Journal articles: 'Leafrollers'

1

Rogers, D. J., J. T. S. Walker, I. C. Moen, F. Weibel, P. L. Lo, and L. M. Cole. "Understorey influence on leafroller populations in Hawkes Bay organic apple orchards." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6037.

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Leafrollers (Tortricidae) were collected from apple foliage and understorey vegetation in six commercial organic apple orchards in Hawkes Bay over one season Assessments were made of plant species present in the understorey at the time of collection All leafroller larvae were reared to adults on artificial diet to identify leafroller species and parasitoids Nearly half (47) of all leafrollers collected in these orchards were located in the understorey highlighting the importance of understorey and its management for the control of leafroller Dock clover and dandeliontype plants contributed 25 to the overall understorey yet hosted 75 of the leafrollers collected from the understorey Dolichogenidea sp was the most abundant parasitoid (79) attacking leafrollers found amongst the apple foliage whereas Glyptapanteles demeter was dominant in the understorey (61) Generally the number of leafrollers in an orchard was proportional to the abundance of broadleaf weeds and inversely proportional to parasitism

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2

Shaw, P. W., and D. R. Wallis. "The relationship between Epiphyas postvittana (lightbrown apple moth, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pipfruit orchards and adjacent vineyards in Nelson." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 31, 2017): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.86.

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The lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) is the most abundant leafroller species infesting apple orchards and vineyards in the Nelson region. This study was undertaken to investigate concerns from some orchardists of leafroller pressure on their apple blocks adjacent to neighbouring vineyards. Lightbrown apple moth pheromone trap catches were recorded inside orchards and in neighbouring vineyards and in boundary rows of the orchards closest to a vineyard during 2012—13. The vineyards were not treated with insecticide and the orchards received ve applications of insecticide between November and mid- March to control lepidopteran pests. The highest catches of leafrollers were recorded in vineyards and catches increased during the season to peak in April. The increasing leafroller population in vineyards was associated with higher catches of leafrollers in boundary rows of the orchard closest to the vineyard. Leafroller catches inside the orchards were lower while insecticide sprays were being applied. The higher pheromone trap catches of leafrollers in the vineyards and on the orchard boundary were associated with the most leafroller sign that was found in these locations during timed searches. These results suggest that high populations of leafrollers in vineyards can increase leafroller pressure on nearby pipfruit orchards.

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Whiting, D. C., L. E. Jamieson, and P. G. Connolly. "Mortality responses of the brownheaded and blacklyre leafrollers to controlled atmosphere and air cold storage treatments for kiwifruit." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3610.

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The mortality responses of the brownheaded leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) and the blacklyre leafroller (Cnephasia jactatana) to controlled atmosphere cold storage (CACS) and air cold storage (CS) treatments for kiwifruit were investigated CACS (2 O2 5 CO2 at 0C) killed both leafrollers faster than CS (at 0C) The brownheaded leafroller was more tolerant of both storage treatments than the blacklyre leafroller Third and 5th instars were generally more tolerant of storage treatments than 1st instars which in turn outlived eggs This work predicts both brownheaded and blacklyre leafrollers should be completely controlled by 4 weeks CACS or 9 weeks CS

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4

Shaw, P. W., and D. R. Wallis. "Parasitoids of leafrollers (LepidopteraTortricidae) from scrub vegetation near horticultural areas in Nelson." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5805.

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Leafroller larvae and pupae were collected during timed searches in January and April 2013 from host plants at six scrub vegetation sites in two Nelson horticultural districts approximately 40 km apart The numbers of leafrollers and parasitoid species recovered were similar in both districts Most of the leafroller larvae collected were Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (lightbrown apple moth LBAM) and most of these were found on gorse and broom In total 293 larvae and 11 pupae were reared successfully with 39 parasitism A wide diversity of parasitoids was recovered comprising 10 species from five families with Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Braconidae) the most common (80) The diversity of parasitoids and parasitism of leafrollers in unmanaged environments outside orchards may help to reduce leafroller pressure and the risk of fruit infestation in surrounding commercial orchards

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5

Poulton, J., J. T. Todd, and C. McKenna. "Who ate all my leafrollers?" New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 26, 2017): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.78.

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Leafrollers are pests of many fruit crops, and insecticides are used to control their numbers in commercial orchards. However, little is known about how much their natural enemies contribute to their control. Over two summers, larvae of two leafroller species were established in leaf rolls on potted poplar plants, which were placed along shelterbelts in 16 kiwifruit orchards. After a minimum of 38 hours, the leafrollers were retrieved and reared to determine parasitism rates and parasitoid identities. Egg batches and tethered larvae were also placed in the shelterbelts, with some monitored by video cameras, to determine predation rates and predator identities. Up to 3% of larvae in leaf rolls were parasitised in some orchards, by four different parasitoids, with the fly Trigonospila brevifacies accounting for the majority. Rates of predation were higher, with up to 40% of eggs, and 37.2% of larvae being taken. Fourteen different predator taxa were observed feeding on eggs and larvae, with the mite Anystis baccarum, earwigs, and spiders being the primary predators. Understanding which natural enemies are suppressing leafroller populations offers the potential for conserving or increasing those predator and/ or parasitoid numbers in cropping environments.

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6

Lo, P. L., and J. T. S. Walker. "Monitoring leafrollers (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in vineyards." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4588.

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Leafroller larvae especially Epiphyas postvittana damage grape bunches and more importantly promote spread of the disease botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) Three methods of monitoring leafrollers were compared on 10 Hawkes Bay vineyard blocks The methods were timed searches of leaves for larvae inspection of bunches for larvae and pheromone trapping of adult males Seasonal changes in leafroller abundance were similar on all vineyards Usually few larvae were found until February but infestations increased greatly between then and March In other respects leafroller infestations were variable between and sometimes within blocks None of the monitoring methods was completely successful The most useful method was bunch inspection primarily because of the close correlation between bunch infestations in January and at harvest However this method is relatively laborious and did not give enough warning to enable use of some insecticides Leafroller infestations on leaves in all months and pheromone trap data were poor predictors of harvest bunch damage

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7

Kristine Braman, S., Evelyn R. Carr, and James C. Quick. "Canna spp. Cultivar Response to the Lesser Canna Leafroller, Geshna cannalis (Quaintance), and the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman)." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.2.87.

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Abstract Twenty-two cultivars of canna lilies, Canna × generalis, were evaluated for potential resistance to the lesser canna lily leafroller, Geshna cannalis, and the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica. Both of these pests cause defoliation of the plants resulting in reduced plant fitness and aesthetic injury. Cultivars sustaining the most damage by leafrollers were ‘Richard Wallace’, ‘Firebird’, and ‘Black Knight’. While Japanese beetle injury varied, cultivars most consistently damaged by beetles were ‘Lenape’, ‘Scarlet Wave’, ‘Dawn Pink’, and ‘Crimson Beauty’. While all plants sustained at least some injury, cultivars that consistently had the least amount of damage by leafrollers were ‘Maudie Malcolm’, ‘Striped Beauty’, and ‘Journey's End’. ‘Maudie Malcolm’ and ‘Striped Beauty’ were similarly avoided by Japanese beetles, while ‘Journey's End’ sustained moderate injury from this pest. Tall cultivars with red or orange flowers and some red in their foliage were especially vulnerable to infestation by the lesser canna leafroller.

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8

Hill, M. G. "Does Psa affect kiwifruit susceptibility to leafrollers." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5587.

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Analysis of kiwifruit industry pest monitoring and spray diary data showed increases in the incidence of leafroller larvae on fruit during crop monitoring in the 2011/12 season in regions with the virulent strain of the disease Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (PsaV) Four factors were considered as explanations PsaV infection and its effects on plant defences leafroller sprays PsaV sprays and leafroller sampling The most plausible cause of the increased leafroller incidence is PsaV infection A putative mechanism is hormonal crosstalk resulting in a tradeoff between pest and pathogen resistance The susceptibility of vines to leafrollers in PsaVinfected regions appears to persist for several weeks longer after fruit set than in uninfected vines The paper discusses the need to develop a better understanding of the interactions of biotic and abiotic stressors on plant defence responses to pests and diseases and to incorporate these into a plantdefencecentred approach to Integrated Pest Management

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9

Lo, P. L., I. C. Newman, L. M. Cole, D. J. Rogers, and G. M. Burnip. "Control of Epiphyas postvittana (lightbrown apple moth Lepidoptera Tortricidae) on grapevines with tebufenozide." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5748.

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Feeding by leafroller larvae damages grape bunches and makes them susceptible to Botrytis cinerea disease Leafroller infestation of foliage and bunches and the incidence of botrytis was measured on vineyards in Gisborne Hawkes Bay and Marlborough over 2 years Fortyfour blocks received no leafrolleractive insecticides while 22 were sprayed once preflowering with the selective insect growth regulator tebufenozide Tebufenozide very effectively reduced infestations and gave seasonlong control On leaves untreated blocks averaged 14 leafrollers/search compared with 4 on sprayed blocks Comparative figures for fruit at harvest were 18/100 bunches and 3/100 respectively There was a trend for lower botrytis incidence in blocks where tebufenozide was used Over 99 of the leafrollers reared were Epiphyas postvittana Parasitism of larvae and pupae at 67 on leaves and 50 in bunches was similar in untreated and treated blocks Epiphyas postvittana in vineyards is easily managed using tebufenozide which did not compromise biological control

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10

Mckenna, C. E., S. J. Dobson, and J. M. Phare. "The insect pest complex of Actinidia arguta kiwifruit." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4793.

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The key insect pests of Actinidia arguta kiwifruit were determined by monitoring tagged fruit bunches for insects and insect damage in six orchard blocks from fruit set in November 2007 until harvest in February 2008 and by examining samples of picked fruit at harvest The proportion of fruit damaged by leafroller feeding increased throughout the entire growing season and live caterpillars were present on picked fruit at harvest Greenhouse thrips damage to fruit was noticeable from mid January Armoured scale insects and mealybugs were recorded on the fruit from December but most infestations occurred during the month prior to harvest Leafrollers and greenhouse thrips are the key production pests while leafrollers greedy scale and some mealybug species are potential quarantine species All three commercial A arguta cultivars grown in the Bay of Plenty are susceptible to the key pest species

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11

Walker, J. T. S., D. J. Rogers, P. L. Lo, D. M. Suckling, A. M. El-Sayed, T. M. Fraser, and R. M. Horner. "Use of mating disruption for control of New Zealand leafrollers in apple orchards." New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (January 8, 2011): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5957.

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Leafrollers are important pests of apples and infested fruit can result in rejection of export consignments Leafroller mating disruption using a pheromone blend with activity against three species was examined in 12 Hawkes Bay orchards over two seasons (200910 and 201011) Pheromone dispensers (600/ha) and a single insecticide were applied to trees in early November and subsequent insecticide use was based on leafroller pheromone trapping and thresholds The pheromone blend substantially suppressed mating of virgin female lightbrown apple moth in treated orchards and reduced male catch in pheromone traps by up to 98 compared with the season prior to implementation Insecticide use for leafroller control decreased accordingly from 2127 insecticides per block in 2008/09 to 1018 in 2010/11 Leafroller control using mating disruption was acceptable fruit damage varied from 03 to 016 and no leafroller larvae were found on fruit in both field assessments and phytosanitary inspections of packed cartons

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12

Cossentine, J. E., and M. Gardiner. "SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO THE MICROSPORIDIUM NOSEMA FUMIFERANAE (THOMSON) (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 123, no. 2 (April 1991): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent123265-2.

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AbstractPathogenicity of the microsporidium Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) in the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), was evaluated in laboratory bio-assays. When consumed by first-, fourth-, or fifth-instar obliquebanded leafroller larvae, Nosema spores primarily infected the gut and Malpighian tubules. When 2000 spores per square millimetre diet surface were consumed by neonate, fourth-, or fifth-instar larvae, the N. fumiferanae caused 91, 24, and 5% mortality, respectively. Infection by N. fumiferanae had a delayed impact on the older larvae. Large numbers of spores were retained to the adult stage by obliquebanded leafrollers treated as fourth- or fifth-instar larvae.

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13

Miliczky, Eugene R., David R. Horton, and Eric LaGasa. "Arthropod fauna of rolled alder leaves in Washington State, United States of America (Insecta, Arachnida)." Canadian Entomologist 146, no. 4 (January 23, 2014): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.84.

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AbstractThe eastern foothills of the Cascade Range in Washington State, United States of America are west of the State's major fruit-producing region. Alders (Alnus Hill (Betulaceae)), an important floristic component of riparian communities in the Cascade Range foothills, were surveyed for leafrolling caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) that might serve as alternate hosts for parasitoids of orchard pest leafrollers, particularly the nonnative wasp Colpoclypeus florus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Tortricid leafrollers were abundant on alder, but reared parasitoids did not include C. florus. Survey results also revealed that rolled leaves were secondarily colonised by a wide variety of predatory and phytophagous arthropods. Rolled leaves were almost 10-fold more likely to be occupied by predatory arthropods than adjacent, roll-free leaves. Phytophagous thrips and mites showed a similar preference for rolled leaves. The most abundant predaceous arthropods in the leafrolls were Anthocoris antevolens White (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), found in 4.4% of leafrolls, and the spider Clubiona pacifica Banks (Araneae: Clubionidae), found in 8.3% of leafrolls. Both species, and several other predatory insect and spider species found in the rolled leaves, also occur in eastern Washington orchards where they contribute to biological control. Because of its frequent colonisation by beneficial arthropods, alder may prove useful in conservation biological control programs.

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14

Horsburgh, R. L., L. J. Cobb, and P. J. David. "Apple, Timed Insecticide Treatments for Control of the Leafroller Complex, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.12a.

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Abstract Treatments were applied to mature York trees in a comparative test on 21 Jun, 29 Jun, 16 Aug and 28 Aug. Single tree treatments were used in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Because of high mite populations, Vendex 4F 8 fl oz/ 100 gal was added to all treatments on 21 Jun and 29 Jun. A preliminary evaluation of leafroller injury to fruit was done on 15 Aug by checking 50 apples/ replicate. Fruit were examined on trees and total injuries by first generation leafrollers were recorded. Fruit samples (100/rep) were harvested and examined on 2 Oct for leafroller injury.

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15

Smirle, Michael J., D. Thomas Lowery, and Cheryl L. Zurowski. "Variation in response to insecticides in two species of univoltine leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Canadian Entomologist 135, no. 1 (February 2003): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n02-052.

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AbstractPopulations of fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Walker), and European leafroller, Archips rosana L., were obtained from eight sites in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, and assayed for their responses to five insecticides using a leaf-disk bioassay and neonate larvae. Lethal concentration ratios (LCR values) were calculated for all populations compared with the most susceptible strain, and significant variation was detected in both species. LCR values ranged from 1.04 to 9.06 for azinphosmethyl, from 1.29 to 53.15 for tebufenozide (Confirm®), from 1.85 to 24.69 for methoxyfenozide (Intrepid®), from 1.59 to 2291.4 for indoxacarb (Avaunt®), and from 1.92 to 1.98 for spinosad (Success®). Methoxy fenozide was approximately 100-fold more toxic to neonate leafrollers than was tebufenozide, and spinosad was the most toxic of all materials tested. Correlation analysis indicated that there was cross-resistance between azinphosmethyl and tebufenozide. At the LC50 level, the responses of the two species were not significantly different for each insecticide. Analysis of equivalency and parallelism of dose-response lines revealed that A. argyrospila and A. rosana had equivalent responses to azinphosmethyl. LC50 values for the response of A. argyrospila to azinphosmethyl were not different from values obtained almost 20 years earlier. Cross-resistance between azinphosmethyl and tebufenozide suggests that resistance management for these two species of univoltine leafrollers should not include rotation of azinphosmethyl and benzoylhydrazine insect-growth regulators. The high level of resistance to indoxacarb found in one population indicates that baseline tolerance screening is desirable before indoxacarb is introduced for use in Canadian orchards.

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16

Lo, P., J. T. S. Walker, and D. M. Suckling. "Insecticide resistance management of leafrollers (LepidopteraTortricidae) in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3628.

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Resistance to the organophosphate insecticide azinphosmethyl has been previously identified in two species of leafroller (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in New Zealand This study confirmed resistance in a third speciesCtenopseustis obliquana Populations of Epiphyas postvittana Planotortrix octo and C obliquana resistant to azinphosmethyl were not crossresistant to lufenuron A separate population of C obliquana was resistant to taufluvalinate Crossresistance between azinphosmethyl and tebufenozide occurred in P octo and C obliquana but not in E postvittana This difference in crossresistance between the three species suggests that at least two different detoxification mechanisms may be operating Therefore we cannot generalise about whether resistant populations of each species will be fully susceptible to new insecticides Lufenuron is recommended as a key insecticide within a resistance management programme for leafrollers while tebufenozide should be used with caution

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17

McKenna, C. E., S. J. Dobson, and P. G. Connolly. "Techniques for detecting Actinidia resistance to leafrollers." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4522.

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Hayward and Hort16A kiwifruit are susceptible to attack by the brownheaded leafroller (BHLR) Ctenopseustis obliquana but the incidence and severity of damage to Hayward can be twice that of Hort16A Three bioassay techniques were tested for their ability to detect differences in the relative susceptibility of the two kiwifruit cultivars to BHLR larvae No differences were detected when larvae were reared on artificial diets containing Hayward or Hort16A plant material Significantly more larvae survived when reared on Hayward versus Hort16A leaf discs Caging larvae onto leaves and fruit resulted in significantly more damage to Hayward compared with Hort16A Measuring larval survival after 21 days on leaf discs or the incidence and severity of damage caused by larvae caged on leaves or fruit are both potential techniques for screening Actinidia plant material for resistance to leafrollers

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18

Brockerhoff, E. G., H. Jactel, A. C. Leckie, and D. M. Suckling. "Species composition and abundance of leafrollers in a Canterbury pine plantation." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3924.

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Several leafroller species (Tortricidae) are known to occasionally cause considerable defoliation in Pinus radiata plantation forests We conducted pheromone trapping for five indigenous species Ctenopseustis herana Ctenopseustis obliquana Planotortrix excessana Planotortrix notophaea and Planotortrix octo and the exotic Epiphyas postvittana to determine their abundance in 20 P radiata stands in Eyrewell Forest North Canterbury Trapping from December 2001 to February 2002 indicated that E postvittana and C obliquana were very abundant (with mean catches of 077 and 044 moths/trap/day respectively) while the other species were rarely caught Results for the native leafrollers differ considerably from those reported from other plantation forests and other habitats in Canterbury such as apple orchards where P octo and C herana are generally more common

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19

Stevens, P. "Developmental biology of two species of leafroller egg parasitoids." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3629.

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Leafrollers (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) are important pests of many horticultural crops Leafroller eggs in New Zealand are attacked by the trichogrammatid parasitoids Trichogrammatoidea bactrae and Trichogrammanza funiculatum (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae) Conventionally trichogrammatids are used for pest control through augmentation of numbers by making mass releases Laboratory tests have been carried out to ascertain the potential of the two eggparasitoid species to act as biological control agents for the key leafroller pests in New Zealand T funiculatum had a slightly slower developmental rate than T bactrae Temperature did not significantly affect the number of eggs parasitised by the adult parasitoids over their lifetime but temperature did affect the percentage of adult parasitoids emerging from parasitised eggs T bactrae had higher net reproductive rates and intrinsic rates of increase than T funiculatum and at this stage appears to be the most suitable candidate for an augmentative biological control programme

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20

Lo, P., and V. C. Murrell. "Time of leafroller infestation and effect on yield in grapes." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3630.

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Leafroller (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) larvae damage grape bunches directly by feeding on the flowers berries and stalks Damaged berries can become infected by fungi such as Botrytis cinerea that cause diseases leading to further indirect yield losses In a field trial Chardonnay bunches were infested with lightbrown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana larvae at monthly intervals from December to March The greatest losses (12 of the fresh weight at harvest) occurred in bunches infested in December and March In December the main cause of loss of berries was direct feeding damage whereas by March indirect losses to disease outweighed those directly due to larvae Leafroller infestations up to January did not increase disease in bunches above the background level of infection In Hawkes Bay leafrollers have the greatest effect on yields from February onwards when infestation of vines increases greatly and berries become more susceptible to diseases

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21

Newman, I. C., J. T. S. Walker, and D. J. Rogers. "Mortality of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Hym Braconidae) exposed to orchard pesticide residues." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6933.

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A laboratory bioassay was used to evaluate the effect of residues from 10 orchard pesticides on mortality of Dolichogenidea tasmanica a parasitoid of leafrollers Adult parasitoids were caged in Petri dishes that had been sprayed with the field rate of the pesticides Mortality was assessed over 7 days and classified using the laboratory criteria defined by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants Residues of buprofezin emamectin benzoate lufenuron tebufenozide and thiacloprid were harmless (lt;30 mortality) to D tasmanica adults in the 7 days after treatment Indoxacarb and lime sulphur residues were moderately harmful (8099 mortality) while carbaryl diazinon and spinosad residues were harmful (>99 mortality) The implications for leafroller control in pipfruit production programmes are discussed

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22

McLaren, G. F., D. M. Suckling, A. M. El-Sayed, B. T. Hislop, and T. F. S. Jones. "Multiple species mating disruption of leafrollers in cherries in Central Otago." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5564.

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Mating disruption for leafrollers has been conducted on a commercial scale using a single multispecies pheromone dispenser on contiguous blocks of cherries in Central Otago for 4 years Pheromone trap and packhouse results were collected from isolated untreated (654 ha) and pheromonetreated cherry orchard areas (764 ha) in the Cromwell district In untreated cherry orchards catches of light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) were exceptionally high (38 males/trap/day) with lower catches of Planotortrix octo (025 males/ trap/day) Catches of both species were strongly disrupted in the treated areas reducing E postvittana to 00036 moths/trap/day and P octo to nil Trap catches of both species have increased steadily over 5 years (2008/09 to 20012/13) in blocks not using mating disruption Packhouse results showed that all of the fruit inspected from both treated and untreated areas were free of leafroller infestations in 2012/13 Insecticide use in the pheromonetreated areas was reduced by one application compared with the areas without pheromone

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23

Meeker, James R., and Richard A. Goyer. "Fruittree Leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Performance as Influenced by Host Foliage Type." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.1.1.

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Performance of early and late instars of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Walker), was quantified from bioassays using previously uninfested foliage of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L.) and two other potential hosts. Initial survival and host preference tests indicated that open morphology baldcypress foliage was more suitable for first instars than either appressed morphology baldcypress or pondcypress. Growth, development, and host utilization indices, based on rearing of late instars, revealed that open morphology baldcypress foliage was most susceptible to defoliation. Late-instar bioassays also indicated that pondcypress foliage was the least susceptible cypress foliage type tested, due to mechanism(s) triggering early termination of larval development. The appressed morphology baldcypress foliage was of moderate susceptibility, apparently because of foliage characteristics deterring its consumption. Shumard oak, Quercus shumardii Buckl., and sweet citrus, Citrus siniensis (L.), did not support early-instar survival or late-instar development and, thus, appear to preclude the threat of fruittree leafroller defoliation in the Gulf States. The results indicated that there is a high potential for fruittree leafrollers to infest areas where pondcypress occurs.

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24

Brookbanks, P. A. "Control of leafrollers in avocados." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 51 (August 1, 1998): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1998.51.11641.

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25

Walter, M., F. J. L. Stavely, R. B. Chapman, J. K. Pell, T. R. Glare, P. A. Alspach, and S. M. Zydenbos. "Mortality of various lepidopteran larvae infected by New Zealand Zoophthora radicans isolates from different hosts." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6038.

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Zoophthora radicans an entomophthoralean fungus is a potential biocontrol agent for a wide range of insect pests The mortality of six insect species inoculated with twelve Z radicans isolates from different hosts found in New Zealand was evaluated using a bioassay Zoophthora radicans isolates originating from the host being tested were generally but not always more effective than isolates originating from other species For example lightbrown apple moth (LBAM) was highly susceptible to isolates Z2 and Z6 from leafrollers (96 and 89 mortality respectively) but was not susceptible to any isolates from diamondback moth (DBM) (mortality lt;5 Plt;0001) DBM was highly susceptible to all isolates from DBM (gt;96 mortality) but only moderately susceptible to leafroller isolates (lt;66 Plt;0001) Although resting spore production was low overall some isolates produced more resting spores in certain hosts such as Z2 and Z6 in LBAM (Plt;0001) and Z8 and Z5 in DBM (Plt;005)

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Gronning, Erik K., and Douglas G. Pfeiffer. "Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblages in Apple Orchards Receiving Pheromone-based or Conventional Tortricid Management Programs." Journal of Entomological Science 42, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-42.4.501.

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Pitfall trapping was used to assess the effect of a low-spray mating disruption program targeted against the codling moth and leafrollers on carabid communities (potential predators of codling moth, Cydia pomonella [L.], leafrollers [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] and apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella [Walsh]) in the orchard ground cover. Abundance and species richness of carabids were generally higher in mating disruption blocks relative to conventionally-managed blocks. Over 2 yrs, 3,173 carabids representing 62 species in 27 genera were collected. The most common carabids (more than 5% of the total carabid population) were Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) (38.2%), Harpalus erythropus Dejean (11.4%), Poecilus lucublandus (Say) (10.1%), Dicaelus elongatus Bonelli (6.2%) and Harpalus longicollis LeConte (5.9%).

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Stannard, K. A., and M. G. Hill. "Spirotetramat is toxic to leafrollers on kiwifruit." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5838.

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Spirotetramat is an ambimobile selective insecticide used widely in the horticulture industry for controlling a broad range of sucking pests in perennial and annual crops It has become the standard chemical for the control of armoured scale insects in kiwifruit During an experiment to test the effects of spirotetramat (formulated as Movento 100SC) on phytohormone levels it unexpectedly caused high levels of mortality to neonate brownheaded leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) larvae (96 of treated plants with dead larvae compared with 9 in unsprayed controls) exposed one day after spraying to runoff on small potted A deliciosa Hayward plants Repeating the experiment with different plants and third instar larvae resulted in 98 treatment mortality compared with 29 on untreated controls A third experiment using neonate larvae applied to the same plants as the second experiment 10 days after the spray application resulted in 76 treatment mortality compared with 20 on control plants Spirotetramat can only be used preflowering and leafroller control sprays are applied principally during the first 6 weeks after fruit set However the potential contribution of spirotetramat to leafroller control on kiwifruit should be investigated further

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28

Vakenti, J. M., J. E. Cossentine, B. E. Cooper, M. J. Sharkey, C. M. Yoshimoto, and L. B. M. Jensen. "Host-plant range and parasitoids of obliquebanded and three-lined leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Canadian Entomologist 133, no. 1 (February 2001): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent133139-1.

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AbstractEighteen parasitoid species were found associated with obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and three-lined leafroller, Pandemis limitata Robinson, from 1982 to 1984, on apple and other host plants in the southern interior of British Columbia. The leafroller parasitoids included a Glypta Gravenhorst species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Diadegma eureka (Ashmead) and Diadegma interruptum pterophorae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and Hemisturmia tortricis (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tachinidae). The two leafroller species were found on 18 wild host plants from 10 plant families.

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Cole, L. M., J. T. S. Walker, A. M. El-Sayed, P. L. Lo, and N. Sharma. "A potential mating disruption system for three New Zealand leafroller species." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4836.

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A dispenser incorporating a pheromone blend to disrupt three species of New Zealand leafrollers was developed for their control in Otago summerfruit orchards This control system was evaluated for suppression of leafroller activity in Hawkes Bay apple and summerfruit orchards over 2 years In 20078 dispensers were applied at 6001000/ha in two large organic apple orchards and activity of all three species in pheromone traps was recorded Dispensers achieved only 738 and 61 shutdown of lightbrown apple moth pheromone traps in Orchards A and B respectively Dispensers were modified to increase disruption of this species and were evaluated in similar trials on the same orchards in 20089 and achieved 984 and 909 trap shutdown respectively The same dispenser was also evaluated on four summerfruit orchards where it was applied to 1 ha plots in January 2009 at 1000 dispensers/ha Pheromone trap catches of lightbrown apple moth were reduced by 833100 over the following 3 months Further assessment of this multiple species mating disruption system is required to determine its value in managing the fruit damage and larval infestation risks to meet export market tolerances

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30

Brunner, Jay F., and L. O. Smith. "Rate Response of Bacillus Thumngiensis Against Leafrollers, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.363a.

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Abstract Bt products were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae using a leaf-disk bioassay. A series of Bt concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 times the recommended field rates were tested. Untreated apple leaves were collected from Red Delicious trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Bt products were diluted in 500 ml of water plus 2 u,l of X-77, a wetting agent added to aid leaf wetting. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Leaves were dipped and allowed to dry. Two disks (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four leaf disks were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50x9 mm). Five one- to two-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf-disks and the petri dish lid was put in place. Ten dishes were used for each Bt product and rate (50 larvae per treatment). Dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a wet paper towel to maintain a high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Dishes were examined after 48 and 96 h to determine larval survival. Data were corrected for untreated mortality using Abbott’s formula.

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31

Gleeson, D., P. Holder, R. Newcomb, R. Howitt, and J. Dugdale. "Molecular phylogenetics of leafrollers application to DNA diagnostics." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3627.

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Accurate and rapid diagnosis of taxa whether they be welldefined species or biotypes is of crucial importance to quarantine pest management and research Recent developments in DNA technology has resulted in a range of molecular techniques being available for use in such applications We have employed a phylogenetically focussed approach in the development of a diagnostic key to distinguish a range of leafroller species (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) using DNA sequence data derived from a 23 kb region of the mitochondrial genome containing the genes cytochrome oxidase I and II Phylogenetic analysis has revealed clear relationships between taxa although the genus Apoctena does not appear monophyletic The most appropriate diagnostic characters are either those which are phylogenetically informative either synapomorphies or autapomorphies A standardised approach to data collection is advocated for future studies

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32

Clare, Graeme K., J. P. R. Ochieng-Odero, Shelley J. Dalzell, and Pritam Singh. "A practical rearing method for leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 14, no. 4 (October 1987): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1987.10423033.

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33

Beirne, Bryan P. "Impact of introduced leafrollers (lepidoptera) in British Columbia." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 15, no. 2-3 (March 1986): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(86)90094-0.

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34

Safonkin, A. F. "Pheromones and phylogenetic relations of leafrollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)." Entomological Review 87, no. 9 (December 2007): 1238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0013873807090138.

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35

Pickel, C., R. Van Steenwyk, and W. W. Coates. "Leafroller Control Programs, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.39.

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Abstract Three insecticides were evaluated for control of leafrollers near Hollister, CA on 15-year-old Bleinheim apricot trees. Individual tree plots were replicated 10 times in randomized complete block design. One unsprayed buffer tree surrounded each replicate. Sprays were applied until run-off with a hydraulic hand gun sprayer operating at 300 psi. All sprays were applied on 7 Jun. Evaluations were made midseason (15 Jun) with 500 fruit/treatment and harvest (7 Jul) with 5,000 fruit/treatment.

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36

Brunner, Jay F., and L. O. Smith. "Field-Aged Residues of Bacillus Thuringiensis Against Leafrollers, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.363.

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Abstract Different Bt products were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae using a leaf-disk bioassay. Bt products were applied to Red Delicious apple trees at their recommended field rates as shown in the table using a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gallons per acre. Treated apple leaves were collected 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 d post-treatment. Two punches (2.3 cm diam) were taken from each of 20 leaves per treatment on each date. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 x 9 mm). Five one- to two-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks and the petri dish lid was put in place. Ten dishes were used for each Bt product and rate (50 larvae per treatment). Dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a wet paper towel to maintain a high humidity and kept at 75°F (± 2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Dishes were examined after 96 and 144 h to determine larval survival. Data were collected for untreated mortality using Abbott’s formula.

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37

Stevens, P. S., and D. Steven. "An insect growth regulator for controlling leafrollers on kiwifruit." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 47 (January 8, 1994): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1994.47.11044.

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38

McLaren, G. F., J. A. Fraser, and D. M. Suckling. "Mating disruption for the control of leafrollers on apricots." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 26, no. 4 (December 1998): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1998.9514063.

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39

Markwick, Ngaire, Sally Graves, Fiona M. Fairbairn, Lisa C. Docherty, Joanne Poulton, and Vernon K. Ward. "Infectivity of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus for New Zealand leafrollers." Biological Control 25, no. 2 (October 2002): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-9644(02)00059-2.

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40

Wearing, C. H., K. Colhoun, G. F. McLaren, B. Attfield, and V. G. M. Bus. "Evidence for single gene resistance in apple to brownheaded leafroller, Ctenopseustis obliquana , and implications for resistance to other New Zealand leafrollers." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 108, no. 1 (June 24, 2003): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00062.x.

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41

Suckling, D. M., and E. G. Brockerhoff. "Lure and kill as a new control tactic for leafrollers." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 52 (August 1, 1999): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1999.52.11591.

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42

Tomkins, A. R., D. R. Penman, and R. B. Chapman. "Use of traps for monitoring adult leafrollers in apple orchards." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 15, no. 1 (January 1987): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1987.10425542.

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43

Pfannenstiel, R. S., T. R. Unruh, and J. F. Brunner. "Overwintering Hosts for the Exotic Leafroller Parasitoid,Colpoclypeus florus: Implications for Habitat Manipulation to Augment Biological Control of Leafrollers in Pome Fruits." Journal of Insect Science 10, no. 75 (June 2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.010.7501.

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44

PASQUALINI, E. "EFFICACY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI AGAINST LEAFROLLERS IN EMILIA-ROMAGNA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 422 (July 1996): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1996.422.71.

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45

Waddell, B. C., P. R. Dentener, and T. A. Batchelor. "Time-mortality response of leafrollers exposed to commercial controlled atmosphere coolstorage." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 43 (January 8, 1990): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1990.43.10917.

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46

Barrington, A., G. B. Russell, and G. A. Lane. "Effect of selected plants on the growth and development of leafrollers." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11183.

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47

Blommers, L. H. M., H. H. M. Helsen, and F. W. N. M. Vaal. "Embryonic development of orchard leafrollers and the forecasting of egg hatch." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 99, no. 3 (June 2001): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00830.x.

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48

Pfeiffer, D. G., W. Kaakeh, J. C. Killian, M. W. Lachance, and P. Kirsch. "Mating disruption to control damage by leafrollers in Virginia apple orchards." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 67, no. 1 (April 1993): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01650.x.

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49

Lo, PL, and JTS Walker. "Recolonisation of an apple orchard by leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) following spraying." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 40, no. 3 (September 2012): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2012.661744.

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50

Safonkin, A. F. "Ecological aspects of pheromone communication of leafrollers and spatial distribution of species." Journal of Applied Entomology 115, no. 1-5 (January 12, 1993): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1993.tb00413.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Leafrollers'

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