Academic literature on the topic 'Leafy vegetable'
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Journal articles on the topic "Leafy vegetable"
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Smith, Francisca I., and P. Eyzaguirre. "African Leafy Vegetables: Their Role in the World Health Organization’s Global Fruit and Vegetables Initiative." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 7, no. 14 (May 28, 2007): 01–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.14.ipgri1-1.
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The increased awareness of the health protecting properties of non-nutrient bio-active compounds found in fruits and vegetables, has directed immense attention to vegetables as vital components of daily diets. For sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations, this attention on vegetables as vital dietary component s is significant, as leafy vegetables have long been known to be indispensable ingredients in traditional sauces that accompany carbohydrate staples. African indigenous and traditional leafy vegetables thus have a pivotal role in the success of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global initiative on fruits and vegetables consumption in the sub-continent. The joint WHO/FAO 2004 report on a Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, recommended a minimum daily intake of 400g of fruits and vegetables. Also, at their 2004 joint Kobe workshop, the WHO and FAO developed a framework that proposes ways to promote increased production, availability and access, and adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables. This framework is expected to guide the development of cost-efficient and effective interventions for the promotion of adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables at the national and sub-national level. This paper explores ways to integrate African indigenous leafy vegetables into the global fruit and vegetable programme initiative, and identifies some existing barriers to their effective mobilization. African Leafy Vegetables are increasingly recognized as possible contributors of both micronutrients and bio-active compounds to the diets of populations in Africa. Available data on the more commonly consumed varieties point to antioxidants containing leafy vegetables that can also provide significant amounts of beta carotene, iron, calcium and zinc to daily diets. How can the successful Nairobi leafy vegetable experience, be mainstreamed across the sub- continent to ensure their mobilization and integration in WHO’s fruit and vegetable initiative? The Kobe framework recommends that fruit and vegetable promotion interventions should consider the process from production to consumption. Very little is known about the production and consumption of African Leafy Vegetables. An expert report on patterns of vegetable consumption in the sub- continent lists common vegetables as onions , carrots, tomatoes and cabbage. Clearly, information on production, processing, distribution and marketing, preparation and consumption of vegetable species relevant to SSA, are vital and constitute the prop on which intervention programmes can be developed. Through its long collaboration with national governments, Bioversity International is well placed to catalyze the process of data generation and dissemination by countries in the sub-continent.
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HERMAN, K. M., A. J. HALL, and L. H. GOULD. "Outbreaks attributed to fresh leafy vegetables, United States, 1973–2012." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 14 (February 20, 2015): 3011–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000047.
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SUMMARYLeafy vegetables are an essential component of a healthy diet; however, they have been associated with high-profile outbreaks causing severe illnesses. We reviewed leafy vegetable-associated outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1973 and 2012. During the study period, 606 leafy vegetable-associated outbreaks, with 20 003 associated illnesses, 1030 hospitalizations, and 19 deaths were reported. On average, leafy vegetable-associated outbreaks were larger than those attributed to other food types. The pathogens that most often caused leafy vegetable-associated outbreaks were norovirus (55% of outbreaks with confirmed aetiology), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) (18%), and Salmonella (11%). Most outbreaks were attributed to food prepared in a restaurant or catering facility (85%). An ill food worker was implicated as the source of contamination in 31% of outbreaks. Efforts by local, state, and federal agencies to control leafy vegetable contamination and outbreaks should span from the point of harvest to the point of preparation.
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Song, Xiao-yan, Bao-lin Liu, and Ganesh K. Jaganathan. "Temperature Distribution Pattern of Brassica chinensis during Vacuum Cooling." Journal of Food Processing 2016 (February 28, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8247085.
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The temperature distribution of leafy vegetables is often less uniform than that of other vegetables during the vacuum cooling process, a factor that can cause undesired effects such as frostbite. Brassica chinensis, a type of classical leafy vegetable, was used as a model in this paper to optimize vacuum cooling technology for the whole and fresh-cut leafy vegetables. We found that noticeable temperature differences between the leaf and the petiole occurred, which resulted from their structural difference. Temperature variations of different parts of the leaf were also observed, indicating that cooling rate of leaf margin was quicker than the other parts. Our experiments show that using a moderate volumetric displacement of the chamber (0.033 s−1) is beneficial for obtaining a relative uniform temperature distribution of the leaf part.
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Karmakar, Kamal, Tanvir Muslim, and Md Azizur Rahman. "Chemical Composition of Some Leafy Vegetables of Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Science 61, no. 2 (November 19, 2013): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i2.17070.
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The chemical composition, such as water, ash, iron and total vitamin C content, of 28 green leafy vegetables were analyzed in this investigation. The water content of the leafy vegetables varied between 83.8 to 95.5 g/100 g fresh vegetable sample. The ash content of the samples varied between 8.0 to 22.6 g /100 g of dry vegetable powder. The iron content of the leafy vegetables varied from 11.8 to 78.2 mg/100 g of dry sample and the total vitamin C content varied from 191.5 to 21.6 mg/100 g of fresh sample. These findings conclusively suggest that the locally available leafy vegetables are good source of water, minerals, iron and vitamin C. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i2.17070 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 61(2): 199-201, 2013 (July)
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Ma, Chin H., and Manuel C. Palada. "(224) In Situ N Monitoring for Safe Leafy Vegetables using Quick and Advanced Tools." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1074D—1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1074d.
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High levels of N fertilizers are generally applied in intensive leafy vegetable production in the peri-urban agriculture of Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to develop a simple and rapid method of determining nitrate-N accumulation in selected leafy vegetables. Five leafy vegetables, including amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica), Ethiopian kale (Brassica carinata), choysum (Brassica campestris sp. parachinensis), and leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were grown on raised beds in 32-mesh nethouse in randomized complete-block design with four replications. The crops were fertilized with eight N levels: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 kg·ha-1 in three splits. At harvest, nitrate contents were determined in tissue sap of fully expanded leaf blades, petioles and whole plant using a Cardy nitrate meter. Chlorophyll content readings were also measured on the same leaf using a chlorophyll meter. Nitrate accumulations varied with vegetable species. Significant correlations (P< 0.001) existed between N fertilizer rate and nitrate content as well as leaf chlorophyll and yield. Using N application rate of 200 kg·ha-1, nitrate accumulation in Ethiopian kale was highest (7000 ppm), followed by kangkong (4000 ppm), amaranth (3500 ppm), and leafy lettuce (1200 ppm). The correlation between leaf chlorophyll meter reading (LCMR) and nitrate content was also significant (P< 0.001), suggesting the feasibility of using Cardy nitrate meter test and LCMR for monitoring production of low-nitrate and safe vegetables. The Cardy meter was also sensitive in detecting soil nitrate-N below 20 ppm and is a rapid and reliable alternative to conventional distillation method.
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Buzdar, Salah Udin, Syed Muhammad Khair, and Syed Munawar Shah. "Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Fresh-Water Grown Leafy Vegetables." Journal of Applied Economics and Business Studies 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.446.
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Wastewater-grown vegetables are responsible for various diseases whereas freshwater-grown vegetables are comparatively expensive. This paper examines consumers’ willingness to pay for freshwater grown leafy vegetables, such as, cauliflower, spinach and salad. For this purpose, a survey was conducted in five selected areas of Quetta city using contingent valuation method and 255 vegetable-consumers were questioned directly with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. The results indicate that most of the vegetable consumers (87-88%) are willing to pay extra amounts for FWGV. On average, a vegetable consumer is willing to pay 27.4%, 43% and 52% more than the original price for the three leafy vegetables (cauliflowers, salads and spinaches, respectively). The factors such as household income, level of education, awareness, use of freshwater-grown vegetables and employment were identified as determinants of consumers’ willingness to pay for FWGV. The study results reveal a high willingness to pay for FWGV by the vegetable consumers and suggests a comprehensive strategy on the part of the government to overcome the problem of wastewater-grown vegetables (WWGV).
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Kougblénou, Sylvain Daton, Alidéhou Jerrold Agbankpé, Justin Gbèssohélé Béhanzin, Tamègnon Victorien Dougnon, Alidah Victonie Aniambossou, Lamine Baba-Moussa, and Honoré Sourou Bankolé. "Microbiological Safety of Leafy Vegetables Produced at Houeyiho and Sèmè-Kpodji Vegetable Farms in Southern Benin: Risk Factors for Campylobacter spp." International Journal of Food Science 2019 (December 16, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8942608.
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Foodborne infections, mainly those attributable to Campylobacter, are one of the most common causes of intestinal diseases, of bacterial origin in humans. Although the vehicle of transmission is not always identified, the most common vehicles are poultry, poultry products, and contaminated water. In Southern Benin, an excessive use of poultry manure as fertilizer in vegetable farms was noted. This survey aimed to determine the prevalence and concentration of Campylobacter spp., especially Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, in selected environmental samples (poultry manure, and irrigation water) and freshly harvested leafy vegetables in two (Houeyiho and Sèmè-Kpodji) vegetable farms in southern Benin. To achieve this objective, we analyzed 280 samples, including 224 samples of leafy vegetables (Solanum macrocarpon and Lactuca sativa capita), 28 samples of irrigation water, and 28 samples of poultry manure. The analysis of the samples taken was carried out according to the modified NF EN ISO 10272-1 standard. Of the 280 samples analyzed in this survey, 63 were positive for Campylobacter contamination. For leafy vegetable samples analyzed in this survey, the contamination rate was of 15.63%. 60.71% of poultry manure samples analyzed were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. and 39.29% of irrigation water samples were contaminated. The statistical analysis of these results showed that there is a correlation between the contamination of leafy vegetables, poultry manure, and irrigations (p<0.01). Campylobacter jejuni (53.97%) was more involved in contaminations than Campylobacter coli (36.57%). This study has shown that there is a real risk of food poisoning by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli among consumers of leafy vegetables in southern Benin. The origin of contamination of these leafy vegetables is poultry manure used as fertilizer in vegetable gardens and irrigation water used.
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Hart, Alexander D., Azubuike CU, Barimalaa IS, and SC Achinewhu. "Vegetable Consumption Pattern of Households in Selected Areas of the old Rivers State in Nigeria." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 5, no. 8 (April 25, 2005): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.8.1365.
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The vegetable consumption pattern of households in selected areas in the old Rivers State (now Rivers and Bayelsa States) in Nigeria was investigated. Areas studied were Port Harcourt the State capital, Igwuruta, Ahoada and Kaiama. Results showed that mothers consumed 59 ± 0.45g to 130 ± 2.04g/person/day of vegetables between the months of May and July, the peak season of vegetable production. Factors that influenced vegetable consumption were found to be chiefly season and culture. Other factors were availability/price for 43.8% of households in Kaiama, a riverine community, while taste and nutrition knowledge wielded minor influences. Leafy vegetables were consumed at least four times per week in Igwuruta and Port Harcourt, while households in Ahoada and Kaiama, where culture had strong influence, consumed them only occasionally. Vegetables consumed were mainly pumpkin leaves (Telfairia occidentialis) and okro (Abelmoschus esculentus) in areas where season played a strong role. In areas where culture had a strong influence, bitterleaf, a leafy vegetable that undergoes rigorous process of squeezing and washing and is only scantly used in soups, was the vegetable of choice. Other vegetables less frequently consumed were Amaranthus hybridus, Pterocarpus spp., Gnetum africanum and Piper guineense leaves. These were used chiefly in various soup dishes eaten as accompaniments with the starchy staples. Other dishes in which leafy vegetables were consumed were pottage in those areas of high vegetable consumption, and occasionally in stew by all households investigated. Household size of 5 to 8 persons consumed their soup dishes between two and four days, while larger households of nine and above ate their soups in one day. However, households with deep freezer facilities stored their soup dishes for up to seven days. In spite of the reasonable consumption of vegetables during the peak season of production, reports of micronutrient deficiencies in Nigeria are rife, indicating a need for intervention. Possible reasons for the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies are seasonal variations in vegetable production, inadequate processing and preservation of vegetables for all year distribution and culture which may limit adequate consumption of leafy vegetables even when they are in abundance. This situation underscores the need for nutrition education, coupled with a program on dietary diversification to create awareness, increase production, processing, preservation and consumption of vegetables.
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Hart, Alexander D., Azubuike CU, Barimalaa IS, and SC Achinewhu. "Vegetable Consumption Pattern of Households in Selected Areas of the old Rivers State in Nigeria." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 5, no. 8 (April 25, 2005): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.8.1365.
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The vegetable consumption pattern of households in selected areas in the old Rivers State (now Rivers and Bayelsa States) in Nigeria was investigated. Areas studied were Port Harcourt the State capital, Igwuruta, Ahoada and Kaiama. Results showed that mothers consumed 59 ± 0.45g to 130 ± 2.04g/person/day of vegetables between the months of May and July, the peak season of vegetable production. Factors that influenced vegetable consumption were found to be chiefly season and culture. Other factors were availability/price for 43.8% of households in Kaiama, a riverine community, while taste and nutrition knowledge wielded minor influences. Leafy vegetables were consumed at least four times per week in Igwuruta and Port Harcourt, while households in Ahoada and Kaiama, where culture had strong influence, consumed them only occasionally. Vegetables consumed were mainly pumpkin leaves (Telfairia occidentialis) and okro (Abelmoschus esculentus) in areas where season played a strong role. In areas where culture had a strong influence, bitterleaf, a leafy vegetable that undergoes rigorous process of squeezing and washing and is only scantly used in soups, was the vegetable of choice. Other vegetables less frequently consumed were Amaranthus hybridus, Pterocarpus spp., Gnetum africanum and Piper guineense leaves. These were used chiefly in various soup dishes eaten as accompaniments with the starchy staples. Other dishes in which leafy vegetables were consumed were pottage in those areas of high vegetable consumption, and occasionally in stew by all households investigated. Household size of 5 to 8 persons consumed their soup dishes between two and four days, while larger households of nine and above ate their soups in one day. However, households with deep freezer facilities stored their soup dishes for up to seven days. In spite of the reasonable consumption of vegetables during the peak season of production, reports of micronutrient deficiencies in Nigeria are rife, indicating a need for intervention. Possible reasons for the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies are seasonal variations in vegetable production, inadequate processing and preservation of vegetables for all year distribution and culture which may limit adequate consumption of leafy vegetables even when they are in abundance. This situation underscores the need for nutrition education, coupled with a program on dietary diversification to create awareness, increase production, processing, preservation and consumption of vegetables.
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Sam, Luong Hong, and Tran Anh Son. "A Study on Application of Ultrasonic Wave and Ozone Micro-Bubbles in Leafy Vegetables Washing." Key Engineering Materials 863 (September 2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.863.79.
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The demand for vegetable consumption is essential issue to serve citizens. Excessive protective chemical elimination which is applied advanced solutions brings high effects being investigated by domestic and international scientists. In this report, research team conducted and designed the vegetable washing machine integrated with the ultrasonic power and Ozone microbubbles to wash out plentiful protective chemicals attaching to surfaces of leafy vegetables. Followingly, using Taguchi method for four kinds of vegetables including salad, water spinach, Chinese cabbage, and mustard greens verifies the effectiveness of solutions. Vegetable samples are treated soaking pool making ultrasonic wave and Ozone microbubbles raging from 1.0ppm to 2.0ppm. The practical results demonstrated that the method using the ultrasonic power and Ozone microbubbles has high effects on eradicating protective chemical on leafy vegetables.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Leafy vegetable"
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Mahlangu, Sandile Alexandra. "Production and commercialisation potential of indigenous leafy vegetables : case study of Capricorn District in the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1332.
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Thesis (MSc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014There are few plant species commercialised significantly globally and food requirements are mainly met by only few species. However, there is an enormous number of under-utilised species that play a vital role in the livelihood of rural households. These species are referred to as indigenous crops. Indigenous crops are adaptable to local agro-ecological conditions even where there is unreliable rainfall, which is the case in many parts of the country, require a minimum production management, mature early, and are easy to harvest and preserve and require less capital investments. Despite all these, in South Africa indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) were not commercialised and most researchers did not pay much attention to do research on possibilities of commercialising these crops. Thus this study investigated the economic potential of commercialising indigenous leafy vegetables in the rural South African context in general and in the study area in particular. The objectives of the study were (1) to identify the socio-economic characteristics of ILVs producers in rural areas of Capricorn district, (2), to investigate constraints faced by farmers in commercialising ILVs in rural areas of Capricorn district, (3), to determine the productivity of indigenous leafy vegetables in rural areas of Capricorn district, and (4), to assess different types of marketing channels of ILVs in rural areas of Capricorn district. The study used Stochastic Frontier Production Function to determine the productivity and to assess the socio-economic characteristics of producers of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables. Bubble chart was used to assess the marketing channels whilst consumer data was captured into a statistical package. The results indicated that there are several significant socio-economic factors that affect ILV production and there are also factors which constraint farmers from commercialising ILVs. Productivity of ILVs in the study area varied a lot among farmers; some farmers had a high productivity but most farmers had a low productivity. The results indicated that out of the factors included in the analysis significant production factors were; amount of labour used, cost of hiring tractor service and land devoted to ILVs and inefficiency factors were; gender, age, household size, farming experience, farm size, v hired labour, primary occupation and land ownership. ILV farmers had no formal marketing channels; they sold their product direct to consumers or through hawkers. Therefore, the study recommends the integration of science/modern technology and indigenous knowledge, to improve the productivity of ILVs. Since farmers were not technically efficient, therefore it is important to run workshops that will help them improve their production and marketing skills and how to market their products. Or create booklets that have information on how to efficiently produce ILVs. There should also be awareness campaign on the benefit of ILVs in both rural and urban communities. The study also recommends a multi-disciplinary approach in developing the crop; more stakeholders should be involved so as to make the crop appealing. Finally the study recommends the commercialisation of these crops due to the fact that they have the potential and are demanded in most parts of South Africa.
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DeNiro, Julia L. "Airborne Transport of Foodborne Pathogens from Bovine Manure to Vegetable Surfaces." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376925440.
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Fu, J. "Effects of different harvest start times on leafy vegetables (Lettuce, Pak Choi and Rocket) in a reaping and regrowth system." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/670.
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Leafy vegetables, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Green Oakleaf), pak choi (Brassica sinensis L. cv. Oriental Taisai) and rocket (Eruca sativa L.), were planted in an open field at Lincoln University on January 2005. Plants were harvested at 5 cm cutting height above the growing point with three different harvest start times, early start (ES), mid start (MS) and late start (LS) of harvest respectively. There were three harvests during the growing season with a 4-week interval between harvests. Generally, lettuce produced significantly higher total FW/plant (208 g) than pak choi or rocket (123 and 102 g total FW/plant, respectively). Lettuce also produced significantly higher total FW/plant than pak choi or rocket in each treatment. Lettuce produced significantly more total saleable leaf FW/plant in the ES, MS and LS treatment (137.5, 120.9 and 169.3 g FW/plant), compared with pak choi (52.9, 100 and 92 g FW/plant) or rocket (31.5, 92.2 and 56.4 g FW/plant). Pak choi produced higher total saleable leaf FW/plant than rocket in the ES and LS treatments, but a similar total saleable leaf FW/plant in the MS treatment. The best time to start harvesting was the LS treatment for lettuce, while pak choi and rocket produced better yields in the MS and LS treatments. Results for total DW/plant showed that different harvest start times did not affect the total DW/plant in lettuce. However, pak choi and rocket produced less total DW/plant in the ES treatment compared to the MS or LS treatments. This was due to a faster recovery by lettuce. In addition, lettuce produced significantly higher DW/plant during regrowth at the second and third harvests than pak choi or rocket, even though it was significantly lower at the first harvest. It is likely that after harvesting greater carbohydrate reserves and greater remaining leaf area produced greater regrowth potential in lettuce. These results suggest that lettuce has the most regrowth potential, while rocket has more than pak choi in this reaping and regrowth system. When plants were harvested at the same cutting level, lettuce had the most remaining leaf area of the three species. This remaining leaf area for lettuce could be another reason for faster recovery and more regrowth potential. More reserves and remaining leaf area may also be the reason for more regrowth potential in rocket compared to pak choi. Another important reason for the better performance of lettuce was that temperatures during the growing season were in the range of optimum temperatures (12-21 ºС), except for the regrowth between the second and third harvests in the LS. This relates to higher photosynthetic rates and in turn leads to faster recovery and regrwoth. Lettuce was the most suitable crop in the reaping and regrowth system in this experiment. However, rocket might also be appropriate for this system, particularly if the price is high enough to make it economically viable.
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Anele, Mayekiso. "Production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to household food security: evidence from Coffee Bay, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/712.
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This study used cross-sectional survey data to estimate farmers` perceptions of, and commonly cultivated ILVs, factors that influence the participation of smallholder famers in the production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables and its contribution to household food security]. With regard to farmers` perceptions of ILVs, descriptive results reveal that a majority of the people from the study area share positive perceptions with respect to ILVs. Regression estimates for determinants of participation indicate that the production of ILVs is primarily conditioned by shared perceptions and institutional factors rather than the socio-economic attributes of farmers. Public policies that address the institutional framework (extension, credit, market and social networks) in favour of ILVs are more likely to promote production. Also, more research on the documentation and benefits of ILVs, supported by investments targeting educational campaigns towards promoting positive attitudes and dispelling fears and myths surrounding ILVs, will further promote production. With reference to the contribution of ILVs to food security, descriptive results indicate that participation in the production of ILVs leads to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS. Regression estimates further revealed that participation positively contributes to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS, suggesting that households who participate in the production of ILVs are more likely to be food secure than non-participants. Therefore, participation in the production of ILVs has significant potential to address household food security.
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Sriwichai, Wichien. "Déterminants de la bioaccessibilité des caroténoïdes et tocophérols de légumes feuilles : comparaison variétale et influence du procédé." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT176.
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La carence en vitamine A est un problème de santé publique dans de nombreux pays et elle touche particulièrement les groupes vulnérables. Un régime alimentaire varié permet de lutter durablement contre cette carence. Les fruits et légumes ont un rôle important dans ce contexte. Certains caroténoïdes provitaminiques peuvent participer à la couverture des besoins en vitamine A. Leur faible absorption intestinale et conversion en vitamine A est un facteur limitant. Cette thèse avait pour objectif, tout d’abord, d’identifier les déterminants de la bioaccessibilité des caroténoïdes (β-carotène et lutéine) et de l’α-tocophérol dans 8 légumes feuilles frais consommés en Asie du Sud Est. Le profil nutritionnel de ces aliments, ainsi, que leurs capacités à libérer les micronutriments d’intérêt pendant des digestions in vitro ont été évalués. Des corrélations statistiques ont été recherchées entre les différentes variables pour identifier quels facteurs favorisent ou limitent la bioaccessibilité des composés. Dans un deuxième temps, deux études poussées ont été menées sur les feuilles de moringa et brèdes chouchou afin d’évaluer l’influence des traitements culinaires et procédés de conservation sur la bioaccessibilité des micronutriments lipophiles. Une approche microscopique a été mise en œuvre pour suivre le changement de structure des feuilles à l’échelle cellulaire. Enfin, une méthode de purification et quantification des pectines et tanins ayant diffusés dans les milieux digestifs a été développée afin de voir si ces polymères étaient impliqués dans la modulation de la bioaccessibilité des caroténoïdes et tocophérols selon les variétés. Les légumes feuilles sont composés de trois tissus distincts (épiderme, mésophylle et tissu vasculaire). Les teneurs en pectines des légumes feuilles ont été le seul déterminant identifié dans la faible micellisation des caroténoïdes. L’analyse de la teneur en pectines des milieux digestifs n’a pas permis de confirmer cette hypothèse. Les tanins condensés, quant à eux, auraient un effet protecteur probablement liés à leurs propriétés antioxydantes. Parmi les opérations culinaires, la cuisson à la vapeur est celle qui augmente le plus la bioaccessibilité des caroténoïdes et de l’α-tocophérol des feuilles en déstructurant légèrement les tissus et en induisant peu de reactions de dégradations. En revanche, la friture détruit l’épiderme, ouvre les cellules palissadiques et dégrade les vitamines par réaction à hautes températures. Le séchage doux (60°C) couplé au broyage permet d’obtenir des poudres dont les composés sont libérés plus aisément pendant la digestion ; les cellules sont alors en partie ouvertes par le traitement. En conclusion, les légumes feuilles frais et transformés ont un profil nutritionnel intéressant et les procédés (séchage/broyage, cuisson à la vapeur, stérilisation) améliorent la capacité des aliments à relarguer les micronutriments pendant la digestion. L’ouverture des cellules est un élément important dans la bioaccessibilité des composés mais la composition des légumes elle même influence le devenir digestif (stabilité, micellisation). La stabilisation par abaissement de la teneur en eau et broyage, permet de disposer sur l’année de légumes sous forme de poudre « fonctionnalisée ». Le Moringa a un profil nutritionnel comparable aux autres légumes feuilles à l’exception des composés phénoliques qu’il contient. Diversifier les modes de consommation de légumes sous forme fraiche ou transformée pourrait améliorer le statut nutritionnel des populationsThe vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem in numerous countries and affects specifically vulnerable groups. A diversified diet allows decreasing the vitamin A deficiency in a sustainable way. Fruits and vegetables have an important role to play in this context. Some of provitamin A carotenoids can fulfil human vitamin A requirements. Their poor intestinal absorption and bioconversion into vitamin A is a limiting factor. This thesis aim at, firstly, identify the key determinants of carotenoid (β-carotene and lutein) and α-tocopherol bioaccessibility in 8 fresh leafy vegetables consumed in South East Asia. Their nutritional profile and capacity to liberate micronutrient throughout in vitro digestion were assessed. Statistical correlations were determined among the variables to identify which factor promotes or impairs the micronutrient bioaccessibility. In a second step, two studies were leaded on chayote and moringa leaves to evaluate the influence of culinary treatments and preservation methods on the compound bioaccessibility. A microscopical approach was used to assess the structural changes of the food at the cellular scale. Finally, a quantification method of pectins and tannins in the digestive medium was developed to highlight their role in the carotenoid micellarisation. Leafy vegetables are constituted of tree distinct tissues (epidermis, mesophylle and vascular bundles). The pectin contents in leafy vegetable were the only key factor statically involved in the carotenoid micellarisation. The analysis of the pectin contents of the digestive medium of leafy vegetable did not confirm this hypothesis. The condensed tannins had rather a protective role probably related to their antioxidant properties. Among the culinary treatments, steaming increased greatly the carotenoid and α-tocopherol bioaccessibility with concomitant tissue disorganization and low degradation reactions. On the contrary, frying destroys the epidermis layer, opens some palissadic cells with a high level of destruction of vitamins with the high temperature used. Drying at moderate temperature (60°C) plus grinding produce powders with high release of compounds during in vitro digestion. In conclusion, fresh and processed vegetables have an interesting nutritional profile and processing (drying/grinding, steaming, sterilization) improves the digestive release of micronutrients. Cell opening is an important factor as well as the biochemical composition of the leaves which determine the digestive behaviour (stability, micellarisation). Stabilisation of leaves by drying and grinding allow delivering functionalised powder during the year. Moringa has a nutritional profile comparable to others leafy vegetables except for its phenolic contents. The consumption of diversified products based on leafy vegetables in fresh or processed state should improve the nutritional status of populations
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Jansen, van Rensburg WS, Averbeke W. Vab, R. Slabbert, M. Faber, Jaarsveld P. Van, Heerden I. Van, F. Wenhold, and A. Oelofse. "African leafy vegetables in South Africa." Water SA, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000817.
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In this article the term ‘African leafy vegetables’ was adopted to refer to the collective of plant species which are used as
leafy vegetables and which are referred to as morogo or imifino by African people in South Africa. Function is central in this
indigenous concept, which is subject to spatial and temporal variability in terms of plant species that are included as a result
of diversity in ecology, culinary repertoire and change over time. As a result, the concept embraces indigenous, indigenised
and recently introduced leafy vegetable species but this article is concerned mainly with the indigenous and indigenised
species. In South Africa, the collection of these two types of leafy vegetables from the wild, or from cultivated fields where
some of them grow as weeds, has a long history that has been intimately linked to women and their traditional livelihood
tasks. Among poor people in remote rural areas the use of these types of leafy vegetables is still common but nationwide there
is evidence of decline, particularly in urban areas. Cultivation of indigenous or indigenised leafy vegetables is restricted to
a narrow group of primarily indigenised species in South Africa. Seven groups of indigenous or indigenised African leafy
vegetables that are important in South Africa were given special attention and their local nomenclature, ecology, use and
cultivation are discussed.
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Amoussa, Hounkpatin Waliou B. A. "Évaluation du potentiel de couverture des besoins en vitamine A des jeunes enfants à partir des sauces accompagnant les aliments de base consommés au Bénin." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20160/document.
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L'identification et l'amélioration du potentiel pro-vitaminique A des sauces accompagnant les aliments de base pourraient constituer une voie alimentaire de lutte contre la carence en vitamine A (CVA) chez les jeunes enfants au Bénin. La qualité nutritionnelle et la rétention en provitamines A des sauces lors des procédés traditionnels de préparation ont été évaluées au moyen d'une démarche itérative terrain et laboratoire. Une enquête de consommation alimentaire par pesées et mesures anthropométriques auprès de 420 enfants a permis d'évaluer l'état nutritionnel des sujets et l'adéquation des apports en fer, zinc et vitamine A (VA) et d'identifier les principales sources de VA dans l'alimentation. La mangue, les œufs, l'huile de palme rouge (HPR) ou diverses sauces légumes-feuilles (LF) constituent les principaux aliments locaux riches en VA consommés (34,2% des enfants enquêtés). Lorsqu'elles sont consommées, les sauces participent à la couverture de 71 à 129% des apports journaliers recommandés en VA des jeunes enfants. Le suivi au niveau ménage des procédés traditionnels de préparation des sauces les plus prometteuses notamment les sauces LF-amarante à base d'HPR ou de jus de noix de palme (NP), a permis d'identifier les traitements thermiques appliqués aux LF, aux NP ou à l'HPR comme des étapes critiques. Le chauffage de l'HPR à 180-200°C apparaît comme l'étape la plus préjudiciable à la VA. Elle réduit de plus de 70%, et en moins de 3 min, les teneurs en α-carotène, en β-carotène et en activité équivalent rétinol (AER). La violaxanthine, caroténoïde non pro-VA est le seul composé significativement affecté lors du blanchiment des feuilles d'amarante (100°C) mais l'AER reste élevée avec ou sans ajout de potasse traditionnelle. Les sauces formulées à base des ingrédients LF-amarante, NP ou HPR présentent une bonne acceptabilité, une AER élevée et leur consommation pourrait être promue avantageusement dans le cadre d'approches alimentaires de lutte contre la CVAThe identification and the improvement of the potential in pro-vitamins A of sauces accompanying staple foods could constitute a food-based approach for combating vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among young children in Benin. The nutritional quality and the retention of pro-vitamins A in sauces during traditional home processing has been assessed by using a field-laboratory iterative approach. Anthropometric measurements were used to appreciate subjects' nutritional status. A food consumption survey of 420 young children was conducted to assess the adequacy of iron, zinc and vitamin A (VA) intakes, and to identify the main VA-rich foods eaten by children using the weighed food record method. Mangoes, eggs, red palm oil (RPO), various leafy vegetables (LV) and palm nut juice sauces appeared to be the main VA-rich foods consumed by 34.2% investigated children. When consumed, these LV sauces containing RPO or palm nut juice (PNJ) contributed to the meeting of 71-129% of the recommended VA intake of young children. The traditional processing method of the most promising sauces such as amaranth leaf sauces based on RPO or PNJ was monitored step by step during home visits and allowed identifying the thermal treatments applied to LV, to palm nut or to RPO as critical steps. Heating the RPO at 180-200°C appears as the more prejudicial step to VA. It decreased more than 70% and in less than 3 min, α-carotene, β-carotene and Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) contents. Violaxanthin, a non pro-VA carotenoid, was the only compound to be significantly affected by the thermal treatment (100°C) of amaranth leaves. RAE remained high after blanching even when alkaline traditional potash was added. The formulated sauces on the basis of the ingredients LV-amaranth, palm nut or RPO present a good acceptability, a high RAE and their consumption could be promoted favorably in food-based strategies to alleviate VAD
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Palumbo, John. "Management of Aphids and Thrips on Leafy Vegetables." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221610.
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Research has been conducted at the Yuma Agricultural Center for the past 5 years to gain an understanding of aphid and thrip population dynamics in spring lettuce, spinach and Cole crops. This information coupled with insecticide efficacy studies has allowed us to formulate recommendations for managing these serious pests of leafy vegetables. Provided below is information on species composition, sampling and chemical control of aphids and thrips. This paper should provide guidelines for pest control advisors and growers in making management decisions.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Performance of Products for Management of Sclerotinia Leaf Drop of Lettuce in 2002." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214955.
Full textAbstract:
Sclerotinia leaf drop in Arizona is caused by two soil-borne fungi, Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum. Moist soil and moderate temperature favor this disease. Some new products in development were evaluated for control of leaf drop on lettuce during the winter vegetable growing season of 2001-2002. Sclerotia of each pathogen were applied to plots after thinning and just before the first of two applications of test compounds. Significant reduction of Sclerotinia leaf drop caused by S. minor occurred in plots treated with Endura, whereas other products tested against this pathogen did not significantly reduce the level of disease compared to nontreated control plants. The highest level of disease reduction in plots infested by S. sclerotiorum was achieved by the fungicide Ronilan as well as the biological material Contans. Somewhat lower but still significant disease control was achieved with Endura on plots infested with S. sclerotiorum. In this field trial, Endura provided the best level of disease control in plots infested with S. minor, whereas Contans provided the best level of disease control in plots infested with S. sclerotiorum.
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Tengku, Muda Mohamed Mahmud. "Acclimation of leafy vegetables for post-harvest quality retention." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308305.
Full textBooks on the topic "Leafy vegetable"
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Ready-to-eat or not?: Examining the impact of leafy greens marketing agreements : hearing before the Subcommittee on Domestic Policy of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, July 29, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2011.
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Hughes, Meredith Sayles. Green power: Leaf & flower vegetables. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications Co., 2001.
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United States. Agricultural Marketing Service. Fruit and Vegetable Division. Processed Products Branch. Frozen leafy greens: Grading manual. Washington, DC: The Branch, 1987.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. and World Health Organization, eds. Microbiological hazards in fresh leafy vegetables and herbs: Meeting report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
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Cooking with traditional leafy vegetables: Indigenous plants in Tanzania's kitchen. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Regent Estate Senior Women Group, 2008.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Microbiological hazards in fresh leafy vegetables and herbs: Meeting report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
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Feldt, Linda Diane. Spinach and beyond: Loving life and dark green leafy vegetables : a cookbook. Ann Arbor, MI: Moon Field Press, 2003.
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Spinach and beyond: Loving life and dark green leafy vegetables : a cookbook. Ann Arbor, MI: Moon Field Press, 2003.
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photographer, Kernick John, ed. Root to leaf: A southern chef cooks through the seasons. New York: Harper Wave, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers, 2015.
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Springer, John K. The importance of plant disease management in U.S. production of leafy green vegetables. Washington, D.C.?]: The Program, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Leafy vegetable"
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Gunes, Gurbuz, and Esra Dogu-Baykut. "Green Leafy Vegetables." In Handbook of Vegetables and Vegetable Processing, 683–99. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119098935.ch29.
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Reddy, P. Parvatha. "Leafy Vegetable Crops." In Biointensive Integrated Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, 179–82. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1844-9_13.
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Reddy, Parvatha P. "Leafy Vegetable Crops." In Nematode Diseases of Crops and their Management, 319–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3242-6_18.
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Gunes, Gurbuz, and Esra Dogu. "Green Leafy Vegetables: Spinach and Lettuce." In Handbook of Vegetables and Vegetable Processing, 705–16. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470958346.ch35.
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Reddy, P. Parvatha. "Leafy, Root and Tuber Vegetable Crops." In Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Horticultural Crop Protection, 223–34. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1973-6_12.
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Gullino, M. Lodovica, Giovanna Gilardi, and Angelo Garibaldi. "Seed-Borne Fungal Pathogens of Leafy Vegetable Crops." In Global Perspectives on the Health of Seeds and Plant Propagation Material, 47–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9389-6_4.
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Narain, Udit, Alka Kushwaha, Rajendra Prasad, and Ved Ratan. "Symptomatology and Etiology of Alternariose in Root, Fruits, and Leafy Vegetables." In Diseases of Fruits and Vegetable Crops, 461–87. Series statement: Innovations in horticultural science: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429322181-25.
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Pavithra, M., K. R. Sridhar, and A. A. Greeshma. "17. Bioactive attributes of traditional leafy vegetable Talinum triangulare." In Human Health Handbooks, 357–72. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-853-7_17.
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Ebel, Roland, María de Jesús Méndez Aguilar, Juan Ariel Castillo Cocom, and Susanne Kissmann. "Genetic Diversity in Nutritious Leafy Green Vegetable—Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius)." In Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, 161–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96454-6_6.
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Gullino, M. Lodovica, Giovanna Gilardi, and Angelo Garibaldi. "Chemical and Non Chemical Seed Dressing for Leafy Vegetable Crops." In Global Perspectives on the Health of Seeds and Plant Propagation Material, 125–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9389-6_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Leafy vegetable"
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Lin, Jing, Zhiqin Wang, Chong Li, and Xiang Yuan. "Study on Bunching Mechanical Properties of Leafy Vegetable." In 2021 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting, July 12-16, 2021. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.202100129.
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YAO, MING-HWI, HUU-SHENG LUR, and CHUN-HSIANG HUANG. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF LEAFY VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION IN URBAN TAIPEI, TAIWAN." In URBAN AGRICULTURE 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ua200071.
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Dahir, Hana, Alaa Mohamed, Sara Alsaeedi, and Tahra Elobeid. "Determination of Ocps and Pops Residues in Local Produce in Qatar and their Health Implications." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0210.
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In this study, a total of 49 samples of fruits and vegetables (dates, leafy vegetables and fruiting vegetables) produced locally in the farms in Qatar and 42 samples of soil and water from these farms were analyzed using Gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC/ECD), and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect residual levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The levels of OCPs of all samples were below the MRLs. The correlation analysis results showed that water and soil could be a potential source of the contamination of aBHC, b-BHC, heptachlor, g-chlordane and endrin in the fruit and vegetable samples. In this study, a risk assessment analysis was also performed to estimate daily intake of OCPs by Qatari population. The risk assessment study revealed that the intake of the studied OCPs posed no risk to human health due to their levels of intake below MRLs.
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Mallick, J., K. L. Narayana, S. Khuntia, D. Singh, and R. Barik. "Biogas generation from leafy biomass & vegetable wastes by application of ultrasound." In 2009 International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdret.2009.5454178.
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Tan, Dingzhong, Chenxi Guan, Jian Guo, Chenggong Ji, and Chao Jiang. "Research on Leafy Vegetable Recognition and Navigation Line Extraction Algorithm Based on Machine Vision." In ICCIR 2021: 2021 International Conference on Control and Intelligent Robotics. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3473714.3473838.
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Ali, Mohd Fozi, and Shahrul Azwan Shakrani. "The effects of secondary treated wastewater irrigation on leafy vegetable growth under soil and soilless culture." In 2013 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/beiac.2013.6560178.
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Gao, Guohua, Xinyue Du, Zihua Zhang, Wenyue Liu, and Shiyue Pan. "Low-carbon design of leafy vegetable production system based on life cycle analysis and digital model." In 2022 12th International Conference on CYBER Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cyber55403.2022.9907402.
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SITAREK-ANDRZEJCZYK, Monika, Jarosław PRZYBYŁ, and Marek GAJEWSKI. "THE EFFECT OF POST-HARVEST TREATMENT AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON VITAMIN C CONTENT IN TWO LEAFY PARSLEY CULTIVARS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.018.
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The objective of the study was to determine the content of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) in two leafy parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill. Fuss) cultivars subjected to different post-harvest treatments. Ascorbic acid (AA), due to its instability, is one of the indicators of leafy vegetable freshness and quality. High content of this compound in vegetables is desired because of its bioactive properties. The cultivars differ in morphology of usable parts: ‘Rialto’ has flat lamina and ‘Petra’ triple-curled lamina. The plant material was obtained in 2015 and 2016 from experimental field in Warsaw-Wilanów. The leaves were washed directly after harvest: a) in tap water or b) in tap water with ozone added. Two methods of postharvest storage were applied: A) at the cold store and B) under simulated retail conditions. In the case of cold store method (A), the plants were tied in tufts and stored at the temperature of 0 °C and RH 90 % for 7, 14, 28 days in two variants: 1) in containers, where leaves petioles were immersed in water, and 2) in special bulk modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), dedicated to fresh herbs (Stepac, Israel). In the case of storage under simulated retail conditions (B), the leaves were kept for 48 hours at 10 °C, RH 30-40 % in two variants: 1) tufts wrapped in perforated PE film with petioles immersed in water, and 2) packed to retail MAPs, dedicated to leafy herbs (Stepac, Israel). Concentration of L-ascorbic acid in the leaves was determined spectrophotometrically, with the method based on reaction of Folin’s phenol reagent in low pH. Fresh and stored ‘Rialto’ leaves were characterised by a higher concentration of AA than ‘Petra’ leaves (110 and 44 mg g -1 f.w., respectively). Significant decrease of AA after ozone treatment was observed only for ‘Rialto’ directly after harvest. Storage length had significant influence on the content of AA in both cultivars. Decrease of AA content was observed during storage period. Average concentration of AA after 7 days of storage was 85 and 44 -1 f.w. for ‘Rialto’ and ‘Petra’, respectively. After 28 days of storage the concentration was 54% lower for ‘Rialto’ and 36% lower for ‘Petra’, compared to the initial content. Leaves after simulated retail conditions showed slightly lower AA content than those stored for 7 days in the cold room. Retail MAPs guaranteed significantly higher preservation of AA in both cultivars than wrapping in film with immersing in water. Washing in ozone-added water showed influence only on AA content in ‘Rialto’ leaves wrapped in film – they showed lower concentration of AA under simulated retail conditions. Our study showed that the content of AA in parsley leaves was cultivar dependent. Ozone treatment did not have negative effect on AA during the storage. Storage duration, rather than packaging methods, plays a key role in preservation of high content of AA. However, method of packaging is important under retail conditions, where temperature is higher and RH is much lower, than at a cold room.
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Mohinani, Hanisha, Vinita Chugh, Shivanghee Kaw, Om Yerawar, and Indu Dokare. "Vegetable and Fruit Leaf Diseases Detection using ResNet." In 2022 Interdisciplinary Research in Technology and Management (IRTM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irtm54583.2022.9791744.
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Gherman, Oxana. "Ion Vatamanu: the Poetry of Vegetal Pulsations." In Conferință științifică internațională "Filologia modernă: realizări şi perspective în context european". “Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu” Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/filomod.2022.16.21.
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The article proposes a hermeneutic approach to the vegetal motifs and symbols in Ion Vatamanu’s poetry. The author explores the ideational space of the great themes of the poetry of his times (love, homeland, maternal spirit, death, eternity etc.) and transposes into concrete visual or acoustic, olfactory or tactile images, man’s reactions to the greatness of divine creation, the revelation of the macrouniverse pulsating movements reflected in the microuniverse. The system of meanings of the symbolic elements of flora and the phenomenon of cyclical regeneration of living matter configure a new myth of anthropogenesis, based the idea of the vegetable origin of the human being. An impressive range of feelings is reflected in the images that capture the euphonies of nature’s metamorphoses. The leitmotif of the leaf, in the creation of Ion Vatamanu, triggers the creative energies, generates the artistic word, the significant nucleus of which concentrates the history of the entire universe becoming.
Reports on the topic "Leafy vegetable"
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Yu, Zhang, Fu Yao, Yang Xuefei, Aye Mya Mon, Pyae Phyo Hein, Li Jianwen, Yunn Mi Mi Kyaw, et al. Vegetables from local markets in Myanmar. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1011.
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This book enumerates the diversity in the prevalence and use of vegetables in parts of Myanmar. It draws on our field studies in Myanmar, where we encountered people consuming interesting plant species as vegetables. For example, we saw parts of the moorva dregea (Wattakaka volubilis), belonging to the family Apocyanaceae, and jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum), belonging to the family Fabaceae, being consumed as vegetables. These plants are generally considered poisonous by scientists. Likewise, the roots of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and the seedlings of the wine palm (Borassus flabellifer), which have a pungent taste, are very popular vegetables in the dry season in Myanmar. Tea is a globally well-known and widely-consumed beverage. However, in Myanmar, Pu’er tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) is consumed as a beverage and a vegetable. The leaf that is consumed as a vegetable is fermented and preserved.
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Fuchs, Marcel, Ishaiah Segal, Ehude Dayan, and K. Jordan. Improving Greenhouse Microclimate Control with the Help of Plant Temperature Measurements. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604930.bard.
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A model of the energy balance of a transpiring crop in a greenhouse was developed in a format suitable for use in climate control algorithms aimed at dissipating excess heat during the warm periods. The model's parameters use external climatic variables as input. It incorporates radiation and convective transfer functions related to the operation of control devices like shading screens, vents, fans and enhanced evaporative cooling devices. The model identified the leaf boundary-layer resistance and the leaf stomatal and cuticular resistance as critical parameters regulating the temperature of the foliage. Special experiments evaluated these variables and established their relation to environmental factors. The research established that for heat load conditions in Mediterranean and arid climates transpiring crops maintained their foliage temperature within the range allowing high productivity. Results specify that a water supply ensuring minimum leaf resistance to remain below 100 s m-1, and a ventilation rate of 30 air exchanges per hour, are the conditions needed to achieve self cooling. Two vegetable crops, tomato and sweet pepper fulfilled maintained their leaf resistance within the prescribed range at maturity, i.e., during the critical warm season. The research evaluates the effects of additional cooling obtained from wet pad systems and spray wetting of foliage.
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Brandl, Maria T., Shlomo Sela, Craig T. Parker, and Victor Rodov. Salmonella enterica Interactions with Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592642.bard.
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The emergence of food-borne illness outbreaks linked to the contamination of fruits and vegetables is a great concern in industrialized countries. The current lack of control measures and effective sanitization methods prompt the need for new strategies to reduce contamination of produce. Our ability to assess the risk associated with produce contamination and to devise innovative control strategies depends on the identification of critical determinants that affect the growth and the persistence of human pathogens on plants. Salmonella enterica, a common causal agent of illness linked to produce, has the ability to colonize and persist on plants. Thus, our main objective was to identify plant-inducible genes that have a role in the growth and/or persistence of S. enterica on postharvest lettuce. Our findings suggest that in-vitro biofilm formation tests may provide a suitable model to predict the initial attachment of Salmonella to cut-romaine lettuce leaves and confirm that Salmonella could persist on lettuce during shelf-life storage. Importantly, we found that Salmonella association with lettuce increases its acid-tolerance, a trait which might be correlated with an enhanced ability of the pathogen to pass through the acidic barrier of the stomach. We have demonstrated that Salmonella can internalize leaves of iceberg lettuce through open stomata. We found for the first time that internalization is an active bacterial process mediated by chemotaxis and motility toward nutrient produced in the leaf by photosynthesis. These findings may provide a partial explanation for the failure of sanitizers to efficiently eradicate foodborne pathogens in leafy greens and may point to a novel mechanism utilized by foodborne and perhaps plant pathogens to colonize leaves. Using resolvase in vivo expression technology (RIVET) we have managed to identify multiple Salmonella genes, some of which with no assigned function, which are involved in attachment to and persistence of Salmonella on lettuce leaves. The precise function of these genes in Salmonella-leaf interactions is yet to be elucidated. Taken together, our findings have advanced the understanding of how Salmonella persist in the plant environment, as well as the potential consequences upon ingestion by human. The emerging knowledge opens new research directions which should ultimately be useful in developing new strategies and approaches to reduce leaf contamination and enhance the safety of fresh produce.
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ADAS, RSK. Nitrate Surveillance Monitoring Program (Annual Report May 2021 - March 2022). Food Standards Agency, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.uau489.
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Every Member State is required to monitor and report levels of nitrate in specified foodstuffs as part of the European Commission regulation and the UK also requires this information as part of the collection of data to support the review of retained EU law in the UK and inform the setting of policy around maximum nitrate levels. The requirement to carry out monitoring for nitrate in lettuce, spinach and rocket is being met by the UK Nitrate Surveillance Programme. Results are presented for the period between 1st April 2021 and 31st March 2022. A total of 202 samples were collected within the sampling period, comprising of 130 lettuce, 9 rocket, 26 spinach samples. A further 37 samples categorised at “Other Green Leafy Vegetables”, which comprised of samples including mustard, mizuna, celery, Pak Choi and cabbage. The lowest average nitrate concentration was recorded in summer-grown iceberg lettuce (935.2 mg/kg), and no iceberg samples exceeded the maximum nitrate concentration. The highest average nitrate concentration was seen in winter grown non-iceberg lettuce grown under protection within the lettuce group (3242.2 mg/kg), and in winter-grown rocket overall (4271.2 mg/kg). The number of samples exceeding the maximum threshold increased this year to 7 samples – 2 samples of open-air non-iceberg lettuce sampled in the summer, 1 sample of protected non-iceberg lettuce in the summer, and 3 samples of spinach. A further 4 samples were within 10% of the maximum threshold. Consistent with previous years of this project, a strong correlation was found between nitrate concentration and sampling date, with samples collected later in the season showing greater concentrations, indicating potential interactions between nitrate accumulation and climate – particularly light levels and available soil moisture and the accumulation of nitrate in the soil through subsequent fertiliser applications with successive planting. Furthermore, there was significant interaction between nitrate accumulation, product type and cultivation type, which could be further explored to better identify risk factors associated with nitrate accumulation in leafy vegetables grown in the UK.
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Lers, Amnon, and Gan Susheng. Study of the regulatory mechanism involved in dark-induced Postharvest leaf senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591734.bard.
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Postharvest leaf senescence contributes to quality losses in flowers and leafy vegetables. The general goal of this research project was to investigate the regulatory mechanisms involved in dark-induced leaf senescence. The regulatory system involved in senescence induction and control is highly complex and possibly involves a network of senescence promoting pathways responsible for activation of the senescence-associated genes. Pathways involving different internal signals and environmental factors may have distinctive importance in different leaf senescence systems. Darkness is known to have a role in enhancement of postharvest leaf senescence and for getting an insight into its regulatory mechanism/s we have applied molecular genetics and functional genomics approaches. The original objectives were: 1. Identification of dark-induced SAGs in Arabidopsis using enhancer/promoter trap lines and microarray approaches; 2. Molecular and functional characterization of the identified genes by analyzing their expression and examining the phenotypes in related knockout mutant plants; 3. Initial studies of promoter sequences for selected early dark-induced SAGs. Since genomic studies of senescence, with emphasis on dark-induced senescence, were early-on published which included information on potential regulatory genes we decided to use this new information. This is instead of using the uncharacterized enhancer/promoter trap lines as originally planned. We have also focused on specific relevant genes identified in the two laboratories. Based on the available genomic analyses of leaf senescence 10 candidate genes hypothesized to have a regulatory role in dark-induced senescence were subjected to both expression as well as functional analyses. For most of these genes senescence-specific regulation was confirmed, however, functional analyses using knock-out mutants indicated no consequence to senescence progression. The transcription factor WARK75 was found to be specifically expressed during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence. Functional analysis demonstrated that in detached leaves senescence under darkness was significantly delayed while no phenotypic consequences could be observed on growth and development, including no effect on natural leaf senescence,. Thus, WARKY75 is suggested to have a role in dark-induced senescence, but not in natural senescence. Another regulatory gene identified to have a role in senescence is MKK9 encoding for a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 9 which is upregulated during senescence in harvested leaves as well as in naturally senescing leaves. MKK9 can specifically phosphorylate another kinase, MPK6. Both knockouts of MKK9 and MPK6 displayed a significantly senescence delay in harvested leaves and possibly function as a phosphorelay that regulates senescence. To our knowledge, this is the first report that clearly demonstrates the involvement of a MAP kinase pathway in senescence. This research not only revealed a new signal transduction pathway, but more important provided significant insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying senescence in harvested leaves. In an additional line of research we have employed the promoter of the senescence-induced BFN1 gene as a handle for identifying components of the regulatory mechanism. This gene was shown to be activated during darkinduced senescence of detached leaves, as well as natural senescence. This was shown by following protein accumulation and promoter activity which demonstrated that this promoter is activated during dark-induced senescence. Analysis of the promoter established that, at least some of the regulatory sequences reside in an 80 bps long fragment of the promoter. Overall, progress was made in identification of components with a role in dark-induced senescence in this project. Further studies should be done in order to better understand the function of these components and develop approaches for modulating the progress of senescence in crop plants for the benefit of agriculture.
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Seginer, Ido, Daniel H. Willits, Michael Raviv, and Mary M. Peet. Transpirational Cooling of Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573072.bard.
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Background Transplanting vegetable seedlings to final spacing in the greenhouse is common practice. At the time of transplanting, the transpiring leaf area is a small fraction of the ground area and its cooling effect is rather limited. A preliminary modeling study suggested that if water supply from root to canopy is not limiting, a sparse crop could maintain about the same canopy temperature as a mature crop, at the expense of a considerably higher transpiration flux per leaf (and root) area. The objectives of this project were (1) to test the predictions of the model, (2) to select suitable cooling methods, and (3) to compare the drought resistance of differently prepared seedlings. Procedure Plants were grown in several configurations in high heat load environments, which were moderated by various environmental control methods. The difference between the three experimental locations was mainly in terms of scale, age of plants, and environmental control. Young potted plants were tested for a few days in small growth chambers at Technion and Newe Ya'ar. At NCSU, tomato plants of different ages and planting densities were compared over a whole growing season under conditions similar to commercial greenhouses. Results Effect of spacing: Densely spaced plants transpired less per plant and more per unit ground area than sparsely spaced plants. The canopy temperature of the densely spaced plants was lower. Air temperature was lower and humidity higher in the compartments with the densely spaced plants. The difference between species is mainly in the canopy-to-air Bowen ratio, which is positive for pepper and negative for tomato. Effect of cooling methods: Ventilation and evaporative pad cooling were found to be effective and synergitic. Air mixing turned out to be very ineffective, indicating that the canopy-to-air transfer coefficient is not the limiting factor in the ventilation process. Shading and misting, both affecting the leaf temperature directly, proved to be very effective canopy cooling methods. However, in view of their side effects, they should only be considered as emergency measures. On-line measures of stress: Chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to accurately predict photosynthesis. This is potentially useful as a rapid, non-contact way of assessing canopy heat stress. Normalized canopy temperature and transpiration rate were shown to correlate with water stress. Drought resistance of seedlings: Comparison between normal seedlings and partially defoliated ones, all subjected to prolonged drought, indicated that removing about half of the lowermost leaves prior to transplanting, may facilitate adjustment to the more stressful conditions in the greenhouse. Implications The results of this experimental study may lead to: (1) An improved model for a sparse canopy in a greenhouse. (2) A better ventilation design procedure utilizing improved estimates of the evaporation coefficient for different species and plant configurations. (3) A test for the stress resistance of transplants.
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Lers, Amnon, E. Lomaniec, S. Burd, A. Khalchitski, L. Canetti, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Senescence Inducible Ribonuclease in Tomato: Gene Regulation and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570563.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Natural leaf senescence has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. Senescence is regulated by differential gene expression yet, functional characterization of the genes specifically induced and study of their expression control, is still in its infancy. Study of senescence-specific genes is required to allow identification of regulatory elements participating in senescence-induced expression and thus provide insights into the genetic regulation of senescence. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as RNases and proteases. This study was aimed a analysis of senescence-inducible RNases in tomato with the following objectives: Isolation of senescence-inducible RNase cDNA clones; Expression analyses of RNase genes during senescence; Identification of sequences required for senescence-induced gene expression; Functional analyses of senescence-inducible RNases. We narrowed our aims somewhat to focus on the first three objectives because the budget we were awarded was reduced from that requested. We have expanded our research for identification senescence-related RNase/nuclease activities as we thought it will direct us to new RNase/nuclease genes. We have also carried out research in Arabidopsis and parsley, which enabled us to draw mire general conclusions. We completed the first and second objectives and have made considerable progress on the remaining two. We have defined growth conditions suitable for this research and defined the physiological and biochemical parameters characteristic to the advance of leaf senescence. In tomato and arabidopsis we have focused on natural leaf senescence. Parsley was used mainly for study of postharvest senescence in detached leaves. We have identified a 41-kD a tomato nuclease, LeNUCI, specifically induced during senescence which can degrade both RNA and DNA. This activity could be induced by ethylene in young leaves and was subjected to detailed analysis, which enabled its classification as Nuclease I enzyme. LeNUCI may be involved in nucleic acid metabolism during tomato leaf senescence. In parsley senescing leaves we identified 2 main senescence-related nuclease activities of 41 and 39-kDa. These activities were induced in both naturally or artificially senescing leaves, could degrade both DNA and RNA and were very similar in their characteristics to the LeNUCI. Two senescence-induced RNase cDNAs were cloned from tomato. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both were demonstrated before to be induced following phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. LX gene expression was much more senescence specific and ethylene could activate it in detached young leaves. LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may be a defense-related protein. Transgenic plants were generated for altering LX gene expression. No major visible alterations in the phenotype were observed so far. Detailed analysis of senescence in these plants is performed currently. The LX promoter was cloned and its analysis is performed currently for identification of senescence-specific regulatory elements. In Arabidopsis we have identified and characterized a senescence-associated nuclease 1 gene, BFN1, which is highly expressed during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1, is the first example of a senescence- associated gene encoding a nuclease I enzyme as well as the first nuclease I cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Our progress should provide excellent tools for the continued analysis of regulation and function of senescence-inducible ribonucleases and nucleases in plants. The cloned genes can be used in reverse genetic approaches, already initiated, which can yield a more direct evidence for the function of these enzymes. Another contribution of this research will be in respect to the molecular mechanism, which controls senescence. We had already initiated in this project and will continue to identify and characterize regulatory elements involved in senescence-specific expression of the genes isolated in this work.
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Lers, Amnon, and Pamela J. Green. LX Senescence-Induced Ribonuclease in Tomato: Function and Regulation. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586455.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Natural leaf senescence, which occurs even when growth conditions are near optimal, has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. However, the successful design of such strategies requires a better insight into the senescence machinery and control in higher plants. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as ribonucleases (RNases) and proteases. Previously we had identified and characterized the tomato LX RNase gene demonstrating its transcript to be highly and specifically induced during senescence. This reported study was focused on LX but also had broadened our research to other senescence-associated nucleic acids degrading enzymes to learn about their function and the regulation of their encoding genes. Beside tomato we used parsley and Arabidopsis for the study of: the bi-functional nuclease which has a role in senescence. The study of different senescence- associated nucleases in few plant systems will allow a more general view on function and regulation of these enzymes in senescence. The specific original proposed objectives included: 1. Study the consequences of alterations in LX RNase level on tomato leaf senescence and general development; 2. Analyze stimuli which may participate in senescence-specific activation of the LX gene; 3. Clone the senescence-associated BFNI nuclease gene homologue from tomato. 4. Further characterize the sequences required for senescence-specific gene expression. Homozygous transgenic plants in which LX gene was either inhibited or over-expressed were generated. In both of these LX mutated plants no major phenotypic consequences were observed, which may suggests that LX is not essential for plant growth under optimal growth conditions. Lack of any abnormalities in the LX over-expressing lines suggests that special system exist to allow function of the RNase only when needed. Detailed analyses of growth under stress and consequences to RNA metabolism are underway. We have analyzed LX expression on the protein level demonstrating that it is involved also in petal senescing. Our results suggest that LX is responding to complex regulation involving developmental, organ dependent factors and responds differently to hormonal or environmental stimuli in the different plant organs. The cloned 1.4 kb promoter was cloned and its analysis revealed that probably not all required elements for senescence induction are included. Biochemical analysis of senescence-associated be-functional nucleases in the different plants, tomato, parsley and Arabidopsis, suggests they belong to a sub-class within the type I plant nucleases. The parsley PcNUC1/2 nuclease protein was purified from senescing leaves its and activity was studied in vitro revealing endo-, double strand, nucleolytic activity and exo-nucleolytic activity. Its encoding gene was cloned and found to be induced on the mRNA level. The promoter of the related Arabidopsis BFNI nuclease was shown in both tomato and Arabidopsis to be able and direct senescence-specific expression suggesting that, at least part, the gene is regulated on the transcriptional level and that the mechanism for this senescence-specific regulation is conserved between different plants. Few plants in which the BFNI gene is mutated were identified which are subjected now to detailed analysis. Our results suggest that the senescence-related nucleic acid degrading enzymes share similarities in both function and regulation between different plants and possibly have important functions in processes un-related to senescence. Still, the function of these enzymes, at least in some cases is not essential to plant development under optimal growth conditions. We are now at the stage which permits in depth investigation of the specific functions and mode of molecular regulation of senescence-associated nucleases with the aid of the research tools developed. The isolated senescence-specific promoter, shown to be active in heterologous plant system, could be utilized in agricultural-related biotechnological applications for retardation of senescence.
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Ghanim, Murad, Joe Cicero, Judith K. Brown, and Henryk Czosnek. Dissection of Whitefly-geminivirus Interactions at the Transcriptomic, Proteomic and Cellular Levels. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592654.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Our project focuses on gene expression and proteomics of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species complex in relation to the internal anatomy and localization of expressed genes and virions in the whitefly vector, which poses a major constraint to vegetable and fiber production in Israel and the USA. While many biological parameters are known for begomovirus transmission, nothing is known about vector proteins involved in the specific interactions between begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors. Identifying such proteins is expected to lead to the design of novel control methods that interfere with whitefly-mediated begomovirus transmission. The project objectives were to: 1) Perform gene expression analyses using microarrays to study the response of whiteflies (B, Q and A biotypes) to the acquisition of begomoviruses (Tomato yellow leaf curl (TYLCV) and Squash leaf curl (SLCV). 2) Construct a whitefly proteome from whole whiteflies and dissected organs after begomovirus acquisition. 3) Validate gene expression by q-RTPCR and sub-cellular localization of candidate ESTs identified in microarray and proteomic analyses. 4) Verify functionality of candidate ESTs using an RNAi approach, and to link these datasets to overall functional whitefly anatomical studies. During the first and second years biological experiments with TYLCV and SLCV acquisition and transmission were completed to verify the suitable parameters for sample collection for microarray experiments. The parameters were generally found to be similar to previously published results by our groups and others. Samples from whole whiteflies and midguts of the B, A and Q biotypes that acquired TYLCV and SLCV were collected in both the US and Israel and hybridized to B. tabaci microarray. The data we analyzed, candidate genes that respond to both viruses in the three tested biotypes were identified and their expression that included quantitative real-time PCR and co-localization was verified for HSP70 by the Israeli group. In addition, experiments were undertaken to employ in situ hybridization to localize several candidate genes (in progress) using an oligonucleotide probe to the primary endosymbiont as a positive control. A proteome and corresponding transcriptome to enable more effective protein identification of adult whiteflies was constructed by the US group. Further validation of the transmission route of begomoviruses, mainly SLCV and the involvement of the digestive and salivary systems was investigated (Cicero and Brown). Due to time and budget constraints the RNAi-mediated silencing objective to verify gene function was not accomplished as anticipated. HSP70, a strong candidate protein that showed over-expression after TYLCV and SLCV acquisition and retention by B. tabaci, and co-localization with TYLCV in the midgut, was further studies. Besides this protein, our joint research resulted in the identification of many intriguing candidate genes and proteins that will be followed up by additional experiments during our future research. To identify these proteins it was necessary to increase the number and breadth of whitefly ESTs substantially and so whitefly cDNAs from various libraries made during the project were sequenced (Sanger, 454). As a result, the proteome annotation (ID) was far more successful than in the initial attempt to identify proteins using Uniprot or translated insect ESTs from public databases. The extent of homology shared by insects in different orders was surprisingly low, underscoring the imperative need for genome and transcriptome sequencing of homopteran insects. Having increased the number of EST from the original usable 5500 generated several years ago to >600,000 (this project+NCBI data mining), we have identified about one fifth of the whitefly proteome using these new resources. Also we have created a database that links all identified whitefly proteins to the PAVEdb-ESTs in the database, resulting in a useful dataset to which additional ESTS will be added. We are optimistic about the prospect of linking the proteome ID results to the transcriptome database to enable our own and other labs the opportunity to functionally annotate not only genes and proteins involved in our area of interest (whitefly mediated transmission) but for the plethora of other functionalities that will emerge from mining and functionally annotating other key genes and gene families in whitefly metabolism, development, among others. This joint grant has resulted in the identification of numerous candidate proteins involved in begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci. A next major step will be to capitalize on validated genes/proteins to develop approaches to interfere with the virus transmission.