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1
Le, T. T., J. Watton, and D. T. Pham. "An artificial neural network based approach to fault diagnosis and classification of fluid power systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 211, no. 4 (June 1, 1997): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651971539830.
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In this paper, multilayer perceptron (MLP) type neural networks are used to detect leakages in an electrohydraulic cylinder drive. Both single-leakage and multiple-leakage type faults are investigated. The performance of MLPs is examined relating to the level of leakage flowrate and it was found that MLPs perform well for line leakages but for across-cylinder seal leakages they could only detect leakage over 1.01/min. The generalization tests on non-training leakage flowrate and working temperature are also included. A novel feature is the use of system state variables for network training, including additional terms to accelerate convergence. The approach has also made a significant contribution to multiple-fault detection, particularly for the complex three-fault case.
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Huang, Hongwei, Wen Cheng, Mingliang Zhou, Jiayao Chen, and Shuai Zhao. "Towards Automated 3D Inspection of Water Leakages in Shield Tunnel Linings Using Mobile Laser Scanning Data." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 21, 2020): 6669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226669.
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On-site manual inspection of metro tunnel leakages has been faced with the problems of low efficiency and poor accuracy. An automated, high-precision, and robust water leakage inspection method is vital to improve the manual approach. Existing approaches cannot provide the leakage location due to the lack of spatial information. Therefore, an integrated deep learning method of water leakage inspection using tunnel lining point cloud data from mobile laser scanning is presented in this paper. It is composed of three parts as follows: (1) establishment of the water leakage dataset using the acquired point clouds of tunnel linings; (2) automated leakage detection via a mask-region-based convolutional neural network; and (3) visualization and quantitative evaluation of the water leakage in 3D space via a novel triangle mesh method. The testing result reveals that the proposed method achieves automated detection and evaluation of tunnel lining water leakages in 3D space, which provides the inspectors with an intuitive overall 3D view of the detected water leakages and the leakage information (area, location, lining segments, etc.).
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Mulyukov, D. R., D. R. Ardislamova, V. O. Bortsov, M. G. Volkov, M. I. Ishbulatov, K. I. Rusyaeva, I. I. Klebanov, and V. I. Fazlutdinov. "IMPACT OF LEAKAGE MODEL SELECTION ON HYDRAULIC FRACTURING DATA INTERPRETATION." Problems of Gathering Treatment and Transportation of Oil and Oil Products, no. 6 (December 19, 2024): 136–48. https://doi.org/10.17122/ntj-oil-2024-6-136-148.
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The paper examines the issues of modeling a hydraulic fracturing crack, which arises when analyzing the leakage of hydraulic fracturing fluid into the formation. Fluid leakage into the formation are subdivided into normal (not dependent on pressure) and pressure-dependent. Pressure-dependent leakages occur during hydraulic fracturing in fields with low filtration properties. The importance of accounting for such leakage is demonstrated by a specific example. It is shown that the choice of a pressure-independent leakage model affects the required calculated volume of injected fluid. In case of an error in choosing a model, this, in turn, leads to the effect of proppant bridging and, as a consequence, failure to achieve the calculated fracture geometry. The purpose of the work is to study the process of fluid leakage during hydraulic fracturing and to develop an approach to correctly accounting for the type of leakage encountered in the process of preparing for hydraulic fracturing. A function consisting of a pressure-dependent leakage multiplier is presented, which allows one to describe the behavior of pressure during liquid injection and after the injection is stopped. The paper proposes an approach associated with detecting a pressure-dependent fluid leakage, calibrating the calculated pressure of a test injection in the presence of a pressure-dependent leakage using the leakage multiplier function, and taking into account the resulting function at the hydraulic fracturing design stage. The proposed approach makes it possible to more correctly describe the behavior of pressure in the presence of a leakage that depends on it, which helps to improve the quality of hydraulic fracture modeling. Based on the analysis of available data, the ratio of normal leakages and pressure-dependent leakages encountered was determined. It has been shown that the dependence of leakage on pressure is regularly encountered in field conditions.
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Churojana, Anchalee, Dittapong Songsaeng, Rujimas Khumtong, Anek Suwanbundit, and Guillaume Saliou. "Is Intervertebral Cement Leakage a Risk Factor for New Adjacent Vertebral Collapse?" Interventional Neuroradiology 20, no. 5 (January 1, 2014): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15274/inr-2014-10079.
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This retrospective study evaluated the relationship between intervertebral cement leakage and new adjacent vertebral fracture and describes the different characteristics of cement leakage. Increased risk of new adjacent vertebral fracture (NF) has been reported to be a complication of cement leakage in vertebroplasty. In our observation, an incidental intervertebral cement leakage may occur during vertebroplasty but is commonly asymptomatic. The study focused on osteoporotic collapse patients who had percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) between 2005 and 2007. We divided patients into leakage and non-leakage groups and compared the incidence of NF. Leakage characteristics were divided into three types: Type I intervertebral-extradiscal leakage, Type II intradiscal leakage and Type III combined leakage. Visual analog scale for pain and the Karnofsky Performance Status at 24 h, three months, six months and one year were compared between groups and types of leakages. Among 148 PVs (102 patients) there were 30 leakages (20.27%) and 21(14.19%) NFs. The incidence of NF did not significantly differ between leakage and non-leakage groups (P<0.05). Type II was the most common type of leakage (15/30). Reduction of average pain and improvement of Karnofsky Performance Status score did not differ between groups (P<0.05). Type II had decreased pain score < type I and III at 24 h (P < 0.01), three months and six months (P < 0.1) but not at one year (P<0.10). Type II also had decreased pain score < non-leakage group only at 24 h (P<0.05). Intervertebral cement leakage is not an increased risk for NF, influenced outcomes of pain relief or improvement of physical function. Intradiscal leakage (Type II) is the most common characteristic of cement leakage and probably related to delayed pain relief.
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Fang, QianSheng, JiXin Zhang, ChenLei Xie, and YaLong Yang. "Detection of multiple leakage points in water distribution networks based on convolutional neural networks." Water Supply 19, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 2231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.105.
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Abstract Currently, a total of 3.6 billion people live in water-deficient areas, and the population living in water-deficient areas may reach from 4.8 to 5.7 billion by 2050. Despite that, the water distribution system (WDS) loses an average of 35% of its water resources, and the leakage rates may reach even higher values in some regions. The dual pressures of the lack of water resources and severe WDS leakage become even more problematic considering that commonly used leakage detection methods are time-consuming, labour-intensive, and can only detect single-point leakages. For multiple leakage point detection, these methods often perform poorly. To solve the problem of multiple leakage point detection, this paper presents a method for multiple leakage point detection based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). A CNN can forecast the leakages from a macro-perspective. It extracts the features of the collected historical leakage data by constructing a CNN model and predicts whether the real-time data are leakage data or not based on the learning of the features that are extracted from the historical data. The experimental results show that the detection accuracies based on 21 sensors of one, two, and three leakage points are 99.63%, 98.58% and 95.25%, respectively. After the number of sensors is reduced to eight, the leakage detection accuracies of one, two, and three leakage points are 96.43%, 94.88% and 91.56%, respectively.
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Ismayilova, H. G., Z. I. Farzalizade, and L. M. Shikhiyeva. "Specification of oil leakage points based on the operation data of pipelines." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 01 (January 15, 2022): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2022-1-45-49.
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The paper deals with the analysis of negative effect of the complications in the operation of oil pipelines on environment and the analytical specification of oil leakages from the pipelines as well. An empiric expression for the approximation of oil leakage due to the failures based on the ratio of corresponding losses considering the changes of combined characteristics of pump station and pipeline before and after the leakage is offered. The paper presents the calculations on the definition of leakage points based on the data of chronicality of oil leakages from the pipelines due to the failures and the changes of operation parameters; good results have been obtained. Thus, it is possible to specify the leakage sites in the reference point by the values of rate and pressure at the moment of leakage, although in the practice it is an approximate value.
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Salgado-Barandela, Jesyca, Angel Barajas, and Patricio Sanchez-Fernandez. "Geographical Distribution of Economic Impact: Sporting Events in Small Cities." International Journal of Sport Finance 18, no. 1 (February 2023): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/181.022023.04.
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There are limitations in determining the economic impact of sporting events that need to be considered. One of these is represented by first-round leakages. This work focuses on explaining first-round leakages in the economic impact of sporting events on small cities. Seeking to identify this type of leakage, we estimated the spatial distribution of the economic impact of two small-sized events organized in a town with a population of 24,248 inhabitants. The results showed a first-round leakage exceeding €300,000 and identified higher average attendee expenditure in a more developed city adjacent to the host city. Moreover, an exploratory analysis concerning the influence of leakage in final spending was performed. Finally, the elements that would increase the probability of leakage were studied. Overall, the current case study highlighted the importance of considering the existence of leakage.
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Haschenburger, Anja, Niklas Menke, and Jan Stüve. "Sensor-based leakage detection in vacuum bagging." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 116, no. 7-8 (July 9, 2021): 2413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07505-5.
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AbstractA majority of aircraft components are nowadays manufactured using autoclave processing. Essential for the quality of the component is the realization of an airtight vacuum bag on top of the component to be cured. Several ways of leakage detection methods are actually used in industrial processes. They will be dealt with in this paper. A special focus is put on a new approach using flow meters for monitoring the air flow during evacuation and curing. This approach has been successfully validated in different trials, which are presented and discussed. The main benefit of the method is that in case of a leakage, a defined limit is exceeded by the volumetric flow rate whose magnitude can be directly correlated to the leakage’s size and position. In addition, the potential of this method for the localization of leakages has been investigated and is discussed.
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Abed, Farzaneh, Francesco Berti, and Stefan Lucks. "Attacking a Leakage-Resilient Authenticated Encryption Scheme without Leakage." Information & Security: An International Journal 37 (2017): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.3704.
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Mathye, Risimati Patrick, Miklas Scholz, and Stephen Nyende-Byakika. "Optimal Pressure Management in Water Distribution Systems: Efficiency Indexes for Volumetric Cost Performance, Consumption and Linear Leakage Measurements." Water 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050805.
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Water is a finite resource and should be given the attention it deserves to reduce its depletion through leakages in pipe systems. The authors implemented pressure management strategies linked to fixed and variable discharge (FAVAD), the burst and background estimate (BABE), and orifice principle methodologies to analyze a two-phased comparative method for applying optimal pressure management and its efficiency indexes in measuring volumetric cost performance, consumption, leakage flowrate, linear leakage reduction, infrastructural leakage and leakage cost indices. Using time-modulated smart control pressure reducing valve (PRV) simulation processes, the authors selected Alexandra Township in Johannesburg, South Africa as a case study. The results showed a reduction in head pressure, a reduction in the system input volume (SIV) from 26,272,579 m3 to 21,915,943 m3 and a reduction in minimum night flow (MNF) from 14.01% to 12.50%. The annual estimated nodal system output (NSO) was reduced from 14,774.62 m3 to 12,787.85 m3. The monthly average linear system repairs were reduced from 246 to 177, while the efficiency index percentages of leakage frequency/km/pressure were reduced from 8.31% to 5.98%. At a unit cost of $3.18/m3, the cost of leakages declined from $4,009,315.54 to $2,862,053.10 per month, while average household consumption (AMC) reduced from 36.33 m3 to 24.56 m3. Finally, the linear reduction value R2 for the percentage of the total leakage flowrate (TLFR)/SIV declined from 0.58 to 0.5, whereas the infrastructure leakage ratio (ILI) increased from 4 to 4.3. The results fully demonstrated that optimal pressure management is an alternative way to simulate, estimate, quantify and understand where and how water is lost in a distribution system. The authors propose that the implementation of proactive leakage management and domestic background leakage repair could further assist in reducing the frequency and cost of water leakages.
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Zhou, Xuan, Fei Liu, Lisheng Luo, Shiman Peng, and Junlong Xie. "Study on the Leakage Diagnosis of a Chilled Water Pipeline Network System Based on Pressure Variation Rate Analysis for Climate Change Mitigation." Buildings 15, no. 8 (April 21, 2025): 1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081384.
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In the context of increasing climate variability and extreme weather, chilled water systems face mounting challenges due to amplified heating and cooling demands and prevalent pipe leakages. Such leakages reduce system lifespan, raise maintenance costs, and degrade operational efficiency. To overcome the limitations of current methods, such as insufficient interpretability and computational complexity in leak localization, this paper proposes a novel leakage diagnosis and localization scheme based on pressure variation rate analysis in closed chilled water pipeline networks. Hydraulic models under both normal and leakage conditions are established and experimentally validated. Work conditions under various leakage points and flow rates were simulated, and the results reveal that pressure variation rates systematically increase with the leakage flow rate and vary with the distance from the leakage point. Specifically, when a leakage flow rate reaches 20% of the total rated flow, the pressure variation rate is 12.27% at the water supply side of the leaking branch and 20.27% at the return side. Furthermore, other monitoring points can be categorized into three distinct levels with variation rates ranging from approximately 3.36% to 19.65%. Overall, as the leakage flow increases from 2% to 20% of the design flow, the maximum pressure variation rate rises from 0.411% to 20.27%. A threshold of 3% for this novel leakage diagnosis and localization scheme is used for prompt leakage detection. This scheme not only enhances leak localization accuracy but also contributes to more efficient and reliable system operation under the pressure imposed by climate change.
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Brady, Richard RW, Peter Che Ambe, Esben Bo Boisen, Helle Doré Hansen, Teresa Adeltoft Ajslev, and Martin Vestergaard. "The effect of frequency of leakage and a novel digital leakage notification system on sleep in people living with an intestinal stoma." Gastrointestinal Nursing 23, no. 2 (March 2, 2025): 68–76. https://doi.org/10.12968/gasn.2025.0006.
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Background: Many people living with a stoma have difficulties with stoma-related sleep problems; however, there is a paucity of research demonstrating solutions or interventions to alleviate these problems. Aims: This study aimed to determine the impact of stoma-leakage on different aspects of sleep; and to investigate whether the use of a digital leakage notification system (Heylo™) for ostomy care could help improve sleep in individuals living with an intestinal stoma. Methods: Data were derived from three sources: a cross-sectional, self-reported questionnaire investigating different health-related aspects of living with a stoma in a large population of those who have a stoma; sub-analyses of sleep outcomes were derived from the findings of two prospective, multi-centre clinical trials evaluating Heylo for ostomy care. Results: A direct association was observed between the frequency of leakage incidents outside the baseplate and more severe sleep complications. Most people having frequent leakage incidents reported that they wake up at night to check their pouching system for leakages. Usage of Heylo was associated with significant improvements to users' reported leakage-related sleep problems and a reduced need to check their pouching system during the night for potential leakages. Conclusions: Individuals who have sleep problems as a result of nighttime leakages and the mental burden of worrying about leakage may benefit from use of Heylo.
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Schineis, Christian, Andrea Ullrich, Kai S. Lehmann, Christoph Holmer, Johannes C. Lauscher, Benjamin Weixler, Martin E. Kreis, and Claudia Seifarth. "Microscopic inflammation in ileocecal specimen does not correspond to a higher anastomotic leakage rate after ileocecal resection in Crohn’s disease." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e0247796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247796.
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Background Patients with Crohn’s disease suffer from a higher rate of anastomotic leakages after ileocecal resection than patients without Crohn’s disease. Our hypothesis was that microscopic inflammation at the resection margins of ileocecal resections in Crohn’s disease increases the rate of anastomotic leakages. Patients and methods In a retrospective cohort study, 130 patients with Crohn’s disease that underwent ileocecal resection between 2015 and 2019, were analyzed. Anastomotic leakage was the primary outcome parameter. Inflammation at the resection margin was characterized as “inflammation at proximal resection margin”, “inflammation at distal resection margin” or “inflammation at both ends”. Results 46 patients (35.4%) showed microscopic inflammation at the resection margins. 17 patients (13.1%) developed anastomotic leakage. No difference in the rate of anastomotic leakages was found for proximally affected resection margins (no anastomotic leakage vs. anastomotic leakage: 20.3 vs. 35.3%, p = 0.17), distally affected resection margins (2.7 vs. 5.9%, p = 0.47) or inflammation at both ends (9.7 vs. 11.8%, p = 0.80). No effect on the anastomotic leakage rate was found for preoperative hemoglobin concentration (no anastomotic leakage vs. anastomotic leakage: 12.3 vs. 13.5 g/dl, p = 0.26), perioperative immunosuppressive medication (62.8 vs. 52.9%, p = 0.30), BMI (21.8 vs. 22.4 m2/kg, p = 0.82), emergency operation (21.2 vs. 11.8%, p = 0.29), laparoscopic vs. open procedure (p = 0.58), diverting ileostomy (31.9 vs. 57.1%, p = 0.35) or the level of surgical training (staff surgeon: 80.5 vs. 76.5%, p = 0.45). Conclusion Microscopic inflammation at the resection margins after ileocecal resection in Crohn’s disease is common. Histologically inflamed resection margins do not appear to affect the rate of anastomotic leakages. Our data suggest that there is no need for extensive resections or frozen section to achieve microscopically inflammation-free resection margins.
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Dulchenko, Anna A., Roman A. Shestakov, and Yulia S. Matveeva. "Methodology for location of leakages and unauthorized tie-ins on oil pipelines." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 335, no. 6 (June 27, 2024): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2024/6/4325.
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Relevance. Pipeline transportation of oil and oil products is one of the most efficient and cost-effective modes of transport in the modern world. Despite this, this type of transport can also be environmentally hazardous in case of leakages caused, for example, by corrosion, violation of operating rules, unauthorized tie-ins. Non-operational localization and liquidation of leakages and unauthorized tie-ins is often not only the cause of significant financial losses, but also accidents and pollution of the area of varying severity and scale. Nowadays, the issue of determining the leakage that has occurred and its location in the shortest possible time remains open. In this regard, the development of new and improvement of existing methods for detecting leakages and tie-ins in pipelines is an urgent task today. Aim. To study the effect of the total head shift, which occurs when taking into account the change in the power of pumping units due to product leakage, on the accuracy of determining the localization of leakage or unauthorized tie-in; to improve the existing methods for determining the leakage coordinate taking into account the change in the total head developed by the oil pumping station. Methods. Modeling the occurrence of a leakage or unauthorized tie-in with a different percentage of product losses, constructing hydraulic slope lines with leakages of varying intensity in different coordinates, a comparative analysis of the results obtained from the considered existing methods and those proposed by the authors. Results. The authors have modeled the leakages in various coordinates and determined the possibility of the proposed method operation for finding the coordinates of leakages. They calculated as well the errors in determining the location of the tie-in or leakage, depending on the pump power drops when the product flows out of the oil pipeline. The paper introduces the formula for the localization of leakages or tie-ins, considering the change in the power of pumping units and, as a result, the total head.
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Verstegen, Moniek, Stefan Bouwense, Frans Van Workum, Richard Ten Broek, P. D. Siersema, Maroeska Rovers, and Camiel Rosman. "PS01.173: MANAGEMENT OF INTRATHORACIC AND CERVICAL ANASTOMOTIC LEAKAGE AFTER ESOPHAGECTOMY FOR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Diseases of the Esophagus 31, Supplement_1 (September 1, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dote/doy089.ps01.173.
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Abstract Background Anastomotic leakage affects up to 30% of patients after esophagectomy each year and leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine which treatment for anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy has the best clinical outcome, based on currently available literature. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in Medline, Embase and Web of Science until April 2017. All studies reporting on the treatment of anastomotic leakage following esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction for esophageal or cardia cancer were included. The primary outcome parameter was postoperative mortality. Methodological quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results Nineteen retrospective cohort studies including 273 patients were identified. Methodological quality of all studies was poor to moderate. Regarding intrathoracic anastomotic leakages, mortality rates in the conservative, endoscopic stent, endoscopic drainage, endoscopic vacuum assisted closure system and surgery treatment group were 14%, 8%, 8%, 0%, and 50%, respectively. Regarding cervical anastomotic leakages, mortality rates in the conservative, endoscopic stent and endoscopic dilatation group were 8%, 29%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusion Due to small cohorts, heterogeneity between studies, and lack of data regarding leakage characteristics, no evidence supporting one treatment for anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy was found. A severity score based on leakage characteristics instead of treatment given is essential for determining the optimal treatment of anastomotic leakage. A prospective registration study could provide answers to issues as which leakage characteristics determine its severity and which treatment options have the best outcomes for a given anastomotic leakage severity. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
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ZHANG, WEIQIANG, LI SU, YU ZHANG, LINFENG LI, and JIANPING HU. "LOW-LEAKAGE FLIP-FLOPS BASED ON DUAL-THRESHOLD AND MULTIPLE LEAKAGE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 01 (February 2011): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126611007128.
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The scaling of transistor sizes has resulted in dramatic increase of leakage currents. The sub-threshold and gate leakages have now become a major contributor to total power dissipations. This paper presents two flip-flops based on dual-threshold CMOS and multiple leakage reduction techniques to reduce their leakage dissipations. In the DT-TG FF (Dual-Threshold Transmission Gate Flip-Flop), some transistors on non-critical paths use high-threshold devices to reduce their leakage currents, while the other transistors on critical paths use low-threshold devices to maintain performance. The MLRT FF (Multiple Leakage Reduction Technique Flip-Flop) uses P-type CMOS techniques, MTCMOS (Multi-Threshold CMOS) power-gating and dual-threshold technique to reduce both sub-threshold and gate leakage dissipations. Taken as an example, a practical sequential system realized with the two low-leakage flip-flops is demonstrated using a mode-5 × 5 × 5 counter. The simulation results show that the two flip-flops achieve considerable leakage reductions.
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Li, Tian, Zhi Zhen Peng, Yan Cheng Fan, Xi Ming Tang, Chen Guang Kong, and Qin Yin. "Boric Acid Corrosion in the Primary System of PWRs." Advanced Materials Research 1081 (December 2014): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1081.58.
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Borated water leakage could lead to boric acid corrosion of nuclear equipment, and it’s a danger to the pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants (PWRs). In this study, the principle of boric acid corrosion was studied first. Through the experiences of borated water leakages and boric acid corrosion at home and abroad, the main leakage sources in PWRs were summarized. Combining the technique features of visual inspection, the detecting principles were proposed. In the end, a protection strategy of boric acid corrosion was established including the control of borated water leakage, the detection of equipment, the treatment of leakages and the improvement of the equipment material.
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Gupta, Aditya Dinesh, and Kishore Kulat. "Leakage reduction in water distribution system using efficient pressure management techniques. Case study: Nagpur, India." Water Supply 18, no. 6 (February 2, 2018): 2015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.023.
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Abstract Leakages in water distribution system (WDS) are directly proportional to its operating pressure. Pressure management is becoming an important technique for reducing leakages in the water networks. This paper presents a pressure management technique for leakage reduction in north central WDS of Nagpur City, India, using variable speed pump and pressure reducing valves (PRVs). Variable speed pump is utilized for eliminating pressure deficiency during high demand and for reducing excess pressure causing leakage reduction during lower demand, by controlling the pump speed. PRVs have been used for further leakage reduction. This paper proposes a modified reference pressure algorithm for determining the location of valves in WDS. A multiobjective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to determine the optimized control value of pressure reducing valve with respect to change in demand pattern and to minimize the leakage rate in the WDS. Proposed pressure management technique leads to leakage reduction of 16.57% to 26.30% with respect to changes in demand pattern, causing daily average saving of 5.066 Ml. Minimum required pressure is maintained on every demand nodes to avoid pressure deficiency in WDS.
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Gao, Chang, Min Zong, Wen-tao Wang, Lei Xu, Da Cao, and Yue-fen Zou. "Analysis of risk factors causing short-term cement leakages and long-term complications after percutaneous kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures." Acta Radiologica 59, no. 5 (August 7, 2017): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185117725368.
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Background Percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) is a common treatment modality for painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Pre- and postoperative identification of risk factors for cement leakage and follow-up complications would therefore be helpful but has not been systematically investigated. Purpose To evaluate pre- and postoperative risk factors for the occurrence of short-term cement leakages and long-term complications after PKP for OVCFs. Material and Methods A total of 283 vertebrae with PKP in 239 patients were investigated. Possible risk factors causing cement leakage and complications during follow-up periods were retrospectively assessed using multivariate analysis. Cement leakage in general, three fundamental leakage types, and complications during follow-up period were directly identified through postoperative computed tomography (CT). Results Generally, the presence of cortical disruption ( P = 0.001), large volume of cement ( P = 0.012), and low bone mineral density (BMD) ( P = 0.002) were three strong predictors for cement leakage. While the presence of intravertebral cleft and Schmorl nodes ( P = 0.045 and 0.025, respectively) were respectively identified as additional risk factors for paravertebral and intradiscal subtype of cortical (C-type) leakages. In terms of follow-up complications, occurrence of cortical leakage was a strong risk factor both for new VCFs ( P = 0.043) and for recompression ( P = 0.004). Conclusion The presence of cortical disruption, large volume of cement, and low BMD of treated level are general but strong predictors for cement leakage. The presence of intravertebral cleft and Schmorl nodes are additional risk factors for cortical leakage. During follow-up, the occurrence of C-type leakage is a strong risk factor, for both new VCFs and recompression.
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Harry, Kachule, Mzumara Martin, and Glorindal. "Gas leakage detection system using IoT." i-manager's Journal on Information Technology 12, no. 2 (2023): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jit.12.2.20056.
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Gas leakages are a worldwide threat and adversely affect the lives of all living beings. These gas leakages can increase poor air quality across most parts of the world, which is one of the primary reasons for the declining health and increasing diseases among humans and animals. It is essential to start tracking these gas leakages before they cause problems. In Malawi, due to the current shortage of energy and power, people have turned to other sources of energy and power, frequently using gas for cooking and other activities. Therefore, there is a high and increasing number of gas leakage threats, which are becoming a significant concern for our daily lives in Malawi. Therefore, controlling gas leakage will be essential. With an IoT-based system, a system has been created that can detect gas leakage and monitor safety whenever gas equipment is being used at home. It will use the Brute Force algorithm and the BCrypt algorithm as well, which is a password hashing function.
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Li, Wenhan, Ke Huang, and Chaoquan Mo. "Research on leak detection in pipeline systems based on acoustic emission technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2936, no. 1 (January 1, 2025): 012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2936/1/012040.
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Abstract Current research often involves only a single type of leakage, with few studies comparing multiple leakage types in pipeline systems. To address this issue, a fundamental pipeline system experimental platform was established. By altering experimental conditions (such as AE sensor position, leakage rate, etc.), multi-type leakages in pipelines, valves, and flanges were simulated. Utilizing acoustic emission (AE) technology and parameter analysis methods, the relationships among AE signal values, including ASL (Average Signal Level), RMS (Root Mean Square Voltage), and amplitude, were explored. Based on this, the characteristics of different leakage types were analyzed and compared. Finally, the impact of different materials on the acoustic emission signals of valve leakage was studied.
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Makaya, Eugine. "Predictive Leakage Estimation using the Cumulative Minimum Night Flow Approach." American Journal of Water Resources 5, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-5-1-1.
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Several methods have been used in estimating leakages. Although the minimum night flow analysis method has been widely used in leakage estimation, the cumulative minimum night flow method is one method that can yield comparatively good leakage estimates. This paper applies the cumulative minimum night flow method to estimate water leakage in a water distribution system. The cumulative minimum night flow method develops a model from empirical night flows which is used to estimate mean minimum night flows and hence estimate leakages. The result was compared with the South Africa minimum night flow analysis methodology. It was found out that the model developed from the cumulative minimum night flow method yielded good result, (R2=0.9998). Thus, the cumulative minimum night flow method could be relied on in predicting leakage estimates in water distribution systems. Furthermore, the model could be used in other locations other than that described in this paper.
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Pérez, R., V. Puig, J. Pascual, A. Peralta, E. Landeros, and Ll Jordanas. "Pressure sensor distribution for leak detection in Barcelona water distribution network." Water Supply 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.372.
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This paper proposes a leakage detection method based on detecting significant discrepancies between pressure measurements and their estimations obtained from the simulation of a calibrated water distribution network model. Every sensor in the network will allow to detect a discrepancy in pressure due to leakage depending on its location. Then, a set of well distributed pressure sensors will generate a leakage signature that allows leakage localisation. This paper presents the methodology used in the Barcelona network for distributing properly the sensors for a good discrimination in the leakage localisation process. The methodology for sensor placement uses the pressure sensitivity matrix to the leakage presence. This matrix is normalised and binarised in order to be used as a leakage signature matrix using the standard model based fault diagnosis approach. Sensors may be installed in any node and leakages are simulated as a constant demand that can appear in any node too. The problem of deciding which are the best localisations for a small number of sensors in order to detect and localise leakages is an inverse problem that should be solved using optimisation. The resulting optimisation problem is of discrete nature and very huge for a real network. This type of problem is, in general, hard to solve and very time consuming. The use of GA (Genetic Algorithms) has been proved adequate according to the formulation of the signatures in the sensitivity matrix.
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Klupp, F., S. Schuler, C. Kahlert, N. Halama, C. Franz, P. Mayer, T. Schmidt, and A. Ulrich. "Evaluation of the inflammatory markers CCL8, CXCL5, and LIF in patients with anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer surgery." International Journal of Colorectal Disease 35, no. 7 (April 19, 2020): 1221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-020-03582-2.
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Abstract Purpose Anastomotic leakage constitutes a dreaded complication after colorectal surgery, leading to increased morbidity and mortality as well as prolonged hospitalization. Most leakages become clinically apparent about 8 days after surgery; however, early detection is quintessential to reduce complications and to improve patients’ outcome. We therefore investigated the significance of specific protein expression profiles as putative biomarkers, indicating anastomotic leakage. Methods In this single-center prospective cohort study serum and peritoneal fluid samples—from routinely intraoperatively inserted drainages—of colorectal cancer patients were collected 3 days after colorectal resection. Twenty patients without anastomotic leakage and 18 patients with an anastomotic leakage and without other complications were included. Protein expression of seven inflammatory markers in serum and peritoneal fluid was assessed by multiplex ELISA and correlated with patients’ clinical data. Results Monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (CCL8/MCP-2), leukemia-inhibiting factor (LIF), and epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating protein (CXCL5/ENA-78) were significantly elevated in peritoneal fluid but not in serum samples from patients subsequently developing anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. No expressional differences could be found between grade B and grade C anastomotic leakages. Conclusion Measurement 3 days after surgery revealed altered protein expression patterns of the inflammatory markers CCL8/MCP2, LIF, and CXCL5/ENA-78 in peritoneal fluid from patients developing anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. Further studies with a larger patient cohort with inclusion of different variables are needed to evaluate their potential as predictive biomarkers for anastomotic leakage.
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P., Anitha, and Saranya K. "IoT Based Detection of Leakages in Gas Pipes." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 4 (June 20, 2019): 433–36. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23722.
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In industries leakage of Gas in the pipeline is a major issue nowadays. Leakage is defined as the accidental admission or escape of fluid through a hole or crack from the pipe. Gas leakages lead to losses as well as fire accidents. This project takes the control over automatic detection of leakages than the man power and thus reduce loss. Here we propose an inventive robot that clings on to the outer surface of the gas pipe and moves along the pipe to check for leakages. The kit consists of MQ5 gas sensor to detect the gas leakages. The robot moves continuously along the metal pipe, if there any presence of leakage the particular position is sensed by ultrasonic sensor and the message is send to the IOT through Wi Fi module. P. Anitha | K. Saranya "IoT Based Detection of Leakages in Gas Pipes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23722.pdf
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Hwang, Woonyong. "A Study on the Prediction of Damage Ranges by Leakages of Seaport-Stored Substances." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.2.23.
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In order to check the risk of hydrogen peroxide leakage from the seaport, the leakage amount was changed from 1.0 ton to 10.0 tons, with the maximum and minimum diffusion distances per month in 2020 being subsequently calculated. A total of 82 scenarios were created to confirm the change in the diffusion distance according to the amount of leakage. The scenario was analyzed based on the distance at which the risk concentration was maintained through the ALOHA Air Dispersion Models. As indicated by the analysis, when the amount of leakage is relatively large, the temperature is also high and the wind speed is fast - resulting in the maximum spread. However, when the amount of leakage was relatively minimal, the temperature was low and the wind speed remained fast - this kept diffusion to the minimum. Concerning characteristics of fast wind speeds, the dispersion length changed based on amounts of leakages where PAC-1 contains 2.0 tons, PAC-2 contains 4.0 tons, and PAC-3 contains 5.0 tons. In addition, when the amount of leakage equaled 10.0 tons, and the wind speed was high, the dispersion length reached up to 10 kms. In light of this, it was confirmed that even adjacent administrative districts were affected. Therefore, it is necessary to establish appropriate measures to prevent damage by utilizing the diffusion distance caused by chemical leakages.
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Yu, Ming Yi. "The Research and Simulation of Intelligent Electric Leakage Detection Model for Mining Machinery." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1616–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1616.
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For today’s coal mining enterprises, the mining production environment is very harsh and sometimes there are electric leakages in the automatic production equipment which cause a great impact on the stability of coal production. This paper proposes an electric leakage fault intelligent detection model. The intelligent method can fix the electric leakage faults on time which is an important prerequisite to ensure mine production stable and secure. The experimental results show that the model can effectively detect hardware failures and leakage.
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Wateya, Ali Wambi, Twaibu Semwogerere, Richard O. Awichi, and Asaph Keikara Muhumuza. "Mathematical Modelling of Oil Pipeline Leakages Using Computational Fluid Dynamics - Case of BIDCO Oil Processing Refinery, Uganda." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICS 21 (February 16, 2022): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jam.v21i.9163.
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The leakage flow phenomena of a refinery oil pipe with a leakage point is numerically studied with the purpose to minimize oil leakage using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. Among consequences of oil pipe leakages are losses as a result of property loss (oil), cost of pipe replacement and also death due to fire or explosion. To understand the leakage phenomena, pipe characteristics at the leakage orifice are necessary. In the simulation, considering a pipe with a leak orifice of 0.002m, diameter 0.06 m and length 10 m, single phased flow was considered. The leakage through the pipe was studied based on fluid dynamics simulations using a Computational fluid dynamic tool ANSYS FLUENT software 17.2 where the Navier-Stokes were solved and for turbulence the standard k-ε was considered. Results from this study show that the leakage flow rate increases with increase in velocity inflow of the fluid. The pressure effect was also studied at the vicinity of the leak and results also show that an increase in velocity increases the pressure drop. Therefore, keeping the inflow velocity range of 0.1ms−1 to 2 ms−1 show minimal leakage rates.
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Huang, Wending, Xinrui Huang, Zanxu Chen, Jian Zhan, Hongwei Yang, and Xin Li. "Parameter Analysis and Optimization of a Leakage Localization Method Based on Spatial Clustering." Water 17, no. 1 (January 2, 2025): 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010106.
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Leakage in water distribution systems (WDSs) causes a waste of water resources and increased carbon emissions. Rapid and accurate leakage localization to reduce the waste of water resources caused by leakages is an important way to overcome the problem. Using spatiotemporal correlation in monitoring data forms the basis of a leakage localization method proposed in a previous study. It is crucial to acknowledge that the chosen parameter settings significantly influence the localization performance of this method. This paper primarily seeks to optimize three essential parameters of this method: localization metrics weight (LMW), score threshold (ST), and the indicator of detection priority (IDP). LMW evaluates the similarity between simulated and measured pressure residuals. ST determines the size of the datasets involved in the spatial clustering, and IDP quantifies the likelihood of a true leakage within the candidate region. The leakage localization method is tested on a realistic full-scale distribution network to assess leakage flow rates and sensor noise. The results show that the optimized parameter settings could improve the efficiency and accuracy of leakage localization. Further, the findings indicate that the optimized parameter settings can enhance the effectiveness and precision of leakage localization.
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Kwon, Soonbeom, Hyeongryeol Kim, Seonyeong Choi, and Hwansoo Lee. "The Improvement Method of Digital Forensic for Responding to Technology Leakage of SMEs." Korean Career, Entrepreneurship & Business Association 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.48206/kceba.2023.7.1.85.
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Industrial technology leakage is increasingly becoming sophisticated, intelligent, and advanced. So, the police organized an industrial technology leakage investigation team in November 2006 and expanded the indust rial technology leakage investigation team to 17 local police agencies in 2017. Likewise, the police is trying to prevent industrial technology leakages, but it is still annually increasing. Especia lly, in 60.8% cases of technology leakages by insiders are done by using memory devices. Which makes digital forensic necessary in order to detect such incidents. However, problems such as shortage of man power, matters of procedure, and vast amount of digital evidence, delay fact-finding and damage restoration. This study introduces the company's digital forensic system designed for corporations which will help them obtaining digital evidences in a prompt and accurate way. This study suggests that institutes should regularly backup their datas so that they would have sufficient information to analyze incidents. Al so, it proposes companies to acquire consent from their insiders before incident s happen in order to have access to suspects' digital devices and forensic it in a legal way. Furthermore, we have analyzed signs of technology leakages based on privious studies and introduced lawful means for corporates to respond to technology leakage and evidence collecting to prevent from possible disputes.
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Choi, Gyeung Ho, Seong Keun Shin, Seok Choun Bae, Yong Jong Chung, and Sung Bin Han. "Effects of injector leakage on liquid propane injection engine performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x11149.
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This study aims to provide basic technical information for research regarding starting performance improvement by using a 2.656 cm3 V6 liquid propane injection engine to study the effects of varying the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) leakage on starting performance and to analyse the effects of such leakage on emission characteristics. To determine the LPG injection amount that corresponds to the desired LPG leakage, 1–30 l was injected to find the critical point and, since the injected fuel was detected at the intake starting from 5.5 l, starting performance comparisons of engine speed and exhaust gases were made at 0 l, 1 l, 2 l, 3 l, 4 l, 5 l, and 6 l by measuring the desired value five times and taking the average. Also, to study the effects of a small leak, the starting performance was tested while injecting 0 l, 0.2 l, 0.4 l, 0.6 l, 0.8 l, and 1 l. The major conclusions of this work are as follows: The results of determining the critical point of starting delay for LPG leakages of 1–30 l show that the critical point is 21 l and 14 cycles. For LPG leakages of 1–6 l, the starting time and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) increases with increasing LPG leakage. At LPG leakage of 0.2 l, the starting time is much faster at 1 cycle, but unburned HC increases with increasing LPG leakage.
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Huang, Shou Qing, Shuang Fu Suo, Kai Bing Du, Yong Jian Li, and Yu Ming Wang. "Study on a Type of Low-Leakage Brush Seal Porous Media Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.345.
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Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been employed to calculate the pressure, flow distributions and leakage of brush seal by using Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) method and two-dimensional axisymmetric anisotropic porous medium model. The leakage in brush seal with radial clearance has a marked increase compared with contact brush seal. The leakages of brush seal with different radial clearances have been investigated comparing contact brush seal. A type ofretaining ring structure has been employedto reduce the leakage on radial clearance condition. Also the disturbance effect of retaining ring on bristle pack has been studied.
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Zheng, Leqian, Lei Xu, Cong Wang, Sheng Wang, Yuke Hu, Zhan Qin, Feifei Li, and Kui Ren. "SWAT: A System-Wide Approach to Tunable Leakage Mitigation in Encrypted Data Stores." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 17, no. 10 (June 2024): 2445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3675034.3675038.
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Numerous studies have underscored the significant privacy risks associated with various leakage patterns in encrypted data stores. While many solutions have been proposed to mitigate these leakages, they either (1) incur substantial overheads, (2) focus on specific subsets of leakage patterns, or (3) apply the same security notion across various workloads, thereby impeding the attainment of fine-tuned privacy-efficiency trade-offs. In light of various detrimental leakage patterns, this paper starts with an investigation into which specific leakage patterns require our focus in the contexts of key-value, range-query, and dynamic workloads, respectively. Subsequently, we introduce new security notions tailored to the specific privacy requirements of these workloads. Accordingly, we propose and instantiate Swat, an efficient construction that progressively enables these workloads, while provably mitigating system-wide leakage via a suite of algorithms with tunable privacy-efficiency trade-offs. We conducted extensive experiments and compiled a detailed result analysis, showing the efficiency of our solution. Swat is about an order of magnitude slower than an encryption-only data store that reveals various leakage patterns and is two orders of magnitude faster than a trivial zero-leakage solution. Meanwhile, the performance of Swat remains highly competitive compared to other designs that mitigate specific types of leakage.
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Wu, Bujiao, Xiaoyang Wang, Xiao Yuan, Cupjin Huang, and Jianxin Chen. "Leakage Benchmarking for Universal Gate Sets." Entropy 26, no. 1 (January 13, 2024): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26010071.
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Errors are common issues in quantum computing platforms, among which leakage is one of the most-challenging to address. This is because leakage, i.e., the loss of information stored in the computational subspace to undesired subspaces in a larger Hilbert space, is more difficult to detect and correct than errors that preserve the computational subspace. As a result, leakage presents a significant obstacle to the development of fault-tolerant quantum computation. In this paper, we propose an efficient and accurate benchmarking framework called leakage randomized benchmarking (LRB), for measuring leakage rates on multi-qubit quantum systems. Our approach is more insensitive to state preparation and measurement (SPAM) noise than existing leakage benchmarking protocols, requires fewer assumptions about the gate set itself, and can be used to benchmark multi-qubit leakages, which has not been achieved previously. We also extended the LRB protocol to an interleaved variant called interleaved LRB (iLRB), which can benchmark the average leakage rate of generic n-site quantum gates with reasonable noise assumptions. We demonstrate the iLRB protocol on benchmarking generic two-qubit gates realized using flux tuning and analyzed the behavior of iLRB under corresponding leakage models. Our numerical experiments showed good agreement with the theoretical estimations, indicating the feasibility of both the LRB and iLRB protocols.
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Gupta, Aditya Dinesh, Neeraj Bokde, Dushyat Marathe, and Kishore Kulat. "Optimization techniques for leakage management in urban water distribution networks." Water Supply 17, no. 6 (April 17, 2017): 1638–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.064.
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Abstract Reduction of leakages in water distribution systems (WDSs) is one of the major concerns for water industries. This paper presents a leakage reduction technique using pressure management by optimizing the water level in storage tanks, along with optimized control and localization of pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) in WDSs. A new mathematical tank and pump simulation algorithm is presented for controlling pressure in WDSs, by optimizing the water storage level in the tank depending upon the demand variations. The tank is used as a decision variable for the leakage reduction model. A modified reference pressure algorithm is introduced for improving PRV localization. A multiobjective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to find the optimized operational control setting of the PRV for leakage minimization. The proposed algorithm leads to a leakage reduction of 26.51% in Anytown WDS and 20.81% in a modified benchmark WDS. This technique leads to an appreciable reduction in leakage rate, with fewer PRVs required, taking into account constraints such as maintaining a lower hydraulic failure index (&lt;0.01), emergency storage, etc. It can be concluded that the proposed novel leakage reduction technique provides a more cost effective and efficient solution for leakage control.
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Boniface, Adoyi, A. Y. Nasir, and A. M. Hassan. "Arduino based gas leakage and temperature monitoring and control system." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v9i3.pp171-178.
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<span lang="EN-US">Gas leakage is a major problem with industrial sectors, residential premises and gas powered vehicles like CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) buses etc. One of the preventive methods to stop accidents associated with the gas leakage is to install a gas leakage detection device at vulnerable places. The aim of this project is to develop such a device that can automatically detect and control gas leakages and also monitor temperature in vulnerable areas. The system detects the leakage of the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) using a gas sensor and then also monitors the temperature using a temperature sensor. When the LPG concentration in the air exceeds a certain level, the gas sensor senses the gas leakage and the output of the sensor goes LOW, the system then opens the exit windows, and then uses the GSM to alert the person about the gas leakage via SMS. Also, when the temperature of the environment exceeds a certain limit, it then turns ON the LED (indicator) and make an alarm through the buzzer. An LCD (16x2) displays the current temperature and gas leakage status in degree Celsius and PPM respectively.</span>
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Hou and Zhu. "An EKF-Based Method and Experimental Study for Small Leakage Detection and Location in Natural Gas Pipelines." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 5, 2019): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153193.
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Small leaks in natural gas pipelines are hard to detect, and there are few studies on this problem in the literature. In this paper, a method based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is proposed to detect and locate small leaks in natural gas pipelines. First, the method of a characteristic line is used to establish a discrete model of transient pipeline flow. At the same time, according to the basic idea of EKF, a leakage rate is distributed to each segment of the discrete model to obtain a model with virtual multi-point leakage. As such, the virtual leakage rate becomes a component of the state variables in the model. Secondly, system noise and measurement noise are considered, and the optimal hydraulic factors such as leakage rate are estimated using EKF. Finally, by using the idea of an equivalent pipeline, the actual leakage rate is calculated and the location of leakage on the pipeline is assessed. Simulation and experimental results show that this method can consistently predict the leakage rate and location and is sensitive to small leakages in a natural gas pipeline.
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Shi, Xin, Yi Cao, Chuanxin Rong, Gangjian An, Houliang Wang, and Linzhao Cui. "Influence of Pipeline Leakage on the Ground Settlement around the Tunnel during Shield Tunneling." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 16802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416802.
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Shield tunneling is widely used in urban subway tunnel construction. Old urban underground pipelines generally have small leakages that are difficult to find. The water leakage significantly reduces the stability of the stratum, posing a threat to the safety of tunnel shield construction. Therefore, this study established 2D and 3D calculation models for analyzing the law of the leakage diffusion in the ground under water pressure, and the influences of the pipeline leakage range and leakage length on the changes in ground settlement during shield tunneling. The 2D model calculation results show that seepage water mainly diffuses vertically under gravity. As the pipeline leakage gradually reaches a predetermined depth, the simulation results tend to be consistent with the test results. The 3D model is more accurate than the theoretical solution in predicting the ground settlement because it can consider the influences of repeated disturbances in twin tunnel shield construction. The maximum ground surface settlement increases with the extent of the leakage length and leakage range, and the range is the main factor determining the settlement. At the interior of the ground, the seepage water has a greater impact on areas with strong disturbances and large soil losses.
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Zhang, Huijie, Maoliang Shen, Zhonggang Huo, Yibin Zhang, Longyong Shu, and Yang Li. "Research on Gas Drainage Pipeline Leakage Detection and Localization Based on the Pressure Gradient Method." Processes 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2024): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12081590.
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Pipeline leakage seriously threatens the efficient and safe gas drainage in coal mines. To achieve the accurate detection and localization of gas drainage pipeline leakages, this study proposes a gas drainage pipeline leakage detection and localization approach based on the pressure gradient method. Firstly, the basic law of gas flow in the drainage pipeline was analyzed, and a pipeline network resistance correction formula was deduced based on the pressure gradient method. Then, a drainage pipeline model was established based on the realizable k-ε turbulence model, and the pressure and flow velocity distribution during pipeline leakage under different leakage degrees, leakage locations, and pipeline negative pressures were simulated and analyzed, thus verifying the feasibility of the pipeline leakage detection and localization method. It is concluded that the positioning errors of pipeline leakage points under different leakage degrees, different leakage positions, and different pipeline negative pressures were 0.88~1.08%, 0.88~1.49%, and 0.68~0.88%, respectively. Finally, field tests were conducted in the highly located drainage roadway 8421 of the Fifth Mine of Yangquan Coal Industry Group to verify the accuracy of the proposed pipeline leakage detection and localization method, and the relative error was about 8.2%. The results show that with increased pipeline leakage hole diameters, elevated pipeline negative pressures, and closer leakage positions to the pipeline center, the relative localization error was smaller, the localization accuracy was higher, and the stability was greater. The research results could lay the foundation for the fault diagnosis and localization of coal mine gas drainage pipeline networks and provide technical support for safe and efficient coal mine gas drainage.
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Parrilla, Claudio, Ylenia Longobardi, Jacopo Galli, Mario Rigante, Gaetano Paludetti, Francesco Bussu, and Emanuele Scarano. "Periprosthetic Leakage in Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis: Proposal of a Standardized Therapeutic Algorithm." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 165, no. 3 (January 5, 2021): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599820983343.
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Objective Periprosthetic leakage represents the most demanding long-term complication in the voice prosthesis rehabilitation. The aim of this article is to discuss the various causes of periprosthetic leakage and to propose a systematic management algorithm. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Otolaryngology clinic of the University Polyclinic A. Gemelli–IRCCS Foundation. Methods The study included 115 patients with voice prosthesis who were treated from December 2014 to December 2019. All patients who experienced periprosthetic leakage were treated with the same step-by-step therapeutic approach until it was successful. Incidence, management, and success rate of every attempt are analyzed and discussed. Results Periprosthetic leakage was reported 330 times by 82 patients in 1374 clinic accesses. Radiotherapy, timing of tracheoesophageal puncture, and type of total laryngectomy (primary or salvage) did not influence the incidence of periprosthetic leakage. Salvage total laryngectomy increases the risk of more clinically relevant leakages. Conclusion By using a systematic algorithm with a step-by-step standardized approach, periprosthetic leakage management could become a less treacherous issue.
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Wong, Wai Peng, Hwee Chin Tan, Kim Hua Tan, and Ming-Lang Tseng. "Human factors in information leakage: mitigation strategies for information sharing integrity." Industrial Management & Data Systems 119, no. 6 (July 8, 2019): 1242–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-12-2018-0546.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the human factors triggering information leakage and investigate how companies mitigate insider threat for information sharing integrity. Design/methodology/approach The methodology employed is multiple case studies approach with in-depth interviews with five multinational enterprises (MNEs)/multinational corporations (MNCs). Findings The findings reveal that information leakage can be approached with human governance mechanism such as organizational ethical climate and information security culture. Besides, higher frequency of leakages negatively affects information sharing integrity. Moreover, this paper also contributes to a research framework which could be a guide to overcome information leakage issue in information sharing. Research limitations/implications The current study involved MNCs/MNEs operating in Malaysia, while companies in other countries may have different ethical climate and information sharing culture. Thus, for future research, it will be good to replicate the study in a larger geographic region to verify the findings and insights of this research. Practical implications This research contributes to the industry and business that are striving toward solving the mounting problem of information leakage by raising awareness of human factors and to take appropriate mitigating governance strategies to pre-empt information leakage. This paper also contributes to a novel theoretical model that characterizes the iniquities of humans in sharing information, and suggests measures which could be a guide to avert disruptive leakages. Originality/value This paper is likely an unprecedented research in molding human governance in the domain of information sharing and its Achilles’ heel which is information leakage.
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Yang, Mingjun, Rui Jiang, Xinyuan Wu, and Zhongzhi Hu. "Numerical Estimation of Gas Release and Dispersion from a Submarine Pipeline." Processes 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2023): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041076.
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Submarine pipeline gas releases and dispersions can cause safety concerns such as fire and explosion, which can cause serious casualties and property losses. There are many existing studies on the impacts of the horizontal diffusion distances of natural gas leakages from subsea pipelines, but there is a lack of research on the impact of influencing factors on vertical diffusion distances. Therefore, a diffusion model of natural gas leakage from a submarine pipeline is established by using the computational fluid dynamics method (CFD). The influence law and degrees of factors such as water depth at the leakage point, leak orifice size, leak pressure and the ocean current’s velocity on the leakages and vertical diffusion distances of natural gases from submarine pipelines are systematically investigated. The results show that the leaked natural gas jet enters the sea water to form an air mass, which rises continuously under the action of the pressure in the pipe and the buoyancy of the sea water. The gas mass breaks into smaller bubbles affected by the interaction between the gas–liquid two phases and continues to float up and diffuse to the overflow surface. It is also found that the ocean current’s velocity will affect the offset of leakage gas along the current direction; the depth of the leakage water, the pressure in the pipe and the leakage aperture will affect the time when the gas reaches the sea surface and the release area after a submarine pipeline’s leakage. The research results would help to support risk assessments and response planning of potential subsea gas release accidents.
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Gupta, A., N. Bokde, D. Marathe, and K. Kulat. "Leakage Reduction in Water Distribution Systems with Efficient Placement and Control of Pressure Reducing Valves Using Soft Computing Techniques." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 2 (April 24, 2017): 1528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1032.
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Reduction of leakages in a water distribution system (WDS) is one of the major concerns of water industries. Leakages depend on pressure, hence installing pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in the water network is a successful techniques for reducing leakages. Determining the number of valves, their locations, and optimal control setting are the challenges faced. This paper presents a new algorithm-based rule for determining the location of valves in a WDS having a variable demand pattern, which results in more favorable optimization of PRV localization than that caused by previous techniques. A multiobjective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to determine the optimized control value of PRVs and to minimize the leakage rate in the WDS. Minimum required pressure was maintained at all nodes to avoid pressure deficiency at any node. Proposed methodology is applied in a benchmark WDS and after using PRVs, the average leakage rate was reduced by 6.05 l/s (20.64%), which is more favorable than the rate obtained with the existing techniques used for leakage control in the WDS. Compared with earlier studies, a lower number of PRVs was required for optimization, thus the proposed algorithm tends to provide a more cost-effective solution. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm leads to more favorable optimized localization and control of PRV with improved leakage reduction rate.
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Ahmed, Safuriyawu, Frédéric Le Mouël, Nicolas Stouls, and Gislain Lipeme Kouyi. "Development and Analysis of a Distributed Leak Detection and Localisation System for Crude Oil Pipelines." Sensors 23, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 4298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094298.
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Crude oil leakages and spills (OLS) are some of the problems attributed to pipeline failures in the oil and gas industry’s midstream sector. Consequently, they are monitored via several leakage detection and localisation techniques (LDTs) comprising classical methods and, recently, Internet of Things (IoT)-based systems via wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Although the latter techniques are proven to be more efficient, they are susceptible to other types of failures such as high false alarms or single point of failure (SPOF) due to their centralised implementations. Therefore, in this work, we present a hybrid distributed leakage detection and localisation technique (HyDiLLEch), which combines multiple classical LDTs. The technique is implemented in two versions, a single-hop and a double-hop version. The evaluation of the results is based on the resilience to SPOFs, the accuracy of detection and localisation, and communication efficiency. The results obtained from the placement strategy and the distributed spatial data correlation include increased sensitivity to leakage detection and localisation and the elimination of the SPOF related to the centralised LDTs by increasing the number of node-detecting and localising (NDL) leakages to four and six in the single-hop and double-hop versions, respectively. In addition, the accuracy of leakages is improved from 0 to 32 m in nodes that were physically close to the leakage points while keeping the communication overhead minimal.
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Gupta, A., N. Bokde, D. Marathe, and K. Kulat. "Leakage Reduction in Water Distribution Systems with Efficient Placement and Control of Pressure Reducing Valves Using Soft Computing Techniques." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 2 (April 24, 2017): 1528–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.571289.
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Reduction of leakages in a water distribution system (WDS) is one of the major concerns of water industries. Leakages depend on pressure, hence installing pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in the water network is a successful techniques for reducing leakages. Determining the number of valves, their locations, and optimal control setting are the challenges faced. This paper presents a new algorithm-based rule for determining the location of valves in a WDS having a variable demand pattern, which results in more favorable optimization of PRV localization than that caused by previous techniques. A multiobjective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to determine the optimized control value of PRVs and to minimize the leakage rate in the WDS. Minimum required pressure was maintained at all nodes to avoid pressure deficiency at any node. Proposed methodology is applied in a benchmark WDS and after using PRVs, the average leakage rate was reduced by 6.05 l/s (20.64%), which is more favorable than the rate obtained with the existing techniques used for leakage control in the WDS. Compared with earlier studies, a lower number of PRVs was required for optimization, thus the proposed algorithm tends to provide a more cost-effective solution. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm leads to more favorable optimized localization and control of PRV with improved leakage reduction rate.
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Palm, Hans-Georg, Patricia Lang, Madlen Haentzsch, Benedikt Friemert, Carsten Hackenbroch, and Hans-Joachim Riesner. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Fluoroscopy, Radiography, and Computed Tomography in Detecting Cement Leakage in Kyphoplasty." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery 79, no. 06 (May 7, 2018): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641734.
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Purpose Cement leakage is a typical complication of kyphoplasty for vertebral fractures. It is unclear if cement application intraoperatively can be improved by using other techniques of visualization and which kind of postoperative imaging should be recommended to detect cement extravasation accurately. Objective To compare the rates of cement leakage detected by intraoperative fluoroscopy, postoperative radiography, and postoperative computed tomography (CT) in a retrospective study. Patients and Methods The study included 78 patients (60 women and 18 men; 115 vertebral bodies) who were treated with two kinds of kyphoplasty. The patients underwent intraoperative fluoroscopy and postoperative radiography and CT. After surgery, the images were evaluated to compare cement leakage rates and locations in the three visualization techniques. Leakage locations were described as epidural, intradiskal, extravertebral, or intravascular. Results Compared with CT, intraoperative fluoroscopy regularly detected intradiskal leakage (75%) but had a considerably lower sensitivity for visualizing epidural (21%), extravertebral (31%), and intravascular (51%) cement leakages. A comparison of radiography and CT showed that radiography had a high sensitivity for detecting intradiskal (82%) and intravascular (70%) cement extrusions but a lower sensitivity in identifying epidural (42%) and extravertebral (50%) leaks. Therefore, the CT scan overall was best in detecting location and accuracy. Conclusion CT detected more cement leaks than any of the other investigated techniques, especially epidural, extravertebral, and intravascular cement leakages. To achieve the best accuracy, only CT provides complete information.
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Georgy, Bassem. "Comparison Between Radiofrequency Targeted Vertebral Augmentation and Balloon Kyphoplasty in the Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures: Addressing Factors that Affect Cement Extravasation and Distribution." Pain Physician 5;16, no. 5;9 (September 14, 2013): E513—E518. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2013/16/e513.
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Background: Both vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty have been described for treatment of vertebral compression fractures. Vertebroplasty is known for its high leakage rate compared with balloon kyphoplasty. In vitro studies have shown that high-viscosity cements significantly decrease the incidence of cement leakage and increase the predictability of cement fill in cancellous bonelike substrates compared with low-viscosity cements. Objective: This study compares the incidence and pattern of cement leakage in cases treated with standard balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) and a novel vertebral augmentation procedure, radiofrequency targeted vertebral augmentation (RF-TVA). Study Design: Retrospective evaluation of postoperative radiographs. Setting: Single center inpatient and outpatient population. Methods: Two methods of vertebral augmentation were utilized. Conventional bipedicular BKP and RF-TVA, a novel unipedicular technique which uses a navigational osteotome to create targeted, bone sparing cavities and RF energy to deliver an ultra-high viscosity cement at a consistent rate via a remote controlled, automated hydraulic delivery system. Postoperative radiographs of patients treated with the 2 techniques were critically analyzed for the incidence and location of cement leakage. Eighty consecutive patients with 106 treated levels were included. Thirty-five patients with 49 levels in the BKP and 45 patients with 57 levels in RF-TVA group were evaluated. Results: Leakages less than 1-2 mm were not reported since they may not represent any clinical significance. In the BKP group, 6 leakages (12%) were reported (3 discal, 2 venous, one paravaertebral, and no epidural). In the RF-TVA group, a total of 3 leakages (5%) were reported, (one discal, 2 venous, no paravaertebral or epidural). Using contingency analysis for leakage per level, there was a statistical difference for leakage between RF-TVA and standard BKP, P < 0.01. Limitations: Retrospective study, single center. Conclusions: The RF-TVA technique may provide an approximately 50% reduction in leakage rate when compared to standard BKP. This may be related to the combination of controlled delivery of radiofrequency activated (high viscosity) cement at a fixed, low rate of delivery into sitespecific channels created using a navigational osteotome. Additionally, based on the unipedicular access and remotely controlled cement delivery RF-TVA may decrease procedural invasiveness and physician radiation exposure, respectively. Institutional Review: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Key words: Balloon kyphoplasty, radiofrequency targeted vertebral augmentation, compression fractures, cement leakage
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Kim, Jae Hun. "Epidural Blood Patch for the Treatment of Spontaneous and Iatrogenic Orthostatic Headache." Pain Physician 8;19, no. 8;11 (November 14, 2016): E1115—E1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2016.19.e1115.
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Background: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage could be happened spontaneously or related to the procedures such as spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, CSF tapping, intrathecal chemotherapy or other spinal procedures. The leakage of CSF leads to intracranial hypotension of which distinguishing clinical feature is orthostatic headache. The epidural blood patch is a goldstandard treatment for intracranial hypotension-related orthostatic headaches. Objective: We conducted this study to compare the efficacy and number of epidural blood patches for spontaneous and iatrogenic orthostatic headaches. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: University hospital inpatient and outpatient referred to our pain clinic. Methods: Sex, weight, height, cause of orthostatic headache, leakage site evaluation test, epidural blood patch injection level, number of administered epidural blood patches, and pain intensity data were collected. We classified patients into two groups according to the cause of orthostatic headache: spontaneous (Group S) and iatrogenic (Group I). Patients with myelograms were also divided into 2 groups: multiple cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakages and no multiple leakages. Results: Overall, 133 patients (162 procedures) were managed using epidural blood patches. Groups S and I included 34 and 99 patients, respectively. In Group I, 90.9% of the patients achieved complete recovery following a single procedure, whereas 44.1% of Group S patients required repeated procedures. The average number of administered epidural blood patches was significantly higher in Group S (1.48 ± 0.64) than in Group I (1.11 ± 0.35; P = 0.007). Among 23 patients evaluated via myelography, 12 had multiple CSF leakages. Patients with multiple leakages required a significantly higher number of epidural blood patches, compared to patients without multiple leakages (P = 0.023). Limitations: This retrospective study reveals several limitations including insufficient evaluation of CSF leakage site by myelogram and the retrospective nature of the study itself. Conclusions: Most patients with iatrogenic orthostatic headache required a single epidural blood patch, although most did not undergo a myelogram or similar test. Patients with spontaneous orthostatic headache or multiple CSF leakages were more likely to require a repeated epidural blood patch. Key words: CSF leakage, dural puncture, epidural blood patch, intracranial hypotension, orthostatic headache, spinal headache
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Chen, Qiong, Zhizhong Kang, Zhen Cao, Xiaowei Xie, Bowen Guan, Yuxi Pan, and Jia Chang. "Combining Cylindrical Voxel and Mask R-CNN for Automatic Detection of Water Leakages in Shield Tunnel Point Clouds." Remote Sensing 16, no. 5 (March 3, 2024): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16050896.
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Water leakages can affect the safety and durability of shield tunnels, so rapid and accurate identification and diagnosis are urgently needed. However, current leakage detection methods are mostly based on mobile LiDAR data, making it challenging to detect leakage damage in both mobile and terrestrial LiDAR data simultaneously, and the detection results are not intuitive. Therefore, an integrated cylindrical voxel and Mask R-CNN method for water leakage inspection is presented in this paper. This method includes the following three steps: (1) a 3D cylindrical-voxel data organization structure is constructed to transform the tunnel point cloud from disordered to ordered and achieve the projection of a 3D point cloud to a 2D image; (2) automated leakage segmentation and localization is carried out via Mask R-CNN; (3) the segmentation results of water leakage are mapped back to the 3D point cloud based on a cylindrical-voxel structure of shield tunnel point cloud, achieving the expression of water leakage disease in 3D space. The proposed approach can efficiently detect water leakage and leakage not only in mobile laser point cloud data but also in ground laser point cloud data, especially in processing its curved parts. Additionally, it achieves the visualization of water leakage in shield tunnels in 3D space, making the water leakage results more intuitive. Experimental validation is conducted based on the MLS and TLS point cloud data collected in Nanjing and Suzhou, respectively. Compared with the current commonly used detection method, which combines cylindrical projection and Mask R-CNN, the proposed method can achieve water leakage detection and 3D visualization in different tunnel scenarios, and the accuracy of water leakage detection of the method in this paper has improved by nearly 10%.
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Aggestam, Lena. "Knowledge Leakage when SMEs Participate in Supply Chains." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 7, no. 3 (July 2016): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2016070103.
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The advantages of sharing knowledge when participating in a Supply Chain (SC) are well established in the literature, but the challenge of knowledge leakage, and how to manage it, is still in its infancy. In order to increase the understanding of knowledge leakage, when SMEs participate in SCs, this study describes types of knowledge that may leak away, how they are valued, and how knowledge leakage can occur. The result includes two frameworks that also have shown to be potentially useful for examining the maturity of a specific SME with regard to knowledge leakages when participating in the SC.