the mechanisms and benefits of protein catabolism during migration are poorly understood. The tissue-specific turnover rate hypothesis proposes that lean mass loss depends solely on the constitutive rate of protein degradation for a given tissue, and is therefore independent of metabolic rate or environmental stimuli. However, it has been demonstrated that environmental stressors such as humidity affect the rate of lean mass catabolism during flight, a finding that seemingly contradicts the tissue-specific turnover rate hypothesis. In order to resolve this, we placed migratory Swainson's thrushes in either high (HEWL) or low (LEWL) evaporative water loss conditions at rest and while undergoing simulated migratory flight at 8 m s −1 in a wind tunnel to test the impact of both environmental stressors and metabolic rate on the rate of protein breakdown. The total quantity and rate of lean mass loss was not different between flight and rest birds, but was affected by humidity condition, with HEWL losing significantly more lean mass. These results show that the rate of protein breakdown in migratory birds is independent of metabolic rate, but it can be augmented in response to environmental stressors.
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LeBlanc, A. D., V. S. Schneider, H. J. Evans, C. Pientok, R. Rowe, and E. Spector. "Regional changes in muscle mass following 17 weeks of bed rest." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 2172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.2172.
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This work reports on the muscle loss and recovery after 17 wk of continuous bed rest and 8 wk of reambulation in eight normal male volunteers. Muscle changes were assessed by urinary levels of 3-methylhistidine (3-MeH), nitrogen balance, dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and isokinetic muscle performance. The total body lean tissue loss during bed rest calculated from nitrogen balance was 3.9 +/- 2.1 (SD) kg (P < 0.05). Although the total loss is minimal, DPA scans showed that nearly all of the lean tissue loss occurred in the lower limbs. Similarly, MRI muscle volume measurements showed greater percent loss in the limbs relative to the back muscles. MRI, DPA, and nitrogen balance suggest that muscle atrophy continued throughout bed rest with rapid recovery after reambulation. Isokinetic muscle strength decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the thigh and calf with no loss in the arms and with rapid recovery during reambulation. We conclude that there is great variability in the degree and location of muscle loss in bed rest and that the lower limb muscles are primarily affected.
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Visser, Wesley J., Anneke M. E. de Mik-van Egmond, Reinier Timman, David Severs, and Ewout J. Hoorn. "Risk Factors for Muscle Loss in Hemodialysis Patients with High Comorbidity." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092494.
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With expanding kidney transplantation programs, remaining hemodialysis patients are more likely to have a high comorbidity burden and may therefore be more prone to lose muscle mass. Our aim was to analyze risk factors for muscle loss in hemodialysis patients with high comorbidity. Fifty-four chronic hemodialysis patients (Charlson Comorbidity Index 9.0 ± 3.4) were followed for 20 weeks using 4-weekly measurements of lean tissue mass, intracellular water, and body cell mass (proxies for muscle mass), handgrip strength (HGS), and biochemical parameters. Mixed models were used to analyze covariate effects on LTM. LTM (−6.4 kg, interquartile range [IQR] −8.1 to −4.8), HGS (−1.9 kg, IQR −3.1 to −0.7), intracellular water (−2.11 L, IQR −2.9 to −1.4) and body cell mass (−4.30 kg, IQR −5.9 to −2.9) decreased in all patients. Conversely, adipose tissue mass increased (4.5 kg, IQR 2.7 to 6.2), resulting in no significant change in body weight (−0.5 kg, IQR −1.0 to 0.1). Independent risk factors for LTM loss over time were male sex (−0.26 kg/week, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.19), C-reactive protein above median (−0.1 kg/week, 95% CI −0.2 to −0.001), and baseline lean tissue index ≥10th percentile (−1.6 kg/week, 95% CI −2.1 to −1.0). Age, dialysis vintage, serum albumin, comorbidity index, and diabetes did not significantly affect LTM loss over time. In this cohort with high comorbidity, we found universal and prominent muscle loss, which was further accelerated by male sex and inflammation. Stable body weight may mask muscle loss because of concurrent fat gain. Our data emphasize the need to assess body composition in all hemodialysis patients and call for studies to analyze whether intervention with nutrition or exercise may curtail muscle loss in the most vulnerable hemodialysis patients.
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Hemke, Robert, Colleen Buckless, and Martin Torriani. "Quantitative Imaging of Body Composition." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 24, no. 04 (August 2020): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708824.
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AbstractBody composition refers to the amount and distribution of lean tissue, adipose tissue, and bone in the human body. Lean tissue primarily consists of skeletal muscle; adipose tissue comprises mostly abdominal visceral adipose tissue and abdominal and nonabdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Hepatocellular and myocellular lipids are also fat pools with important metabolic implications. Importantly, body composition reflects generalized processes such as increased adiposity in obesity and age-related loss of muscle mass known as sarcopenia.In recent years, body composition has been extensively studied quantitatively to predict overall health. Multiple imaging methods have allowed precise estimates of tissue types and provided insights showing the relationship of body composition to varied pathologic conditions. In this review article, we discuss different imaging methods used to quantify body composition and describe important anatomical locations where target tissues can be measured.
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Francis, David A., Darryl L. Millis, and Laurie L. Head. "Bone and Lean Tissue Changes Following Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection and Stifle Stabilization." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 42, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0420127.
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Following cranial cruciate ligament transection and extracapsular stabilization, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to analyze bone mineral content and lean tissue mass in the surgical and nonsurgical legs (n=14) at 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks, and to evaluate bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal, mid-, and distal tibia of both the surgical and nonsurgical legs (n=15) at 0, 5, and 10 weeks. There was significant loss of bone mineral content and lean tissue in the surgical leg compared to the nonsurgical leg. Significant loss in bone mineral content and BMD was detected in the tibia of the surgical leg and was most pronounced in the metaphyseal region.
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Rappou, Elisabeth, Sakari Jukarainen, Rita Rinnankoski-Tuikka, Sanna Kaye, Sini Heinonen, Antti Hakkarainen, Jesper Lundbom, et al. "Weight Loss Is Associated With Increased NAD+/SIRT1 Expression But Reduced PARP Activity in White Adipose Tissue." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 1263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3054.
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Abstract Context: Sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are 2 important nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+-dependent enzyme families with opposing metabolic effects. Energy shortage increases NAD+ biosynthesis and SIRT activity but reduces PARP activity in animals. Effects of energy balance on these pathways in humans are unknown. Objective: We compared NAD+/SIRT pathway expressions and PARP activities in sc adipose tissue (SAT) between lean and obese subjects and investigated their change in the obese subjects during a 12-month weight loss. Design, Setting and Participants: SAT biopsies were obtained from 19 clinically healthy obese subjects (mean ± SE body mass index, 34.6 ± 2.7 kg/m2) during a weight-loss intervention (0, 5, and 12 mo) and from 19 lean reference subjects (body mass index, 22.7 ± 1.1 kg/m2) at baseline. Main Outcome Measures: SAT mRNA expressions of SIRTs 1–7 and the rate-limiting gene in NAD+ biosynthesis, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) were measured by Affymetrix, and total PARP activity by ELISA kit. Results: SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT7, and NAMPT expressions were significantly lower, whereas total PARP activity was increased in obese compared with lean subjects. SIRT1 and NAMPT expressions increased in obese subjects between 0 and 5 months, after a mean weight loss of 11.7%. In subjects who continued to lose weight between 5 and 12 months, SIRT1 expression increased progressively, whereas in subjects with weight regain, SIRT1 reverted to baseline levels. PARP activity significantly decreased in all subjects upon weight loss. Conclusions: Calorie restriction is an attractive strategy to improve the NAD+/SIRT pathway and decrease PARPs in SAT in human obesity.
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Jeyakumar, S. M., A. Vajreswari, B. Sesikeran, and N. V. Giridharan. "Vitamin A supplementation induces adipose tissue loss through apoptosis in lean but not in obese rats of the WNIN/Ob strain." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 35, no. 2 (October 2005): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.01838.
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Vitamin A is a known regulator of adipose tissue growth. In this paper, we report the possible role of dietary vitamin A supplementation in the regulation of adipose tissue mass, using a novel obese rat model of the WNIN/Ob strain developed at the National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences of the National Institute of Nutrition, India. Twenty-four male lean and obese rats of the WNIN/Ob strain were broadly divided into two groups at 7 months of age; each group was subdivided into two subgroups consisting of six lean and six obese rats and they were given diets containing either 2.6 mg or 129 mg vitamin A/kg diet for 2 months. Feeding a high but non-toxic dose of vitamin A (129 mg/kg diet) resulted in a significant reduction in the adiposity index and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RPWAT) weight in obese rats while a marginal reduction was observed in lean rats. Further, this treatment resulted in a significantly increased RPWAT apoptotic index and Bax protein expression and a decreased expression of Bcl2 in the lean rats. However, no such changes were observed in the RPWAT of the obese rats subjected to identical treatment. Thus, our data suggests that chronic dietary vitamin A supplementation at a high dose effectively regulates adipose tissue mass both in the lean and obese phenotypes of the WNIN/Ob rat strain, perhaps through different mechanisms.
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Zhou, Na, Corentin Scoubeau, Kevin Forton, Patricia Loi, Jean Closset, Gael Deboeck, Jean-Jacques Moraine, Malgorzata Klass, and Vitalie Faoro. "Lean Mass Loss and Altered Muscular Aerobic Capacity after Bariatric Surgery." Obesity Facts 15, no. 2 (2022): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000521242.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Patients undergoing weight loss surgery do not improve their aerobic capacity or peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>peak) after bariatric surgery and some still complain about asthenia and/or breathlessness. We investigated the hypothesis that a post-surgery muscular limitation could impact the ventilatory response to exercise by evaluating the post-surgery changes in muscle mass, strength, and muscular aerobic capacity, measured by the first ventilatory threshold (VT). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Thirteen patients with obesity were referred to our university exercise laboratory before and 6 months after bariatric surgery and were matched by sex, age, and height to healthy subjects with normal weight. All subjects underwent a clinical examination, blood sampling, and body composition assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respiratory and limb muscle strength assessments, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cyclo-ergometer. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Bariatric surgery resulted in a loss of 34% fat mass, 43% visceral adipose tissue, and 12% lean mass (LM) (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Absolute handgrip, quadriceps, or respiratory muscle strength remained unaffected, while quadriceps/handgrip strength relative to LM increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Absolute VO<sub>2</sub>peak or VO<sub>2</sub>peak/LM did not improve and the first VT was decreased after surgery (1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4 L min<sup>−1</sup>, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and correlated to the exercising LM (LM legs) (<i>R</i> = 0.84, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Although bariatric surgery has numerous beneficial effects, absolute VO<sub>2</sub>peak does not improve and the weight loss-induced LM reduction is associated to an altered muscular aerobic capacity, as reflected by an early VT triggering early exercise hyperventilation.
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King, S. J., D. J. Topliss, T. Kotsimbos, I. B. Nyulasi, and J. W. Wilson. "Loss of lean tissue mass in adults with CF: an independent predictor of loss of bone mineral density (BMD)." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 7 (June 2008): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-1993(08)60327-6.
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Ponti, Federico, Andrea Plazzi, Giuseppe Guglielmi, Giulio Marchesini, and Alberto Bazzocchi. "Body composition, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and obesity: the paradigm of fat (re)distribution." BJR|case reports 5, no. 3 (September 2019): 20170078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjrcr.20170078.
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Objective: The amount of lean and fat tissues in different body compartments is likely to drive the cardiovascular risk. The longitudinal effects of changes of lean and fat mass, particularly following weight loss programs, cannot be reliably identified by the sole measurement of anthropometry. We discuss this problem on the basis of data collected in obese females with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), anthropometry and laboratory. Methods: We present longitudinal data in six obese females (three pairs—weight stable, weight loss, weight increase) assigned to a medical treatment. All patients underwent whole-body scan (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, WI) and laboratory analysis (blood fasting glucose, total low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) before treatment and after 12 months. Fat mass and non-bone lean mass were assessed at whole-body and regional levels. Android visceral adipose tissue was estimated by a recently validated software. Results: The most common anthropometric measures (body mass index, waist circumference) were totally ineffective in documenting the changes in body composition in 12 month follow-up, whereas DXA could detect regional changes, which were paralleled in part by changes in biochemical indices. Conclusion: Serial DXA measurements could provide a comprehensive assessment of body compartments, independent of changes in classic anthropometry (body mass index and waist circumference), identifying a significant redistribution of lean and fat mass and providing clues to explain changes in cardiovascular risk profile.
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Ab Majida, Nor Latifah, Divya Vanoh, Mohd Nizam Md Hashim, Nur Zetty Sofia Zainuddin, and Monaliza Ajid. "Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss after Bariatric Surgery." Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine 6, S1 (November 12, 2022): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/ajmb.2022.6.s1.564.
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Obesity is a chronic non-communicable disease that has increased dramatically worldwide [1]. The 2015 National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) showed that the prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity in Malaysia had increased by 0.6%, 2.6% and 2.0% respectively as compared to the previous findings of NHMS 2011[2]. Thus, many approaches have been attempted including bariatric surgery. However, it is associated with complications like lean tissue loss, augmented bone loss and a high risk of postprandial hypoglycemia due to patients being unable to achieve adequate dietary protein and accelerated nutrient emptying. Hence, this review paper provides several findings on possible causes of muscle tissue loss and nutritional strategies to prevent muscle loss.
Initially, a literature search was conducted from electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar Science Direct. A total of 15 articles on nutritional strategies to prevent muscle loss after bariatric surgery that was published between January 2017 and May 2022 were retrieved. In this review, several causes of muscle tissue loss, its consequences on a patient’s health and nutritional strategies to preserve muscle protein are summarized in the following figures.
In conclusion, bariatric surgery leads to the loss of lean body mass and fat-free mass due to a significant decrease in protein intake and rapid weight loss. This will lead to several consequences that impair basal metabolism and body functions and reduce life quality [7]. Regular and sufficient protein intake together with resistance exercise are essential for muscle preservation [4]. Further research should be continued to increase the understanding of the pathophysiology and related mechanism that causes muscle loss and develop appropriate treatment and possible modifications in current bariatric procedures available.
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Zhang, Xiaochen, Justin C. Brown, Electra D. Paskett, Babette Zemel, Andrea L. Cheville, and KATHRYN H. SCHMITZ. "Changes in arm tissue composition with slowly-progressive weight-lifting among women with breast cancer-related lymphedema." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 5_suppl (February 10, 2017): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.5_suppl.114.
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114 Background: We evaluated baseline differences in arm tissue composition (fat mass, lean mass, bone mineral content [BMC] and bone mineral density [BMD]) between the affected and unaffected arms in women with breast cancer-related lymphedema (BRCL). We compared changes in arm tissue composition and self-reported lymphedema symptoms after one-year of weight-lifting vs. usual-care. Methods: We utilized data from the PAL trial that included 141 women with BRCL. Arm tissue composition was quantified using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The severity of lymphedema was quantified using self-report survey. Weight-lifting was performed at community fitness facilities. Results: At baseline, the affected arm had more fat (D= 89.7±21.0g; P < 0.001) and lean mass (D= 149.1±25.3g; P < 0.001), but less BMC (D= -3.2±0.9g; P < 0.001) than the unaffected arm. No difference was observed in BMD. After 12-months of weight-lifting, composition of the affected arm was improved: lean mass (71.2±27.9g; P = 0.01) and BMD (0.01±0.01g; P = 0.02) increased, arm fat percentage decreased (0.01±0.01; P = 0.003). No changes observed in fat mass and BMC. Baseline body mass index and BCRL grade modified the relationship between weight-lifting and tissue composition changes. Increases in lean mass were associated with less severe BCRL symptoms. With every one-percent decrease in arm fat percentage, affected limb volume reduced 13.81mL. Conclusions: Among women with BRCL, affected and unaffected arms differ in tissue composition. These differences may be improved with weight-lifting. Changes in arm tissue composition correlate with improved BCRL symptoms. Investigating the combined effects of exercise and weight-loss on arm tissue composition and BCRL symptoms may provide additional insight to the benefits of lifestyle modification on lymphedema biology. Clinical trial information: NCT00194363.
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Lee, Ah Young, Kyu Tae Choi, and Min Cheol Chang. "Prediction of muscle loss after stroke by analysis of corticospinal tract." Translational Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2020-0114.
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AbstractIntroductionSkeletal muscle loss induces a poor rehabilitation outcome after stroke. Little is known about the usefulness of diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) findings of the corticospinal tract (CST) in terms of predicting muscle loss in affected limbs after stroke.MethodsThis research was designed as a preliminary study. Forty-four patients, with stroke onset more than one year earlier, were recruited. DTT was performed within 7–30 days after stroke onset. The patients were classified into two groups based on the DTT findings: a DTT+ group, in which the CST was preserved, and a DTT− group, in which the CST was interrupted by the stroke lesion. Additionally, the patients’ functions were evaluated based on the modified Brunnstrom classification and functional ambulation category.ResultsIn the DTT− group, the values of the lean tissue mass of the affected upper and lower limbs were smaller than those of the unaffected side. On the other hand, in the DTT+ group, the values of the lean tissue mass between the affected and unaffected limbs were not significantly different.ConclusionThe DTT evaluation of CST at the early stage of stroke may be useful for predicting muscle loss of the affected limb at the chronic stage in stroke patients.
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Abe, Takashi, Scott J. Dankel, and Jeremy P. Loenneke. "Body Fat Loss Automatically Reduces Lean Mass by Changing the Fat-Free Component of Adipose Tissue." Obesity 27, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.22393.
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Zhou, Jun, Ming Xia Shi, Tiffany D. Mitchell, Gennady N. Smagin, Sonyja R. Thomas, Donna H. Ryan, and Ruth B. S. Harris. "Changes in Rat Adipocyte and Liver Glucose Metabolism Following Repeated Restraint Stress." Experimental Biology and Medicine 226, no. 4 (April 2001): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020122600408.
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Rats exposed to repeated restraint weigh less than controls even 8 weeks after stress. Stress-induced weight loss is lean tissue, but the post-stress difference in weight between control and restrained rats is lean and fat mass. Whole-body glucose clearance is enhanced 1 day after stress, but adipocyte glucose utilization is inhibited and muscle glucose transport is unchanged. The studies described here demonstrated that glucose transport was increased in both restrained and pair-fed rats, but that glycogen synthesis was increased only in restrained rats, which may account for the improved whole-body glucose clearance. Adipocyte glucose transport was inhibited and adipose plasma membrane β-adrenergic receptor number was increased 1 day post-stress in restrained rats when weight loss was lean tissue, but were not different from control rats 5 days post-stress, when both fat and lean tissue were reduced. Thus, repeated restraint induces reversible changes in adipocyte metabolism that may represent a transition from the catabolic state of stress to a new energetic equilibrium in rats that maintain a reduced body weight for an extended period of time.
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Gallagher, Dympna, Albert J. Kovera, Gaynelle Clay-Williams, Denise Agin, Patricia Leone, Jeanine Albu, Dwight E. Matthews, and Steven B. Heymsfield. "Weight loss in postmenopausal obesity: no adverse alterations in body composition and protein metabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 279, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): E124—E131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.1.e124.
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We sought to determine if decrements in the mass of fat-free body mass (FFM) and other lean tissue compartments, and related changes in protein metabolism, are appropriate for weight loss in obese older women. Subjects were 14 healthy weight-stable obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) postmenopausal women >55 yr who participated in a 16-wk, 1,200 kcal/day nutritionally complete diet. Measures at baseline and 16 wk included FFM and appendicular lean soft tissue (LST) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; body cell mass (BCM) by 40K whole body counting; total body water (TBW) by tritium dilution; skeletal muscle (SM) by whole body MRI; and fasting whole body protein metabolism through l-[1-13C]leucine kinetics. Mean weight loss (±SD) was 9.6 ± 3.0 kg ( P < 0.0001) or 10.7% of initial body weight. FFM decreased by 2.1 ± 2.6 kg ( P = 0.006), or 19.5% of weight loss, and did not differ from that reported (2.3 ± 0.7 kg). Relative losses of SM, LST, TBW, and BCM were consistent with reductions in body weight and FFM. Changes in [13C]leucine flux, oxidation, and synthesis rates were not significant. Follow-up of 11 subjects at 23.7 ± 5.7 mo showed body weight and fat mass to be below baseline values; FFM was nonsignificantly reduced. Weight loss was accompanied by body composition and protein kinetic changes that appear appropriate for the magnitude of body mass change, thus failing to support the concern that diet-induced weight loss in obese postmenopausal women produces disproportionate LST losses.
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Michel, Kathryn E., Wendy Anderson, Carolyn Cupp, and Dorothy P. Laflamme. "Correlation of a feline muscle mass score with body composition determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry." British Journal of Nutrition 106, S1 (October 12, 2011): S57—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451100050x.
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Body condition scoring (BCS) systems primarily assess body fat. Both overweight and underweight animals may have loss of lean tissue that may not be noted using standard BCS systems. Catabolism of lean tissue can occur rapidly, may account for a disproportionate amount of body mass loss in sick cats and can have deleterious consequences for outcome. Therefore, along with evaluation of body fat, patients should undergo evaluation of muscle mass. The aims of the present study were first to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of a 4-point feline muscle mass scoring (MMS) system and second to assess the convergent validity of MMS by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). MMS was as follows: 3, normal muscle mass; 2, slight wasting; 1, moderate wasting; 0, severe wasting. For the first aim, forty-four cats were selected for evaluation based on age and BCS, and for the second aim, thirty-three cats were selected based on age, BCS and MMS. Cats were scored by ten different evaluators on three separate occasions. Body composition was determined by DXA. Inter- and intra-rater agreement were assessed using kappa analysis. Correlation between MMS and BCS, age, percentage lean body mass and lean body mass (LBM) was determined using Spearman's rank-order correlation. The MMS showed moderate inter-rater agreement in cats that scored normal or severely wasted (κ = 0·48–0·53). Intra-rater agreement was substantial (κ = 0·71–0·73). The MMS was significantly correlated with BCS (r 0·76, P < 0·0001), age (r − 0·75, P < 0·0001), LBM (g) (r 0·62, P < 0·0001) and percentage LBM (r − 0·49, P < 0·0035). Additional investigation is needed to determine whether the MMS can be refined and to assess its clinical applicability.
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Gortan Cappellari, Gianluca, Aneta Aleksova, Matteo Dal Ferro, Antonio Cannatà, Annamaria Semolic, Michela Zanetti, Jochen Springer, et al. "Preserved Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function, Redox State, Inflammation and Mass in Obese Mice with Chronic Heart Failure." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 3393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113393.
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Background: Skeletal muscle (SM) mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation and muscle mass loss may worsen prognosis in chronic heart failure (CHF). Diet-induced obesity may also cause SM mitochondrial dysfunction as well as oxidative stress and inflammation, but obesity per se may be paradoxically associated with high SM mass and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, as well as with enhanced survival in CHF. Methods: We investigated interactions between myocardial infarction(MI)-induced CHF and diet-induced obesity (12-wk 60% vs. standard 10% fat) in modulating gastrocnemius muscle (GM) mitochondrial ATP and tissue superoxide generation, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), cytokines and insulin signalling activation in 10-wk-old mice in the following groups: lean sham-operated, lean CHF (LCHF), obese CHF (ObCHF; all n = 8). The metabolic impact of obesity per se was investigated by pair-feeding ObCHF to standard diet with stabilized excess body weight until sacrifice at wk 8 post-MI. Results: Compared to sham, LCHF had low GM mass, paralleled by low mitochondrial ATP production and high mitochondrial reative oxygen species (ROS) production, pro-oxidative redox state, pro-inflammatory cytokine changes and low insulin signaling (p < 0.05). In contrast, excess body weight in pair-fed ObCHF was associated with high GM mass, preserved mitochondrial ATP and mitochondrial ROS production, unaltered redox state, tissue cytokines and insulin signaling (p = non significant vs. Sham, p < 0.05 vs. LCHF) despite higher superoxide generation from non-mitochondrial sources. Conclusions: CHF disrupts skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in lean rodents with low ATP and high mitochondrial ROS production, associated with tissue pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, low insulin signaling and muscle mass loss. Following CHF onset, obesity per se is associated with high skeletal muscle mass and preserved tissue ATP production, mitochondrial ROS production, redox state, cytokines and insulin signaling. These paradoxical and potentially favorable obesity-associated metabolic patterns could contribute to reported obesity-induced survival advantage in CHF.
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Gerson, Alexander R., and Christopher G. Guglielmo. "House sparrows (Passer domesticus) increase protein catabolism in response to water restriction." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 300, no. 4 (April 2011): R925—R930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00701.2010.
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Birds primarily rely on fat for energy during fasting and to fuel energetically demanding activities. Proteins are catabolized supplemental to fat, the function of which in birds remains poorly understood. It has been proposed that birds may increase the catabolism of body protein under dehydrating conditions as a means to maintain water balance, because catabolism of wet protein yields more total metabolic and bound water (0.155·H2O−1·kJ−1) than wet lipids (0.029 g·H2O−1·kJ−1). On the other hand, protein sparing should be important to maintain function of muscles and organs. We used quantitative magnetic resonance body composition analysis and hygrometry to investigate the effect of water restriction on fat and lean mass catabolism during short-term fasting at rest and in response to a metabolic challenge (4-h shivering) in house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ). Water loss at rest and during shivering was compared with water gains from the catabolism of tissue. At rest, water-restricted birds had significantly greater lean mass loss, higher plasma uric acid concentration, and plasma osmolality than control birds. Endogenous water gains from lean mass catabolism offset losses over the resting period. Water restriction had no effect on lean mass catabolism during shivering, as water gains from fat oxidation appeared sufficient to maintain water balance. These data provide direct evidence supporting the hypothesis that water stress can increase protein catabolism at rest, possibly as a metabolic strategy to offset high rates of evaporative water loss.
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Thupari, Jagan N., Eun-Kyoung Kim, Timothy H. Moran, Gabriele V. Ronnett, and Francis P. Kuhajda. "Chronic C75 treatment of diet-induced obese mice increases fat oxidation and reduces food intake to reduce adipose mass." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 287, no. 1 (July 2004): E97—E104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00261.2003.
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Obesity and its attendant disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, are global health problems. We previously reported that C75, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stimulator of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), caused anorexia and profound weight loss in lean and genetically obese mice. To approximate human obesity, we utilized a chronic C75 treatment model for diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Chronic C75 treatment decreased food consumption and increased energy expenditure due to increased fatty acid oxidation in both DIO and lean mice. There was a substantial loss of adipose tissue and resolution of hepatic steatosis in C75-treated DIO mice. Analysis of changes in the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides demonstrated that the reduced food consumption in C75-treated DIO mice was accompanied by an increase in cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript expression but not by changes in neuropeptide Y such as seen with acute C75 treatment of lean mice. Inhibition of FAS and stimulation of CPT I provide a means to achieve stable, sustained weight loss in DIO mice.
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Wang, Lei, Lieke E. J. van Iersel, Charlotte E. Pelgrim, Jingyi Lu, Ingrid van Ark, Thea Leusink-Muis, Harry R. Gosker, et al. "Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Adipose and Skeletal Muscle Tissue: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies." Cells 11, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 2893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11182893.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), often caused by smoking, is a chronic lung disease with systemic manifestations including metabolic comorbidities. This study investigates adaptive and pathological alterations in adipose and skeletal muscle tissue following cigarette smoke exposure using in vivo and in vitro models. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke or air for 72 days and the pre-adipose cell line 3T3-L1 was utilized as an in vitro model. Cigarette smoke exposure decreased body weight, and the proportional loss in fat mass was more pronounced than the lean mass loss. Cigarette smoke exposure reduced adipocyte size and increased adipocyte numbers. Adipose macrophage numbers and associated cytokine levels, including interleukin-1β, interleukine-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were elevated in smoke-exposed mice. Muscle strength and protein synthesis signaling were decreased after smoke exposure; however, muscle mass was not changed. In vitro studies demonstrated that lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation were upregulated in cigarette smoke-exposed pre-adipocytes. In conclusion, cigarette smoke exposure induces a loss of whole-body fat mass and adipose atrophy, which is likely due to enhanced lipolysis.
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Bennett, Robert, Ronda Simpson, Alexander Agoulnik, and Frederick Hamel. "ODP010 Relaxin Receptor RXFP1 Knockout in Adipose Tissue Progenitor Cells Results in Resistance to High Fat Diet-Induced Weigh Gain." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A11—A12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.024.
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Abstract Relaxin is a polypeptide hormone that signals through its cognate receptor RXFP1. Previous work demonstrated that global RXFP1-knockout mice developed age-related adipose tissue fibrosis and dysfunction. Our preliminary data suggested that adipose tissue progenitor cells (APC) express RXFP1 in the white adipose tissue in mice. To determine the role of APC in relaxin signaling, we crossed floxed RXFP1 mice (RXFP1-fl/fl) with mice expressing tamoxifen-inducible CRE recombinase under control of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ) promoter to produce conditional RXFP1 knockout in adipose tissue progenitor cells and fibroblasts (RXFP1-PKO). After tamoxifen treatment, both RXFP1-fl/fl and RXFP1-PKO mice were placed on a high fat diet (58% calories from fat) supplemented with sucrose and fructose in the drinking water, or chow diet for 16 weeks. At the end of the study, body mass composition was measured using an Echo-MRI instrument. Adipose tissue fibrosis was assessed histologically by Sirius red staining. In response to the HFD, the control (fl/fl) mice reached an average weight of 48.3 ± 0.6g, while the RXFP1-PKO mice were resistant to weight gain, reaching only 40.3 ±3g (p<. 05). The body mass composition changed in the RXFP1-fl/fl mice on HFD (34. 0% fat/55.2% lean) compared to chow (14.7% fat/68.9% lean). The RXFP1-PKO mice had a significantly lower gain in fat mass on HFD (29.7% fat/59.1% lean on HFD; 12.6% fat/71. 0% lean on chow) compared to the RXFP-fl/fl mice. Histological analysis of the inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) revealed that while RXFP1-fl/fl mice developed adipocyte hypertrophy in response to the HFD, the RXFP1-PKO mice had smaller adipocyte size. This was accompanied by increased pericellular and perivascular fibrosis in the iWAT as determined by Sirius red staining. To determine if differentiation of APC was altered by loss of RXFP1, the stromal-vascular fraction of iWAT was extracted by collagenase treatment, and the APC isolated using antibody-coated magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec). The purified cells were cultured to confluence, treated with or without tamoxifen to induce CRE expression, then treated with differentiation cocktail. The APC from the RXFP1-PKO mice had a marked impairment in the ability differentiate to mature adipocytes after treatment with tamoxifen compared to untreated cells. In summary, the loss of RXFP1 in PDGFRβ-expressing cells resulted in resistance to HFD-induced weight and adipose tissue mass gain. This was accompanied by increased fibrosis in the iWAT and decreased adipocyte size. The APC had decreased adipogenic potential after loss of RXFP1. Taken together, the findings support a role for RXFP1 in the differentiation of adipose tissue progenitor cells, and in adipose tissue expansion after exposure to an obesogenic diet. Presentation: No date and time listed
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de Sousa, Maysa Vieira, Diana Bento da Silva Soares, Elaine Reis Caraça, and Ronaldo Cardoso. "Dietary protein and exercise for preservation of lean mass and perspectives on type 2 diabetes prevention." Experimental Biology and Medicine 244, no. 12 (July 15, 2019): 992–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370219861910.
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Sedentary lifestyle and aging favor the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes and their comorbidities. The loss of lean body mass reduces muscle strength, resulting in impaired functional capacity and leading to increased risks of chronic diseases with advancing age. Besides aging, conditions such as inappetence, social isolation, and inadequate dietary intake cause the loss of lean body mass and increased abdominal fatty mass, resulting in sarcopenic obesity and predisposition to type 2 diabetes. Compared to younger people, this condition is more common in the elderly owing to natural changes in body composition associated with aging. Lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity and improved dietary behaviors are effective for preventing the occurrence of comorbidities. Regarding muscle nutrition, besides caloric adequacy, meeting the requirements for the consumption of dietary amino acids and proteins is important for treating sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity because muscle tissue mainly consists of proteins and is, therefore, the largest reservoir of amino acids in the body. Thus, this review discusses the effects of dietary protein on the preservation of lean body mass, improvements in the functional capacity of muscle tissue, and prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. In addition, we address the effects of regular physical training associated with dietary protein strategies on lean body mass, body fat loss, and muscle strength in the elderly at a risk for type 2 diabetes development. Impact statement Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide health problem associated with obesity and sedentary lifestyle, which predisposes affected individuals to mortality and morbidity. Additionally, aging and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors increase inflammation and insulin resistance, contributing to the reduction of cytokines related to muscle nutrition and the suppression of lipogenesis, resulting in the development of sarcopenic obesity. One strategy for the prevention of T2D is the avoidance of secondary aging by participating in healthy action programs, including exercise and nutritional interventions. This minireview of several studies demonstrates the impact of physical activity and nutritional interventions on gaining or preserving muscle mass and on the functional aspects of muscles with aging. It provides information on the effect of protein, leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), and creatine supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and volume gain and on the prevention of the progressive decrease in muscle mass with aging in combination with maintaining regular physical activity.
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King, S., D. Topliss, T. Kotsimbos, I. Nyulasi, and J. Wilson. "Longitudinal follow-up of bone mineral density in adults with cystic fibrosis: Loss of BMD correlates with loss of lean tissue mass." Nutrition 24, no. 5 (May 2008): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.025.
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Jones, L. M., A. Goulding, and D. F. Gerrard. "DEXA: a practical and accurate tool to demonstrate total and regional bone loss, lean tissue loss and fat mass gain in paraplegia." Spinal Cord 36, no. 9 (September 1998): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3100664.
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Addison, Odessa, Robin L. Marcus, Paul C. LaStayo, and Alice S. Ryan. "Intermuscular Fat: A Review of the Consequences and Causes." International Journal of Endocrinology 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/309570.
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Muscle’s structural composition is an important factor underlying muscle strength and physical function in older adults. There is an increasing amount of research to support the clear disassociation between the loss of muscle lean tissue mass and strength with aging. This disassociation implies that factors in addition to lean muscle mass are responsible for the decreases in strength and function seen with aging. Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a significant predictor of both muscle function and mobility function in older adults and across a wide variety of comorbid conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury, diabetes, and COPD. IMAT is also implicated in metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a review of the implications of increased IMAT levels in metabolic, muscle, and mobility function. Potential treatment options to mitigate increasing levels of IMAT will also be discussed.
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Vlietstra, Lara, Debra L. Waters, Lynnette M. Jones, and Kim Meredith-Jones. "High-Intensity Interval Aerobic Resistance Training to Counteract Low Relative Appendicular Lean Soft Tissue Mass in Middle Age: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): e22989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22989.
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Background Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function and may exist in early middle age. Previous research in this area has focused on resistance training in older individuals; however, there is a lack of intervention trials in middle-aged adults with low relative appendicular lean soft tissue mass who may be at risk for sarcopenia in older age. Objective This randomized controlled trial aims to determine the effects of a high-intensity interval aerobic resistance training intervention on appendicular lean soft tissue mass in middle-aged adults with low relative appendicular lean soft tissue mass. Methods We will conduct a 40-week, single-blinded randomized controlled trial in 84 middle-aged adults with low appendicular lean soft tissue mass in the wider Dunedin area, New Zealand. We will randomly allocate participants to receive either a group-based, 20-week high-intensity interval aerobic resistance training intervention program or a single, 60-minute education session on current exercise recommendations. After the first 20 weeks, both groups will be given a 20-week home program. The study will assess primary and secondary outcome measures, including body composition (regional and whole-body lean soft tissue mass, fat mass, percentage body fat, measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry), blood biomarkers (cortisol, creatinine, C-reactive protein, lipid profile, hemoglobin), physical fitness (maximum oxygen consumption, blood pressure), physical activity (accelerometry), physical function (handgrip strength, sit-to-stand, gait speed, quadriceps strength), and self-reported questionnaires (health outcomes, self-efficacy, perceived enjoyment of physical activity, and multifactorial lifestyle), at baseline, 20 weeks, and 40 weeks. Physical function and self-reported questionnaires will also be measured at 10 weeks. We will assess the primary outcome measure, total body lean soft tissue mass, at baseline, 20 weeks, and 40 weeks. Analyses will be performed using intention-to-treat principles, comparing the outcomes resulting from the intervention, using linear mixed models. Results We obtained ethical approval for this study from The University of Otago Human Ethics Committee on December 10, 2018. Participant recruitment started on February 11, 2019 and was completed on May 14, 2019. Data collection started on February 25, 2019 and was completed on February 28, 2020. We expect to publish the results in January 2021. Conclusions High-intensity interval aerobic resistance training is a time-efficient form of exercise, enabling busy middle-aged adults to meet physical activity recommendations while maximizing training results. The findings can inform the development of future prevention-focused interventions aimed at counteracting the high prevalence of sarcopenia in the aging population. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001778279); https://tinyurl.com/y555z6fz. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/22989
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Jayasooriya, Vidura, Nathaniel Johnson, Adam Bradley, Christopher Kotarsky, Lizzy Jepng’etich, Daniel Friesner, Sherri Stastny, Kyle J. Hackney, and Dharmakeerthi Nawarathna. "A Miniaturized MicroRNA Sensor Identifies Targets Associated with Weight Loss in a Diet and Exercise Intervention among Healthy Overweight Individuals." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 6758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186758.
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Weight loss through dietary and exercise intervention is commonly prescribed but is not effective for all individuals. Recent studies have demonstrated that circulating microRNA (miR) biomarkers could potentially be used to identify individuals who will likely lose weight through diet and exercise and attain a healthy body weight. However, accurate detection of miRs in clinical samples is difficult, error-prone, and expensive. To address this issue, we recently developed iLluminate—a low-cost and highly sensitive miR sensor suitable for point-of-care testing. To investigate if miR testing and iLluminate can be used in real-world obesity applications, we developed a pilot diet and exercise intervention and utilized iLluminate to evaluate miR biomarkers. We evaluated the expression of miRs-140, -935, -let-7b, and -99a, which are biomarkers for fat loss, energy metabolism, and adipogenic differentiation. Responders lost more total mass, tissue mass, and fat mass than non-responders. miRs-140, -935, -let-7b, and -99a, collectively accounted for 6.9% and 8.8% of the explained variability in fat and lean mass, respectively. At the level of the individual coefficients, miRs-140 and -935 were significantly associated with fat loss. Collectively, miRs-140 and -935 provide an additional degree of predictive capability in body mass and fat mass alternations.
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Dirks, Marlou L., Joey S. J. Smeets, Andrew M. Holwerda, Imre W. K. Kouw, Gabriel N. Marzuca-Nassr, Annemie P. Gijsen, Graham P. Holloway, Lex B. Verdijk, and Luc J. C. van Loon. "Dietary feeding pattern does not modulate the loss of muscle mass or the decline in metabolic health during short-term bed rest." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 316, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): E536—E545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00378.2018.
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Short periods of bed rest lead to the loss of muscle mass and quality. It has been speculated that dietary feeding pattern may have an impact upon muscle protein synthesis rates and, therefore, modulate the loss of muscle mass and quality. We subjected 20 healthy men (age: 25 ± 1 yr, body mass index: 23.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2) to 1 wk of strict bed rest with intermittent (4 meals/day) or continuous (24 h/day) enteral tube feeding. Participants consumed deuterium oxide for 7 days before bed rest and throughout the 7-day bed rest period. Prior to and immediately after bed rest, lean body mass (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA; CT), maximal oxygen uptake capacity (V̇o2peak), and whole body insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) were assessed. Muscle biopsies were collected 7 days before, 1 day before, and immediately after bed rest to assess muscle tracer incorporation. Bed rest resulted in 0.3 ± 0.3 vs. 0.7 ± 0.4 kg lean tissue loss and a 1.1 ± 0.6 vs. 0.8 ± 0.5% decline in quadriceps CSA in the intermittent vs. continuous feeding group, respectively (both P < 0.05), with no differences between groups (both P > 0.05). Moreover, feeding pattern did not modulate the bed rest-induced decline in insulin sensitivity (−46 ± 3% vs. 39 ± 3%; P < 0.001) or V̇o2peak(−2.5 ± 2.2 vs. −8.6 ± 2.2%; P < 0.010) (both P > 0.05). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during bed rest did not differ between the intermittent and continuous feeding group (1.33 ± 0.07 vs. 1.50 ± 0.13%/day, respectively; P > 0.05). In conclusion, dietary feeding pattern does not modulate the loss of muscle mass or the decline in metabolic health during 1 wk of bed rest in healthy men.
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Lands, L. C., G. J. Heigenhauser, C. Gordon, N. L. Jones, and C. E. Webber. "Accuracy of measurements of small changes in soft tissue mass by use of dual-photon absorptiometry." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): 698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.2.698.
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Dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) has recently been applied to the assessment of body composition. To evaluate the accuracy of DPA in detecting small changes in the lean soft tissue mass, we performed DPA with the use of the Norland 2600 Dichromatic densitometer on six healthy adult males before and after a 30-ml/kg transfusion of saline and before and after exercise in a warm environment, resulting in a greater than or equal to 1-kg weight loss. Absolute weight [baseline pretransfusion r2 = 0.999, standard error of estimate (SEE) = 590 g; posttransfusion r2 = 0.999, SEE = 300 g; baseline pretranspiration r2 = 0.999, SEE = 230 g; posttranspiration r2 = 0.999, SEE = 240 g] was accurately reflected in DPA total mass. Weight changes due to transfusion were poorly reflected by changes in DPA total mass (r2 = 0.417, SEE = 404 g). However, changes posttranspiration were accurately reflected in the DPA total mass (r2 = 0.886, SEE = 106 g posttranspiration). Similarly, weight changes due to transfusion were poorly measured by changes in DPA soft mass (r2 = 0.478, SEE = 365 g), but changes posttranspiration were highly correlated with DPA soft mass changes (r2 = 0.909, SEE = 92 g). Weight changes were not reflected by changes in the DPA lean soft tissue mass (r2 = 0.006, SEE = 1,737 posttransfusion, r2 = 0.094, SEE = 1,038 g posttranspiration). DPA-derived nonfat mass was highly correlated with skinfold-derived nonfat mass (r2 = 0.96, SEE = 2,400 g). Accuracy of total and soft tissue measurements implied correct mineral mass assessment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Michel, J. Max, Kristy K. Lievense, Sam C. Norton, Juliana V. Costa, Kathryn H. Alphin, Lydia A. Bailey, and Gary D. Miller. "The Effects of Graded Protein Intake in Conjunction with Progressive Resistance Training on Skeletal Muscle Outcomes in Older Adults: A Preliminary Trial." Nutrients 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14132739.
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Many studies have evaluated the effects of resistance training (RT) and protein intake to attenuate the age-related loss of skeletal muscle. However, the effects of graded protein intake with conjunctive RT in older adults are unclear. Older adults (n = 18) performed 10 weeks of whole-body RT with progressions to intensity and volume while consuming either a constant protein (CP) diet (0.8–1.0 g/kg/d) with no protein supplement or a graded protein (GP) diet progressing from 0.8 g/kg/d at week 1 to 2.2 g/kg/d at week 10 with a whey protein supplement. Data were collected prior to commencement of the RT protocol (PRE), after week 5 (MID), and after week 10 (POST). Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry derived lean/soft tissue mass, ultrasonography derived muscle thickness, and a proxy of muscle quality were taken at PRE and POST, while isokinetic dynamometry derived peak torque were taken at PRE, MID, and POST. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the RT protocol (attendance = 96%), and protein intake protocol (CP in range all weeks; GP deviation from prescribed = 7%). Peak torque, muscle quality scores, and appendicular lean/soft tissue mass demonstrated the main effects of time (p < 0.05) while no other main effects of time or group * time interactions were seen for any measure. In conclusion, RT improved appendicular lean/soft tissue mass, peak torque, and muscle quality, with no differential effects of graded or constant protein intake.
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Caron-Lienert, Rafaela Siviero, Carlos Eduardo Poli-de-Figueiredo, Ana Elizabeth Prado Lima Figueiredo, Bartira Ercília Pinheiro da Costa, Carlo Crepaldi, Alessandra Campani Pizzato, Fiorenza Ferrari, Anna Giuliani, and Claudio Ronco. "The Influence of Glucose Exposure Load and Peritoneal Membrane Transport on Body Composition and Nutritional Status Changes after 1 Year on Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 37, no. 4 (July 2017): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00265.
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BackgroundThe characteristics of peritoneal membrane transport differ among patients, affecting the prescription of peritoneal dialysis (PD) modality and glucose exposure in order to achieve an effective dialysis. This study aims to verify the influence of glucose exposure load and peritoneal membrane transport on body composition and nutritional status changes after the first year of PD.MethodsWe examined a cohort of 85 incident PD patients during the first year of treatment. We established a cut-off of 5% to define changes in dry weight (DW), lean tissue mass (LTM), and fat mass (FM).ResultsIn total, 50.6% of the patients presented DW gain, 41.2% showed LTM loss, and 65.9% presented FM gain. Over the time (T0 – T12), we found significant differences in DW, body mass index (BMI), adipose tissue mass (ATM), FM and fat tissue index (FTI). Patients with lower dialysate-to-plasma creatinine ratio showed DW and FM gain. We observed a higher percentage of nonfast transporters in DW gain when comparing with DW no gain. As for glucose exposure load, no body composition changes were seen.ConclusionsMost patients presented DW gain, FM gain, and LTM loss. The characteristics of peritoneal membrane transport affected DW during the first year, changes being greater in nonfast than in fast transporters.
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Kaibara, Atsushi, Armin Moshyedi, Troy Auffenberg, Amer Abouhamze, Edward M. Copeland, Satya Kalra, and Lyle L. Moldawer. "Leptin produces anorexia and weight loss without inducing an acute phase response or protein wasting." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): R1518—R1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.6.r1518.
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The ob gene product leptin is known to produce anorexia and loss of body fat when chronically administered to both lean and genetically obese mice. The current study was undertaken to examine whether administration of recombinant leptin in quantities sufficient to produce decreases in food intake and body weight and alterations in body composition would elicit either an hepatic acute phase protein response or preferential loss of carcass lean tissue. Mice were administered increasing quantities of recombinant human leptin or human tumor necrosis factor-α as a positive control. Although leptin (at 10 mg/kg body wt) produced significant anorexia and weight loss (both P < 0.05), human leptin administration did not appear to induce an hepatic acute phase protein response in either lean or genetically obese mice, as determined by protein synthetic rates in the liver or changes in the plasma concentration of the murine acute phase protein reactants, amyloid A, amyloid P, or seromucoid (α1-acid glycoprotein). In addition, human leptin administration did not induce a loss of fat-free dry mass (protein) in lean or obese animals. The findings suggest that at doses adequate to alter food intake and body weight leptin is not a significant inducer of the hepatic acute phase response nor does leptin promote the preferential loss of somatic protein characteristic of a chronic inflammatory process.
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Nguyen, Mary M. N., Kellie L. K. Tamashiro, Susan J. Melhorn, Li Y. Ma, Stacy R. Gardner, and Randall R. Sakai. "Androgenic Influences on Behavior, Body Weight, and Body Composition in a Model of Chronic Social Stress." Endocrinology 148, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 6145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0471.
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The visible burrow system (VBS) is a model used to study chronic social stress in colony-housed rats. A hierarchy develops among the males resulting in dominant (DOM) and subordinate (SUB) animals. Hierarchy-associated changes in body weight, body composition, behavior, and neuroendocrine measures have been observed. After 14 d of VBS housing, SUB animals have decreased body weight, elevated corticosterone, and decreased testosterone (T), compared with DOM animals and controls, placing SUB animals in an ideal endocrine state to regain lost body weight as adipose tissue. It is hypothesized that maintaining constant androgen concentrations in SUB males during stress will prevent body weight loss by maintaining more lean body mass. To test this, animals were gonadectomized and implanted with SILASTIC implants containing T, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or cholesterol. Implants maintained constant physiological levels of T. Standard intact, T, and DHT implant colonies formed hierarchies, whereas cholesterol colonies did not. Androgen manipulations significantly altered offensive and defensive behaviors only on the first day of VBS housing. After VBS stress, intact, T, and DHT SUB animals weighed less and lost more adipose and lean tissue than DOM and control males, whereas DOM animals primarily lost adipose tissue. However, on recovery, DHT SUB animals maintained more lean tissue than intact SUB animals. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed that glucose clears faster in stressed T-implanted males that have increased adipose tissue. Overall, these data suggest that constant androgen concentrations in SUB animals do not prevent weight loss and changes in body composition during stress but do so during recovery.
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Wolf, Elysa M., Barbara Fingleton, and Alyssa H. Hasty. "Abstract 2518: Elucidating the impact of obesity and weight loss on breast cancer tumor progression." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2518.
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Abstract Obesity is an established risk factor for breast cancer and worsened prognosis, however the mechanisms for this link have not been fully elucidated. Additionally, the consequence of weight loss (WL) prior to the diagnosis of cancer has not been fully explored. One possible link is via the immune system. Obesity is associated with metabolic dysfunction as well as inflammation of the adipose tissue. While WL is a great tool to combat metabolic dysfunction, we have shown that following WL the adipose tissue does not properly reprogram its immunophenotype and remains in a heightened inflammatory state. Accompanying the heightened inflammatory state and increased immune infiltration found in obesity, a novel subset of macrophages termed “lipid associated macrophages” (LAMs) with high expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) have been discovered in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. Data from our lab shows LAMs are found at low levels in the adipose tissue of lean mice and enhanced in weight gain (WG) and WL mice. While other investigators have shown Trem2-expressing tumor associated macrophages contribute to immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, the implications of enhanced Trem2+ LAMs found in obesity and WL have not been explored in the context of cancer. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the impact of obesity and WL on breast cancer tumor progression. Female mice were ovariectomized to model post-menopause and to enable greater weight gain. High fat diet (HFD) and low fat diet (LFD) feeding paradigms were used to produce three diet groups: lean, WG, and WL. Lean mice were maintained on LFD for the entirety of the study. WG mice were fed LFD for 12 weeks followed by HFD for 12 weeks. Mice in the WL group were fed HFD for 12 weeks to establish obesity and then fed LFD for 12 weeks to achieve WL. Four weeks prior to the end of the dietary paradigm, mice were injected with E0771 mammary cancer cells into the mammary fat pad. We confirmed that obesity drives accelerated tumor growth progression resulting in significantly increased tumor mass. We found that WL results in an intermediate phenotype between the lean and obese models, suggesting WL may provide some protection to tumor growth, but does not restore the tumor-bearing host to the same level of protection as a consistently lean model. We also demonstrated significantly increased gene expression of both Adgre1 (gene for F4/80) and Trem2 in obese ovarian and mammary adipose tissue compared to lean adipose tissue. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanistic links between heightened inflammation in obese and WL adipose tissue and tumor progression. Additionally, we aim to elucidate the contribution of Trem2-expressing immune cells to tumor progression in the obese and WL contexts. Citation Format: Elysa M. Wolf, Barbara Fingleton, Alyssa H. Hasty. Elucidating the impact of obesity and weight loss on breast cancer tumor progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2518.
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Lynch, Nicole A., Barbara J. Nicklas, Dora M. Berman, Karen E. Dennis, and Andrew P. Goldberg. "Reductions in visceral fat during weight loss and walking are associated with improvements inV˙o 2 max." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.99.
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The accumulation of visceral fat is independently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether the loss of visceral adipose tissue area (VAT; computed tomography) is related to improvements in maximal O2 uptake (V˙o 2 max) during a weight loss (250–350 kcal/day deficit) and walking (3 days/wk, 30–40 min) intervention. Forty obese [body fat 47 ± 1 (SE) %], sedentary (V˙o 2 max 19 ± 1 ml · kg−1 · min−1) postmenopausal women (age 62 ± 1 yr) participated in the study. The intervention resulted in significant declines in body weight (−8%), total fat mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; −17%), VAT (−17%), and subcutaneous adipose tissue area (−17%) with no change in lean body mass (all P < 0.001). Women with an average 10% increase in V˙o 2 max reduced VAT by an average of 20%, whereas those who did not increaseV˙o 2 max decreased VAT by only 10%, despite comparable reductions in body fat, fat mass, and subcutaneous adipose tissue area. The decrease in VAT was independently related to the change in V˙o 2 max( r 2 = 0.22; P < 0.01) and fat mass ( r 2 = 0.08; P = 0.05). These data indicate that greater improvements inV˙o 2 max with weight loss and walking are associated with greater reductions in visceral adiposity in obese postmenopausal women.
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Fonseca, Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da, Jerneja Farkas, Eva Dora, Stephan von Haehling, and Mitja Lainscak. "Cancer Cachexia and Related Metabolic Dysfunction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072321.
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Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome marked by a continuous depletion of skeletal muscle mass associated, in some cases, with a reduction in fat mass. It is irreversible by nutritional support alone and affects up to 74% of patients with cancer—dependent on the underlying type of cancer—and is associated with physical function impairment, reduced response to cancer-related therapy, and higher mortality. Organs, like muscle, adipose tissue, and liver, play an important role in the progression of cancer cachexia by exacerbating the pro- and anti-inflammatory response initially activated by the tumor and the immune system of the host. Moreover, this metabolic dysfunction is produced by alterations in glucose, lipids, and protein metabolism that, when maintained chronically, may lead to the loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Although a couple of drugs have yielded positive results in increasing lean body mass with limited impact on physical function, a single therapy has not lead to effective treatment of this condition. Therefore, a multimodal intervention, including pharmacological agents, nutritional support, and physical exercise, may be a reasonable approach for future studies to better understand and prevent the wasting of body compartments in patients with cancer cachexia.
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Roemmich, James N., and Wayne E. Sinning. "Weight loss and wrestling training: effects on nutrition, growth, maturation, body composition, and strength." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 1751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.6.1751.
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Roemmich, James N., and Wayne E. Sinning. Weight loss and wrestling training: effects on nutrition, growth, maturation, body composition, and strength. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1751–1759, 1997.—Adolescent wrestlers ( n = 9, 15.4 yr) and recreationally active control adolescent males ( n = 7, 15.7 yr) were measured before, at the end (late season), and 3.5–4 mo after a wrestling season to assess the influence of dietary restriction on growth, maturation, body composition, protein nutrition, and muscular strength. Controls consumed adequate amounts of energy, carbohydrate (CHO), protein, and fat, and demonstrated normal gains in weight, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). Wrestlers consumed a high-CHO (61 ± 2% kcal), low-fat (24 ± 2% kcal) diet during the season but did not consume adequate energy (24.7 ± 3.5 kcal ⋅ kg−1⋅ day−1) or protein (0.9 g ⋅ kg−1⋅ day−1). Deficient dietary intake reduced prealbumin levels (26.0 ± 1.9 vs. 20.2 ± 0.9 mg/dl) and slowed the accrual of lean arm and thigh cross-sectional muscle areas (AXSECT, TXSECT, respectively). For wrestlers, dietary deficiency also decreased weight (60.3 ± 3.5 to 58.0 ± 3.3 kg), relative fat (9.9 ± 0.5 to 8.0 ± 0.7%), and FM (6.0 ± 0.5 to 4.7 ± 0.6 kg). Postseason, wrestlers and controls consumed similar diets, and wrestlers had significant increases in prealbumin, AXSECT, and TXSECT. Wrestlers also increased their weight (6.1 ± 0.6 kg), FFM (3.0 ± 0.6 kg), and FM (3.2 ± 0.5 kg) postseason. Rates of bone maturation and segmental growth were not different between the groups. The wrestlers had reductions in elbow and knee strength from preseason to late season but increases postseason. Lean tissue changes were associated with the changes in strength and power ( r = 0.72–0.91, P < 0.001). After covariance for FFM or limb-specific cross section, few significant changes remained. In conclusion, dietary restriction reduced protein nutrition and muscular performance but produced little effect on linear growth and maturation. Prealbumin levels and the rate of lean tissue accrual were positively related ( r = 0.43, P ≤ 0.05).
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Hu, Jingyao, Mofei Wang, Yong Zhou, Xiaowei Zhang, Bing He, Lei Liu, Rui Ma, et al. "Bariatric Surgery in Rats Upregulates FSP27 Expression in Fat Tissue to Affect Fat Hydrolysis and Metabolism." BioMed Research International 2019 (May 8, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6415732.
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Purpose. To explore the changes in FSP27 expression and fat metabolism in adipose tissue and their relationship after bariatric surgery in rats. Method. Food intake, body weight, triglyceride content, fat distribution, and fat cell morphology were evaluated in rats grouped into control, sham, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) groups. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to detect protein expression and real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expression. Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used to assess the effects of different energy levels and nutrient factors on FSP27 in adipocytes. Result. Food intake, body weight, and triglyceride levels were reduced in RYGB and SG rats within 28 days after surgery, with a more pronounced effect in the RYGB group. Weight loss was mainly due to loss of fat mass rather than loss of lean mass, with the most pronounced decrease in trunk fat. FSP27 expression increased in lean rat adipocytes accompanied by increased lipid droplets (LDs). In SG and RYGB rats, the FSP27 protein concentration gradually increased in white adipose tissue (WAT) after operation. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), p-HSL/HSL, Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL), and Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58) gradually decreased in SG and RYGB rats, but they were always higher than in control and sham animals. FSP27 was also decreased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes of animals with a high-energy diet. Conclusion. FSP27 is associated with rat lipid metabolism and its expression varies with energy and nutrient supply. It can inhibit excessive hydrolysis and fat accumulation by regulating HSL and ATGL expression and by mediating LDs formation.
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Davis, Ronald, Charlotte Sanborn, David Nichols, David M. Bazett-Jones, and Eric L. Dugan. "The Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Bone Mineral Density for a Person With a Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Study." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 27, no. 1 (January 2010): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.27.1.60.
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Bone mineral density (BMD) loss is a medical concern for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Concerns related to osteoporosis have lead researchers to use various interventions to address BMD loss within this population. Whole body vibration (WBV) has been reported to improve BMD for postmenopausal women and suggested for SCI. The purpose of this case study was to identify the effects of WBV on BMD for an individual with SCI. There were three progressive phases (standing only, partial standing, and combined stand with vibration), each lasting 10 weeks. Using the least significant change calculation, significant positive changes in BMD were reported at the trunk (0.46 g/cm2) and spine (.093 g/cm2) for phase 3 only. Increases in leg lean tissue mass and reduction in total body fat were noted in all three phases.
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Browning, Matthew G., and Ronald K. Evans. "The contribution of fat-free mass to resting energy expenditure: implications for weight loss strategies in the treatment of adolescent obesity." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 27, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2014-0036.
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AbstractOwing to the strong relationship between fat-free mass (FFM) and resting energy expenditure (REE), the preservation of FFM is often emphasized in the treatment of adolescent obesity. Typical treatment regimens including an increased dietary consumption of protein and participation in resistance training are common components of adolescent weight management programs, despite limited evidence of a positive influence of FFM on weight loss outcomes in adolescents. Given the larger volume of FFM in obese relative to normal weight adolescents and the common treatment goals of both maximizing weight loss and attenuating the loss of FFM, a better understanding of the influence of FFM on energy balance is needed to determine whether strategies to preserve lean tissue or maximize absolute weight loss should be most emphasized. We review the associations among FFM, REE, and weight loss outcomes, focusing on how these relationships might influence energy balance in obese adolescents.
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Bruun, Jens M., Aina S. Lihn, Camilla Verdich, Steen B. Pedersen, Søren Toubro, Arne Astrup, and Bjørn Richelsen. "Regulation of adiponectin by adipose tissue-derived cytokines: in vivo and in vitro investigations in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 285, no. 3 (September 2003): E527—E533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00110.2003.
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Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-specific protein that is abundantly present in the circulation and suggested to be involved in insulin sensitivity and development of atherosclerosis. Because cytokines are suggested to regulate adiponectin, the aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction between adiponectin and three adipose tissue-derived cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). The study was divided into three substudies as follows: 1) plasma adiponectin and mRNA levels in adipose tissue biopsies from obese subjects [mean body mass index (BMI): 39.7 kg/m2, n = 6] before and after weight loss; 2) plasma adiponectin in obese men (mean BMI: 38.7 kg/m2, n = 19) compared with lean men (mean BMI: 23.4 kg/m2, n = 10) before and after weight loss; and 3) in vitro direct effects of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α on adiponectin mRNA levels in adipose tissue cultures. The results were that 1) weight loss resulted in a 51% ( P < 0.05) increase in plasma adiponectin and a 45% ( P < 0.05) increase in adipose tissue mRNA levels; 2) plasma adiponectin was 53% ( P < 0.01) higher in lean compared with obese men, and plasma adiponectin was inversely correlated with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and IL-6; and 3) TNF-α ( P < 0.01) and IL-6 plus its soluble receptor ( P < 0.05) decreased adiponectin mRNA levels in vitro. The inverse relationship between plasma adiponectin and cytokines in vivo and the cytokine-induced reduction in adiponectin mRNA in vitro suggests that endogenous cytokines may inhibit adiponectin. This could be of importance for the association between cytokines (e.g., IL-6) and insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.
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Chilibeck, P. D., K. S. Davison, S. J. Whiting, Y. Suzuki, C. L. Janzen, and P. Peloso. "The effect of strength training combined with bisphosphonate (etidronate) therapy on bone mineral, lean tissue, and fat mass in postmenopausal women." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 80, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-126.
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The combined and separate effects of exercise training and bisphosphonate (etidronate) therapy on bone mineral in postmenopausal women were compared. Forty-eight postmenopausal women were randomly assigned (double blind) to groups that took intermittent cyclical etidronate; performed strength training (3 d/week) and received matched placebo; combined strength training with etidronate; or took placebo and served as nonexercising controls. Bone mineral, lean tissue, and fat mass were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after 12 months of intervention. After removal of outlier results, changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and bone mineral content (BMC) of the whole body were greater in the subjects given etidronate (+2.5 and +1.4%, respectively) compared with placebo (0.32 and 0%, respectively) (p < 0.05), while exercise had no effect. There was no effect of etidronate or exercise on the proximal femur and there was no interaction between exercise and etidronate at any bone site. Exercise training resulted in significantly greater increases in muscular strength and lean tissue mass and greater loss of fat mass compared with controls. We conclude that etidronate significantly increases lumbar spine BMD and whole-body BMC and that strength training has no additional effect. Strength training favourably affects body composition and muscular strength, which may be important for prevention of falls.Key words: exercise, resistance training, lumbar spine.