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Journal articles on the topic 'Leakage quantification'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 1 June 2024

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1

Meland, E., N. F. Thornhill, E. Lunde, and M. Rasmussen. "Quantification of valve leakage rates." AIChE Journal 58, no. 4 (May 6, 2011): 1181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.12630.

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2

Rutsch, M., J. Rieckermann, and P. Krebs. "Quantification of sewer leakage: a review." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2006): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.616.

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One of the goals of the APUSS project (assessing infiltration and exfiltration on the performance of urban sewer systems) is to assess sewer exfiltration, in order to support cities and operators to define problem-oriented rehabilitation strategies. In this paper, we review various methods currently used for the estimation of exfiltration and discuss data needs and applicability for rehabilitation planning. Although each approach has its individual advantages and drawbacks, we identified pressure tests and tracer methods to have the highest potential for decision support in rehabilitation planning. With regard to future challenges (e.g. micropollutants) such methods might play a key role in integrated sewer management.
3

Hafner, Sasha D., Charlotte Rennuit, Palle J. Olsen, and Johanna M. Pedersen. "Quantification of leakage in batch biogas assays." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.012.

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Abstract Avoiding leaks is essential for accurate measurement of biogas production by batch assays. Here we present a simple method for detecting leaks and correcting results, based on the change in bottle mass during incubation. Three experiments were carried out using pure chemicals, wastewater sludge, and other complex substrates to test and demonstrate the method, and leaks were detected in all three. The frequency and magnitude of leakage was related to headspace pressure and the number of times bottle septa had been punctured. Comparison to an independent estimate of leakage in two experiments showed that the proposed method is accurate. This mass-based approach can generally be used to detect leaks as small as 20% of total biogas or methane production, or lower when biogas production is high relative to the precision of mass measurements. Additional research is needed to improve the sensitivity of the method and to better understand the causes of leakage. Given the potential importance of leaks and the simplicity of leakage measurements, we recommend that this method is always used in batch biogas assays.
4

Henders, Sabine, and Madelene Ostwald. "Forest Carbon Leakage Quantification Methods and Their Suitability for Assessing Leakage in REDD." Forests 3, no. 1 (January 16, 2012): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f3010033.

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5

Zong, Fu Xing, Ai She Shui, and Hui Wang. "Influence Factors Analysis of Oil Depot Valve Internal Leakage Quantitative Inspection Using Acoustic Emission." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1318.

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This paper aims at the oil depot valve internal leakage quantitative inspection using acoustic emission. On the basis of giving the valve internal leakage quantitative model, the main factors which effected quantification of leakage rates are theoretical analyzed and the relative error estimation model is presented. The influence of main factors on the accuracy of leakage quantitative model and the correctness of the relative error estimation model are verified by experiments. Finally, research mentality on how to improve leakage quantitative model is proposed.
6

CLARKSON, MICHAEL R., and FRED B. SCHNEIDER. "Quantification of integrity." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 25, no. 2 (November 10, 2014): 207–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129513000595.

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Three integrity measures are introduced: contamination, channel suppression and program suppression. Contamination is a measure of how much untrusted information reaches trusted outputs; it is the dual of leakage, which is a measure of information-flow confidentiality. Channel suppression is a measure of how much information about inputs to a noisy channel is missing from the channel outputs. And program suppression is a measure of how much information about the correct output of a program is lost because of attacker influence and implementation errors. Program and channel suppression do not have interesting confidentiality duals. As a case study, a quantitative relationship between integrity, confidentiality and database privacy is examined.
7

Dudic, Slobodan, Ivana Ignjatovic, Dragan Seslija, Vladislav Blagojevic, and Miodrag Stojiljkovic. "Leakage quantification of compressed air on pipes using thermovision." Thermal Science 16, suppl. 2 (2012): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120503191d.

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Nondestructive testing methods are increasingly in use. With these methods it is possible to obtain the desired information about the system, without altering or damaging it in any way. This paper examines the possibilities of applying these methods in the quantification of losses incurred by leaking of compressed air from the system in the terms of increasing energy efficiency of the system. The emphasis is on the application of ultrasound detector and IR (infrared) thermographic camera. The potentials and limitations of these technologies are analyzed for leakage quantification on a steel pipe in compressed air systems, as well as the reliability and accuracy of the results thus obtained.
8

Prigiobbe, V., and M. Giulianelli. "Quantification of sewer leakage by a continuous tracer method." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.639.

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Water authorities interested in the evaluation of the structural state of a sewer must quantify leakage to plan strategic intervention. However, the quantification of the exfiltration and the localisation of structural damage are challenging tasks that usually require expensive and time-consuming inspections. Herein, we report one of the first applications of the QUEST-C method to quantify the exfiltration in a continuously operating sewer by dosing two chemical tracers, sodium bromide (NaBr) and lithium chloride (LiCl). The method was applied at the catchment scale in a 14-year-old sewer in Rome, Italy. Preliminary laboratory tests, field measurements, and numerical simulations showed that reliable results require the QUEST-C method to be applied to sewers without lateral inflows, during periods of quasi-steady flow, and that the travel time of the NaBr tracer is minimised. Three sewer reaches were tested and the estimated exfiltration, as a fraction of the dry weather flow (DWF), increased from 0.128 in the agricultural area to 0.208 in the urban area. Although our estimates are at the lower end of the range given in the literature (0.01–0.56 DWF), the exfiltration was not negligible, and interventions should focus on the sewers in urban areas. This illustrates the capability of the QUEST-C method to guide strategic intervention at low cost and without an interruption of sewer operation. However, careful interpretation of the results is recommended for sewers with many lateral inflows, where leakage may be overestimated.
9

Park, Jooyoung, Ju-Won Kim, Byoungjoon Yu, and Seunghee Park. "Magnetic Flux Leakage based Damage Quantification of Steel Bar." Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7734/coseik.2017.30.1.63.

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10

Michaïlesco, Pierre M., J. Valcarcel, Andrew R. Grieve, B. Levallois, and Dan Lerner. "Bacterial leakage in endodontics: An improved method for quantification." Journal of Endodontics 22, no. 10 (October 1996): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(96)80013-6.

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11

Gao, Pengfei, Hao Geng, Lijian Yang, and Yuming Su. "Research on the Forward Solving Method of Defect Leakage Signal Based on the Non-Uniform Magnetic Charge Model." Sensors 23, no. 13 (July 7, 2023): 6221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136221.

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Pipeline magnetic flux leakage inspection is widely used in the evaluation of material defect detection due to its advantages of having no coupling agent and easy implementation. The quantification of defect size is an important part of magnetic flux leakage testing. Defects of different geometrical dimensions produce signal waveforms with different characteristics after excitation. The key to achieving defect quantification is an accurate description of the relationship between the magnetic leakage signal and the size. In this paper, a calculation model for solving the defect leakage field based on the non-uniform magnetic charge distribution of magnetic dipoles is developed. Based on the traditional uniformly distributed magnetic charge model, the magnetic charge density distribution model is improved. Considering the variation of magnetic charge density with different depth positions, the triaxial signal characteristics of the defect are obtained by vector synthesis calculation. Simultaneous design of excitation pulling experiment. The leakage field distribution of rectangular defects with different geometries is analyzed. The experimental results show that the change in defect size will have an impact on the area of the defect leakage field distribution, and the larger the length and wider the width of the defect, the more sensitive the impact on the leakage field distribution. The solution model is consistent with the experimentally obtained leakage signal distribution law, and the model is a practical guide by which to improve the quality of defect evaluation.
12

Kim, Ju-Won, and Seunghee Park. "Magnetic flux leakage–based local damage detection and quantification for steel wire rope non-destructive evaluation." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 17 (August 1, 2017): 3396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17721038.

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A magnetic flux leakage method was applied to detect damage when inspecting steel wire rope. A multi-channel magnetic flux leakage sensor head was fabricated using Hall sensors and permanent magnets to adapt to the wire rope. Three types of artificial damage were created on a wire rope specimen. The magnetic flux leakage sensor head scanned the damaged specimen to measure the magnetic flux density while the damage was expanding in three steps. Signal processing processes including the enveloping process based on Hilbert transform were performed to clarify the flux leakage signal due to the damage. The enveloped signals were then analyzed for objective damage detection by comparing with the threshold value. For improvement of quantitative analysis, three types of new damage indexes that utilize the relationship between the enveloped magnetic flux leakage signal and the threshold value were additionally proposed. By using the proposed damage indexes and the general damage indexes for the magnetic flux leakage method, the detected magnetic flux leakage signals from each damage type were quantified. The trends of the extracted damage indexes according to damage levels were analyzed to examine the applicability and reliability of the proposed damage indexes for the magnetic flux leakage based wire rope inspection.
13

Qiu, Huiyang, Rui Hu, Yong Huang, and Willis Gwenzi. "Detection and Quantification of Dam Leakages Based on Tracer Tests: A Field Case Study." Water 14, no. 9 (May 1, 2022): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091448.

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Leakage is a common phenomenon in dams, and its early detection is critical for dam safety. In the present study, a new method based on tracer tests is applied to detect and quantify leakage in the Wanyao Dam, Jiangshan City, China. The objective is to detect the leakage zone of a dam wall by combining the natural tracer test and the artificial tracer test. Temperature, electrical well-logging tests with nature tracers, and the artificial tracer test with salt (NaCl) were conducted using 48 and 5 pre-existing boreholes, respectively. Using natural tracer tests, the 48 boreholes are categorized into 4 leakage classes: (1) Class 1, high connectivity within whole borehole; (2) Class 2 high connectivity at lower depths; (3) Class 3, weaken connectivity; and (4) Class 4, safe boreholes with no connectivity. Using the proposed method, specific leakage rates of some boreholes were estimated. The results of the new method are validated by comparison with those from natural tracer tests, site-investigation, and historical observation data. Overall, the new tracer test has the following merits: (1) low cost, (2) environment friendliness, and (3) is simple to apply. Moreover, the proposed method improves the accuracy of traditional tracer tests for detecting leakage zones.
14

Hu, Junhui, Eirik Ogner Jåstad, Torjus Folsland Bolkesjø, and Per Kristian Rørstad. "The Quantification and Tracing of Leakage in the Forest Sector in Nordic Countries." Forests 15, no. 2 (January 29, 2024): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15020254.

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This study examines production leakage in four Nordic countries and its impact on industries and the global market. Using a Forest Sector Model, we analyze the effects of changing the harvest and find the leakage of roundwood harvest to range from 61% to 76% in Norway, 59% to 81% in Sweden, 57% to 89% in Finland, and 59% to 106% in Denmark. Notably, trade with other parts of the world absorbs over 50% of roundwood harvest changes in a Nordic country, with Norway exhibiting distinct trade patterns compared to Finland and Sweden. Compared to prior findings, sawnwood production leakage is smaller, underscoring the necessity for the refined modeling of non-Nordic countries. Importantly, our findings contribute insights into forest industries, leakage, and global trade dynamics, relevant to the Nordic context and having broader implications for globally interconnected countries.
15

Yoo, Do, Joo Lee, and Bo Lee. "Comparative Study of Hydraulic Simulation Techniques for Water Supply Networks under Earthquake Hazard." Water 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020333.

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Water supply facilities such as waterworks systems are facilities that supply residential and industrial water essential for humans to live and it is essential for these facilities to be prepared for earthquake hazards. In the present study, new hydraulic analysis procedures that can complement problems in existing model were proposed for performance quantification under seismic hazards. Detailed procedures for estimating the serviceability of water supply networks using pressure dependent demand (PDD) and pressure dependent leakage (PDL) techniques were proposed. The developed methodologies can simulate many pipe leakage and breakage situations more realistically. The methodologies were applied to representative pipe networks to investigate the models and new performance quantification indicators were additionally presented. The developed models are judged to be usable as a basic tool finding for guidelines because they can simultaneously quantify the amount of leakage calculated from the viewpoint of suppliers as well as the water availability of consumers when an earthquake hazard has occurred.
16

Jansen, Sanne M., Daniel M. de Bruin, Leah S. Wilk, Mark I. van Berge Henegouwen, Simon D. Strackee, Suzanne S. Gisbertz, Ed T. van Bavel, and Ton G. van Leeuwen. "Quantitative Fluorescence Imaging of Perfusion—An Algorithm to Predict Anastomotic Leakage." Life 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020249.

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This study tests fluorescence imaging-derived quantitative parameters for perfusion evaluation of the gastric tube during surgery and correlates these parameters with patient outcomes in terms of anastomotic leakage. Poor fundus perfusion is seen as a major factor for the development of anastomotic leakage and strictures. Fluorescence perfusion imaging may reduce the incidence of complications. Parameters for the quantification of the fluorescence signal are still lacking. Quantitative parameters in terms of maximal intensity, mean slope and influx timepoint were tested for significant differences between four perfusion areas of the gastric tube in 22 patients with a repeated ANOVA test. These parameters were compared with patient outcomes. Maximal intensity, mean slope and influx timepoint were significantly different between the base of the gastric tube and the fundus (p < 0.0001). Patients who developed anastomotic leakage showed a mean slope of almost 0 in Location 4. The distance of the demarcation of ICG to the fundus was significantly higher in the three patients who developed anastomotic leakage (p < 0.0001). This study presents quantitative intra-operative perfusion imaging with fluorescence. Quantification of the fluorescence signal allows for early risk stratification of necrosis.
17

CAIN, JAMES E., HOWARD G. ROSENTHAL, MICHAEL J. BROOM, EDWARD C. JAUCH, DEBORAH A. BOREK, and RAE R. JACOBS. "Quantification of Leakage Pressures After Durotomy Repairs in the Canine." Spine 15, no. 9 (September 1990): 969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199009000-00024.

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18

Dudić, Slobodan, Ivana Ignjatović, Dragan Šešlija, Vladislav Blagojević, and Miodrag Stojiljković. "Leakage quantification of compressed air using ultrasound and infrared thermography." Measurement 45, no. 7 (August 2012): 1689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2012.04.019.

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19

Johannes van den Heever, Dawid, and Gerard Tiernan. "Quantification of Bypass Leakage in Filter Holders with Cyclone Elutriators." AIHAJ 60, no. 4 (July 1999): 545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1202/0002-8894(1999)060<0545:qoblif>2.0.co;2.

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20

Korre, Anna, Claire E. Imrie, Franz May, Stan E. Beaubien, Vincent Vandermeijer, Sergio Persoglia, Lars Golmen, Hubert Fabriol, and Tim Dixon. "Quantification techniques for potential CO2 leakage from geological storage sites." Energy Procedia 4 (2011): 3413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.265.

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21

Heever, Dawid Johannes van den, and Gerard Tiernan. "Quantification of Bypass Leakage in Filter Holders with Cyclone Elutriators." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 60, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028899908984477.

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22

Tulach, Ales, Miroslav Mynarz, and Milada Kozubkova. "Study of Distribution and Quantification of Flammable Gas in Confined Space." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2097.

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The contribution deals with leakage of natural gas from domestic low-pressure piping. Spreading of the leaked natural gas in the confined space is deals with and the areas are defined where local hazardous concentrations are formed. Mathematical CFD models provide broad overview of spreading of natural gas, in dependence on the elapsed time from the start of leakage. The contribution should improve the understanding of spreading and distribution of mixture of gaseous fuels in confined spaces, and thus leads to significant reduction of the risk of occurrence of fire or explosion or to prevention of these hazards.
23

Zhao, Hanxue, Zhenlin Li, Shenbin Zhu, and Ying Yu. "Valve Internal Leakage Rate Quantification Based on Factor Analysis and Wavelet-BP Neural Network Using Acoustic Emission." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 5544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165544.

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Valve internal leakage is easily found because of various defects resulting from environmental factors and load fluctuation. The timely detection of valve internal leakage is of great significance to the safe operation of pipelines. As an effective means for detecting valve internal leakage, the acoustic emission technique is characterized by nonintrusive and strong anti-interference ability, which can realize the in situ monitoring of the valve running status in real time. In this paper, acoustic emission signals from an internal leaking valve were obtained experimentally. Then, the dimensionality reduction technology based on factor analysis was introduced to the processing of valve internal leakage detection data. Next, the wavelet decomposition was carried out to decompose the sample feature set into four subsets. Finally, the decomposed sample feature sets were inputted into the error backpropagation (BP) neural network quantitative model, respectively. The optimized results show that the predicted internal leakage rate by the wavelet-BP neural network model has good precision with an error of less than 10%. The wavelet-BP neural network model can realize the analysis of the valve internal leakage rate quantitatively and has good robustness, which provides technical support and guarantees the safe operation of natural gas pipeline valves.
24

Borowski, Finja, Sebastian Kaule, Jan Oldenburg, Alper Öner, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, and Michael Stiehm. "Quantification of noncircular stent expansion after TAVR into a pathological annulus and its impact on paravalvular leakage." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2152.

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Abstract Patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may suffer severe clinical complications, caused by paravalvular leakage (PVL) which is defined as leakage between TAVR and aortic annulus. PVL is often facilitated by a severely calcified annulus. This limits the expansion of a self-expandable TAVR stent. To assess TAVR performance in terms of leakage, measurement of regurgitation fraction in a pathophysiological annulus is recommended according to ISO 5840. For this purpose, a configuration of a circular annulus with a calcification nodule has been proposed in the recently published ISO 5840. The impact of the proposed pathophysiological annulus model on the expansion of self-expandable TAVR stents and on the regurgitation fraction was investigated in this study. For this purpose, two commercially available selfexpandable TAVRs (Evolut R and Portico) were implanted in a calcified annulus model. Circular expansion of the TAVR stents was investigated based on μCT scans of the implanted TAVR. The calcification-induced area in which retrograde flow can occur during diastole was detected. These results were then compared with the experimentally determined regurgitation fraction obtained from pulse duplicator tests. The results of the μCT scans showed a continuous leakage area in the region of the annulus for the Evolut R compared to a locally larger leakage area of the Portico, which, however, reattaches to the annulus in the distal inflow region. The hydrodynamic measurements confirmed a smaller leakage in the pathological annulus for the Portico. In summary, it can be assumed that a continuous leakage area in the TAVR stent inflow region encourages the PVL of TAVR.
25

Jiang, Alice, Sunil Srivastava, Natalia Figueiredo, Amy Babiuch, Ming Hu, Jamie Reese, and Justis P. Ehlers. "Repeatability of automated leakage quantification and microaneurysm identification utilising an analysis platform for ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314416.

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Background/aimsUltra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) provides unique opportunities for panretinal assessment of retinal diseases. The objective quantification of UWFA features is a labour-intensive manual process, limiting its utility. The present study assesses the consistency/repeatability of an automated assessment platform for the characterisation of retinal vascular features, quantification of microaneurysms (MA) and leakage foci in UWFA images.MethodsAn Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective image analysis study was performed on UWFA images. For each eye, two arteriovenous-phase images and two late-phase images were selected. Automated assessment was performed for retinal vascular features, MA identification and leakage segmentation. Panretinal and zonal assessment of metrics was performed.ResultsThere was a significant correlation between paired time points for retinal vessel area and vessel length on early images (Pearson r=0.92, p<0.0001; Pearson r=0.94, p<0.0001) and late images (Pearson r=0.92, p<0.0001; Pearson r=0.92, p<0.0001, respectively). Panretinal and zonal MA counts demonstrated high repeatability between images (all p<0.0001). Similarly, panretinal leakage area and zonal leakage areas were highly correlated (all p<0.001).ConclusionThis automated algorithm demonstrated very strong intrastudy correlation between paired time points in the same phases of the angiogram for quantifying retinal vascular characteristics, MA count and leakage parameters in UWFA images. These findings suggest significant flexibility in the platform for consistency in evaluating metrics over time and is encouraging for longitudinal assessment opportunities.
26

Lindeberg, Erik, Per Bergmo, Malin Torsæter, and Alv-Arne Grimstad. "Aliso Canyon Leakage as an Analogue for Worst Case CO2 Leakage and Quantification of Acceptable Storage Loss." Energy Procedia 114 (July 2017): 4279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1914.

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27

Solano, Tomas, Chuanxin Ni, Rajat Mittal, and Kourosh Shoele. "Perimeter leakage of face masks and its effect on the mask's efficacy." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 5 (May 2022): 051902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086320.

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Recent studies have shown that the effectiveness of the face masks depends not only on the mask material but also on their fit on faces. The mask porosity and fit dictate the amount of filtered flow and perimeter leakage. Lower porosity is usually associated with better filtration; however, lower porosity results in higher perimeter leakage. The resulting leakage jets generated from different types of faces and different mask porosities are of particular interest. Direct numerical simulations of the flow dynamics of respiratory events while wearing a face mask can be used to quantify the distribution of the perimeter leaks. Here, we present a novel model for porous membranes (i.e., masks) and use it to study the leakage pattern of a fabric face mask on a realistic face obtained from a population study. The reduction in perimeter leakage with higher porosities indicates that there would be an optimal porosity such that the total leakage and maximum leakage velocities are reduced. The current model can be used to inform the quantification of face mask effectiveness and guide future mask designs that reduce or redirect the leakage jets to limit the dispersion of respiratory aerosols.
28

Ma, Cong, Dinghao Wu, Gang Tan, Mahmut Taylan Kandemir, and Danfeng Zhang. "Quantifying and Mitigating Cache Side Channel Leakage with Differential Set." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, OOPSLA2 (October 16, 2023): 1470–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3622850.

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Cache side-channel attacks leverage secret-dependent footprints in CPU cache to steal confidential information, such as encryption keys. Due to the lack of a proper abstraction for reasoning about cache side channels, existing static program analysis tools that can quantify or mitigate cache side channels are built on very different kinds of abstractions. As a consequence, it is hard to bridge advances in quantification and mitigation research. Moreover, existing abstractions lead to imprecise results. In this paper, we present a novel abstraction, called differential set, for analyzing cache side channels at compile time. A distinguishing feature of differential sets is that it allows compositional and precise reasoning about cache side channels. Moreover, it is the first abstraction that carries sufficient information for both side channel quantification and mitigation. Based on this new abstraction, we develop a static analysis tool DSA that automatically quantifies and mitigates cache side channel leakage at the same time. Experimental evaluation on a set of commonly used benchmarks shows that DSA can produce more precise leakage bound as well as mitigated code with fewer memory footprints, when compared with state-of-the-art tools that only quantify or mitigate cache side channel leakage.
29

Tadjer, Amine, and Reidar B. Bratvold. "Managing Uncertainty in Geological CO2 Storage Using Bayesian Evidential Learning." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061557.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been increasingly looking like a promising strategy to reduce CO2 emissions and meet the Paris agreement’s climate target. To ensure that CCS is safe and successful, an efficient monitoring program that will prevent storage reservoir leakage and drinking water contamination in groundwater aquifers must be implemented. However, geologic CO2 sequestration (GCS) sites are not completely certain about the geological properties, which makes it difficult to predict the behavior of the injected gases, CO2 brine leakage rates through wellbores, and CO2 plume migration. Significant effort is required to observe how CO2 behaves in reservoirs. A key question is: Will the CO2 injection and storage behave as expected, and can we anticipate leakages? History matching of reservoir models can mitigate uncertainty towards a predictive strategy. It could prove challenging to develop a set of history matching models that preserve geological realism. A new Bayesian evidential learning (BEL) protocol for uncertainty quantification was released through literature, as an alternative to the model-space inversion in the history-matching approach. Consequently, an ensemble of previous geological models was developed using a prior distribution’s Monte Carlo simulation, followed by direct forecasting (DF) for joint uncertainty quantification. The goal of this work is to use prior models to identify a statistical relationship between data prediction, ensemble models, and data variables, without any explicit model inversion. The paper also introduces a new DF implementation using an ensemble smoother and shows that the new implementation can make the computation more robust than the standard method. The Utsira saline aquifer west of Norway is used to exemplify BEL’s ability to predict the CO2 mass and leakages and improve decision support regarding CO2 storage projects.
30

Harmanci, Arif, and Mark Gerstein. "Quantification of private information leakage from phenotype-genotype data: linking attacks." Nature Methods 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2016): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3746.

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31

Kim, Ju-Won, Byoung-Joon Yu, Young-Seok Kim, Chul Park, and Seunghee Park. "Enveloped Magnetic Flux Leakage Based Local Damages Detection and Quantification Method." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 37, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7779/jksnt.2017.37.6.426.

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32

Yang, Li Jian, Sen Lin Zhang, and Song Wei Gao. "ANSYS Simulation Technology of Pipeline Magnetic Flux Leakage Inspection." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1000–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1000.

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In order to solve the need of the oil and gas pipeline defect quantification in the real-time online defecting, magnetic flux leakage inspection method was applied to oil and gas pipeline inspection. According to the basic theory of the electromagnetic field, finite element solution of electromagnetic field and ANSYS electromagnetic field calculation theory, using the function of ANSYS 's simulation and calculation for magnetic field, three-dimensional finite element model of the oil and gas pipeline defect was built up. Through simulating, the relationship between defect signal and defect size was found, the optimal distance of the hall sensor lift-off value was verified, the best magnetization of leakage magnetic field was discussed, and various factors to influence the magnetic flux leakage signal is analyzed.
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Ross, Felicia H., Terri Spencer, and Steven M. Hollenberg. "SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF LEUKOCYTE ADHESION AND CAPILLARY LEAKAGE IN THE MOUSE MICROVASCULATURE." Shock 19, Supplement (June 2003): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200306001-00225.

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34

Chelliah, Kanthasamy, Ganesh G. Raman, Ralph T. Muehleisen, Hirenkumar Patel, and Eric Tatara. "Building leakage detection and quantification using statistically optimized nearfield acoustic holography technique." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 137, no. 4 (April 2015): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4920491.

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Vermeulen, Mathias, Benjamin Van Der Smissen, Tom Claessens, Rado Kaminsky, Patrick Segers, Pascal Verdonck, and Peter Van Ransbeeck. "Mitral Valve Leakage Quantification by Means of Experimental and Numerical Flow Modeling." Acta Mechanica Slovaca 14, no. 2 (October 31, 2010): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10147-011-0016-x.

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36

Eneman, Geert, Brice De Jaeger, Eddy Simoen, David P. Brunco, Geert Hellings, JÉrÔme Mitard, Kristin De Meyer, Marc Meuris, and Marc M. Heyns. "Quantification of Drain Extension Leakage in a Scaled Bulk Germanium PMOS Technology." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 56, no. 12 (December 2009): 3115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2009.2033156.

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Cho, Kiho, Lee K. Adamson, Kristina G. Hobson, and David G. Greenhalgh. "Direct quantification of autologous serum albumin leakage after burn injury in mice." Burns 28, no. 1 (February 2002): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-4179(01)00076-6.

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38

Kristensen, Kasper, Jonas R. Henriksen, and Thomas L. Andresen. "Quantification of leakage from large unilamellar lipid vesicles by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1838, no. 12 (December 2014): 2994–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.08.007.

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39

MURRAY, M. B., J. N. CAPE, and D. FOWLER. "Quantification of frost damage in plant tissues by rates of electrolyte leakage." New Phytologist 113, no. 3 (November 1989): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02408.x.

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Mouritsen, Lone, Grethe Berild, and Jens Hertz. "Comparison of different methods for quantification of urinary leakage in incontinent women." Neurourology and Urodynamics 8, no. 6 (1989): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.1930080604.

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41

Feng, Bo, Jianbo Wu, Hongming Tu, Jian Tang, and Yihua Kang. "A Review of Magnetic Flux Leakage Nondestructive Testing." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 7362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207362.

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Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing is a widely used nondestructive testing (NDT) method for the inspection of ferromagnetic materials. This review paper presents the basic principles of MFL testing and summarizes the recent advances in MFL. An analytical expression for the leakage magnetic field based on the 3D magnetic dipole model is provided. Based on the model, the effects of defect size, defect orientation, and liftoff distance have been analyzed. Other influencing factors, such as magnetization strength, testing speed, surface roughness, and stress, have also been introduced. As the most important steps of MFL, the excitation method (a permanent magnet, DC, AC, pulsed) and sensing methods (Hall element, GMR, TMR, etc.), have been introduced in detail. Finally, the algorithms for the quantification of defects and the applications of MFL have been introduced.
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Uyama, Osamu, Nobutaka Okamura, Masahiro Yanase, Mitsuhiro Narita, Keita Kawabata, and Minoru Sugita. "Quantitative Evaluation of Vascular Permeability in the Gerbil Brain after Transient Ischemia Using Evans Blue Fluorescence." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 8, no. 2 (April 1988): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1988.59.

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Mongolian gerbils were used to evaluate brain edema during restoration of flow following bilateral carotid occlusion for 1 h. We have modified the method for fluorometric measurement of Evans blue to monitor vascular protein leakage (vasogenic edema). The extraction of extravasated Evans blue was performed by homogenizing the whole brain in 50% trichloroacetic acid. The supernatant was diluted fourfold with ethanol and the Evans blue fluorescence was measured. The tissue blank was negligible. Evans blue content of the plasma was similarly determined and the ratio of tissue to plasma Evans blue content was calculated. Furthermore, Evans blue fluorescence was used for microscopic investigation. It is suggested that Evans blue fluorescence can be applied for quantification of protein leakage with much more sensitivity and accuracy than the colorimetric absorbance method, as well as for tissue localization of protein leakage.
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Mahmoodzadeh, Milad, Voytek Gretka, Stephen Wong, Thomas Froese, and Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya. "Evaluating Patterns of Building Envelope Air Leakage with Infrared Thermography." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 3545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143545.

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The next-generation performance-based building energy codes are focusing on minimizing building envelope air leakage. The quantification of air leakage in buildings is typically performed with a blower door test. However, this test does not provide information about the locations of air leakage. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a method involving qualitative and quantitative components that can be used to characterize locations of air leakage with infrared thermography. Since air leakage can have a significant impact on building energy consumption in cold climates, like in Canada, this approach can quickly inform where air barrier discontinuities occurred during construction or where to selectively target air sealing efforts in existing buildings. The observations from this study are presented, based on a thermographic image analysis during a depressurized blower door test at various pressures, in an attempt to quantify the relative rates of air leakage. The results from the investigation showed that infrared thermography (IRT) was able to discern locations and infer relative ratios of air leakage. The qualitative analysis showed that areas of air leakage are more evident under higher pressure difference. The quantitative approach showed that a minimum of 25 Pa pressure difference was required to detect the air leakage in the vicinity of the window frame, as the surface temperature decreased rapidly (almost 60% of the indoor surface/outdoor air temperature difference) at this pressure. A temperature index was defined to prioritize the areas of air leakage for retrofitting purposes. Furthermore, a thermal image subtraction method was used to determine the characteristics of the cracks based on thermal patterns. Finally, the practical implication of this study, for building developers, home inspectors, property mangers, and homeowners, is the early detection of air leakage for both existing and newly constructed buildings which could result in energy and cost savings.
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Min, Leilei, Peter Yu Vasilevskiy, Ping Wang, Sergey P. Pozdniakov, and Jingjie Yu. "Numerical Approaches for Estimating Daily River Leakage from Arid Ephemeral Streams." Water 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020499.

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Despite the significance of river leakage to riparian ecosystems in arid/semi-arid regions, a true understanding and the accurate quantification of the leakage processes of ephemeral rivers in these regions remain elusive. In this study, the patterns of river infiltration and the associated controlling factors in an approximately 150-km section of the Donghe River (lower Heihe River, China) were revealed using a combination of field investigations and modelling techniques. The results showed that from 21 April 2010 to 7 September 2012, river water leakage accounted for 33% of the total river runoff in the simulated segments. A sensitivity analysis showed that the simulated infiltration rates were most sensitive to the aquifer hydraulic conductivity and the maximum evapotranspiration (ET) rate. However, the river leakage rate, i.e., the ratio of the leakage volume to the total runoff volume, of a single runoff event relies heavily on the total runoff volume and river flow rate. In addition to the hydraulic parameters of riverbeds, the characteristics of ET parameters are equally important for quantifying the flux exchange between arid ephemeral streams and underlying aquifers. Coupled surface/groundwater models, which aim to estimate river leakage, should consider riparian zones because these areas play a dominant role in the formation of leakage from the river for recharging via ET. The results of this paper can be used as a reference for water resource planning and management in regulated river basins to help maintain riparian ecosystems in arid regions.
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Tomita, Yohei, Zhongjie Fu, Zhongxiao Wang, Bertan Cakir, Steve S. Cho, William Britton, Ye Sun, Ann Hellström, Saswata Talukdar, and Lois E. H. Smith. "Long-Acting FGF21 Inhibits Retinal Vascular Leakage in In Vivo and In Vitro Models." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041188.

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The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of long-acting fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) on retinal vascular leakage utilizing machine learning and to clarify the mechanism underlying the protection. To assess the effect on retinal vascular leakage, C57BL/6J mice were pre-treated with long-acting FGF21 analog or vehicle (Phosphate Buffered Saline; PBS) intraperitoneally (i.p.) before induction of retinal vascular leakage with intravitreal injection of mouse (m) vascular endothelial growth factor 164 (VEGF164) or PBS control. Five hours after mVEGF164 injection, we retro-orbitally injected Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) -dextran and quantified fluorescence intensity as a readout of vascular leakage, using the Image Analysis Module with a machine learning algorithm. In FGF21- or vehicle-treated primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs), cell permeability was induced with human (h) VEGF165 and evaluated using FITC-dextran and trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Western blots for tight junction markers were performed. Retinal vascular leakage in vivo was reduced in the FGF21 versus vehicle- treated mice. In HRMECs in vitro, FGF21 versus vehicle prevented hVEGF-induced increase in cell permeability, identified with FITC-dextran. FGF21 significantly preserved TEER compared to hVEGF. Taken together, FGF21 regulates permeability through tight junctions; in particular, FGF21 increases Claudin-1 protein levels in hVEGF-induced HRMECs. Long-acting FGF21 may help reduce retinal vascular leakage in retinal disorders and machine learning assessment can help to standardize vascular leakage quantification.
46

Soon, D., DJ Tozer, DR Altmann, PS Tofts, and DH Miller. "Quantification of subtle blood-brain barrier disruption in non-enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis: a study of disease and lesion subtypes." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 13, no. 7 (April 27, 2007): 884–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458507076970.

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Few attempts have been made to detect subtle blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage in visibly non-enhancing MRI lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). For 19 patients, longitudinal relaxation time (T1) maps were generated from MRI scans obtained before, and at 20, 40 and 60 minutes after injection of gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA (0.3 mmol/kg). Regions of interest (ROI) were placed around non-enhancing lesions, and in paired contralateral normal appearing brain tissue (NABT). Post-Gd rate of R1 (=1/T1) rise (ΔR1/Δt), was used to quantify leakage. ΔR1/Δt was greater in lesions than paired NABT ( P ≤ 0.001 at all post-Gd timepoints). ΔR1/Δt was greater in T1 hypointense than isointense lesions ( P = 0.001 and 0.01 for first and second timepoints respectively), and negatively related to lesion cross sectional area ( P ≤ 0.001 at all post-Gd timepoints). Relapsing remitting (RRMS) lesions had a greater initial ΔR1/Δt than secondary progressive (SPMS) lesions ( P = 0.04), but this was not seen in subsequent timepoints. ΔR1/Δt in visibly enhancing lesions was significantly greater than in visibly non-enhancing lesions, with no overlap in the normal ranges of the two populations. Subtle BBB leakage is a consistent feature in non-enhancing lesions, and is distinct from the overt BBB leakage observed in visibly enhancing lesions. It is detectable using quantitative contrast-enhanced MRI. It is apparent in all clinical and lesion subtypes studied, and greater in T1 hypointense and smaller lesions. Larger initial ΔR1/Δt in RRMS than SPMS lesions may reflect differences in blood volume rather than BBB leakage. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 884—894. http://msj.sagepub.com
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Mousavi, Payam, Sandra Roth, Joel Finkelstein, Gordon Cheung, and Cari Whyne. "Volumetric quantification of cement leakage following percutaneous vertebroplasty in metastatic and osteoporotic vertebrae." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 99, no. 1 (July 2003): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2003.99.1.0056.

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48

Mertiny, P., and A. Gold. "Quantification of leakage damage in high-pressure fibre-reinforced polymer composite tubular vessels." Polymer Testing 26, no. 2 (April 2007): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.09.009.

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49

Pflaumer, A., M. Schwaiger, J. Hess, R. Lange, and H. Stern. "Quantification of Periprosthetic Valve Leakage with Multiple Regurgitation Jets by Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Pediatric Cardiology 26, no. 5 (August 3, 2005): 593–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00246-005-0821-y.

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50

Phillips, Russell P., Philip G. Ross, Michael Tyska, Peter F. Sharp, and John V. Forrester. "Detection and quantification of hyperfluorescent leakage by computer analysis of fundus fluorescein angiograms." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 229, no. 4 (July 1991): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00170690.

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