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1
Simm, G., C. Smith, and J. H. D. Prescott. "Selection indices to improve the efficiency of lean meat production in cattle." Animal Science 42, no. 2 (April 1986): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610001789x.
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ABSTRACTSelection indices to improve the efficiency of lean meat production in cattle were derived with an aggregate breeding value which comprised growth rate, food conversion efficiency, killing-out proportion and carcass lean proportion. Index measurements were growth rate, food conversion efficiency and ultrasonic fat area. Relative economic values of traits in the aggregate breeding value were calculated for an 18/20-month beef system, assuming a fixed national output of lean meat. Literature estimates of phenotypic and genetic parameters were used. Two indices were derived, one with a complete restriction on genetic changes in birth weight, and the other without restriction. Correlations between the index and the aggregate breeding value were 0·53 for the restricted index, and 0·57 for the unrestricted index. The maximum proportional reduction in expected economic response, due to complete restriction of birth weight was about 0·08. Selection on either index would actually lead to a slight decrease in carcass lean proportion, but this was less than the decrease expected from selection solely on growth rate. Correlations between the indices and the aggregate breeding value (measuring the accuracy of selection) fell by only about 0·01 when ultrasonic measurements were omitted from the index, but fell by about 0·09 when food conversion efficiency was omitted. Sensitivity of the indices to changes in parameters was also examined. With proportional changes of ±0·5 in individual economic weights, or absolute changes of ±0·2 in genetic correlations or −0·2 in heritabilities, the efficiency of selection ranged from 0·93 to 1·00.
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Hersom, Matt, and Todd Thrift. "Implants for Cow-Calf and Stocker Beef Cattle." EDIS 2015, no. 7 (October 9, 2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-an318-2015.
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Getting cattle to put on a lot of muscle quickly is a crucial part of a beef cattle operation’s profitability. Growth promoting implants are one of the most cost-effective ways of increasing lean tissue in cattle and work by releasing hormones into the cow’s body that encourage muscle growth. This 4-page fact sheet explains implants’ mechanisms of action, how implants are administered and used, and concerns associated with implants. Written by Matt Hersom and Todd Thrift, and published by the UF Department of Animal Sciences, August 2015.
AN318/AN318: Implants for Cow-Calf and Stocker Beef Cattle (ufl.edu)
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Bishop, S. C. "Grassland performance of Hereford cattle selected for rate and efficiency of lean gain on a concentrate diet." Animal Science 56, no. 3 (June 1993): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100006346.
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AbstractThe performance of 273 Hereford calves from lines previously selected for lean growth rate (LGR) or lean food conversion efficiency (LFCR), on a concentrate diet, was evaluated on a grassland diet over a period of 3 years. Both bull and heifer calves were tested, and each year the performance test ran from the 1st week of May (average age of 233 days) until the 1st week of October. Carcass lean content was predicted from body weight and ultrasonic backfat depth, and lean gain was calculated from the product of live-weight gain and predicted carcass lean content. The LGR line was superior to the control (C) line for live-weight gain on test, lean gain on test and lean gain from birth until the end of test. The LFCR line performed similarly to the C line for live-weight gain on test and lean gain on test, but was inferior for total lean gain. For lean gain on test, the proportional differences between the lines were similar to those predicted from parental breeding values for LGR, but they were smaller for total lean gain. The lines did not differ significantly for either fat depth or predicted carcass lean content.Heritabilities were high for all growth traits, e.g. 0·52 (s.e. 0·17), 0·54 (s.e. 0·17) and 0·59 (s.e. 0·17) for live-weight gain on test, lean gain on test and total lean gain, but lower for fat depth and carcass lean content, 0·25 (s.e. 0·17) and 0·14 (s.e. 0·16), respectively. Genetic correlations with LGR, measured on a concentrate diet, were 0·57 for lean gain on test and 0·56 for total lean gain. If only males were considered, these correlations rose to 0·80 and 0·70, respectively. Coheritabilities between the two environments for lean growth were close to 0·3. It is concluded that although there is some evidence for genotype × environment and genotype × sex interactions, selection for lean growth on a concentrate regimen will still be effective in improving grassland performance.
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McEvers, T. J., L. C. Dorin, J. L. Berg, G. F. Royan, J. P. Hutcheson, G. D. Appleyard, M. S. Brown, and T. E. Lawrence. "Effect of leptin genotype and zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation on the growth rate and carcass characteristics of finishing steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93, no. 2 (June 2013): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2012-121.
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McEvers, T. J., Dorin, L. C., Berg, J. L., Royan, G. F., Hutcheson, J. P., Appleyard, G. D., Brown M. S. and Lawrence, T. E. 2013. Effect of leptin genotype and zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation on the growth rate and carcass characteristics of finishing steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 199–204. Steers (n=960; initial body weight=480.2±35.3 kg) were initially selected by leptin genotype (LG; CC=homozygous normal, CT=heterozygous, and TT=homozygous mutant) from a pool of 1500 candidates, and allocated into 48 pens of which one-half were fed zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) for 20 d with a 4-d withdrawal and the balance a control ration. No LG×ZH interaction (P≥0.21) occurred for any measured live production or carcass trait. Cattle of the TT genotype tended (P=0.08) to have lower average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during the pre ZH treatment period. Cattle fed ZH had greater (P<0.01) ADG and G:F than cattle not fed ZH. Cattle of the TT genotype had greater (P<0.01) lipid depots concomitant with reduced (P≤0.02) lean tissue as compared to cattle of the CC genotype; furthermore, TT cattle tended (P=0.07) to have lighter carcass weights than other genotypes. Cattle fed ZH had increased (P<0.01) hot carcass weight and lean tissue concomitant with decreased (P≤0.01) lipid depots. Commercially available leptin genotyping may allow for antemortem sorting of cattle by genotype, which could augment management strategies ultimately leading to adjustments in feeding duration and timeliness of carcass marketing.
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Herd, R. M., and S. C. Bishop. "Genetic variation in net feed efficiency in Hereford cattle and its association with other production traits." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002027.
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Net feed efficiency refers to variation in feed consumption between animals net of requirements for maintenance and production, and may be measured as residual feed intake (RFI). Because RFI is independent of liveweight (LW) and growth rate, selection for improved net feed efficiency is likely to reduce feed intake with little change in growth. The purpose of this study was to establish whether there exists genetic variation in RFI in young British Hereford bulls, and to determine the phenotypic and genetic correlations of RFI with key production traits.The data consisted of performance measurements on 540 bull progeny of 154 British Hereford sires, collected over ten 200-day postweaning performance tests conducted between 1979 and 1988. The traits analysed were food intake (FI), 200 to 400-day daily gain (ADG), 400-day weight (W400), predicted carcass lean content (LEAN), lean growth rate (LGR), food conversion ratio (FI/ADG) and lean FCR (LFCR; FI/(ADG x LEAN), described by Bishop (1992).
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Crews, D. H., Jr ,. M. Lowerison, N. Caron, and R. A. Kemp. "Genetic parameters among growth and carcass traits of Canadian Charolais cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-019.
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Genetic parameters for three growth and five carcass traits were estimated for Charolais using a combination of carcass progeny test, purebred field performance and pedigree data. Heritabilities and genetic and residual correlations were derived from variance components for birth weight (BWT, n = 54 221), 205-d weaning weight (WT205, n = 31 384), postweaning gain (PWG, n = 19 403), hot carcass weight (HCW, n = 6958), average subcutaneous fat thickness (FAT, n = 6866), longissimus muscle area (REA, n = 6863), marbling score (MAR, n = 6903) and estimated carcass lean yield percentage (PLY, n = 6852) with an animal model (n = 78 728) and restricted maximum likelihood. Breed of dam and contemporary group appropriate to each trait were included as fixed effects in the model, whereas random effects included direct genetic for all traits, maternal genetic for BWT and WT205, and maternal permanent environmental for WT205. Carcass traits were adjusted to a constant harvest age of 425 d. Heritability estimates of 0.53, 0.22, and 0.21 were obtained for direct components of BWT, WT205, and PWG, respectively, and maternal heritabilities were 0.16 and 0.10 for BWT and WT205, respectively. Direct × maternal genetic correlations for BWT (-0.49) and WT205 (-0.35) were negative. Heritabilities for HCW, FAT, REA, MAR, and PLY were 0.33, 0.39, 0.43, 0.34, and 0.46, respectively. Genetic correlations among direct effects for growth traits were moderately positive and generally uncorrelated with maternal effects across traits. Lean and fat deposition in the carcass generally had negative, unfavorable genetic correlations, although improvement in lean yield and marbling score may not be strongly antagonistic. Genetic correlations of direct and maternal components of growth traits with carcass traits suggested that selection for increased growth rate would not be antagonistic to improvement in carcass yield or meat quality. Key words: Carcass, Charolais, correlation, genetic parameters, growth
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Galbraith, H., G. F. M. Paterson, G. D. Henderson, and E. A. Hunter. "Effect of zeranol implantation and dietary protein level on growth and blood hormones and metabolites of bulls." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1984 (March 1988): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600014501.
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Recent reports have suggested that growth in entire male cattle (bulls) may be increased by implantation with the growth promoter zeranol. It is well known that given similar nutrition bulls grow faster than castrate male cattle (steers). This effect may be attributed to the presence of testicular steroids in bulls which stimulate lean tissue deposition and hence greater live-weight gain. A major objective of this study was to provide further information on the effects of zeranol implantation on growth and blood concentrations of endogenous hormones and metabolites. Effects on concentrations of the endogenous steroids, testosterone and oestradiol-17β were of particular interest.
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Mrode, R. A., C. Smith, and R. Thompson. "Selection for rate and efficiency of lean gain in Hereford cattle. 2. Evaluation of correlated responses." Animal Science 51, no. 1 (August 1990): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100005134.
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ABSTRACTCorrelated responses in two lines of Hereford cattle selected for lean growth rate (LGR) from birth to 400 days of age and lean food conversion ratio (LFCR) from 200 to 400 days of age for a period of 8 years were evaluated. Correlated changes were estimated by two methods: deviation of selected lines from a control line and restricted maximum likelihood. Generally, estimates from the two methods were similar but tended to be more precise for the latter. Statistically significant correlated responses occurred in growth rate in the LGR line and in lean proportion and food conversion ratio in both selected lines. Selection for LGR was accompanied by increases in body weight at various ages in both male and female progeny. In the LFCR line there were little or no changes in body weight for male calves but some increases at certain ages for female progeny. There were no adverse correlated responses detected in reproductive traits such as calving difficulty and calving and pre-weaning mortality.
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Blanchard, P. J., J. P. Chadwick, C. C. Warkup, M. Ellis, and G. A. Deans. "The influence of rate of lean and fat tissue development on pork eating quality." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200590115.
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The main factors contributing to pork eating satisfaction are considered to be tenderness, juiciness and flavour. Tenderness has been identified as being the most important of these factors in terms of variability and perceived deterioration over recent years. Previous research has shown that the eating quality of meat may be influenced by the balance between the rates of lean tissue growth and fat deposition respectively, and this in turn may be influenced by dietary manipulation and/or genotype and sex of animal. It has been suggested that lean tissue growth rate (LTGR) - influenced by daily liveweight gain - fundamentally affects meat tenderness in pigs (Warkup and Kempster, 1991). In beef cattle studies, faster growing animals have been shown to produce more tender meat (Whipple et al, 1990). Previous work has demonstrated that meat from ad libitum fed pigs tends to be more tender and juicy than restrictively fed pigs (MLC, 1988; Ellis et al, 1990). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relative importance of lean and fat tissue growth on pork eating quality.
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Blanchard, P. J., J. P. Chadwick, C. C. Warkup, M. Ellis, and G. A. Deans. "The influence of rate of lean and fat tissue development on pork eating quality." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027823.
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The main factors contributing to pork eating satisfaction are considered to be tenderness, juiciness and flavour. Tenderness has been identified as being the most important of these factors in terms of variability and perceived deterioration over recent years. Previous research has shown that the eating quality of meat may be influenced by the balance between the rates of lean tissue growth and fat deposition respectively, and this in turn may be influenced by dietary manipulation and/or genotype and sex of animal. It has been suggested that lean tissue growth rate (LTGR) - influenced by daily liveweight gain - fundamentally affects meat tenderness in pigs (Warkup and Kempster, 1991). In beef cattle studies, faster growing animals have been shown to produce more tender meat (Whipple et al, 1990). Previous work has demonstrated that meat from ad libitum fed pigs tends to be more tender and juicy than restrictively fed pigs (MLC, 1988; Ellis et al, 1990). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relative importance of lean and fat tissue growth on pork eating quality.
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Mohana Devi, S., US Devi, and IH Kim. "Evaluation of dietary sources of protein on growth performance in pigs." Veterinární Medicína 59, No. 5 (July 15, 2014): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7518-vetmed.
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A 6-week trial was conducted to investigate the effects of animal skin protein sources from swine and cattle on growth performance, body condition and blood characteristics in growing pigs. A total of 96 pigs (23.50 ± 0.61 kg) were randomly allotted into four dietary treatment groups as follows: (1) basal diet (BD); (2) basal diet with 1.5% hydrolysed render meal (HRM); (3) basal diet with 1.5% swine skin meal (SSM); (4) basal diet with 1.5% cattle hide meal (CHM). There were six replicate pens per treatment with four pigs per pen. The average daily gain (ADG) was improved in response to SSM treatment compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). Pigs fed with HRM, SSM and CHM diets showed increases in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and decreased gain-to-feed (G : F) ratios compared with pigs fed with BD (P < 0.05). There were no differences in dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and energy (E) digestibility among treatments. The backfat thickness and lean percentage of pigs was unaffected by the treatments. Similarly, there was no difference in blood characteristics among treatments. In conclusion, the supplementation of SSM in growing pig diets improved the growth rate and Feed Intake (FI), but its usage in swine diets is limited by the poor protein quality.
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Gettys, T. W., D. M. Henricks, and B. D. Schanbacher. "An assessment of the relationship between tissue growth patterns and selected hormone profiles among sex phenotypes in cattle." Animal Science 47, no. 3 (December 1988): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100003469.
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ABSTRACTThe four sex phenotypes were used to study the relationship between carcass composition and serum profiles of hormones thought to affect growth. Forty calves (10 bulls, 10 steers, 10 heifers and 10 ovariectomized heifers) from Hereford dams crossed with Simmental-Hereford bulls (¾ Simmental-¼ Hereford) were given a high energy diet from 10 to 16 months of age. Sequential blood samples (20-min intervals) representing 6-h windows were obtained from each animal at the outset of the experiment and at 28-day intervals thereafter. Samples were assayed for growth hormone (GH), insulin, triiodothyronine, cortisol, testosterone, oestradiol-17β, urea and albumin. The 9-10-llth rib was dissected into fat, lean and bone, and chemical analysis was performed on the dissected soft tissue. Bulls accumulated more lean tissue and less fat than any other group. Heifers and ovariectomized heifers accumulated the least lean and most fat while steers were intermediate between bulls and the two heifer groups. Bulls may have accumulated more lean and less fat than the heifers due to higher GH and testosterone concentrations, and lower circulating concentrations of cortisol and insulin. The known function of these four hormones and their relative concentrations between bulls and the two female groups were consistent with their suggested role in the relative carcass compositions. The intermediate composition of the steer carcass may have resulted from an interplay between the proteogenic influence of higher GH concentrations, the proteolytic influence of elevated cortisol, the absence of testosterone and the lipogenic influence of higher insulin.
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Crews Jr., D. H., and R. A. Kemp. "Contributions of preweaning growth information and maternal effects for prediction of carcass trait breeding values among crossbred beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-052.
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Preweaning and carcass trait records from crossbred steers (n = 1015) and heifers (n = 957) were used to estimate genetic parameters and to investigate the efficacy of maternal effects and preweaning growth information for improving estimation of EBV for carcass traits for crossbred beef cattle. Dams (n = 775) representing three F1 and twelve back-cross combinations involving the Charolais, Hereford, Angus, Simmental and Shorthorn breeds were mated over six years to Limousin bulls (n = 36) at two locations in western Canada. Four animal models, involving from zero to three maternal (co)variances were used to analyze four carcass traits. Rank and simple correlations indicated that maternal effects were relatively unimportant for estimation of direct carcass trait breeding values. Direct heritabilities were 0.28, 0.12 and 0.16 for birth weight, preweaning daily gain and weaning weight, and were 0.20, 0.35, 0.50 and 0.38 for hot carcass weight, fat thickness, ribeye area and percent lean yield, respectively. Maternal heritabilities were 0.21, 0.22 and 0.40 for birth weight, preweaning daily gain and weaning weight, respectively. Estimated genetic correlations between percent lean yield and hot carcass weight, fat thickness and ribeye area were –0.05, –0.85 and 0.39, respectively, and 0.30 between hot carcass weight and ribeye area. Direct genetic effects for birth weight had moderate (0.51 to 0.54) correlations with direct effects for carcass weight, ribeye area and percent lean yield. Direct genetic effects for fat thickness were negatively correlated with direct effects for birth weight (−0.44), preweaning daily gain (−0.15) and weaning weight (−0.25). Maternal genetic effects for preweaning traits had near-zero correlations with direct genetic effects for fat thickness and percent lean yield. Adding preweaning growth information to genetic evaluations for carcass traits slightly decreased prediction error variances for breeding values and would be recommended when information on carcass traits is limited. Key words: Genetic evaluation, carcass traits, beef cattle
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Kempster, A. J., G. L. Cook, and J. R. Southgate. "Evaluation of British Friesian, Canadian Holstein and beef breed × British Friesian steers slaughtered over a commercial range of fatness from 16-month and 24-month beef production systems 2. Carcass characteristics, and rate and efficiency of lean gain." Animal Production 46, no. 3 (June 1988): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018973.
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ABSTRACTCarcass characteristics, and the rate and efficiency of lean gain of purebred British Friesian and Canadian Holstein steers and of crossbred steers out of British Friesian dams by Charolais, Hereford, Limousin, Lincoln Red, Simmental, South Devon and Sussex sires were examined in two beef production systems. One was similar to the commercial 18-month grass/cereal system (16-month) and the other to a commercial 2-year system (24-month). The cattle were serially slaughtered at three pre-determined fatness levels, estimated by the Scanogram ultrasonic machine. The trial extended over 4 years and involved a total of 650 cattle, 398 of which had their left sides separated into tissues. Breeds were compared at equal carcass subcutaneous fat proportion determined by visual carcass assessment (SFe). Data for the two production systems were analysed separately.Sire breed differences were not detected in the regression on SFe for most characteristics (P > 0·05). Sire breeds differed in killing out and visual conformation score in both production systems (P < 0·001): Charolais and Limousin crosses had the highest values and purebred Canadian Holsteins the lowest. The overall range between sire breeds was 30 g carcass weight per kg live weight and five points on a 15-point conformation scale.Breeds with the higher conformation scores generally had higher carcass lean proportions and higher lean: bone ratios. Canadian Holsteins had a 20 g/kg lower carcass lean proportion than the British Friesians (P < 0·05).Breed crosses with larger adult body size tended to have higher lean tissue growth rates: the difference between mean values for Charolais crosses and Hereford crosses was 49 g/day (16-month) and 38 g/day (24-month). The lean tissue growth rates of the British Friesians and especially the Canadian Holsteins were low in relation to their adult body size.Limousin and Charolais crosses had the highest efficiency of lean gain (g lean per kg digestible organic matter intake). These and the other crosses were significantly more efficient than the purebred Canadian Holsteins (P < 0·05). The overall range between breeds was 20 g/kg.
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Glanc, D. L., C. P. Campbell, J. Cranfield, K. C. Swanson, and I. B. Mandell. "Effects of production system and slaughter weight endpoint on growth performance, carcass traits, and beef quality from conventionally and naturally produced beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 95, no. 1 (March 2015): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-084.
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Glanc, D. L., Campbell, C. P., Cranfield, J., Swanson, K. C. and Mandell, I. B. 2015. Effects of production system and slaughter weight endpoint on growth performance, carcass traits, and beef quality from conventionally and naturally produced beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 37–47. Effects of production system and slaughter endpoint on performance, carcass traits, and beef quality were investigated in 64 Simmental cross steers (minimum 75% Continental breeding). Cattle were allocated to: (1) conventional production system based on use of implants and dietary ionophores or (2) natural production system in which no implants or ionophores were used. Within each production system, cattle were allocated for slaughter at 545 or 636 kg liveweight. Steers were fed an 85.5% concentrate diet based on high-moisture corn, soybean meal, and alfalfa silage. Average daily gain tended to be greater (P<0.06) in conventional production system cattle, while there was a trend (P<0.08) for production system by endpoint interactions for dry matter intake and gain to feed. Natural production system cattle tended to have greater (P<0.08) marbling and percent intramuscular fat (%IMF) with lower (P<0.09) longissimus shear force, while production system by endpoint interactions were present (P ≤ 0.03) for%IMF and carcass lean composition via rib dissection. At-home consumer evaluation of longissimus muscle steaks found tenderness, juiciness, flavour, and overall acceptability rankings were greater (P<0.01) for steaks slaughtered from heavier cattle (636 vs. 545 kg liveweight). Marketing cattle at lighter slaughter weights may have benefits for performance at the expense of eating quality.
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Williams, P. E. V., and A. Macdearmid. "Effects of a period of severely restricted feed intake and growth on subsequent appetite, growth and nitrogen balance of friesian steers." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (March 1987): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034887.
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It is generally accepted that although both plane of nutrition and chemical composition of the diet can have a major effect on body composition when comparisons are made between animals of the same age, these differences are substantially reduced when comparisons are made at the same body weight (Black 1974). There is considerable emphasis being placed on the production of lean meat for human consumption, while at the same time the retail trade is pressing for heavier carcass weights. These two requirements appear incompatible given the fact that the proportion of fat in weight gain increases as the live weight of the animal increases. We suggested (Williams and Macdearmid 1985) that compensatory growth may be used as a method of controlling body composition in beef cattle since the initial phase of compensation may be characterised by rapidly increased muscle growth combined with a reduction in the initial rate of fat deposition. Reports in the literature indicate that animals compensating after a period of feed restriction tend to have a greater appetite than animals of the same weight but grown continuously. The present experiment was designed : o compare and measure appetite and nitrogen balance in beef cattle which were fed continuously or allowed to realimentate after a period of feed restriction.
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Simm, G., C. Smith, and R. Thompson. "The use of product traits such as lean growth rate as selection criteria in animal breeding." Animal Science 45, no. 2 (October 1987): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018882.
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ABSTRACTIn meat animals there is some interest in lean growth rate or lean food conversion efficiency as selection criteria. These traits may be estimated as the product of growth rate (or efficiency), killing-out proportion and carcass lean proportion. When used as selection criteria these product traits do not require estimates of genetic parameters or economic values for component traits. Hence, they may be more stable, and of longer-term use than classical economic selection indices. The purpose of this study is to compare expected responses to selection on product traits with expected responses from selection, either on individual component traits, or on an economic selection index. Formulae were derived for predicting the phenotypic and genetic correlations between a product and one component, and for predicting the heritability of the product trait; these depend on the coefficients of variation and heritabilities of components, and on the genetic correlations among them. When the coefficient of variation of one component is much higher than that of the other, (× 3), this component will tend to dominate the product trait. In cattle and sheep, and to a lesser extent in pigs, killing-out proportion and leanness are usually less variable than growth rate or efficiency. Thus, in many cases, there is little loss in response in lean growth (or lean efficiency) from selection solely on growth rate (or efficiency) regardless of leanness. Although product traits do not require derivation of economic values, their component traits do have implied economic values. Often more appropriate weightings will be given to components by using an economic selection index, even when economic values and genetic parameters are not estimated precisely.
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Mustafa, M. I., G. M. Webster, and Gillian M. Povey. "The effect of breed and dietary energy concentration on lamb growth, carcass composition and meat quality." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200593065.
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Previous trials at Newcastle have shown that plane of nutrition affects the growth performance, carcass composition and eating quality of lambs (Mustafa and Webster, 1995). It has also been found that lean tissue growth rate, a characteristic it is possible to manipulate nutritionally, influences meat quality in pigs and cattle (Whipple et al., 1990; Blanchard et al., 1995), although no similar studies have been undertaken with growing lambs. This experiment was designed to study the effect of four diets with different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) but with the same crude protein and undegradeable protein (DUP) levels on growth, carcass composition, tissue growth rate and meat quality characteristics of lambs of two breeds.
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Mustafa, M. I., G. M. Webster, and Gillian M. Povey. "The effect of breed and dietary energy concentration on lamb growth, carcass composition and meat quality." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600030774.
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Previous trials at Newcastle have shown that plane of nutrition affects the growth performance, carcass composition and eating quality of lambs (Mustafa and Webster, 1995). It has also been found that lean tissue growth rate, a characteristic it is possible to manipulate nutritionally, influences meat quality in pigs and cattle (Whipple et al., 1990; Blanchard et al., 1995), although no similar studies have been undertaken with growing lambs. This experiment was designed to study the effect of four diets with different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) but with the same crude protein and undegradeable protein (DUP) levels on growth, carcass composition, tissue growth rate and meat quality characteristics of lambs of two breeds.
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Schoonmaker, Jon P. "21 Intentionally Induced Barrier Dysfunction Causes Inflammation, Decreases Growth, and Alters Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Cattle." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_2 (October 28, 2023): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.223.
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Abstract There are a variety of acute and chronic psychological and physical stressors associated with management practices used in beef production systems. Primary challenges in feedlot cattle include heat stress, acute and subacute acidosis, weaning, transportation, feed deprivation/restriction, and social mixing/crowding. These stressors disturb the homeostatic state of the host and microbiome and cause acute or chronic inflammation resulting in damage to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) epithelial barrier that leaves the animal vulnerable to enteric pathogens and toxins. A breach of the small intestinal barrier (leaky gut) allows unwanted pathogens and toxins to infiltrate into blood, causing infection, depressed feed intake, and diverts nutritional resources away from anabolic processes. We have demonstrated that intentionally inducing GIT inflammation in feedlot cattle with aspirin, which is known to cause mucosal injury and increase GIT barrier dysfunction, provides a model system to better understand the metabolic cost of leaky gut in grain-fed feedlot cattle. Indeed, aspirin increased leakage of chromium-EDTA into urine, raised serum concentrations of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), decreased growth by 4.5 to 8.5%, and re-partitioned carcass components from lean tissue (rib-eye area) into fat. Thus, the chronic inflammatory effects of leaky gut have the potential to create a significant economic loss. Our work also shows that in-feed administration of monensin and tylosin have offered a solution to the non-specific immune response observed in grain-fed cattle by increasing jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio, diminishing leaky gut, and decreasing serum LBP. Finally, we have observed that molasses based liquid supplements increase ruminal butyrate concentration, resulting in improved gut barrier function, decreased serum inflammatory markers, and greater DMI and ADG in newly received feedlot cattle fed a 30% roughage diet.
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Dubeski, P. L., J. L. Aalhus, S. D. M. Jones, A. K. W. Tong, and W. M. Robertson. "Fattening heifers to heavy weights to enhance marbling: Efficiency of gain." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-050.
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Feedlot performance and carcass composition were measured in two studies to evaluate the use of common Canadian breeds and nutrition programs for production of highly marbled beef for the Japanese market. Weaned heifer calves (n = 221, initial weight 265 kg) of Angus, Hereford, and Hereford × Angus (HA) breeding were slaughtered at 500, 590, and 680 kg in exp. 1. In exp. 2, yearling heifers (n = 216, initial weight 395 kg, same breeds as exp. 1 but including Holstein) were slaughtered at 590 and 680 kg. Cattle were randomly assigned to either a high plane of nutrition (HP) until slaughter or a moderate plane of nutrition to 500 kg (exp. 1) or 550 kg (exp. 2), followed by a high plane to slaughter (MHP). Mean days on feed, percent carcass fat, and percent intramuscular fat in longissimus muscle were 347 d, 38.6%, and 8.50% in exp. 1, and 281 d, 37.5%, and 7.87%, respectively, in exp. 2. In exp. 1, Herefords produced the most economical gains but the fattest carcasses (P < 0.05). In exp. 2, Holsteins had the most economical liveweight and lean carcass weight gains (P < 0.05). The cost of a percentage increase in intramuscular fat was lowest for Angus in exp. 1 (P = 0.05), similar for the breeds in exp. 2 (P = 0.29), and not affected by slaughter weight group. HP cattle gained liveweight, carcass, lean carcass, and intramuscular fat more economically than did MHP cattle (P ≤ 0.0002). The rate of deposition of intramuscular fat did not appear to increase with maturity. Feeding cattle to extreme slaughter weights using conventional feedlot diets produced extremely fat carcasses but did not produce highly marbled beef. Key words: Beef cattle, carcass, growth, intramuscular fat, marbling
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Mir, P. S., D. R. C. Bailey, Z. Mir, S. D. M. Jones, T. Entz, S. D. Husar, N. H. Shannon, and W. M. Robertson. "Effect of feeding barley based diets on animal performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of crossbred beef cattle with and without Wagyu genetics." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-029.
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Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of European and British crossbred (EBC; no Wagyu genetics; 28 heifers and 30 steers) cattle were compared with crossbred cattle with 75% Wagyu genetics (WC; seven heifers and 14 steers) to determine the influence of Wagyu genetics on marbling grade of beef cattle fed barley-based diets in a factorial design experiment. Weaned calves (250 d average age) were fed, one of two diets (diet 1, 35% barley grain; diet 2, 40% hay cubes on DM basis, with barley silage, protein and vitamin/mineral premix) for 84 d and then fed diet 1 until they weighed 394 to 432 kg. All cattle were finished on an 80% (DM basis) rolled barley diet and slaughtered. Carcasses were graded and samples procured for meat quality and Warner–Bratzler shear force determination. Number of days on backgrounding diets to arrive at target weight (380 kg) was greater (P < 0.05) for the WC cattle, owing to relatively lower ADG, but days on the finishing diet were fewer for these cattle, compared with EBC cattle. Warm carcass yield (dressing percent) was greater (P < 0.05), but backfat depth was lower (P < 0.05) for WC cattle relative to that of EBC cattle, yet proportion of lean meat yield was similar. Eighty three percent of WC cattle carcasses had Canada AAA (small or more) marbling grade compared with 13% for EBC cattle carcasses. Mean shear force of meat samples from EBC and WC cattle was 4.2 and 3.8 kg, respectively. Results indicated that the extent of carcass marbling can be increased by incorporating Wagyu genetics but age at slaughter of WC cattle was 19 d greater than that of EBC cattle and carcass size was reduced. Key words: Average daily gain, carcass characteristics, European and British crossbred, feed to gain ratio, meat quality, Wagyu crossbred cattle
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Mandell, I. B., E. A. Gullett, J. W. Wilton, O. B. Allen, and V. R. Osborne. "Effects of diet, breed and slaughter endpoint on growth performance, carcass composition and beef quality traits in Limousin and Charolais steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-020.
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Ninety-six Charolais and Limousin steers were used to evaluate 75% grain (whole barley or corn) diets and two slaughter endpoints (7 mm backfat or 568 kg liveweight) in an experiment designed to constrain carcass weights to under approximately 341 kg yet produce optimal beef quality. Each breed was represented by eight progeny from each of six sires. The trial was terminated after 281 d feeding regardless of individual steers attaining designated slaughter endpoints. Limited availability of dietary energy in whole-barley diets resulted in decreased (P < 0.01) average daily gain and increased (P < 0.01) dry matter intake, feed/gain and days on feed for barley- vs. corn-fed cattle. Charolais outgained (P < 0.05) Limousin but dry matter intake was similar on a g BW00.75 basis. Feeding to 568 kg liveweight was associated with high (P < 0.10) ADG and decreased (P < 0.05) feed/gain compared with feeding to 7 mm. Corn feeding increased (P < 0.001) carcass weights, fat deposition and longissimus muscle area. Lean deposition was greater (P < 0.01) in Limousin than Charolais. Taste panel assessment of tenderness, flavour and juiciness in longissimus muscle was generally not affected (P > 0.10) by diet, breed or slaughter endpoint. Twelve primal ribs from each of Agriculture Canada's marbling classifications (A, AA, AAA) were purchased and processed identically to ribs from the test cattle. Shear and tenderness scores were similar (P > 0.10) across test cattle and purchased ribs, despite intramuscular fat contents of 20.2, 27.1, 35.6 and 49.7 g kg−1 respectively, for test cattle and trace, slight and small marbled ribs. Slight and small marbled ribs did have higher (P < 0.05) taste panel scores for initial juiciness and flavour than ribs from the test cattle. While 26% of carcasses from test cattle graded Canada B1 due to either inadequate finish or marbling, similar tenderness and shear scores were probably due to age of test cattle at slaughter which averaged 481 ± 45 d plus the fact that all roasts were aged 7 d prior to freezing. Key words: Charolais, Limousin, marbling, fatness, palatability, carcass weight, beef cattle, tenderness
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Mrode, R. A., C. Smith, and R. Thompson. "Selection for rate and efficiency of lean gain in Hereford cattle 1. Selection pressure applied and direct responses." Animal Science 51, no. 1 (August 1990): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100005122.
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ABSTRACTSelection of bulls for rate and efficiency of lean gain was studied in a herd of Hereford cattle. There were two selection lines, one selected for lean growth rate (LGR) from birth to 400 days and the other for lean food conversion ratio (LFCR) from 200 to 400 days of age, for a period of 8 years. A control line bred by frozen semen from foundation bulls was also maintained. Generation interval was about 2·4 years and average male selection differentials, per generation were 1·2 and — 1·1 phenotypic standard deviation units for LGR and LFCR respectively.Genetic parameters and responses to selection were estimated from the deviation of the selected lines from a control line and by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) techniques on the same material. Realized heritabilities were 0·40 (s.e. 0·12) for LGR and 0·40 (s.e. 0·13) for LFCR using the control line. Corresponding estimates from REML were 0·42 (s.e. 0·10) and 0·37 (s.e. 0·14). The estimate of the genetic correlation between LGR and LFCR was about — 0·69 (s.e. 0·12) using REML.The estimates of direct annual genetic change using deviations from the control were 3·6 (s.e. 1·3) g/day for LGR and — 0·14 (s.e. 0·07) kg food per kg lean gain for LFCR. Corrsponding estimates from REML were similar but more precisely estimated. The correlated responses for LFCR in the LGR line was higher than the direct response for LFCR.
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Lawrence, Ty E. "89 Meat Science Perspective, Carcass Composition, and Grid Marketing: Have we Made any Advances?" Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.081.
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Abstract Throughout recorded history of beef cattle improvement, the pendulum of cattle type has swung from large, old and extremely fat to extremely short in stature and overfinished to extremely tall in stature and lean to moderate in size and overfinished. During all of these transitions, the underlying growth principles of muscle, fat, and bone have remained constant. As animals age, muscle growth, as well as independent accumulation of water and protein increases at a decreasing rate whereas fat growth increases at an increasing rate. Beef carcass grading records reported by USDA indicate that percentage of Prime and Choice grade carcasses increased consistently from 62.9% in 1956 to a peak of 97.7% in 1987. Beginning in 1988, a notable decline in percentage of Prime and Choice began that plateaued from 1997 to 2007; USDA records indicate that Prime and Choice percentage was the lowest in history in 2006 at 59.0%. Since 2007, percentage of carcasses grading Prime and Choice has again steadily increased to 80.7% in 2021. Concomitantly, percentage of carcasses with yield grades of 4 or 5 has increased from a recent low of 1.3% in 1997 to 16.2% in 2021 – the highest percentage of overfinished cattle since records began. The recent improvement in quality is primarily the result of an industry paradigm shift from marketing of live animals and selling beef as a commodity to the marketing of carcasses and selling beef as premium branded products. Cattle feeders have been incentivized to market cattle as carcasses rather than live animals primarily due to the economics associated with carcass transfer. Carcass transfer is the proportion of live animal gain that is retained as carcass gain – this value increases at a decreasing rate during the finishing period and typically ranges from 75 to 85% of live animal gain. Our current yield assessment metric was developed in the late 1950s and is representative of cattle of that period, not modern cattle. The yield grade estimates 40% of the variation in cutability of beef-type cattle carcasses and 0% of the variation in cutability of dairy-type cattle. Opportunity exists to improve beef carcass yield estimation. The goal of our beef production system is to provide domestic and foreign customers with premium quality products that meet their expectations for palatability. Objective shear force values indicate that steaks from the rib and loin have continued to become more tender during the last 3 decades.
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Fisher, A. V., J. D. Wood, and M. V. Tas. "Effects of some anabolic agents on the growth, carcass and tissue composition of barley-fed entire and castrated male Friesian cattle." Animal Science 42, no. 2 (April 1986): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100017906.
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ABSTRACTThirty-eight barley-fed entire and castrated male Friesian calves were used to examine the effects of different implanted anabolic agents on growth and carcass and tissue composition. Entire males were implanted with trenbolone acetate plus hexoestrol alone or following an earlier implantation of zeranol, or with zeranol alone. Control bulls (no implant) and steers treated with trenbolone, acetate plus hexoestrol were also studied. The anabolic agents tended to increase growth rate in bulls, and caused an increase in fat deposition. Treated steers had more abdominal fat than all bulls, but did not have more carcass fat. However, the carcasses contained less saleable meat and had a lower retail value because of lower lean-to-bone ratio. There were no significant differences between any of the groups in the proportions of lipid and water in the lean tissue. Transporting the bulls resulted in a high pH and a dark colour in m. tongissimus. The results suggest that anabolic agents have small biological effects which directly modify the quantitative and qualitative meat production characteristics of bulls.
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LEFEBVRE, BRIGITTE, FRANÇOIS MALOUIN, GABRIEL ROY, KARINE GIGUÈRE, and MOUSSA S. DIARRA. "Growth Performance and Shedding of Some Pathogenic Bacteria in Feedlot Cattle Treated with Different Growth-Promoting Agents†." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.6.1256.
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Eighty steers with a mean body weight of 319 kg were used in a study to evaluate the effect of a growth-promoting implant (trenbolone acetate plus estradiol benzoate), monensin, and oxytetracycline on the steer performance and shedding of some foodborne pathogens. The steers were allotted to one of eight treatment combinations according to a randomized complete block design with 16 pens of five animals. Rectal fecal samples were collected before treatment commenced and over a period of more than 24 weeks to study the influence of treatments on the intestinal microbiology of the animals. Results supported the beneficial effect of the hormonal implant on the performance of feedlot steers (average daily gain, feed efficiency, and fat thickness), on carcass characteristics (hot carcass weight, lean yield), and economic value of the carcasses (P < 0.01). The levels of Escherichia coli in feces were not affected by treatments but remained high throughout the study period. Antibiotic-resistant isolates of E. coli were more frequently found as the study progressed but were not associated with any specific treatment. Also independently of treatment, we observed a reduction over time in the shedding of Campylobacter and Yersinia during the feeding period, whereas the shedding of Enterococcus was increased. The results of this study confirmed the beneficial economic effect of growth-promoting agents in beef production and showed that the agents tested did not specifically affect the overall microbial evolution of the animal gut. However, the study also showed, independently of the growth promoter used, the shedding of Campylobacter, Yersinia, and antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the feedlot environment. These bacteria also may be found in the colonic tissue of steers at slaughter and might be a source of carcasses contamination.
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Pribadi, Lalu Wira, Rr Agustien Suhardiani, Tahyah Hidjaz, M. Ashari, Happy Poerwoto, and Rina Andriati. "Physiological Respons of Bali and Simbal Cattles on the Thermal Environtment of Lowland and Highland Areas in Lombok Island." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 648–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i3.2771.
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The effort to increase productivity of Bali cattle in Lombok Island made use of crossbreeding with exotic breeds, such as Simmental, Limousine, Charolais, Hereford, and Brahman breed, in which Simmental was suggested the best one. However, replacing indigenous with exotic breed might in fact create significant problem, especially low tolerance on harsh environment condition and increased work to feed each animal because of higher growth and greater size at maturity. This study that mean objective to investigate the physiological respons of Bali and Simbal cattleÃÂ on the thermal environment of lowland and highland areas in Lombok island, was carried out by measure the rectal temperature (BT, oC), respiration rate (RR, resp/min), and heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) of 320 cattles in lowland and 280 cattle in highland, each consisted of pure Bali breed (B), crossbred of B x Simmental (SB), backcross of SB x Simmental (SBS), and backcross of SB x Bali (SBB). Each genotype consist of male and female, and 24-36 months of age. All cattle observed are ordered to be similar condition with BCS 3-5. The thermal condition of lowland and highland are measured from air temperature (oC), relative humidity (%), and temperature humidity index (THI). Data were analysed by using Anova and further test using HSD-test. Results of the study shows, the daily temperature and THI data obtained for the lowland environment are in considered to thermal stress zone for beef cattle, whereas those of found for the highland are within range of safety zone for cattle production. Physiological response shuch as BT, RR, and HTC, were significantly higher for cattle in the lowland than those in highland. The crossbreds cattle with higher proportion of Simmental genetic showed higher BT, RR, and HTC in the lowland, but became decrease in highland environment by higher decreasing index. It could be conclused that environmental condition in lowland with average THI of 80.02 lead to coused thermal stress to genotypes of Simbal cattle based on HTC wich in average of 2.91; however in highland wich average THI of 69.39 each genotype of cattle shows physiological responses in the normal range.ÃÂ
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Andrade, Francisco Hélio Alves de, Anailson de Sousa Alves, Maria Isabela Batista Clemente, Luana Ribeiro de Andrade, Daivyd Silva de Oliveira, Walter Esfrain Pereira, and Paulo Cássio Alves Linhares. "Initial Growth of Yellow Passion Fruit Under Organic Fertilization." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 9 (August 13, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n9p191.
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The production of yellow passion fruit seedlings is common among producers. Low cost techniques to maximize and reduce the cost of production with the application of cattle manure make the production of seedlings feasible. The objective of experiment was to evaluate different concentrations of cattle manure in substrate with and without liquid the biofertilizer in the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Catolé do Rocha county, Paraíba state. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with 5 repetitions end 3 plants per plot. The treatments consisted of five concentrations of cattle manure (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% of the substrate volume), without and with the biofertilizer (10 mL plant-1). Sixty days after sowing, the following items were evaluated: plant height; number of leaves; root length; leaf area; leaf fresh mass; stem fresh mass; root fresh mass; aerial part fresh mass; total plant fresh mass; aerial part dry mass, and the Dickson quality index. The concentrations between 38 and 69% of composted cattle manure combined with the application of liquid biofertilizer increased the initial growth of yellow passion fruit plants, making its use feasible in the production of seedlings.
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Hirooka, H., A. F. Groen, and J. Hillers. "Developing breeding objectives for beef cattle production 2. Biological and economic values of growth and carcass traits in Japan." Animal Science 66, no. 3 (June 1998): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980000919x.
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AbstractA deterministic bio-economic model simulating beef production during the life cycle of a cow and her offspring was used to estimate biological and economic values of daily gain, marbling score, birth weight, weaning weight and mature weight for three production systems (cow-calf, feedlot and integrated) and alternative production circumstances in Japan. Biological efficiency (live-weight basis and lean-weight basis) and economic efficiency (returns over costs) were regarded as breeding objectives. Alternatives included reducing the maximum number of reproductive cycles, marketing by constant slaughter weight (BASE), constant age or constant carcass fat content, lighter slaughter weight and doubling food prices. Biological efficiency on a live-weight basis for the cow-calf system was most influenced by increasing weaning weight; for the feedlot and integrated system, increasing daily gain had the largest influence. For biological efficiency of lean production, increasing daily gain and mature weight had the largest influence in the feedlot and integrated systems, respectively. For economic efficiency, increasing weaning weight was most beneficial in the cow-calf system and increasing marbling score was most beneficial in the feedlot and integrated systems. Economic values of daily gain and weaning weight decreased markedly with increasing genetic levels of these traits. Marketing by age decreased the biological values of daily gain but increased the economic value of daily gain. Marketing at a constant carcass fat content decreased biological values of mature weight but increased the economic value of mature weight. Decreasing slaughter weight provided negative economic values of daily gain and weaning weight. Economic values were reduced when food prices were doubled.
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Nkrumah, J. D., C. Li, J. B. Basarab, S. Guercio, Y. Meng, B. Murdoch, C. Hansen, and S. S. Moore. "Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the bovine leptin gene with feed intake, feed efficiency, growth, feeding behaviour, carcass quality and body composition." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-033.
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Leptin is a 16-kDa-hormone product of the obese gene synthesized and expressed predominantly by adipose tissues, which has been shown to play major roles in the regulation of body weight, feed intake, energy balance, fertility, and immune system functions. We report an investigation into the association of a previously identified cytosine to thymine missense mutation in exon 2 of the bovine leptin gene with feed intake, feed efficiency, growth, feeding behaviour, carcass quality and body composition in five genetic selection lines of a commercial population of beef cattle. Differences among genotypes in growth, feed intake and feed efficiency were not significant (P > 0.10) though steers homozygous for the thymine allele had positive residual feed intake (i.e., consumed more feed than expected) (+ 0.19 kg d-1) whilst steers homozygous for the cytosine allele had negative residual feed intake (-0.18 kg d-1). Steers carrying the thymine allele had a higher rate of gain in ultrasound backfat (P = 0.02), ultrasound backfat thickness (P = 0. 06), higher carcass grade fat (backfat) (P = 0.005), lower yield grade (P = 0.01) and lower lean meat yield (P = 0.007). The thymine allele also tended to be associated with higher loin subcutaneous fat (P = 0.07) and was associated with higher brisket subcutaneous fat (P = 0.01), and brisket body cavity fat (P = 0.0001). No associations were found among the different genotypes and real-time ultrasound marbling, ultrasound longissimus thoracis area, carcass marbling and carcass longissimus thoracis area (P > 0.10). Our results show that animals carrying the thymine allele versus the cytosine allele may produce carcasses with poorer grades and lower lean meat yields but do not differ in carcass marbling or other fat depots. Key words: Beef cattle, leptin, feed intake, carcass merit
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Sastro, Yudi, and Indarti Puji Lestari. "The Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn Fertilized by Dairy Cattle Effluents Without Chemical Fertilizers in Inceptisols." Journal of Tropical Soils 16, no. 2 (July 8, 2013): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2011.v16i2.139-143.
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Several research has proven the role of dairy cattle effluents in improving the growth and yield of some crops. However, its role in supporting the growth and yield of sweet corn, especialy in Inceptisols, has not been reported. The study aims to determine the effect of dairy cattle effluents on growth and yield of sweet corn in Inceptisols. The pot study was conducted in a greenhouse of the Assessment Institute for Agriculture Technology of Jakarta. The treatments were fertilization using dairy cattle effluents (without dilution, dilution with water 1:1 and 1:2), a mixtureof Urea, SP-36 and KCl (NPK), and without fertilizer. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with five replications. Compared to a without fertilizer treatment, dairy cattle effluents were significantly increased plant height (114%), leaf number (136%), cob weight (131%), cob length (124%), and cob diameters (128%). Base on cob weight, relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of dairy cattle effluents reached 38.4% (without dilution), 47.5% (dilution with water 1:1), and 62.1% (dilution with water 1:2).Keywords: Dairy cattle effluents, fertilizer, sweet corn
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Cruz, José M. F. de L., Ademar P. de Oliveira, Otília R. de Farias, Francisco de A. F. D. da Silva, Valéria F. de O. Sousa, and João H. B. da Silva. "Organic fertilization and forms of application in Allium cepa growth, yield and bulb quality." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, no. 10 (August 2021): 670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n10p670-676.
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ABSTRACT Onion is the third most cultivated vegetable in Brazil, and organic fertilization can increase its productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of cattle manure and forms of applications on the growth, yield and bulb quality of onion cv. IPA-11 Vale Ouro. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with four replicates, in a 6 × 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to six doses of cattle manure (0; 10; 20; 30; 40 and 50 t ha-1) and two forms of application (incorporated and topdressing). The onion growth increased with cattle manure doses. Using cattle manure fertilization is feasible for the production of onion, however high doses, regardless of the form of application are not recommended. Incorporated manure increases the leaf concentrations of primary macronutrients in onion and promotes 15 and 20% increment in total and marketable yield, respectively. The cattle manure incorporated into the soil increased the production of bulbs within the class of greater acceptance by consumers.
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Cai, Cuicui, Jiawei Xu, Yongzhen Huang, Xianyong Lan, Chuzhao Lei, Xueyao Yang, Jianliang Xie, Yuhua Li, and Hong Chen. "Differential Expression of ACTL8 Gene and Association Study of Its Variations with Growth Traits in Chinese Cattle." Animals 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121068.
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Mutations are heritable changes at the base level of genomic DNA. Furthermore, mutations lead to genetic polymorphisms and may alter animal growth phenotypes. Our previous study found that mutations in the bovine Actin-like protein 8 (ACTL8) gene may be involved in muscle growth and development. This study explored several mutations of the ACTL8 gene and their influence on body size in Chinese beef cattle, as well as tested the tissue expression profile of the ACTL8 gene in Qinchuan cattle at different ages. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (including one synonymous mutation (c.2135552895G > A)) and two insertion/deletion polymorphisms (indels) were identified in the ACTL8 gene from 1138 cattle by DNA-seq, RFLP and other methods. Then, the expression profile of the ACTL8 gene in Qinchuan cattle showed that it was expressed in heart, spleen, lung, liver, muscle, and fat tissues. Moreover, the expression level of ACTL8 was increased with cattle growth (p < 0.01). The ACTL8 mRNA expression level in kidney and muscle tissues was the highest in the calves, while lowest in the fetal stage. Overall, we showed that the mutations could act as markers in beef molecular breeding and selection of the growth traits of cattle.
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Murray, Adam R., Richard L. Moore, Mikayla F. Moore, Olga Isengildina-Massa, Scott P. Greiner, Gabriel J. Pent, and Thomas B. Wilson. "272 Effect of Frame Size and Supplementation on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Cattle Finished on Novel Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Pastures." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.257.
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Abstract Objectives were to investigate the effects of frame score (FS) and supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of cattle finished on novel endophyte-infected fescue pastures. This 2-yr experiment used 80 Angus-sired, crossbred steers and heifers bred for divergent FS. Cattle were allotted to 5 treatments: 1) non-supplemented small frame (S-NON; FS = 3.0 ± 0.9), 2) supplemented small frame (S-SUPP), 3) non-supplemented large frame (L-NON; FS = 4.7 ± 0.6), 4) supplemented large frame (L-SUPP), and 5) grain-based control feedlot ration (CON; FS = 4.2 ± 0.6; target ADG = 1.36 kg/day). Daily rations were delivered individually using Calan gates. Pasture supplement contained corn gluten feed, a commercially available rumen-protected prilled vegetable fat, and dried molasses fed at 0.5% of BW. Treatments started on 7/8/2019 and 5/21/2020, and ended in November of each yr when cattle were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Results were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with main effects of treatment, sire, sex, yr, and yr x treatment, with contrast statements comparing large vs. small frame, pasture supplemented vs. non-supplemented, and control vs. pasture groups. As expected, CON had greater (P < 0.001) growth performance (final BW and ADG) and carcass characteristics (HCW, subcutaneous fat, marbling, dressing percentage (DRESS%) than pasture groups, and tended to have greater (P=0.053) REA. Relative to pasture groups, CON had greater (P < 0.001) Minolta L* and a* lean tissue values, and decreased (P < 0.001) b* values for fat tissue. While non-supplemented cattle had decreased (P = 0.016) yield grades (YG), supplemented cattle had greater (P < 0.050) final BW, ADG, subcutaneous fat, HCW, marbling, and DRESS% compared to non-supplemented cattle. Small framed cattle tender to have decreased (P = 0.056) YG; but, large framed cattle had greater (P = 0.006) HCW, and tended (P = 0.060) to have greater ultrasound subcutaneous fat. Results support low-level supplementation in pasture-finishing systems to improve carcass value.
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Chagonda, Ignatius, Paul Chaibva, Nigel Ntini, Munyaradzi Gwazane, Blessing Ndau, Wonder Ngezimana, Taurira Mtaita, and Moses Mutetwa. "Different nursery growing systems and growth media improved germination and seedling growth of fever tea (Lippia javanica)." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 5 (September 18, 2023): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2023.003040.
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An experiment was set up in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to examine the influence of nursery growing methods and growth medium on fever, tea germination, and seedling development. Two nursery growth methods (Conventional-CON and Float tray system FTs) and six different growing medium (pine bark, peat moss, coco peat, vermiculite, sand, and cattle manure) were used. ANOVA was used to compare treatment means, and means were separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at a 5 % significance level. The nursery growing method and growth material exhibited a strong interaction regarding the germination index, germination percentage, seedling height, leaf area, root length, density, and final crop stand. The float tray approach yielded the greatest germination index for peat moss and the lowest for cattle manure. In the float tray method, peat moss and coco peat had the highest germination percentages, whereas cattle manure had the lowest. Under the float tray technique, the tallest seedlings emerged in peat moss and the smallest in coco peat. Peat moss had the most leaf area in the float tray system, whereas coco peat had the least in the conventional technique. Peat moss in the float tray system had the highest root length density while coco peat in the conventional technique had the lowest. Peat moss in the float tray system had the highest final crop stand, whereas seedlings in the conventional and float tray systems had nothing. based on the findings, it is recommended that fever tea seedlings be grown on peat moss using the float tray method
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Scollan, N. D., A. Cooper, M. S. Dhanoa, M. Wright, J. M. Dawson, and P. J. Buttery. "Effect of supplementation and stage of growth on the partitioning of nutrients by Hereford x Friesian steers fed on grass silage based diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200004130.
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Forage based feeding systems are often disadvantaged compared with those based on high cereal usage in terms of feed intake, live weight gain and efficiency of utilisation of dietary energy and protein. Furthermore, under some situations, particularly with animals fed on grass silage, cattle often have higher fat:protein carcass ratios than those fed other forage-diets. However, other factors such as age, genotype and physiological state may also influence nutrient partitioning. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of diet (based on silage alone or supplemented with additional energy and/or protein) and stage of development on the partitioning of nutrients between fat and lean deposition. Overall effects of diet on animal performance and carcass composition were reported by Scollan et al. (1999).
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Zhou, Keqin, Xiaobing Liu, Xingyi Zhang, Yueyu Sui, S. J. Herbert, and Yongmao Xia. "Corn root growth and nutrient accumulation improved by five years of repeated cattle manure addition to eroded Chinese Mollisols." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, no. 3 (March 2012): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-026.
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Zhou, K., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Sui, Y., Herbert, S. J. and Xia, Y. 2012. Corn root growth and nutrient accumulation improved by five years of repeated cattle manure addition to eroded Chinese Mollisols. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 521–527. The use of fertilizers with additional cattle manure application on eroded soil has been reported to improve cereal yields. Limited research exists on the long-term effect of cattle manure on root growth and nutrient uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) grown on eroded soils. A field experiment was established in Hailun city, Northeast China to determine the impact of long-term cattle manure addition on corn production in eroded Mollisols. There were five levels of simulated-erosion, which removed 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 cm of topsoil. Two soil amendments were: (1) chemical fertilizer at the rate normally used by farmers in the region and (2) chemical fertilizer plus 15 000 kg ha−1 (dry weight basis) of cattle manure. Root growth (length, surface area and dry weight) was assessed at the three-leaf stage. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake and accumulation by corn were evaluated at the three-leaf stage and at harvest. Compared with chemical fertilizer alone, 5 yr of repeated cattle manure addition significantly increased root surface area by 18–35%, and root dry weight by 45–129% in soil with simulated-erosion. The improvement of root growth by manure application was mainly correlated with the changes in larger size aggregate. N content increased by 12–59%, P by 31–129%, and K by 297–494% in corn at the three-leaf stage, and the same trend was found at harvest. Long-term cattle manure addition increased corn yield by 7% in soils with 5 cm topsoil removal, and gave similar yields in soils with 10 and 20 cm topsoil removal as non-eroded plots receiving chemical fertilizer only. Our results suggest that the increased corn yield in manure-amended soils was related to greater N, P and K accumulation due to larger root surface area and biomass. Addition of cattle manure with chemical fertilizer would be a practical and effective approach to restore soil productivity and improve corn yields in eroded Chinese Mollisols.
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Wyse, Jessica, Sajid Latif, Saliya Gurusinghe, Jeffrey McCormick, Leslie A. Weston, and Cyril P. Stephen. "Phytoestrogens: A Review of Their Impacts on Reproductive Physiology and Other Effects upon Grazing Livestock." Animals 12, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192709.
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Legume crops and pastures have a high economic value in Australia. However, legume species commonly used for grazing enterprises have been identified to produce high concentrations of phytoestrogens. These compounds are heterocyclic phenolic, and are similar in structure to the mammalian estrogen, 17β-estradiol. The biological activity of the various phytoestrogen types; isoflavones, lignans and coumestans, are species-specific, although at concentrations of 25 mg/kg of dry matter each of the phytoestrogen types affect reproductive functions in grazing livestock. The impacts upon fertility in grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep, vary greatly over length of exposure time, age and health of animal and the stress stimuli the plant is exposed to. More recently, research into the other effects that phytoestrogens may have upon metabolism, immune capacity and growth and performance of grazing livestock has been conducted. Potential new benefits for using these phytoestrogens, such as daidzein and genistein, have been identified by observing the stimulation of production in lymphocytes and other antibody cells. Numerous isoflavones have also been recognized to promote protein synthesis, increase the lean meat ratio, and increase weight gain in cattle and sheep. In Australia, the high economic value of legumes as pasture crops in sheep and cattle production enterprises requires proactive management strategies to mitigate risk associated with potential loss of fertility associated with inclusion of pasture legumes as forages for grazing livestock.
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Fisher, A. V., J. D. Wood, and O. P. Whelehan. "The effects of a combined androgenic-oestrogenic anabolic agent in steers and bulls 1. Growth and carcass composition." Animal Science 42, no. 2 (April 1986): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100017918.
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ABSTRACTTwenty-one pairs of male cattle twins, 10 of which were monozygotic, were used in a study of the effects of a combined implant of trenbolone acetate (140 mg) and oestradiol-17B (20 mg) on growth and carcass composition. There were three comparisons within pairs: (1) between bulls and steers (no implants); (2) between bulls and implanted steers; and (3) between bulls and implanted bulls.Implants were given twice, at 44 to 73 days and at 300 days of age. Animals were slaughtered at 400 days following recorded consumption of a complete pelleted diet given ad libitum. Carcasses were separated into tissues and lean and fat were chemically analysed. The effects of castration and/or implantation on growth and carcass composition were assessed by comparison with the untreated (control) bull values within each group and expressed as a ratio (treatedxontrol). These ratios were then compared between groups.Bulls were significantly heavier than steers at slaughter (29·6 kg, P < 0·05), but were not heavier than implanted steers. Implantation of steers tended to increase appetite; it proportionately increased lean and protein production by about 0·1, and partly reversed the effects of castration on the length of limb bones and the weights of reproductive organs and hide. The proportions of carcass tissues were very similar in the untreated and implanted steers. In bulls, implantation increased the weight of fatty tissue in the subcutaneous and intermuscular depots, but it had small effects on other carcass characteristics.
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Carroll, Jeffery A., Paul R. Broadway, Nicole Burdick-Sanchez, and Wade Nichols. "75 Historical view of stocker health and performance of Southeast origin cattle." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.053.
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Abstract Anecdotal evidence suggests that weaning/stocker weights, ADG, and carcass weights have increased for Southeast cattle over the last 30 years. Simultaneously, morbidity and mortality have not improved, and according to some reports, have significantly increased. Albeit, over the last 30 years, there have been several new vaccines and antibiotics introduced into the beef cattle market. Ceteris paribus, there appears to be a discrepancy related to prevailing theories that placing heavier cattle into stocker and feedlot operations reduces the incidence of morbidity and mortality. But, has there truly been an increase in weaning weights or placement weights of stocker/feedlot calves over the last 30 years? Perhaps, even with greater genetic selection by cow/calf producers for improved weaning weights and pre-weaning ADG, the genetic potential of these animals is not being realized until the stocker/feedlot sector. Indeed, Engler et al. (2014) reported that hot carcass weight (HCW) increased 4.9 lbs per year from 2001 to 2013 while others have reported no actual increase in weaning weights during this period. Undoubtedly HCW have increased, but the contributing factors are multifaceted including genetic selection for increased lean deposition, better nutritional programs, and the expanded variety of growth promoting implants, ionophores, and beta agonists. Likewise, morbidity and mortality are multifaceted manifestations affected by a variety of inputs including genetics, nutrition, environmental stressors, immunocompetence, and the prevalence and genetic diversity of pathogens. Therefore, while genetic selection for increased pre-weaning performance may be more prevalent, cow/calf producers may not be reaping the full potential of their calves due to management practices that do not capitalize on the genetic potential of the pre-weaned calf. Placing more emphasis on genetic selection for pre-weaning growth may have inadvertently resulted in calves that are less resistant to the stresses and strains associated with post-weaning production systems.
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Ismael, Fátima, Alexis Ndayiragije, and David Fangueiro. "New Fertilizer Strategies Combining Manure and Urea for Improved Rice Growth in Mozambique." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040783.
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The cost of chemical fertilizers is increasing and becoming unaffordable for smallholders in Africa. The present study aimed to assess the impact of combined fertilization strategies using urea and animal manure (beef cattle manure and poultry litter manure) on rice yield and nutrient uptake. For this, a field experiment was carried out on a loam sandy soil in the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme. We set seven treatments in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), namely: T0: no fertilizer, T1: 100% urea, T2: 100% beef cattle manure, T3: 100% poultry litter, T4: 50% urea + 50% beef cattle manure, T5: 50% urea + 50% poultry litter and T6: 40% urea + 30% beef cattle manure + 30% poultry litter, replicated four times each. All treatments, except T0, received an amount of nitrogen (N) equivalent to 100 kgN·ha−1. Results revealed that the highest yield grain (425 g·m−2), plant height (115 cm), number of tillers (18) and thousand-grain weight (34g) were observed in treatments combining urea with manure (T4, T5 and T6) indicating that N supply in the mixture (urea + manure) is more efficient than in isolated applications of N (T1, T2 and T3). The data obtained in this study suggest that a combination of fertilizers (T6) lead to competitive yields and is thus recommended for best soil management practices.
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AMIRIDIS (Γ.Σ. ΑΜΟΙΡΙΔΗΣ), S. G., and A. LYMBEROPOULOS (Α. ΛΥΜΠΕΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ). "Applications of ultrasonography in cattle reproduction." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 49, no. 4 (January 31, 2018): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15781.
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Ultrasonography is becoming a useful diagnostic toolin the field of cattle pathophysiology, aiding to meet the demands of the expanding cattle breeding. Transrectal ultrasonography is a rapid, reliable and safe technique for both the animal and the operator. With the use of ultrasonography in research, the hypothesis concerning the wave - like pattern of follicular growth has been confirmed. In addition it has been proved that follicular growth, development and regression continue during early pregnancy. The application of ultrasonographic techniques in concert with modern biotechnology, boosted the production of embryos from genetically superior cows and prepubertal heifers and indirectly solved the problem of infertility in valuable animals. In clinical practice, the use of ultrasonography for early pregnancy diagnosis and for diagnosis of pathologic conditions which lead to prolonged postpartum anoestrous, makes a considerable contribution to the reduction of calving interval. In this review basic physical principles of ultrasonography are described and selected applications in the field of cow reproduction are discussed.
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Barbosa, Jorge, José Oliveira, Jesimiel Barbosa, Argemiro Martins Flho, Erika Medeiros, and Júlia Kuklinsky-Sobral. "Influence of bovine manure and growth promoting microorganisms on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) culture in the municipality of Garanhunhs, PE." Trends in Horticulture 3, no. 1 (May 2, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/th.v3i1.1784.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the combined effect of bovine manure, Pseudomonas putida and Trichoderma aureoviride on the development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The promotion of plant growth by microorganisms may be a viable and sustainable alternative for lettuce crop management. The experimental design was entirely randomized with five treatments: T0 (witness without fertilization, P. putida and T. aureoviride), TE (cattle manure), TEB (cattle manure + P. putida), TEF (cattle manure + T. aureoviride), TEFB (cattle manure + P. putida + T. aureoviride) and ten repetitions each. The following variables were analyzed: germination velocity index (GVI), first count (FC), germination percentage (GP), leaf area index and productivity. The TEFB treatment proved to be a viable alternative for the production of lettuce, especially for small producers, since all the vegetable production in the region comes from family farming.
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Chandiposha, Misheck, and Tobias Takadini. "Effects of Different Soilless Growing Media on the Growth and Development of Tobacco Seedlings." International Journal of Agronomy 2022 (October 26, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9596945.
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To prevent reliance on a single finite source of the medium in raising tobacco nurseries, there arose a need to evaluate alternative media based on materials already available on farms. An experiment was set to evaluate the effects of different soilless growing media on the growth and biomass of flue-cured leaf tobacco seedlings. The design used was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were 100% pine bark (control), 50% cattle manure + 50% sand, 100% coal rubble, 100% compost manure, 50% pine bark + 50% sand, 100% cattle manure, 75% coal rubble + 25% sand, 75% cattle manure + 25% sand, 50% compost manure + 50% sand, and 75% compost manure + 25% sand. The results showed that increased seed emergence and survival percent were observed in the following media; 50% pine bark + 50% sand, 75% coal rubble + 25% sand, 75% compost manure + 25% sand, 100% coal rubble, 100% compost manure, and 50% compost manure + 50% sand, these treatments were not statistically different from 100% pine bark (control). The stem length and diameter of tobacco seedlings were superior in the medium with 100% compost manure when compared to all other treatments including pine bark. Increased transplantable percent of tobacco seedlings were in 50% pine bark + 50% sand and 100% compost manure, significantly higher than 100% pine bark (control). Most treatments that used cattle manure had significantly lower seed emergence percent, survival percentage, and transplantable percent of tobacco seedlings. Therefore, tobacco growers are recommended to use the growing medium with compost manure and should avoid using cattle manure when raising tobacco seedlings in seed beds.
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Chilliard, Y., C. Delavaud, and M. Bonnet. "Regulation of leptin expression in farm animals." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008930.
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Leptin is a hormone mainly expressed by adipose tissue (AT) in mammals and/or by liver in birds, at levels that differ according to genetic, physiological, nutritional and environmental factors, as well as hormone treatments (Houseknecht et al., 1998; Barb et al., 2002; Chilliard et al., 2002; Taouis et al., 2002).AT leptin mRNA level was higher in sheep and goat subcutaneous than visceral tissues, and the opposite was observed in cattle; it was higher in fat than in lean selection line in sheep. Leptin gene expression was decreased by undernutrition and increased by refeeding in AT of cattle and sheep, and decreased during fasting but not after feed restriction in AT of pig. In the chicken, both AT and liver leptin mRNA were decreased by undernutrition. In lactating goats, the replacement of part of the dietary concentrates by soybeans did not change leptin expression. The injection of NPY in sheep, as well as growth hormone (GH) treatment of growing sheep and cattle increased AT leptin mRNA. In the pig, AT leptin mRNA decreased after GH administration and estrogen-induced leptin mRNA increased with age and adiposity. In the chicken, estrogen treatment decreased AT and liver leptin mRNA. In vitro, insulin and glucocorticoïds increased AT leptin mRNA in cattle and pig, and leptin production in sheep. However, these effects on leptin gene expression were inhibited by GH. In the chicken, liver but not AT leptin mRNA was either increased by insulin, glucocorticoïds and GH or decreased by glucagon treatments. Long daylength increased AT lipogenic activities and leptin mRNA, as well as plasma leptin in sheep. In sheep, AT leptin mRNA increased from prebreeding to mid-pregnancy and declined to prebreeding levels during early lactation (Ehrhardt et al., 2001).
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Maulidayanti, Siti, Didik Indradewa, and Eko Hanuddin. "Physiological Response, Growth, and Yield of Edamame Soybean (Glycine Max L. Merr.) Under Foliar Application of Nano Cattle Bone Ash in Entisol." PLANTA TROPIKA 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/pt.v11i1.13628.
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Nano cattle bone ash can reduce requirement for SP-36 and increase pod yield. This study aimed to examine the physiological response, growth, and yield of edamame soybean in entisol of concentration and frequency of foliar application of nano cattle bone ash and SP-36 fertilizer.The research was conducted an experimental method which arranged in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) which consists of factor concentration (0.15, 0.30, and 0.45%) and frequency (2, 3, and 4 times). In control treatment was given 100% recommended dose SP-36, whereas between concentration and frequency foliar were given 50%. The findings demonstrated that foliar application of nano cattle bone ash with 50% SP-36 resulted in higher leaf dry weight and pod yield per plant as compared to control, increasing pod production per plant by 21.7%. The results of this study concluded that nano cattle bone ash can replace a half dose of SP-36 and increase pod yield. In the future, it is expected that the use of nano cattle bone ash can be applied into soybean cultivation and reduce use of SP-36 fertilizer.
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Anwar, Ali, Syed Uzair Ali Shah, Muhammad Naeem Rajput, Saeed Ahmed Soomro, and Atique Ahmed Behan. "Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on growth performance and blood profiles of cattle heifers." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 9, no. 1 (January 10, 2024): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.009.01.1183.
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To evaluate the impact of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on the growth performance, body conformation, and blood biochemistry of intensively managed cattle heifers, a total of 12 heifers were randomly selected and divided into two groups viz. group-CON (basal diet) and group-MOLM (basal diet + 10% Moringa oleifera leaf meal). Results indicate that significantly higher feed intake was observed in the MOLM group. The heifers supplemented with MOLM were having significantly improved body weight, body height, body length and heart girth compared to the heifers in CON group. Blood parameters, including Red Blood Cells (RBCs), haemoglobin, and immunoglobulins, showed positive trends, with immunoglobulin G levels significantly higher in the MOLM group. In conclusion dietary M. oleifera leaf meal improved growth, body measurement and blood biochemistry of intensively managed cattle heifers.
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Xu, Chenping, and Beiquan Mou. "Short-term Effects of Composted Cattle Manure or Cotton Burr on Growth, Physiology, and Phytochemical of Spinach." HortScience 51, no. 12 (December 2016): 1517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11099-16.
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Compost is increasingly used in horticultural crop production as soil conditioner and fertilizer because of its contribution to agriculture sustainability. The short-term (35 days after transplanting) effects of composted cattle manure or cotton burr on growth, physiology, and phytochemical of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were evaluated in a greenhouse. Composted cattle manure at 5% or 10% mix rate (5Ca or 10Ca) greatly enhanced spinach growth as indicated by increased leaf number, area, fresh and dry weights (FW and DW), shoot FW and DW, and root DW. They also increased water use efficiency (WUE) and shoot:root ratio, and improved the photochemistry of mature leaves. Chlorophyll content also increased under 10Ca treatment. Composted cotton burr also improved spinach growth but only at 10% amendments (10Co), and was less efficient than composted cattle manure. Specific leaf area (SLA) decreased and succulence increased under all compost amendment indicating that compost could improve spinach quality. All soil amendments reduced the content of total phenolic and anthocyanin, while only 10Co and 5Ca treatments decreased flavonoid content and total antioxidant capacity. The content of carotenoid and protein increased in 10Ca treatment and amino acid content increased under both 5Ca and 10Ca treatments. The results indicated that compost, especially composted cattle manure mixed at 10%, improved spinach production and quality, and with proper application rate enhanced nutritional value by increasing carotenoid, protein, and amino acid contents while having little effect on total antioxidant capacity.
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McKinnon, J. J., R. D. H. Cohen, D. A. Christensen, and S. D. M. Jones. "Crude protein requirements of large frame cattle fed two levels of energy as weaned calves or as backgrounded yearlings." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-034.
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Two trials were conducted to determine the crude protein (CP) requirements of large-frame (LF) cattle managed under two regimes and fed one of two energy levels. Trial 1 involved 216 recently weaned LF calves, while trial 2 involved 192 LF backgrounded yearling steers. In each trial, the cattle were fed diets formulated to one of two energy levels (11.17 and 11.88 MJ ME kg−1 DM) and one of six CP levels (11, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 19% DM basis). High-energy feeding increased (P < 0.05), average daily gain (ADG), average daily carcass gain (ADCG) and average daily fat gain (ADFG) of weaned calves but did not influence the performance of the backgrounded yearlings. Weaned calves fed 16, 17 or 19% CP had higher (P < 0.05) ADG than those fed 11%, while those fed 16% CP exhibited increased (P < 0.05) ADFG. ADG and ADCG of weaned calves and backgrounded yearlings and ADFG of weaned calves fed low-energy diets increased (P < 0.05) linearly with increasing dietary CP concentration. Daily carcass lean gain of weaned calves fed low-energy diets decreased in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05) as dietary CP level increased. No influence of dietary CP concentration was observed on carcass tissue gain of the backgrounded yearlings. It was concluded that energy balance of animals fed low-energy diets improved with CP supplementation and that current NAS-NRC (1984) CP requirements accurately predict performance of LF cattle. Key words: Steers, growth, carcass composition, energy, crude protein