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1
Mahlangu, Sandile Alexandra. "Production and commercialisation potential of indigenous leafy vegetables : case study of Capricorn District in the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1332.
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Thesis (MSc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014There are few plant species commercialised significantly globally and food requirements are mainly met by only few species. However, there is an enormous number of under-utilised species that play a vital role in the livelihood of rural households. These species are referred to as indigenous crops. Indigenous crops are adaptable to local agro-ecological conditions even where there is unreliable rainfall, which is the case in many parts of the country, require a minimum production management, mature early, and are easy to harvest and preserve and require less capital investments. Despite all these, in South Africa indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) were not commercialised and most researchers did not pay much attention to do research on possibilities of commercialising these crops. Thus this study investigated the economic potential of commercialising indigenous leafy vegetables in the rural South African context in general and in the study area in particular. The objectives of the study were (1) to identify the socio-economic characteristics of ILVs producers in rural areas of Capricorn district, (2), to investigate constraints faced by farmers in commercialising ILVs in rural areas of Capricorn district, (3), to determine the productivity of indigenous leafy vegetables in rural areas of Capricorn district, and (4), to assess different types of marketing channels of ILVs in rural areas of Capricorn district. The study used Stochastic Frontier Production Function to determine the productivity and to assess the socio-economic characteristics of producers of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables. Bubble chart was used to assess the marketing channels whilst consumer data was captured into a statistical package. The results indicated that there are several significant socio-economic factors that affect ILV production and there are also factors which constraint farmers from commercialising ILVs. Productivity of ILVs in the study area varied a lot among farmers; some farmers had a high productivity but most farmers had a low productivity. The results indicated that out of the factors included in the analysis significant production factors were; amount of labour used, cost of hiring tractor service and land devoted to ILVs and inefficiency factors were; gender, age, household size, farming experience, farm size, v hired labour, primary occupation and land ownership. ILV farmers had no formal marketing channels; they sold their product direct to consumers or through hawkers. Therefore, the study recommends the integration of science/modern technology and indigenous knowledge, to improve the productivity of ILVs. Since farmers were not technically efficient, therefore it is important to run workshops that will help them improve their production and marketing skills and how to market their products. Or create booklets that have information on how to efficiently produce ILVs. There should also be awareness campaign on the benefit of ILVs in both rural and urban communities. The study also recommends a multi-disciplinary approach in developing the crop; more stakeholders should be involved so as to make the crop appealing. Finally the study recommends the commercialisation of these crops due to the fact that they have the potential and are demanded in most parts of South Africa.
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DeNiro, Julia L. "Airborne Transport of Foodborne Pathogens from Bovine Manure to Vegetable Surfaces." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376925440.
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Fu, J. "Effects of different harvest start times on leafy vegetables (Lettuce, Pak Choi and Rocket) in a reaping and regrowth system." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/670.
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Leafy vegetables, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Green Oakleaf), pak choi (Brassica sinensis L. cv. Oriental Taisai) and rocket (Eruca sativa L.), were planted in an open field at Lincoln University on January 2005. Plants were harvested at 5 cm cutting height above the growing point with three different harvest start times, early start (ES), mid start (MS) and late start (LS) of harvest respectively. There were three harvests during the growing season with a 4-week interval between harvests. Generally, lettuce produced significantly higher total FW/plant (208 g) than pak choi or rocket (123 and 102 g total FW/plant, respectively). Lettuce also produced significantly higher total FW/plant than pak choi or rocket in each treatment. Lettuce produced significantly more total saleable leaf FW/plant in the ES, MS and LS treatment (137.5, 120.9 and 169.3 g FW/plant), compared with pak choi (52.9, 100 and 92 g FW/plant) or rocket (31.5, 92.2 and 56.4 g FW/plant). Pak choi produced higher total saleable leaf FW/plant than rocket in the ES and LS treatments, but a similar total saleable leaf FW/plant in the MS treatment. The best time to start harvesting was the LS treatment for lettuce, while pak choi and rocket produced better yields in the MS and LS treatments. Results for total DW/plant showed that different harvest start times did not affect the total DW/plant in lettuce. However, pak choi and rocket produced less total DW/plant in the ES treatment compared to the MS or LS treatments. This was due to a faster recovery by lettuce. In addition, lettuce produced significantly higher DW/plant during regrowth at the second and third harvests than pak choi or rocket, even though it was significantly lower at the first harvest. It is likely that after harvesting greater carbohydrate reserves and greater remaining leaf area produced greater regrowth potential in lettuce. These results suggest that lettuce has the most regrowth potential, while rocket has more than pak choi in this reaping and regrowth system. When plants were harvested at the same cutting level, lettuce had the most remaining leaf area of the three species. This remaining leaf area for lettuce could be another reason for faster recovery and more regrowth potential. More reserves and remaining leaf area may also be the reason for more regrowth potential in rocket compared to pak choi. Another important reason for the better performance of lettuce was that temperatures during the growing season were in the range of optimum temperatures (12-21 ºС), except for the regrowth between the second and third harvests in the LS. This relates to higher photosynthetic rates and in turn leads to faster recovery and regrwoth. Lettuce was the most suitable crop in the reaping and regrowth system in this experiment. However, rocket might also be appropriate for this system, particularly if the price is high enough to make it economically viable.
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Anele, Mayekiso. "Production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to household food security: evidence from Coffee Bay, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/712.
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This study used cross-sectional survey data to estimate farmers` perceptions of, and commonly cultivated ILVs, factors that influence the participation of smallholder famers in the production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables and its contribution to household food security]. With regard to farmers` perceptions of ILVs, descriptive results reveal that a majority of the people from the study area share positive perceptions with respect to ILVs. Regression estimates for determinants of participation indicate that the production of ILVs is primarily conditioned by shared perceptions and institutional factors rather than the socio-economic attributes of farmers. Public policies that address the institutional framework (extension, credit, market and social networks) in favour of ILVs are more likely to promote production. Also, more research on the documentation and benefits of ILVs, supported by investments targeting educational campaigns towards promoting positive attitudes and dispelling fears and myths surrounding ILVs, will further promote production. With reference to the contribution of ILVs to food security, descriptive results indicate that participation in the production of ILVs leads to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS. Regression estimates further revealed that participation positively contributes to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS, suggesting that households who participate in the production of ILVs are more likely to be food secure than non-participants. Therefore, participation in the production of ILVs has significant potential to address household food security.
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Sriwichai, Wichien. "Déterminants de la bioaccessibilité des caroténoïdes et tocophérols de légumes feuilles : comparaison variétale et influence du procédé." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT176.
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La carence en vitamine A est un problème de santé publique dans de nombreux pays et elle touche particulièrement les groupes vulnérables. Un régime alimentaire varié permet de lutter durablement contre cette carence. Les fruits et légumes ont un rôle important dans ce contexte. Certains caroténoïdes provitaminiques peuvent participer à la couverture des besoins en vitamine A. Leur faible absorption intestinale et conversion en vitamine A est un facteur limitant. Cette thèse avait pour objectif, tout d’abord, d’identifier les déterminants de la bioaccessibilité des caroténoïdes (β-carotène et lutéine) et de l’α-tocophérol dans 8 légumes feuilles frais consommés en Asie du Sud Est. Le profil nutritionnel de ces aliments, ainsi, que leurs capacités à libérer les micronutriments d’intérêt pendant des digestions in vitro ont été évalués. Des corrélations statistiques ont été recherchées entre les différentes variables pour identifier quels facteurs favorisent ou limitent la bioaccessibilité des composés. Dans un deuxième temps, deux études poussées ont été menées sur les feuilles de moringa et brèdes chouchou afin d’évaluer l’influence des traitements culinaires et procédés de conservation sur la bioaccessibilité des micronutriments lipophiles. Une approche microscopique a été mise en œuvre pour suivre le changement de structure des feuilles à l’échelle cellulaire. Enfin, une méthode de purification et quantification des pectines et tanins ayant diffusés dans les milieux digestifs a été développée afin de voir si ces polymères étaient impliqués dans la modulation de la bioaccessibilité des caroténoïdes et tocophérols selon les variétés. Les légumes feuilles sont composés de trois tissus distincts (épiderme, mésophylle et tissu vasculaire). Les teneurs en pectines des légumes feuilles ont été le seul déterminant identifié dans la faible micellisation des caroténoïdes. L’analyse de la teneur en pectines des milieux digestifs n’a pas permis de confirmer cette hypothèse. Les tanins condensés, quant à eux, auraient un effet protecteur probablement liés à leurs propriétés antioxydantes. Parmi les opérations culinaires, la cuisson à la vapeur est celle qui augmente le plus la bioaccessibilité des caroténoïdes et de l’α-tocophérol des feuilles en déstructurant légèrement les tissus et en induisant peu de reactions de dégradations. En revanche, la friture détruit l’épiderme, ouvre les cellules palissadiques et dégrade les vitamines par réaction à hautes températures. Le séchage doux (60°C) couplé au broyage permet d’obtenir des poudres dont les composés sont libérés plus aisément pendant la digestion ; les cellules sont alors en partie ouvertes par le traitement. En conclusion, les légumes feuilles frais et transformés ont un profil nutritionnel intéressant et les procédés (séchage/broyage, cuisson à la vapeur, stérilisation) améliorent la capacité des aliments à relarguer les micronutriments pendant la digestion. L’ouverture des cellules est un élément important dans la bioaccessibilité des composés mais la composition des légumes elle même influence le devenir digestif (stabilité, micellisation). La stabilisation par abaissement de la teneur en eau et broyage, permet de disposer sur l’année de légumes sous forme de poudre « fonctionnalisée ». Le Moringa a un profil nutritionnel comparable aux autres légumes feuilles à l’exception des composés phénoliques qu’il contient. Diversifier les modes de consommation de légumes sous forme fraiche ou transformée pourrait améliorer le statut nutritionnel des populationsThe vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem in numerous countries and affects specifically vulnerable groups. A diversified diet allows decreasing the vitamin A deficiency in a sustainable way. Fruits and vegetables have an important role to play in this context. Some of provitamin A carotenoids can fulfil human vitamin A requirements. Their poor intestinal absorption and bioconversion into vitamin A is a limiting factor. This thesis aim at, firstly, identify the key determinants of carotenoid (β-carotene and lutein) and α-tocopherol bioaccessibility in 8 fresh leafy vegetables consumed in South East Asia. Their nutritional profile and capacity to liberate micronutrient throughout in vitro digestion were assessed. Statistical correlations were determined among the variables to identify which factor promotes or impairs the micronutrient bioaccessibility. In a second step, two studies were leaded on chayote and moringa leaves to evaluate the influence of culinary treatments and preservation methods on the compound bioaccessibility. A microscopical approach was used to assess the structural changes of the food at the cellular scale. Finally, a quantification method of pectins and tannins in the digestive medium was developed to highlight their role in the carotenoid micellarisation. Leafy vegetables are constituted of tree distinct tissues (epidermis, mesophylle and vascular bundles). The pectin contents in leafy vegetable were the only key factor statically involved in the carotenoid micellarisation. The analysis of the pectin contents of the digestive medium of leafy vegetable did not confirm this hypothesis. The condensed tannins had rather a protective role probably related to their antioxidant properties. Among the culinary treatments, steaming increased greatly the carotenoid and α-tocopherol bioaccessibility with concomitant tissue disorganization and low degradation reactions. On the contrary, frying destroys the epidermis layer, opens some palissadic cells with a high level of destruction of vitamins with the high temperature used. Drying at moderate temperature (60°C) plus grinding produce powders with high release of compounds during in vitro digestion. In conclusion, fresh and processed vegetables have an interesting nutritional profile and processing (drying/grinding, steaming, sterilization) improves the digestive release of micronutrients. Cell opening is an important factor as well as the biochemical composition of the leaves which determine the digestive behaviour (stability, micellarisation). Stabilisation of leaves by drying and grinding allow delivering functionalised powder during the year. Moringa has a nutritional profile comparable to others leafy vegetables except for its phenolic contents. The consumption of diversified products based on leafy vegetables in fresh or processed state should improve the nutritional status of populations
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Jansen, van Rensburg WS, Averbeke W. Vab, R. Slabbert, M. Faber, Jaarsveld P. Van, Heerden I. Van, F. Wenhold, and A. Oelofse. "African leafy vegetables in South Africa." Water SA, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000817.
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In this article the term ‘African leafy vegetables’ was adopted to refer to the collective of plant species which are used as
leafy vegetables and which are referred to as morogo or imifino by African people in South Africa. Function is central in this
indigenous concept, which is subject to spatial and temporal variability in terms of plant species that are included as a result
of diversity in ecology, culinary repertoire and change over time. As a result, the concept embraces indigenous, indigenised
and recently introduced leafy vegetable species but this article is concerned mainly with the indigenous and indigenised
species. In South Africa, the collection of these two types of leafy vegetables from the wild, or from cultivated fields where
some of them grow as weeds, has a long history that has been intimately linked to women and their traditional livelihood
tasks. Among poor people in remote rural areas the use of these types of leafy vegetables is still common but nationwide there
is evidence of decline, particularly in urban areas. Cultivation of indigenous or indigenised leafy vegetables is restricted to
a narrow group of primarily indigenised species in South Africa. Seven groups of indigenous or indigenised African leafy
vegetables that are important in South Africa were given special attention and their local nomenclature, ecology, use and
cultivation are discussed.
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Amoussa, Hounkpatin Waliou B. A. "Évaluation du potentiel de couverture des besoins en vitamine A des jeunes enfants à partir des sauces accompagnant les aliments de base consommés au Bénin." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20160/document.
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L'identification et l'amélioration du potentiel pro-vitaminique A des sauces accompagnant les aliments de base pourraient constituer une voie alimentaire de lutte contre la carence en vitamine A (CVA) chez les jeunes enfants au Bénin. La qualité nutritionnelle et la rétention en provitamines A des sauces lors des procédés traditionnels de préparation ont été évaluées au moyen d'une démarche itérative terrain et laboratoire. Une enquête de consommation alimentaire par pesées et mesures anthropométriques auprès de 420 enfants a permis d'évaluer l'état nutritionnel des sujets et l'adéquation des apports en fer, zinc et vitamine A (VA) et d'identifier les principales sources de VA dans l'alimentation. La mangue, les œufs, l'huile de palme rouge (HPR) ou diverses sauces légumes-feuilles (LF) constituent les principaux aliments locaux riches en VA consommés (34,2% des enfants enquêtés). Lorsqu'elles sont consommées, les sauces participent à la couverture de 71 à 129% des apports journaliers recommandés en VA des jeunes enfants. Le suivi au niveau ménage des procédés traditionnels de préparation des sauces les plus prometteuses notamment les sauces LF-amarante à base d'HPR ou de jus de noix de palme (NP), a permis d'identifier les traitements thermiques appliqués aux LF, aux NP ou à l'HPR comme des étapes critiques. Le chauffage de l'HPR à 180-200°C apparaît comme l'étape la plus préjudiciable à la VA. Elle réduit de plus de 70%, et en moins de 3 min, les teneurs en α-carotène, en β-carotène et en activité équivalent rétinol (AER). La violaxanthine, caroténoïde non pro-VA est le seul composé significativement affecté lors du blanchiment des feuilles d'amarante (100°C) mais l'AER reste élevée avec ou sans ajout de potasse traditionnelle. Les sauces formulées à base des ingrédients LF-amarante, NP ou HPR présentent une bonne acceptabilité, une AER élevée et leur consommation pourrait être promue avantageusement dans le cadre d'approches alimentaires de lutte contre la CVAThe identification and the improvement of the potential in pro-vitamins A of sauces accompanying staple foods could constitute a food-based approach for combating vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among young children in Benin. The nutritional quality and the retention of pro-vitamins A in sauces during traditional home processing has been assessed by using a field-laboratory iterative approach. Anthropometric measurements were used to appreciate subjects' nutritional status. A food consumption survey of 420 young children was conducted to assess the adequacy of iron, zinc and vitamin A (VA) intakes, and to identify the main VA-rich foods eaten by children using the weighed food record method. Mangoes, eggs, red palm oil (RPO), various leafy vegetables (LV) and palm nut juice sauces appeared to be the main VA-rich foods consumed by 34.2% investigated children. When consumed, these LV sauces containing RPO or palm nut juice (PNJ) contributed to the meeting of 71-129% of the recommended VA intake of young children. The traditional processing method of the most promising sauces such as amaranth leaf sauces based on RPO or PNJ was monitored step by step during home visits and allowed identifying the thermal treatments applied to LV, to palm nut or to RPO as critical steps. Heating the RPO at 180-200°C appears as the more prejudicial step to VA. It decreased more than 70% and in less than 3 min, α-carotene, β-carotene and Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) contents. Violaxanthin, a non pro-VA carotenoid, was the only compound to be significantly affected by the thermal treatment (100°C) of amaranth leaves. RAE remained high after blanching even when alkaline traditional potash was added. The formulated sauces on the basis of the ingredients LV-amaranth, palm nut or RPO present a good acceptability, a high RAE and their consumption could be promoted favorably in food-based strategies to alleviate VAD
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Palumbo, John. "Management of Aphids and Thrips on Leafy Vegetables." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221610.
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Research has been conducted at the Yuma Agricultural Center for the past 5 years to gain an understanding of aphid and thrip population dynamics in spring lettuce, spinach and Cole crops. This information coupled with insecticide efficacy studies has allowed us to formulate recommendations for managing these serious pests of leafy vegetables. Provided below is information on species composition, sampling and chemical control of aphids and thrips. This paper should provide guidelines for pest control advisors and growers in making management decisions.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Performance of Products for Management of Sclerotinia Leaf Drop of Lettuce in 2002." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214955.
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Sclerotinia leaf drop in Arizona is caused by two soil-borne fungi, Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum. Moist soil and moderate temperature favor this disease. Some new products in development were evaluated for control of leaf drop on lettuce during the winter vegetable growing season of 2001-2002. Sclerotia of each pathogen were applied to plots after thinning and just before the first of two applications of test compounds. Significant reduction of Sclerotinia leaf drop caused by S. minor occurred in plots treated with Endura, whereas other products tested against this pathogen did not significantly reduce the level of disease compared to nontreated control plants. The highest level of disease reduction in plots infested by S. sclerotiorum was achieved by the fungicide Ronilan as well as the biological material Contans. Somewhat lower but still significant disease control was achieved with Endura on plots infested with S. sclerotiorum. In this field trial, Endura provided the best level of disease control in plots infested with S. minor, whereas Contans provided the best level of disease control in plots infested with S. sclerotiorum.
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Tengku, Muda Mohamed Mahmud. "Acclimation of leafy vegetables for post-harvest quality retention." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308305.
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Croft, Marcia M. "The role of African leafy vegetables in food security." Thesis, Purdue University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10245801.
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African leafy vegetables (ALVs) are a diverse set of crops grown across sub-Saharan Africa. They have been a staple of traditional diets and contain many critical micronutrients but their importance has been largely ignored by researchers and policymakers at the expense of imported crops. Availability, accessibility, and utilization of ALVs are limited by factors across the supply chain. This research investigated seed systems, drought tolerance, hydroponic production, market barriers, consumer preference, and the impact of gender as related to ALVs. We found that ALVs play an important role in food security and that critical differences exist between formal and informal sectors. Women play a stronger role in informal sectors, but the balance between the formal and informal markets is changing, and this may jeopardize the incomes of many women. The determinants of household security were different for male- and female-headed households, and this information can be used to address the gap in food security between genders. Market barriers differed for formal and informal ALV retailers but consumer preference for quality did not, suggesting that investment in postharvest handling may allow ALV growers to capture greater value. We also showed that ALV germplasm is diverse, offering both a wide range of species with different agronomic characteristics and important differences in drought tolerance among accessions. Crop- and location-specific factors impacted farmer adoption of seeds and technologies, highlighting the importance of evaluating policies and interventions with sensitivity to gender, species, and location. ALVs can be used to empower marginalized populations, and this research proposes several ways to do so. However, the market for ALVs is changing rapidly, and future research is needed to monitor trends and assure that these vegetables are used to increase social equality rather than aggravate existing disparities. Promoting savings groups and capital accessibility can help to build this capacity, especially for women. Overall, this research revealed that a wide diversity of under-studied ALV species is contributing to food security in important ways and that the potential exists to strengthen production, distribution chains, and markets further. Well-targeted research and investment could have a substantial impact in this area in improving sustainability and food security for people across sub-Saharan Africa.
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Hui, Ming-leung, and 許明亮. "Livestock waste and sewage sludge for growing local leafy vegetables." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214137.
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Ibrahim, Faozia. "Interaction of bacteria with growing salad vegetables and leafy herbs." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416288.
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Ilic, Sanja. "Post-harvest Interventions and Food Safety of Leafy Green Vegetables." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313509920.
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Hui, Ming-leung. "Livestock waste and sewage sludge for growing local leafy vegetables /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19667395.
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Velez, Rivera Edwin. "A review of chemical disinfection methods for minimally processed leafy vegetables." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/103.
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Bélanger, Julie. "Green leafy vegetables of rural India: ethnobotany and contribution to eye health." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92338.
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Recognition of the contribution of biological diversity to human health demands more scientifically sound evidence than currently exists, while the multifactorial nature of this relationship calls for innovative research frameworks. This thesis presents a multidisciplinary case study on the contribution of elements of biological diversity, namely wild and cultivated leafy vegetables, towards age-related cataract prevention in a rural developing country context. At the center of this thesis, an ethnobotanical study identified determinants of consumption of leafy vegetables and demonstrated how perceived properties and cultivation status significantly influence consumption patterns. Plant species of interest, analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, were found to exhibit high concentrations of lutein and β-carotene. Drawing on ethnobotanical and analytical data, an eye hospital-based case-control study was conducted to compare leafy vegetable consumption and diversity, along with lutein and zeaxanthin intake, in female patients identified with and without age-related cataract. Conflicting results for associations between leafy vegetable species and age-related cataract, and protective associations for elements of traditional diets, including yogurt and tea, were observed. The integration of results across isolated studies in a multidisciplinary framework further reflected the complex biological, socio-economic and environmental components of eye health and leafy vegetable diversity, and highlighted new knowledge with important application in the eye health of populations at risk.Afin de reconnaître la contribution de la biodiversité à la santé humaine, de solides preuves scientifiques additionnelles sont requises. D'autre part, la nature multifactorielle de cette relation nécessite l'élaboration de cadres de recherche innovateurs. Ce mémoire présente une étude de cas multidisciplinaire sur la contribution d'éléments de la biodiversité, en particulier les légumes feuillus cultivés et sauvages, en relation avec la prévention de la cataracte liée à l'âge dans le contexte rural de l'Inde du Sud. Au coeur de ce projet, une étude ethnobotanique a permis d'identifier les facteurs déterminant la consommation de légumes feuillus, et de démontrer l'influence significative des propriétés qui leur sont attribuées et de leur statut de culture sur les habitudes de consommation. Les espèces analysées par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance ont affiché d'importantes concentrations de lutéine et de β-carotène. Se basant sur ces données ethnobotaniques et analytiques, une étude cas témoin a été conduite dans un centre d'ophtalmologie afin de comparer la consommation de légumes feuillus, en quantité et en diversité, et de lutéine et zéaxanthine, chez des patientes diagnostiquées et des témoins sains. Des associations contradictoires concernant la consommation de légumes feuillus et le risque de cataracte ont été observées. En revanche, certains aliments traditionnels, comme le yaourt et le thé, ont démontré une association négative avec la cataracte. L'intégration de ces études à l'intérieur d'un cadre multidisciplinaire a permis de tenir compte des relations complexes entre les composantes biologiques, socio-économiques et environnementales de la santé de l'oeil et de la diversité botanique, permettant ainsi la découverte d'importantes connaissances applicables à la prévention de la cataracte chez des populations à risque. fr
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Osei, Jennifer. "Potential contribution of African leafy vegetables to the nutritional status of children / J. Osei." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9191.
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Background: Children in South Africa are still affected by micronutrient deficiencies and children living in farm communities are especially vulnerable. African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) are well endowed with micronutrients such as iron, zinc and vitamin A and might contribute to the nutritional status of children. However, these vegetables have been perceived as “poor people’s food” and over the years knowledge of and use of ALVs has decreased.
Aim: This study assessed the potential contribution of ALVs to the nutritional status of children in a semi-rural farm community.
Method: In this cross-sectional study, anthropometric indices, serum iron, zinc and retinol concentrations were determined in school children aged 5−13 years (n=155). Dietary intake of iron, zinc and vitamin A was evaluated by three 24-hour diet recalls of children (n=154). The iron, zinc and β-carotene content of selected ALVs was determined. Knowledge of and use of ALVs by primary caregivers was established using focus group discussions (FGDs). Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, the Pearson Chi-Square Test and Mann-Whitney U Test were used. Anthropometric data were analysed using the World Health Organization Reference 2007 data. Dietary data were analysed using FoodFinder (version 3). Qualitative data from FGDs were translated, transcribed and color-coded to generate emerging themes.
Results: Stunting (11%) was the most prevalent anthropometric indicator of malnutrition. This was supported by the low socio-economic status of households. Deficiency prevalence in iron (serum ferritin <15 μg/L; 15.5%) and vitamin A (serum retinol <20 μg/dL; 3.2%) was low. Zinc deficiency was the most prevalent (serum zinc <65 μg/dL; 74.8%) deficiency. Median dietary intake of iron, zinc and vitamin A was generally above the Estimated Average Requirement. ALVs were potentially good sources of iron, zinc and β-carotene and could contribute substantially to the Recommended Dietary Allowance for these nutrients in children, without taking into account inhibiting factors that might affect the bioavailability. Iron content of the ALVs studied ranged from 1.4−3.2 mg/100 g edible portion. Amaranthus cruentus was the best source of iron. Zinc content of the ALVs ranged from 0.7−1.4 mg/100g edible portions, with Cleome gynandra having the highest zinc composition. The β-carotene content of the ALVs ranged from 182−314 μg RAE/100 g edible portion, with both Amaranthus cruentus and Cleome gynandra being the best sources. Knowledge of ALVs and their use was indigenous and was transferred between generations. Caregivers had positive attitudes towards the use of ALVs.
Conclusion: Although the prevalence of deficiencies was not severe (with exception of zinc deficiency), micronutrient deficiencies exist in the rural farm community studied. ALVs are potentially good sources of iron, zinc and β-carotene and might contribute to the nutritional status of school children. Knowledge of ALVs and the positive attitude and perceptions regarding their use by primary caregivers implied a potentially positive future response to interventions promoting consumption of ALVs in order to contribute to the alleviation of micronutrient deficiencies.Thesis (MSc (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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Rodríguez-Casas, Julio. "Response of leafy winter vegetables to water and nitrogen inputs under subsurface trickle irrigation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186683.
Full textAbstract:
Arizona is ranked third in the nation in fresh vegetable production, however, overfertilization and overirrigation have been common practices used to maintain adequate yields and crop quality. Concern for groundwater contamination, water availability and costs have made it necessary to increase water and nitrogen (N) use efficiency. The objectives of this research were: 1. optimize water and N inputs applied through a subsurface trickle irrigation system to leaf lettuce, spinach and collards. 2. evaluate water and N effects on midrib nitrate (NO₃-N) concentration as a tool for monitoring plant N status throughout the growing season. A field experiment was conducted during fall-winter 1992-93 at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa, AZ. A factorial design with three target soil water potentials and four N levels was used to determine response surfaces for yield, net return, and water and N use efficiency. Tensiometers were used as an aid to schedule irrigations, and midrib NO₃-N concentrations at critical growth stages were used to monitor N status. Spinach and collard midrib N03-N concentrations showed a high response to N rates throughout the growing season. Leaf lettuce midrib NO₃-N was responsive to treatments at the beginning and end of its growing season. Some yield and efficiency parameters were significantly affected by the irrigation treatments with an effect generally negative. Nitrogen had tremendous influence on them, perhaps due to the wet seasonal conditions which may have promoted nitrate leaching and denitrification. For leaf lettuce, maximum fresh weight was estimated to be 60861 kg ha⁻¹ at -4.3 kPa soil water potential and 367 kg N ha⁻¹. Maximum net return was estimated to be $18,089 ha⁻¹ when average soil water potential was -6.0 kPa and applied N was 355 kg N ha⁻¹. Estimated maximum nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was 0.8 at -10.3 kPa soil water potential, and 2 kg N ha⁻¹. It was not possible to determine a maximum value for applied water use efficiency (A WUE). For spinach, maximum yield was estimated to be 33948 kg ha⁻¹ at -8.0 kPa soil water potential and 400 kg N ha⁻¹. Estimated net return was $18,573 ha⁻¹ when soil water potential and applied N rate were -8.2 kPa and 398 kg N ha⁻¹ respectively. For NUE, the estimated maximum was 0.7 at -11.2 kPa and -42 kg N ha⁻¹. It was not possible to determine a maximum for A WUE. For collards, 49466 kg ha-1 was the estimated maximum yield when soil water potential was -9.0 kPa and applied N was 396 kg N ha⁻¹. Maximum net return was estimated to be $15,561 ha⁻¹ at -9.3 kPa and 394 kg N ha⁻¹. It was not possible to determine maximums for A WUE or NUE. The relationship between midrib NO₃-N concentrations and chlorophyll meter readings was poor, and prediction of plant NO₃-N status was not as reliable as expected.
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Palumbo, John C., Andreas Amaya, Luis Ledesma, Leonardo Chavez, Javier Ruiz, and Geraldo Villegas. "Foliar Activity of Assail®, Fulfill® and Flonicamid® on Aphids in Leafy Vegetables." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215229.
Full textAbstract:
Several small-plot studies were conducted in the spring of 2004 to compare the residual efficacy of several new reduced risk insecticides against aphids infesting desert head lettuce. In 4 head lettuce trials and one broccoli trial, economic aphid control was consistently achieved following foliar applications with flonicamid and Assail. These compounds provided good knockdown of aphids when applied relatively early in lettuce plant development and aphid population growth. Fulfill was less consistent and performance was reliant on correct spray timing. Collectively, the chemical attributes and biological activities of Fulfill, Assail and flonicamid make them extremely attractive for implementation into an aphid management program.
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Vorster, Halina Johanna. "The role and production of traditional leafy vegetables in three rural communities in South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122009-115129/.
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Dlamini, Vukile Vinah. "Adult women in Eluyengweni Swaziland : their food practices and knowledge of indigenous green leafy vegetables." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60802.
Full textAbstract:
Concern regarding the decline in the knowledge and use of indigenous green vegetables exists in many southern African regions including Swaziland. Reasons for this are, amongst others, attributed to a lack of inter-generational knowledge transfer, the influence of westernisation and changing food values and attitudes, as people nowadays regard indigenous green leafy vegetables as a low status food. It is imperative that knowledge of these foods be documented before it is lost to future generation. Indigenous green leafy vegetables have long been considered healthier options than the many recently introduced western-orientated foods, which are closely linked to chronic lifestyle diseases.
The aim of this study was to determine, describe and compare the knowledge of indigenous green leafy vegetables among two generations of rural Swazi women from the Eluyengweni community, and how it manifests in their food practices. Studies on indigenous green leafy vegetables in Swaziland are limited. This study will fill the knowledge gap in this field.
The human ecological perspective was adopted as theoretical perspective and an explorative mixed method approach was followed. Qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions with younger (25-45 years) and older (over 45 years) women. Face-to-face structured interviews provided quantitative data on the knowledge the women had of indigenous green leafy vegetables, including their procurement, preparation, preservation and consumption patterns. The convenience sample comprised 102 respondents. Observation was done concurrently during both phases of data collection and photographs accompanied comprehensive field notes.
It transpired that the availability of indigenous green leafy vegetables had declined in the community and those that were available were not easily accessible as they were located on the outskirts of the community. In spite of changes in the physical and natural environment, some indigenous green leafy vegetable species are still available in summer. It is clear that the older women, in comparison to their younger counterparts, had more knowledge of indigenous green leafy vegetables in terms of identifying them, where they are found and how they are used. Familiar and available indigenous green leafy vegetables such as imbuya (Amaranthus), chuchuza (Bidens pilosa) were preferred, and consumed fairly regularly. Although indigenous green leafy vegetables were still part of the food practices in this community, their consumption among the younger generation had declined. However, due to factors related to modernisation, economic influences and technological advancement the majority of both the younger and older participants seem to have become dependent on, and often include, western-orientated food in their food consumption patterns.
Based on the results, recommendations are made to capture and preserve the knowledge of indigenous green leafy vegetables in this community and to revive interest in these vegetables and promote their consumption.Daar is 'n besorgdheid oor die afname in kennis in die gebruik van inheemse groen blaargroentes in baie streke in Suider Afrika, insluitend Swaziland. Redes wat hiervoor aangevoer word, is onder andere, die gebrekkige oordrag van kennis van een geslag na die volgende, die invloed van verwestering asook 'n verandering in waardes en houdings aangesien mense inheemse groen blaargroentes deesdae as 'n lae status voedsel beskou. Daarom is dit noodsaaklik dat kennis oor hierdie voedsel gedokumenteer word voordat dit verlore gaan vir die nageslag. Inheemse groen blaargroentes word gesonder geag in vergelyking met Westers-georienteerde voedsel, wat op hul beurt nou geassosieer word met kroniese lewenstyl siektes. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die kennis van inheemse groen blaargroentes van twee geslagte landelike Swazi vroue van die Eluyengweni gemeenskap te bepaal, beskryf en te vergelyk asook hoe dit manifesteer in hul voedselpraktyke. Studies oor inheemse groen blaargroentes in Swaziland is beperk en hierdie studie dra by om die leemte in kennis in hierdie studieveld te vul. Die menslike ekologiese perspektief is a teoretiese perspektief gebruik en 'n verkennende gemengde metodologie is as navorsingsbenadering gevolg. Kwalitatiewe data is deur middle van fokusgroep gesprekke met beide die jonger (25-45 jaar) en ouer (ouer as 45 jaar) vroue ingesamel. Met behulp van gestruktureerde individuele onderhoude is kwantitatiewe data oor die kennis van inheemse groen blaargroentes ingesamel wat die verkryging, voorbereiding, preservering en verbruikspatrone van hierdie groentes ingesluit het. 'n Geriefssteekproef van 102 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Waarnemings is gedurende beide fases van die data insameling uitgevoer en fotos en volledige veldnotas is ingesluit. Dit is duidelik dat die beskikbaarheid van inheemse groen blaargroentes in hierdie gemeenskap afgeneem het, en dit wat beskikbaar was, was nie maklik toeganklik nie, omdat dit aan die buitewyke van die gemeenskap gelëe was. Ten spyte van die verandering in die fisiese en natuurlike omgewing is sommige inheemse groen blaargroentes steeds beskikbaar gedurende die somer. Dit is duidelik dat die ouer vroue, in vergelyking met die die jonger vroue oor meer kennis van inheemse groen blaargroentes beskik het met betrekking tot die identifisering, waar hulle groei en hoe om hulle te gebruik. Bekende en beskikbare inheemse groen blaargroentes soos gewone misbredie (Amaranthus) en knapsakkerwel (Bidens pilosa) was voorkeur groente en is redelik gereeld gebruik. Alhoewel inheemse groen blaargroentes steeds deel vorm van die voedselpraktyke in hierdie gemeenskap, het die gebruik daarvan deur die jonger geslag afgeneem. As gevolg van faktore soos modernisering, die ekonomie en tegnologiese vooruitgang het die meerderheid van beide die jonger en ouer geslag afhanklik geword van westers-georienteerde voedsel en dit dikwels in hulle eetpatrone ingesluit. Die resultate van hierdie studie het bygedra dat aanbevelings oor die vaslegging en bewaring van die kennis oor inheemse groen blaargroentes in hierdie gemeenskap gemaak kon word, asook om 'n oplewing in die belangstelling in die gebruik daarvan te bevorder.
Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Consumer Science
MConsumer Science
Unrestricted
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Leke, Walter N., Djana B. Mignouna, Judith K. Brown, and Anders Kvarnheden. "Begomovirus disease complex: emerging threat to vegetable production systems of West and Central Africa." BioMed Central, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610266.
Full textAbstract:
Vegetables play a major role in the livelihoods of the rural poor in Africa. Among major constraints to vegetable production worldwide are diseases caused by a group of viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae. Begomoviruses are plant-infecting viruses, which are transmitted by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci and have been known to cause extreme yield reduction in a number of economically important vegetables around the world. Several begomoviruses have been detected infecting vegetable crops in West and Central Africa (WCA). Small single stranded circular molecules, alphasatellites and betasatellites, which are about half the size of their helper begomovirus genome, have also been detected in plants infected by begomoviruses. In WCA, B. tabaci has been associated with suspected begomovirus infections in many vegetable crops and weed species. Sequencing of viral genomes from crops such as okra resulted in the identification of two previously known begomovirus species (Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus and Okra yellow crinkle virus) as well as a new recombinant begomovirus species (Okra leaf curl Cameroon virus), a betasatellite (Cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite) and new alphasatellites. Tomato and pepper plants with leaf curling were shown to contain isolates of new begomoviruses, collectively referred to as West African tomato-infecting begomoviruses (WATIBs), new alphasatellites and betasatellites. To study the potential of weeds serving as begomovirus reservoirs, begomoviruses and satellites in the weed Ageratum conyzoides were characterized. Sequence analyses showed that they were infected by isolates of a new begomovirus (Ageratum leaf curl Cameroon virus) that belong to the WATIBs group, a new betasatellite (Ageratum leaf curl Cameroon betasatellite), an alphasatellite and two types of defective recombinants between a begomovirus and an alphasatellite. Putative recombinations were detected in begomovirus genomes for all four plant species studied, indicating that recombination is an important mechanism for their evolution. A close relationship between the begomoviruses infecting pepper and tomato and A. conyzoides and the detection of the same alphasatellite in them support the idea that weeds are important reservoirs for begomoviruses and their satellites. With this high diversity, recombination potential and transmission by B. tabaci, begomoviruses and ssDNA satellites pose a serious threat to crop production in West and Central Africa.
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Kerns, David L., and John C. Palumbo. "Confirm and Success: New Tools for Insect Management in Cole Crops and Leafy Green Vegetables in Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146759.
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Van, Averbeke W., Tshikalangem TE, and KA Juma. "The commodity systems of Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis and Solanum retroflexum Dun. in Vhembe, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water SA, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000785.
Full textAbstract:
Using farmer surveys the smallholder commodity systems of Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis and Solanum retroflexum
Dun. in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa were described and analysed. Production, transaction and consumption
of the two vegetables were deeply embedded in the food, trade and farming systems of local people. The cultivation
systems, which appeared effective, were developed by borrowing elements from the systems of other crops to which new
knowledge specific to B. chinensis and S. retroflexum were added. Several elements of the production systems that could benefit from scientific enquiry were identified. These included genetic improvement and the optimisation of planting density and nutrient supply.
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Bupo, Ana Dinorah. "The development of an innovative culinary product prepared from green leafy vegetables for the urban consumer." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73421.
Full textAbstract:
Indigenous or wild leafy vegetables are very nutritious foods which are underutilised. They have made a positive impact on the nutrient intake of local communities for many years due to their vitamin and mineral content, as well as their phytochemicals and antioxidants. The increase in the desire and need for convenience foods also makes it imperative that healthy options are made available amongst other convenience food products: time is valuable to the modern urban consumer, but issues of poor health attributed to convenience foods are on the rise around the world, especially obesity in South Africa. The use of African green leafy vegetables (AGLVs) helps to prevent traditional foods from becoming lost in a westernised environment, and also allows a healthier alternative product to be made available. In order to do this, consumers are vital to the process of product development as they are the ones who have the final say as to whether a product will be successful or not.
The aim of this study was to investigate and determine the desired characteristics and specifications of AGLV products, to develop four culinary products using these vegetables, and lastly to evaluate one selected culinary product by means of sensory evaluation and consumer acceptance. This study was conducted in three phases. During the first phase a data content analysis was conducted to determine trends in the market in order to identify four possible product options for consumers to select from. In this first phase, a research questionnaire was applied to collect demographic information, establish background knowledge and product characteristics of these vegetables as well as consumption information of the participants to determine what type of convenience food product is desired. This was done to obtain background knowledge of the subjects. During Phase 2 the four products were developed by following an experimental procedure. In Phase 3 one developed product was selected for sensory evaluation, which ultimately aimed to describe and evaluate the final product.
The target population for this study was urban consumers residing in Gauteng who were from different education levels, gender, race and age groups (over the age of 18 so that they were able to make their own purchasing decisions). The participants also had to be able to communicate in English, read and write English, and be computer literate.
Overall the findings confirmed that the participants in the study desired morogo pasta to be developed to the convenience stage of ready-to-cook. Apart from the type of product chosen by the participants, it was evident that the morogo pasta should be seasoned (to mask the strong vegetable taste), could have a green colouring (as it was not indicated whether it should have a green colour or not) and could have a morogo or vegetable odour.
This study contributes to closing the gap in the knowledge of the development of innovative indigenous leafy vegetable products. The process used would enable another innovative culinary product to be developed. It also promotes the use of indigenous leafy vegetables which are sometimes seen as inferior but have the potential to be developed. The growth in the consumption of products provided by the local ecosystem is also recognised internationally and is becoming more widespread. Value was also added to the study by a combination of culinary innovation and traditional recipe development used in the development process.
Keywords:
African green leafy vegetables (AGLVs), morogo, recipe development, consumer-led product development, sensory evaluation, Check All That Apply (CATA)Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Consumer Science
MSc
Unrestricted
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Garcia, Neto Júlio. "Concentrações e fontes de silício foliar na produção e na qualidade do agrião e do almeirão." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153861.
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A pulverização foliar de silício (Si) pode beneficiar a produção e a qualidade das hortaliças folhosas, sendo desconhecidos esses efeitos no agrião-da-terra (Barbarea verna) e no almeirão (Cichorium intybus cv. Spadona). Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da pulverização foliar de silício em diferentes fontes e concentrações no teor foliar de Si, nas variáveis de crescimento, no teor foliar de ascorbato e na perda de água durante o armazenamento das hortaliças agrião e almeirão. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com as duas hortaliças cultivadas em vasos (4 dm3) preenchidos com areia, recebendo solução nutritiva. Durante o cultivo, a média da temperatura máxima atingiu 43,1 °C ± 10,6 °C. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas fontes de silício: silicato de potássio e silicato de sódio e potássio estabilizado, e quatro concentrações de Si foliar: 0 (controle); 0,84; 1,68; 2,52 g L-1 de Si, com quatro repetições. As mudas foram transplantadas após 10 dias da emergência para vasos. Foram realizadas três aplicações foliares de Si, a cada dez dias, sendo a primeira realizada aos 28 dias após o transplantio (DAT). A pulverização foliar de silício é viável, para incrementar o acúmulo deste elemento na planta, o crescimento e a biofortificação, e diminui a perda de água da folha pós-colheita do agrião da terra e do almeirão, destacando-se a concentração de 2,52 g L-1 de Si na forma de silicato de potássio.
Silicon (Si) leaf spraying can benefit the production and quality of leafy vegetables. Such knowing is unclear to land cress (Barbarea verna) and root chicory (Cichorium intybus cv. Spadona). This study aimed was verify the effect of silicon leaf spraying under different sources and concentrations in Si leaf content, on growth variables, ascorbate leaf content, and water loss during storage of land cress and root chicory. We carried out two experiments with two vegetables grown in (4 dm3) pots filled with sand, receiving nutrient solution. During growing, the maximum temperature average was 43.1 °C ± 10.6 ºC. A completely randomized design was used in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with two sources of silicon: potassium silicate and stabilized sodium and potassium silicate, and four concentrations of leaf spraying Si: 0 (control), 0.84, 1.68, and 2.52 g L-1 of Si, with four replications. The seedlings were transplanted after 10 days of vessel emergence. Three Si leaf sprayings were done every ten days where the first spraying was at 28 days after transplanting (DAT). Silicon leaf spraying is feasible to increase the Si accumulation, plant growth and biofortification and decrease the post-harvest water loss of land cress and root chicory leaves. The Si concentration of 2.52 g L-1 as potassium silicate was highlighted.
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Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Evaluation of Knack for Aphid Control in Green Leaf Lettuce." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219963.
Full textAbstract:
Knack was evaluated for its potential for regulating aphid populations in green leaf lettuce. However, Knack did not appear to be a viable control option, and probably did not work due to an inability to deliver the material where the aphids were on the underside of the lower leaves. A soil injection treatment of Admire at planting, and a foliar standard of Warrior + Endosulfan applied at the initiation of aphid colonization and again 14 later, were highly effective treatments.
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Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Evaluation of New Insecticides for Aphid Control in Green Leaf Lettuce." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219976.
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New soil injected and foliar insecticides were evaluated for their efficacy towards potato aphids in green leaf lettuce. The soil injected insecticides, Platinum and V10066, both appear to be viable alternatives to Admire, providing effective aphid control through harvest or ca. 90 days post-planting. Two foliar applications of Acetamiprid or Aphistar timed ca. 14 days apart beginning at the onset of aphid colonization provided superior aphid control over Provado or Fullfill, and control similar to that of the soil injected insecticides.
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Merget, Bernhard. "Assessing the risk of leafy green vegetables as a transmision pathway of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli to consumers." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233893.
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Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) is a major cause of diarrheal infections. It is increasingly associated with the consumption of fresh produce and responsible for several international outbreaks with severe sequelae. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) aim to evaluate the risk of contamination, quantify uncertainties and identify potential mitigation steps. Current published QRA focus on post-harvest process steps without consideration of pre-harvest factors. This study aimed to identify preharvest knowledge gaps and quantify the potential for growth of VTEC in plant tissue prior to harvest. Risk factors were used to develop a QRA for VTEC O157:H7 in ready-to-eat (RTE) salad from farm-to-fork. Plant host metabolites were analysed by mass spectrometry and chromatography. Further plant and bacteria derived factors involved in pre-harvest colonisation were determined and implemented into a QRA. The burden of disease was estimated as the probability of illness by consuming RTE salad in the United Kingdom (UK). VTEC was shown to frequently internalise into lettuce and spinach to high concentrations. There, it can persist, evade surface decontamination and crosscontaminate equipment and produce during processing. The probability of illness was estimated to be 2.66 * 10-5 for lettuce and 1.51 * 10-5 for spinach. Internalisation was determined as the driving factor for 1820 illnesses per year in the UK associated with the consumption of lettuce and 950 with spinach, respectively. Mitigation steps had limited impact on internalised VTEC O157:H7 and mostly reduced external bacteria. Outputs from the QRA indicate the insufficiency of current mitigation steps to reduce internal VTEC O157:H7 and highlights the need for advanced decontamination procedures. The QRA tool can be used for the development of industrial guidelines in order to improve food safety in the UK and Europe.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Evaluation of Products to Manage Sclerotinia Leaf Drop of Lettuce in 2001." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214916.
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Sclerotinia leaf drop in Arizona is caused by two soil-borne fungi, Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum. Moist soil and moderate temperature favor this disease. Some new products in development were evaluated for control of leaf drop on lettuce during the winter vegetable growing season of 2000-2001. Sclerotia of each pathogen were applied to plots after thinning and just before the first of two applications of test compounds. A high level of disease control in the S. minor plots occurred with an appropriate concentration of Plantpro 45, Fluazinam, Contans, BAS 510, BAS 510+BAS 500, Medallion and Serenade. The same products (except Serenade) at an appropriate rate significantly reduced the amount of leaf drop caused by S. sclerotiorum. Elevate did not significantly reduce disease caused by either pathogen. Two of the products tested, Serenade and Contans, are biological control materials. Continued demonstration of efficacy by one or both of these products may provide the opportunity to utilize biological control agents to manage Sclerotinia leaf drop.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Evaluation of Products to Manage Sclerotinia Leaf Drop of Lettuce in 2003." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214971.
Full textAbstract:
Sclerotinia leaf drop in Arizona is caused by two soil-borne fungi, Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum. Moist soil and moderate temperature favor this disease. Some registered products as well as new chemistries in development were evaluated for control of leaf drop on lettuce during the winter vegetable growing season in 2002-2003. Sclerotia of each pathogen were applied to plots after lettuce thinning and just before the first application of test compounds. In plots infested with Sclerotinia minor, all materials tested at an appropriate rate significantly reduced disease. The best treatments included an application of Contans followed by an application of Endura (BAS 510), as well as two applications of an experimental compound or the standard materials Ronilan and Rovral. Other useful products included Endura, Serenade, Pristine (BAS 516), Botran, Switch and Contans. In plots infested with S. sclerotiorum, two applications of Contans provided the best level of disease reduction among tested materials. Three applications of Endura or Pristine also were very efficacious. Other compounds that provided some reduction in disease caused by S. sclerotiorum included Botran, Serenade and Switch. Two of the products tested, Contans and Serenade, are biological control materials. For a valid comparison of products for control of Sclerotinia drop of lettuce, it is important to compare the results obtained from more than one field study. The reader is urged to review previous studies in addition to this report to get a true picture of the relative efficacy of tested compounds for control of Sclerotinia drop.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Evaluation of New Fungicides for Management of Sclerotinia Leaf Drop of Lettuce in 1999." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219972.
Full textAbstract:
In Arizona, Sclerotinia leaf drop of lettuce is caused by two different species of fungi, Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum. Relatively cool and moist environmental conditions favor this disease. Some new fungicides in development were evaluated for control of leaf drop on lettuce during the winter vegetable growing season of 1998-99. Sclerotia of each pathogen were applied to plots after thinning and just before the first of two applications of test compounds. The final severity of leaf drop in these trials was moderately high. Significant reduction in the final count of dead lettuce plants compared to nontreated plots was usually achieved by application of the standard compounds Ronilan and Rovral as well as an appropriate rate of the experimental compounds Elevate, Medallion or Serenade. Medallion and Elevate provided equivalent disease control to that of the current standard materials with 0.178 and 0.5 lb active ingredient (a.i.) per acre, respectively, compared to the current 1.0 lb a.i. per acre required with the standard compounds. Continued demonstration of efficacy by Serenade may provide the opportunity to utilize a biological control product to reduce the incidence of Sclerotinia leaf drop of lettuce.
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Wood, Jayde Lian. "Examination of microbiological quality of in-field leafy vegetables and identification of on-farm generic Escherichia coli transmission dynamics." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44613.
Full textAbstract:
Fresh produce has increasingly been linked to foodborne outbreaks in North America. Although contamination of produce may occur at any point along the food continuum, significant risks are thought to occur at the farm level. Data illustrating bacterial transmission dynamics on farm, however, are lacking. The aim of this project was to produce baseline data describing the occurrence of indicator bacteria on in-field leafy vegetables; examine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of recovered Escherichia coli; and identify on-farm microbiological reservoirs impacting leafy vegetables. In-field plants (n=1093) and environmental samples (irrigation water, compost, soil, and hand swabs; n=316) were collected from two production systems (conventional and organic) weekly between July-October during 2011 and 2012. Aerobic colony, coliform, and Escherichia coli counts were determined using 3M Petri-films. Escherichia coli prevalence was determined by enrichment with recovered isolates subjected to BOX-PCR and multiplex PCR phylogenetic typing. Mean coliform count for in-field plants was 1.2 ± 0.1 log₁₀ CFU/g. The prevalence of E. coli was 0.8 and 7% for conventional and organic leafy vegetable samples, respectively. No AMR to therapeutically critical antibiotics was observed in E. coli recovered from in-field plants, though nine (13%, n=67) multi-drug resistant strains were identified. Escherichia coli was recovered from an irrigation water reservoir (27%, n = 15), sprinkler (40%, n = 35), soil (58%, n = 19), hand swabs (4%, n = 27), and compost (6%, n = 16) from the organic production system. Escherichia coli was recovered from ditch water (100%, n = 10), and soil (12%, n = 25) from the conventional production system. Four phylogenetic groups were recovered, with B1 E. coli being the predominant phylogroup (78%). Though 92% of recovered E. coli were unrelated, BOX-PCR revealed identical fingerprints for E. coli recovered from irrigation water or compost and in-field plants. In summary, based on E. coli levels (n=5, c=2, m=100 CFU/g, M=1,000 CFU/g), the microbiological quality of leafy vegetables from both farms was acceptable. BOX-PCR data demonstrated transmission of E. coli from on-farm reservoirs to in-field plants, suggesting possible transmission routes for foodborne pathogens. The limitation of B1 E. coli as fecal indicators was highlighted.
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Zhao, Xin. "Exploring the effects of high tunnels and organic production systems on production and quality attributes of leafy vegetables in Kansas /." Search for this dissertation online, 2006. http://www.lib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
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Van, der Walt Anna Margaretha. "Fusarium in subsistence agro-environments, African dark green leafy vegetables (morogo) and consumer health : an ecological approach / A.M. van der Walt." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1938.
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Wafula, Eliud Nalianya [Verfasser], and Sascha [Akademischer Betreuer] Rohn. "Effects of Postharvest-Processing Technologies on the Safety and Quality of African Indigenous Leafy Vegetables / Eliud Nalianya Wafula ; Betreuer: Sascha Rohn." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143868668/34.
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Valerio, Maria Concetta <1980>. "Redox regulation in leaf starch metabolism. New insights into chloroplast Beta-amylase family." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2034/.
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Umeda, Kai. "Screening New Herbicides for Weed Control in Head and Leaf Lettuces and Broccoli." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220399.
Full textAbstract:
In preemergence (PREE) herbicide testing, all three lettuces, head, romaine, and red leaf, exhibited some tolerance to carfentrazone, sulfentrazone, flumetsulam, rimsulfuron, and thifensulfuron while giving effective weed control. In postemergence (POST) testing, cloransulam and flumetsulam controlled weeds at the lowest applied rates while lettuces were safe to cloransulam at 0.01 lb AI/A and flumetsulam at 0.03 lb AI/A. Imazamox was safe on lettuces at 0.01 lb AI/A and controlled weeds at 0.007 lb AI/A. For broccoli, sulfentrazone, fluroxypyr, and thifensulfuron applied PREE demonstrated reasonable safety and weed control. Cloransulam, flumetsulam, and fluroxypyr applied POST on broccoli exhibited adequate crop safety and good weed control.
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Doerge, Thomas A., Kevin H. Pritchard, and Ted W. McCreary. "Nitrogen Management in Drip Irrigated Leaf Lettuce, Spinach and Green Crops." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214500.
Full textAbstract:
Preliminary nitrogen (N) management experiments with spinach, leaf lettuce, romaine collard and mustard were conducted on a Casa Grande s.l. soil at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in the winter and spring of 1990-91. The purpose of this N rate experiment was to develop initial Best Management strategies for N fertilizer use for emerging high value crops grown in Arizona using subsurface drip irrigation. Three rates of urea, ammonium nitrate were applied to each cultivar to provide deficient (N1), adequate (N2) and supraoptimal real (N3) levels of N. All cultivars responded dramatically to the application of N. Fresh weight yields in the N1 and N2 treatments averaged 45 and 53% of the N3 treatment The average N3 yields recorded in these trials were 23.1, 12.8 and 21.8 tons of marketable produce per acre for greens, spinach and leaf lettuce/romaine crops, respectively. Preliminary plant tissue test results indicated that for all five crops, whole plant total N (TN) levels and midrib + petiole NO₃-N and leaf blade TN concentrations in the youngest mature leaf were responsive to differences in soil N supply and show promise as diagnostic N tissue test procedures. The midrib + petiole NO₃-N test appeared to be the best indicator of plant N status throughout the growing season for all five crops studied.
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Pritchard, Kevin H., Thomas A. Doerge, and Ted W. McCreary. "The Response of Leaf Lettuce to Phosphorous Fertilizer Placement and Rate." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214729.
Full textAbstract:
A one-year field study was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in the winter and spring of 1991-92 with the purpose of comparing the response of leaf lettuce grown with subsurface drip irrigation to various broadcast and banded phosphorus (P) fertilizer applications and rates. Two rates of banded treble superphosphate, 250 lbs. (1X) and 125 lbs. (1/2X) of P2Osper acre, were applied immediately before planting in a concentrated strip 1 inch directly below the row to be seeded. One broadcast rate, 250 lbs. (1X) of P205 per acre of the same material, was applied and folded into the planting beds during listing. Control plots, in which zero P fertilizer was applied, were also maintained. Whole plant total P concentrations were higher in the first one-third of the growing season for the band treatments, though the differences in responses between band and broadcast applications were not statistically significant in the final third of the season. The 1X band treatment exhibited both greater plant heights and diameters than all other treatments during the first one-half of the growing season, and maintained greater height dimensions in the second half. The 1X broadcast and 1/2X band treatments exhibited similar growth throughout the season. By harvest there were not significant differences in head or plant size or in marketable yield among the three P treatments.
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Hartmann, Rahel [Verfasser]. "Environmental and agronomic effects on phyllosphere microbiology and the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 during the cultivation of leafy vegetables / Rahel Hartmann." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1152965387/34.
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Van, Averbeke W., KA Juma, and TE Tshikalange. "Yield response of African leafy vegetables to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium: The case of Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis and Solanum retroflexum Dun." Water SA, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000786.
Full textAbstract:
In this study the growth and yield response of Solanum retroflexum Dun. (nightshade) and Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis
(non-heading Chinese cabbage) to N, P and K availability in the soil and the interaction effects of these three nutrients were
determined by means of pot experiments in a greenhouse. S. retroflexum was most sensitive to the availability of nitrogen
in the soil. Sufficient nitrogen needed to be available to achieve optimum growth but adding too much adversely affected
biomass production, suggesting a fairly narrow optimum range for nitrogen availability. The production of the crop was also
dependent on the adequate availability of phosphorus and potassium but any adverse effects due to excess availability were less distinct than for nitrogen. In the case of B. rapa subsp. chinensis, an optimum availability range was identified for N and K and a critical level of availability for P. The decline in biomass production caused by adding N in excess of the optimum
was reversed by applying both P and K at rates that were in excess of the respective optima.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Comparison of New Fungicides to Manage Sclerotinia Leaf Drop of Lettuce in 2000." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220001.
Full textAbstract:
Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum are the two soil-borne pathogenic fungi that cause Sclerotinia leaf drop in Arizona. Moist soils and moderate temperature favor this disease. Some new fungicides in development were evaluated for control of leaf drop on lettuce during the winter vegetable growing season of 1999-2000. Sclerotia of each pathogen were applied to plots after thinning and just before the first of two applications of test compounds. In this trial, the final count of dead lettuce plants usually was numerically reduced, compared to nontreated plots, in plots infested with either pathogen that were treated with the standard compounds Ronilan or Rovral as well as the experimental compound Medallion; however, the reduction was significant only in plots infested with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The number of dead plants in plots infested with either Sclerotinia minor or S. sclerotiorum was significantly reduced by another experimental chemistry, Fluazinam. Finally, a biological control product, Serenade, significantly reduced disease in plots containing S. minor, but not S. sclerotiorum. Continued demonstration of efficacy by Serenade may provide the opportunity to utilize a biological control product to reduce the incidence of Sclerotinia leaf drop of lettuce caused by S. minor.
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Masinde, Peter Wafula. "Effects of water stress on the growth of spiderplant (Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq.) and African nightshade (Solanum spp.), two traditional leafy vegetables in Kenya." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969348231.
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Richards-Adams, Ingrid. "Increasing dark green leafy, yellow/orange, cruciferous vegetables, tomatoes, and physical activity in a low-income population an evaluation of a critical thinking approach /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.
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Matheron, M. E., and J. C. Matejka. "Sclerotinia Leaf Drop of Lettuce - Screening New Fungicides for Disease Control in 1986." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221404.
Full textAbstract:
In western Arizona, the incidence and severity of lettuce drop, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, can be significant during February, March and April. During 1986 a field trial was established to test new fungicides for disease control. Disease severity in the inoculated lettuce planting was significantly reduced by Baycor, Spotless and CGA-449, as well as the registered fungicides Ronilan and Rovral. Further testing of Baycor, Spotless and CQA-449 will be performed next year.
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Matheson, Michael E., and Joseph C. Matejka. "Sclerotinia Leaf Drop on Lettuce -- Evaluation of New Fungicides for Disease Control." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214265.
Full textAbstract:
Leaf drop of lettuce, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a sporadic, but destructive, disease in Arizona. Field trials were established during 1987 and 1988 to evaluate potential new fungicides for disease control. Ronilan and Rovral, the two materials currently registered for use on lettuce for Sclerotinia leaf drop, were consistently among the most effective fungicides for disease control. Levels of disease control equivalent to that provided by Rovral and Ronilan were observed with CGA-449, SC-0854 SDS-65311, Bay HWG 1608, and Spotless. These field tests have identified several potential new fungicides for control of leaf drop of lettuce caused by S. sclerotionan.
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Figueiredo, Patrícia Isabel Duarte de. "Leaf lettuce matabolome during aging and under stress." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/8153.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em BiotecnologiaThe plant metabolome is extremely diverse due to the extraordinary variety of secondary metabolites. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques in metabonomics have been used for the identification of metabolite presents in plants under stress. The work reported in this thesis aimed to evaluate the metabolic and physiological changes that occur in lettuce leaves, caused by aging, light and dark growth conditions and due to exposure to mancozeb pesticide. Lettuces were grown during four weeks, and then separated in two groups in order to study the light/dark conditions and mancozeb pesticide exposure during growth. For the light/dark conditions study some lettuces were exposed during one week to a light intensity of 200 ± 20 μmol.m–2.s–1 (control), and others to 20 ± 20 μmol.m–2.s–1 (dark conditions). In the pesticide assay, the mancozeb was applied to a set of lettuces and not to the other (control). After one week, young leaves (from the first node) and expanded leaves (from the apical node) were collected. In general, the results show that the leaf age, the light/dark conditions and the exposure to mancozeb influence the plant physiological performance, such as pigment concentration and photosynthetic efficiency, as well as the plant metabolomic composition. The results show that young leaves show higher contents of glucose and sucrose, and lower contents of malic and citric acids than expanded leaves, and there was no significant differences in the physiological parameters measured. In the dark, the lettuce leaves present a decreased in the photosynthetic performance, which was more marked in expanded leaves compared to young leaves, resulting in significant decreases of glucose and sucrose on these leaves. Moreover, exposure of lettuce leaves with mancozeb resulted in decrease in photosynthetic performance, more marked in expanded leaves than in young leaves, with accumulation of glucose and decrease in some amino acids and several organic acids.
O metaboloma das plantas é extremamente diverso devido à enorme variedade de metabolitos secundários. A espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) é cada vez mais utilizada na metabonómica, na identificação dos metabolitos presentes nas plantas quando estas se encontram sob stress. O trabalho apresentado nesta tese teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações metabólicas e fisiológicas que ocorreram na folha da alface causadas pelo envelhecimento, por condições de crescimento na luz e no escuro e devido à exposição ao pesticida mancozebe. As alfaces cresceram durante quatro semanas, e foram depois separadas em dois grupos de forma a estudar as condições luz/escuro e exposição ao pesticida mancozebe durante o crescimento. No estudo das condições luz/escuro algumas alfaces foram expostas durante uma semana a luz de intensidade de 200 ± 20 μmol.m–2.s–1 (controlo) e outras a 20 ± 20 μmol.m–2.s–1 (condições no escuro). Nos ensaios com o pesticida, foi aplicado o mancozebe a um conjunto de alfaces e ao outro não (controlo). Após uma semana, recolheu-se as folhas novas (primeiro nó) e folhas expandidas (nó apical). Em geral, os resultados mostram que a idade da folha, as condições de luz e a exposição ao mancozebe influenciam, tanto o desempenho fisiológico da planta, ou seja, concentração de pigmentos e eficiência fotossintética, como a composição metabólica da planta. Os resultados mostram que as folhas jovens têm maiores teores de glucose e sacarose, e menor teor de ácido málico e cítrico que as folhas expandidas, e que não houve diferenças significativas nos parâmetros fisiológicos medidos. No escuro, as folhas de alface apresentam uma diminuição na performance fotossintética, que foi mais acentuada nas folhas expandidas em comparação com folhas jovens, resultando em reduções significativas de glucose e sacarose nessas folhas. Além disso, a exposição de folhas de alface ao mancozebe resultou na diminuição da performance fotossintética, mais acentuada em folhas expandidas do que nas folhas jovens, com acumulação de glucose e decréscimo de alguns aminoácidos e vários ácidos orgânicos.
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Tsai, Zong-Ye, and 蔡宗燁. "The growth characteristic of aeroponically-grown six leafy vegetable." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76345199295315166406.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
農藝學系所
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A plant factory is a controlled environment for plant production systems with artificial light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, water supply, and nutrients. Due to the high operation and start-up cost of plant factories, the plant factory system is most often used to cultivate leafy vegetables that have a high-profit return and require to develop a more efficient production systems. In this study, five common lettuce cultivars including sword lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. sativa bisch), red fire lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa cv Red Fire), butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata cv Butterhead), antlers shaped lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. sativa bisch x Pterocypsela), green romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia cv Green), and one Brassica variety tatsoi (Brassica narinosa L.) are selected as high-profit return materials and conducted to test the feasibility of three stage cultured method based on plant size for leafy vegetables in fully controlled plant factory with aeroponic culture. Growth data collected from the experiment of three stage culture show the typical sigmoid pattern and reach harvestable weight within 28 days of cultivation except for red fire lettuce which will take 42 days. Rapid growth rate will appear at last week and depend on the variety. Comparison of aeroponic and field-produced leafy vegetables show that the hydroponic plants grown faster, accumulate more biomass than the field-produced plants except green romaine and red fire lettuce. Plants grown at field show the higher transpiration rate, while plants grown at plant factory exhibited the greater intercellular CO2 concentration. However, nitrate content in all tested plants is lower than 2000 ppm which agree with EUs regulation. These results demonstrate that three stages culture is an efficient leafy vegetables production system. In addition, the effects of partial replacement of nutrient on plant growth are also investigated. Biomass data indicate that there are not significant difference between noncirculating method and reused nutrient culture except tatsoi and green romaine lettuce. Analysis of residues show that sword lettuce accumulate more nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium element than the others while red fire lettuce need more calcium and magnesium. The absorption of different kinds of mineral element depends on the variety. Further investigation on mineral consumption during recycle aeroponic culture will provide useful information for nutrient management.