Relevant bibliographies by topics / Leafrollers

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Leafrollers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Leafrollers"

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Rogers, D. J., J. T. S. Walker, I. C. Moen, F. Weibel, P. L. Lo, and L. M. Cole. "Understorey influence on leafroller populations in Hawkes Bay organic apple orchards." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6037.

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Leafrollers (Tortricidae) were collected from apple foliage and understorey vegetation in six commercial organic apple orchards in Hawkes Bay over one season Assessments were made of plant species present in the understorey at the time of collection All leafroller larvae were reared to adults on artificial diet to identify leafroller species and parasitoids Nearly half (47) of all leafrollers collected in these orchards were located in the understorey highlighting the importance of understorey and its management for the control of leafroller Dock clover and dandeliontype plants contributed 25 to the overall understorey yet hosted 75 of the leafrollers collected from the understorey Dolichogenidea sp was the most abundant parasitoid (79) attacking leafrollers found amongst the apple foliage whereas Glyptapanteles demeter was dominant in the understorey (61) Generally the number of leafrollers in an orchard was proportional to the abundance of broadleaf weeds and inversely proportional to parasitism
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Shaw, P. W., and D. R. Wallis. "The relationship between Epiphyas postvittana (lightbrown apple moth, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pipfruit orchards and adjacent vineyards in Nelson." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 31, 2017): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.86.

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The lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) is the most abundant leafroller species infesting apple orchards and vineyards in the Nelson region. This study was undertaken to investigate concerns from some orchardists of leafroller pressure on their apple blocks adjacent to neighbouring vineyards. Lightbrown apple moth pheromone trap catches were recorded inside orchards and in neighbouring vineyards and in boundary rows of the orchards closest to a vineyard during 2012—13. The vineyards were not treated with insecticide and the orchards received ve applications of insecticide between November and mid- March to control lepidopteran pests. The highest catches of leafrollers were recorded in vineyards and catches increased during the season to peak in April. The increasing leafroller population in vineyards was associated with higher catches of leafrollers in boundary rows of the orchard closest to the vineyard. Leafroller catches inside the orchards were lower while insecticide sprays were being applied. The higher pheromone trap catches of leafrollers in the vineyards and on the orchard boundary were associated with the most leafroller sign that was found in these locations during timed searches. These results suggest that high populations of leafrollers in vineyards can increase leafroller pressure on nearby pipfruit orchards.
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Whiting, D. C., L. E. Jamieson, and P. G. Connolly. "Mortality responses of the brownheaded and blacklyre leafrollers to controlled atmosphere and air cold storage treatments for kiwifruit." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3610.

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The mortality responses of the brownheaded leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) and the blacklyre leafroller (Cnephasia jactatana) to controlled atmosphere cold storage (CACS) and air cold storage (CS) treatments for kiwifruit were investigated CACS (2 O2 5 CO2 at 0C) killed both leafrollers faster than CS (at 0C) The brownheaded leafroller was more tolerant of both storage treatments than the blacklyre leafroller Third and 5th instars were generally more tolerant of storage treatments than 1st instars which in turn outlived eggs This work predicts both brownheaded and blacklyre leafrollers should be completely controlled by 4 weeks CACS or 9 weeks CS
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Shaw, P. W., and D. R. Wallis. "Parasitoids of leafrollers (LepidopteraTortricidae) from scrub vegetation near horticultural areas in Nelson." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5805.

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Leafroller larvae and pupae were collected during timed searches in January and April 2013 from host plants at six scrub vegetation sites in two Nelson horticultural districts approximately 40 km apart The numbers of leafrollers and parasitoid species recovered were similar in both districts Most of the leafroller larvae collected were Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (lightbrown apple moth LBAM) and most of these were found on gorse and broom In total 293 larvae and 11 pupae were reared successfully with 39 parasitism A wide diversity of parasitoids was recovered comprising 10 species from five families with Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Braconidae) the most common (80) The diversity of parasitoids and parasitism of leafrollers in unmanaged environments outside orchards may help to reduce leafroller pressure and the risk of fruit infestation in surrounding commercial orchards
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Poulton, J., J. T. Todd, and C. McKenna. "Who ate all my leafrollers?" New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 26, 2017): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.78.

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Leafrollers are pests of many fruit crops, and insecticides are used to control their numbers in commercial orchards. However, little is known about how much their natural enemies contribute to their control. Over two summers, larvae of two leafroller species were established in leaf rolls on potted poplar plants, which were placed along shelterbelts in 16 kiwifruit orchards. After a minimum of 38 hours, the leafrollers were retrieved and reared to determine parasitism rates and parasitoid identities. Egg batches and tethered larvae were also placed in the shelterbelts, with some monitored by video cameras, to determine predation rates and predator identities. Up to 3% of larvae in leaf rolls were parasitised in some orchards, by four different parasitoids, with the fly Trigonospila brevifacies accounting for the majority. Rates of predation were higher, with up to 40% of eggs, and 37.2% of larvae being taken. Fourteen different predator taxa were observed feeding on eggs and larvae, with the mite Anystis baccarum, earwigs, and spiders being the primary predators. Understanding which natural enemies are suppressing leafroller populations offers the potential for conserving or increasing those predator and/ or parasitoid numbers in cropping environments.
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Lo, P. L., and J. T. S. Walker. "Monitoring leafrollers (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in vineyards." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4588.

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Leafroller larvae especially Epiphyas postvittana damage grape bunches and more importantly promote spread of the disease botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) Three methods of monitoring leafrollers were compared on 10 Hawkes Bay vineyard blocks The methods were timed searches of leaves for larvae inspection of bunches for larvae and pheromone trapping of adult males Seasonal changes in leafroller abundance were similar on all vineyards Usually few larvae were found until February but infestations increased greatly between then and March In other respects leafroller infestations were variable between and sometimes within blocks None of the monitoring methods was completely successful The most useful method was bunch inspection primarily because of the close correlation between bunch infestations in January and at harvest However this method is relatively laborious and did not give enough warning to enable use of some insecticides Leafroller infestations on leaves in all months and pheromone trap data were poor predictors of harvest bunch damage
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Kristine Braman, S., Evelyn R. Carr, and James C. Quick. "Canna spp. Cultivar Response to the Lesser Canna Leafroller, Geshna cannalis (Quaintance), and the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman)." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.2.87.

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Abstract Twenty-two cultivars of canna lilies, Canna × generalis, were evaluated for potential resistance to the lesser canna lily leafroller, Geshna cannalis, and the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica. Both of these pests cause defoliation of the plants resulting in reduced plant fitness and aesthetic injury. Cultivars sustaining the most damage by leafrollers were ‘Richard Wallace’, ‘Firebird’, and ‘Black Knight’. While Japanese beetle injury varied, cultivars most consistently damaged by beetles were ‘Lenape’, ‘Scarlet Wave’, ‘Dawn Pink’, and ‘Crimson Beauty’. While all plants sustained at least some injury, cultivars that consistently had the least amount of damage by leafrollers were ‘Maudie Malcolm’, ‘Striped Beauty’, and ‘Journey's End’. ‘Maudie Malcolm’ and ‘Striped Beauty’ were similarly avoided by Japanese beetles, while ‘Journey's End’ sustained moderate injury from this pest. Tall cultivars with red or orange flowers and some red in their foliage were especially vulnerable to infestation by the lesser canna leafroller.
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Hill, M. G. "Does Psa affect kiwifruit susceptibility to leafrollers." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5587.

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Analysis of kiwifruit industry pest monitoring and spray diary data showed increases in the incidence of leafroller larvae on fruit during crop monitoring in the 2011/12 season in regions with the virulent strain of the disease Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (PsaV) Four factors were considered as explanations PsaV infection and its effects on plant defences leafroller sprays PsaV sprays and leafroller sampling The most plausible cause of the increased leafroller incidence is PsaV infection A putative mechanism is hormonal crosstalk resulting in a tradeoff between pest and pathogen resistance The susceptibility of vines to leafrollers in PsaVinfected regions appears to persist for several weeks longer after fruit set than in uninfected vines The paper discusses the need to develop a better understanding of the interactions of biotic and abiotic stressors on plant defence responses to pests and diseases and to incorporate these into a plantdefencecentred approach to Integrated Pest Management
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Lo, P. L., I. C. Newman, L. M. Cole, D. J. Rogers, and G. M. Burnip. "Control of Epiphyas postvittana (lightbrown apple moth Lepidoptera Tortricidae) on grapevines with tebufenozide." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5748.

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Feeding by leafroller larvae damages grape bunches and makes them susceptible to Botrytis cinerea disease Leafroller infestation of foliage and bunches and the incidence of botrytis was measured on vineyards in Gisborne Hawkes Bay and Marlborough over 2 years Fortyfour blocks received no leafrolleractive insecticides while 22 were sprayed once preflowering with the selective insect growth regulator tebufenozide Tebufenozide very effectively reduced infestations and gave seasonlong control On leaves untreated blocks averaged 14 leafrollers/search compared with 4 on sprayed blocks Comparative figures for fruit at harvest were 18/100 bunches and 3/100 respectively There was a trend for lower botrytis incidence in blocks where tebufenozide was used Over 99 of the leafrollers reared were Epiphyas postvittana Parasitism of larvae and pupae at 67 on leaves and 50 in bunches was similar in untreated and treated blocks Epiphyas postvittana in vineyards is easily managed using tebufenozide which did not compromise biological control
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Mckenna, C. E., S. J. Dobson, and J. M. Phare. "The insect pest complex of Actinidia arguta kiwifruit." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4793.

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The key insect pests of Actinidia arguta kiwifruit were determined by monitoring tagged fruit bunches for insects and insect damage in six orchard blocks from fruit set in November 2007 until harvest in February 2008 and by examining samples of picked fruit at harvest The proportion of fruit damaged by leafroller feeding increased throughout the entire growing season and live caterpillars were present on picked fruit at harvest Greenhouse thrips damage to fruit was noticeable from mid January Armoured scale insects and mealybugs were recorded on the fruit from December but most infestations occurred during the month prior to harvest Leafrollers and greenhouse thrips are the key production pests while leafrollers greedy scale and some mealybug species are potential quarantine species All three commercial A arguta cultivars grown in the Bay of Plenty are susceptible to the key pest species
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Leafrollers"

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Langhoff, Pia. "Speciation genes in native New Zealand leafroller moths." Thesis, e-Thesis University of Auckland, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5718.

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Hyink, Otto, and n/a. "Genes that define the Nucleopolyhedrovirus of Epiphyas postvittana." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060808.143556.

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The nucleopolyhedrovirus of Epiphyas postvittana (EppoMNPV) is being studied as a potential biological control agent for leafroller insects in New Zealand. The aims of this project were for the identification of putative genes that are unique to, variant in or missing from, the EppoMNPV genome and the subsequent analysis of at least one of these genes. The purpose of this was to identify and characterise genes potentially involved in the specific host range and virulence of EppoMNPV. This was achieved in two steps. Three genome regions lacking linearity between EppoMNPV and the closely related OpMNPV were previously identified and the targeted sequencing of these three regions was the first aim of this project. The collation of the entire genome sequence of EppoMNPV and comparison to the genome sequences of 22 other baculoviruses completed the identification of genes that are unique to, variant in or missing from EppoMNPV. The EppoMNPV genome was found to be 118,584 bp in size encoding 136 putative proteins. A total of 29 genes were found to be common to all baculoviruses, while the lepidopteran baculoviruses share a total of 62 genes. The genome of EppoMNPV encodes four putative unique genes, the sequence of which offers no clues as to possible function. EppoMNPV lacks a homologue of the superoxide dismutase gene common to all other lepidopteran baculoviruses The EppoMNPV IE2 homologue was identified as a 311 amino acid protein with a truncation in the N-terminal region. We hypothesised that this truncation would lead to a loss of function, which could contribute to the virulence and/or host range of EppoMNPV For this reason, the characterisation of the EppoMNPV IE2 was taken up as the second part of this project. A comparative study between the AcMNPV and EppoMNPV IE2 proteins identified no differences in function between these two proteins in Sf21 cells. The EppoMNPV IE2 was capable of trans-activating three constitutive promoters and localised to discrete nuclear bodies. Cell cycle arrest was not achieved by either IE2 protein in our cell culture system. The role of four sequence motifs common to all IE2 proteins was studied with the aid of mutational analysis. Mutation of arginine and acidic rich sequences of EppoMNPV IE2 showed only a slight decrease in trans-activation activity while mutation of the RING-finger and coiled-coil motifs reduced trans-activation to less than half that of wild type IE2. Mutation of the coiled-coil motif resulted in reduced amounts of protein localising to discrete nuclear regions. A series of deletion mutants from the N- and C-termini of EppoMNPV IE2 identified that the C-terminal 111 amino acids of EppoMNPV IE2 was sufficient for nuclear targeting. Deletion of the C-terminal 19 amino acids resulted in an IE2 mutant completely defective in both localisation and transactivation. This demonstrates that localisation to discrete nuclear regions is essential for EppoMNPV IE2 to act as a transactivator.
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Malone, Sean M. "The influence of pheromone dispenser release rates, trap height and pheromone dispenser height on captures of leafrollers in Virginia apple orchards." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41030.

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Sun, Xiaoping. "The sublethal effect of ecdysone agonists on reproduction of the codling moth and redbanded leafroller, and its biochemical/molecular mechanisms /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074445.

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Singh, Satya Ram, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Agriculture Faculty, and School of Horticulture. "Biology of the rice leafroller Cnaphalocrocis (Marasmia) exigua (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pauristinae) in Fiji." THESIS_FTA_HOR_SINGH_S.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/443.

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The rice leafroller Cnaphalocrocis exigua (Butler) in the only species of the rice leaf folder/roller complex in Fiji. It is one of the major rice pests in the country, its pest status being exacerbrated by the cultivation of high-yielding varieties with minimal pest resistance. Detailed studies on the biology of the moth, in particular on the development, emergence, mating and flight behaviour, effect of adult nutrition on fecundity, egg hatchability and longevity, effect of larval nutrition on larval survival, pupation, pupal weight, pupal eclosion, and fecundity, egg hatchability and longevity of resultant adults, parasitism, and population ecology of C. exigua were carried out in Fiji from 1985 to 1987, and from June to August 1990. This study showed that there are several parasitoids of C. exigua in Fiji, and of those the egg and larval parasitoids Trichogramma sp. and Trathala flavo-orbitalis (Cameron) respectively are significant biotic mortality factors. Their impact as natural suppressors of C. exigua in fields of high yielding rice varieties was, however, inadequate to prevent C. exigua reaching damaging levels. Since C. exigua responds strongly to rice varietal differences, plant nitrogen status, and seasonal factors, is suspected to utilise pheromones during mating, and has numerous biocontrol agents in South East Asia and the Philippines, it appears to be an excellent candidate for an integrated pest management (IPM) program in Fiji. Before IPM strategies can be formulated, however, further investigations on rice varietal resistance, exploitation of exotic parasitoids and pathogens, and detailed studies on the possible presence of sex pheromones need to be conducted.
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Singh, Satya Ram. "Biology of the rice leafroller Cnaphalocrocis (Marasmia) exigua (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pauristinae) in Fiji /." Richmond, N.S.W. : School of Horticulture, Faculty of Science, Technology and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1997. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030708.175531/index.html.

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Ochieng'-Odero, James Patrick. "Aspects of the life cycle, biological performance and quality of the black lyre leafroller 'Cnephasia' jactatana (Walker)." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2480.

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The thesis answers the general question of whether the quality of artificially reared insect species should be based on performance tests for intended use or whether quality should be based on a more holistic biological approach. The empirical research is carried out using the lepidopteran leafroller 'Cnephasia' jactatana (Walker). The thesis defines biological performance and quality in terms of the success of an insect population in survival and reproduction and regards the laboratory environment as an artificial habitat that insects must colonise in order to survive and reproduce. Changes in biological performance that occurred during 12 successive generations of laboratory rearing were due to selection, acclimatisation and domestication and not adaptation. Artificial colonisation is theoretically successful within a limited range of environmental factors. As the inherent genetic variability of the founder population determines the resilience of the population to changes in performance, the ranges of environmental factors during colonisation should be wide to 'capture' much of the variability. Using body size (weight) as an aspect of overall quality, the thesis presents evidence that the final instar larva of C. jactatana has a threshold mechanism (larval critical weight, LCW) that determines pupal and adult size. There is a proportionate decrease in weight from the maximum weight that a larva attains in the final instar (LMW) to pupa ( described as constant DP ) and to adult (DA). There is a direct relation between the latent feeding period (period between attaining an LCW and LMW), LMW, pupal and adult size, and the reproductive performance (fecundity ). Within the experimental conditions diet quality, temperature, photoperiod and artificial selection had no effect on the larval critical weight, DP or DA, the larval threshold mechanism in C. jactatana is probably a mechanical trigger that initiates pupation. Diet quality, temperature and thermophotoperiods affected pupal size, adult size and reproductive performance. Photoperiod had no significant effects on size and reproductive performance. Positive assortative selections for slow development and low pupal weight significantly decreased pupal and adult size, and reproductive performance. Selection for fast development and heavy pupal weight for three generations had no significant effect on size or reproductive performance. Larval critical weight is demonstrated as useful to define quality indices and predict the performance of laboratory reared insects. The general conclusion of the thesis is that insect quality should be defined more in terms of the success in survival and colonising ability rather than solely on the success for 'intended role' or 'fitness for use'.
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Hueppelsheuser, Tracy K. "The use of Trichogramma, an egg parasitoid, as a biological control agent for management of oblique banded leafroller in raspberry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0011/MQ61443.pdf.

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Berndt, Lisa A. "The effect of floral resources on the leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in selected New Zealand vineyards." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1045.

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In this study, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.)) flowers were used to examine the effect of floral resources on the efficacy of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) in vineyards. This was done by assessing the influence of these flowers on parasitoid abundance and parasitism rate, and by investigating the consequences of this for leafroller abundance. In laboratory experiments, alyssum flowers were used to investigate the effect of floral food on the longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of D. tasmanica. Dolichogenidea tasmanica comprised more than 95 % of parasitoids reared from field collected leafrollers in this study. The abundance of D. tasmanica during the 1999-2000 growing season was very low compared with previous studies, possibly due to the very low abundance of its leafroller hosts during the experiment. The number of males of this species on yellow sticky traps was increased (although not significantly) when buckwheat flowers were planted in a Marlborough vineyard; however, the number of female D. tasmanica on traps was no greater with flowers than without. The abundance of another leafroller parasitoid, Glyptapanteles demeter (Wilkinson)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on traps was also not significantly affected by the presence of buckwheat flowers, although females of this species were caught in greater numbers in the control than in buckwheat plots. Naturally-occurring leafrollers were collected from three vineyard sites in Marlborough, and one in Canterbury during the 2000-2001 season to assess the effect of buckwheat and alyssum flowers on parasitism rate. Parasitism rate more than doubled in the presence of buckwheat at one of the Marlborough vineyards, but alyssum had no effect on parasitism rate in Canterbury. A leafroller release/recover method, used when naturally-occurring leafrollers were too scarce to collect, was unable to detect any effect of buckwheat or alyssum on parasitism rate. Mean parasitism rates of approximately 20 % were common in Marlborough, although rates ranged from 0 % to 45 % across the three vineyard sites in that region. In Canterbury in April, mean parasitism rates were approximately 40 % (Chapter 4). Rates were higher on upper canopy leaves (40-60 %) compared with lower canopy leaves and bunches (0-25 %). Leafroller abundance was apparently not affected by the presence of buckwheat in Marlborough, or alyssum in Canterbury. Buckwheat did, however, significantly reduce the amount of leafroller evidence (webbed leafroller feeding sites on leaves or in bunches) in Marlborough, suggesting that the presence of these flowers may reduce leafroller populations. Leafrollers infested less than 0.1 % of Cabernet Sauvignon leaves throughout the 1999-2000 growing season, but increased in abundance in bunches to infest a maximum of 0.5 % of bunches in late March in Marlborough. In Pinot Noir vines in the 2000-2001 season, leafroller abundance was also low, although sampling was not conducted late in the season when abundance reaches a peak. In Riesling vines in Canterbury, between 1.5 % and 2.5 % of bunches were infested with leafrollers in April. In the laboratory, alyssum flowers significantly increased the longevity and lifetime fecundity of D. tasmanica compared with a no-flower treatment. However, daily fecundity was not increased by the availability of food, suggesting that the greater lifetime fecundity was related to increases in longevity. Parasitoids were also able to obtain nutrients from whitefly honeydew, which resulted in similar longevity and daily fecundity to those when alyssum flowers were present. The availability of food had a significant effect on the offspring sex ratio of D. tasmanica. Parasitoids reared from naturally-occurring leafrollers produced an equal sex ratio, assumed to be the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for this species. In the laboratory, this ESS was observed only when parasitoids had access to alyssum flowers. Without food, or with honeydew only, sex ratios were strongly male-biased. In the field, floral resources affected the sex ratio of D. tasmanica only when this species was reared from leafrollers released and recovered in Marlborough. In that experiment, buckwheat shifted the sex ratio in favour of female production from the equal sex ratio found in control plots. No firm explanations can be given to account for these results, due to a lack of research in this area. Possible mechanisms for the changes in sex ratio with flowers are discussed. This study demonstrated that flowers are an important source of nutrients for D. tasmanica, influencing the longevity, fecundity and offspring sex ratio of this species. However, only some of the field experiments were able to show any positive effect of the provision of floral resources on parasitoid abundance or parasitism rate. More information is needed on the role these parasitoids, and other natural enemies, play in regulating leafroller populations in New Zealand vineyards, and on how they use floral resources in the field, before recommendations can be made regarding the adoption of this technology by growers.
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Irvin, N. A. "Understorey management for the enhancement of populations of a leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoid (Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron)) in Canterbury, New Zealand apple orchards." Lincoln University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1111.

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This study investigated understorey management in Canterbury, New Zealand, apple orchards for the enhancement of populations of Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Braconidae) for leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) biological control. The first objective was to determine the influence of understorey plants on the abundance of D. tasmanica and leafroller parasitism, and to investigate the mechanisms behind this influence. The second was to determine the most suitable understorey plants in terms of their ability to enhance parasitoid abundance, leafroller parasitism, parasitoid longevity, parasitoid fecundity and its ability to not benefit leafroller. Results from three consecutive field trials showed that buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv), and, to a lesser extent, broad bean (Vicia faba L.), enhanced parasitoid abundance and leafroller parasitism. The mechanisms behind the effects of understorey plants had previously been unexplored. However, results here showed that it was the flowers or the buckwheat that 'attracted' the parasitoid to the plant and not the shelter, aphids or microclimate that the plant may also provide. Providing flowering plants in the orchard understorey also increased immigration of parasitoids and enhanced parasitoids and enhanced parasitoid longevity and fecundity in the laboratory. In contrast, the understorey plants had no influence on the female:male ratio of D. tasmanica. Although coriander enhanced leafroller parasitism three-fold in field experiments compared with controls, it failed to enhance the longevity of both sexes of D. tasmanica in the laboratory compared with water-only. Broad bean significantly enhanced parasitoid abundance three-fold and significantly increased parasitism from 0% to 75% compared with the controls on one leafroller release date. However, laboratory trials showed that of male D. tasmancia but it did not enhance female longevity. Also, female D. tasmanica foraging on broad bean produced a total of only three parasitoid cocoons, but this result was based on an overall 6.5% survival of larvae to pupae or to parasitoid cocoon. Furthermore, results suggested that extrafloral nectar secretion decreased as the plants matured. Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) did not significantly enhance parasitism rate in the field compared with controls, and numbers of D. tasmanica captured by suction sampling were significantly lower in phacelia treatments compared with alyssum, buckwheat and control plots. Also, laboratory experiments showed that survival of D. tasmanica on phacelia flowers was equivalent to that on water-only and significantly lower than on buckwheat. These results suggest that phacelia does not provide nectar to D. tasmanica, only pollen, and therefore is not a suitable understorey plant for D. tasmanica enhancement in orchards. Buckwheat and alyssum showed the most potential as understorey plants for the enhancement of natural enemies. Buckwheat not only increased numbers of D. tasmanica seven-fold, but also increased numbers of beneficial lacewings (Micromus tasmaniae (Walker)) and hover flies (Syrphidae) captured on yellow sticky traps compared with the controls. It significantly increased leafroller parasitism by D. tasmanica from 0% to 86% compared with the controls (on one date only), and in the laboratory enhanced D. tasmanica longevity and increased fecundity compared with water-only. Similarly, alyssum significantly increased parasitism rate compared with controls, and two-fold more D. tasmanica were suction sampled in these plots compared with controls. It also enhanced longevity of both sexes of D. tasmanica compared with water, and showed the most favourable characteristics in terms of being of no benefit to leafrollers. This is because it was not preferred over apple by leafroller larvae and when they were forced to feed on it, it caused high mortality (94.3%) and low pupal weight (15 mg). Furthermore, alyssum did not enhance the number of fertile eggs produced by adult leafrollers compared with water only. However, further research is required to address the overall effect of buckwheat and alyssum on crop production and orchard management, including effects on fruit yield and quality, frost risk, disease incidence, soil quality, weeds and other pests. Also, research into the ability of these plants to survive in the orchard with little maintenance, and into the optimal sowing rates, would be useful. Sampling natural populations of leafroller within each treatment showed that damage from leafrollers and the number of leafroller larvae were respectively 20.3% and 29.3% lower in the flowering treatments compared with the controls. Furthermore, field trials showed up to a six-fold increase in leafroller pupae in controls compared with buckwheat and alyssum. This suggests that increasing leafroller parasitism rate from understorey management in orchards will translate into lower pest populations, although neither larval numbers/damage nor pupal numbers differed significantly between treatments. Trapping D. tasmanica at a gradient of distances showed that this parasitoid travels into rows adjacent to buckwheat plots, indicating that growers may be able to sow flowering plants in every second or third row of the orchard, and still enhance leafroller biocontrol while minimising the adverse effects of a cover crop. Sowing buckwheat and alyssum in orchard understoreys may enhance biological control of apple pests in organic apple production and reduce the number of insect growth regulators applied in IFP programmes. However, the challenge still remains to investigate whether conservation biological control can reduce leafroller populations below economic thresholds.
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Books on the topic "Leafrollers"

1

Brunner, Jay F. Pandemis and obliquebanded leafrollers. Pullman: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1990.

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Reproductive polymorphism of leafrollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Snowden, Parker. How to distinguish oak leaftiers from leafrollers. St. Paul, MN?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State & Private Forestry, 1999.

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Coracini, Miryan Denise Araújo. Semiochemicals claim territory: Sex pheromones and plant volatiles for control of codling moth and Brazilian apple leafroller. Alnarp: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002.

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Lee, Knight Alan, and Oregon State University. Extension Service., eds. Managing leafrollers on caneberries in Oregon. Corvallis, Or: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1987.

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Archips podana (scopoli) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) host survey 2002: Northwest Washington occurrence of an old world tree-fruit pest new to the United States. [Olympia, Wash.]: Plant Protection Divison, Pest Program, Washington State Dept. of Agriculture, 2003.

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Oak leaftier and oak leafroller. 1998.

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Whittle, K. Pests not known to occur in the United States or of limited distribution: South African carnation leafroller. 1985.

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Rao, Gangavalli V. Ranga. Influence of temperature and photoperiod on the developmental biology of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae). 1985.

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Zabidi, Ahmed Hizam. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on growth and development of the filbert leafroller, archips rosanus L. (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Leafrollers"

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Miller, Laura T., Lionel Stange, Charles MacVean, Jorge R. Rey, J. H. Frank, R. F. Mizell, John B. Heppner, et al. "Leafrollers." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2171. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1992.

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Miller, Laura T., Lionel Stange, Charles MacVean, Jorge R. Rey, J. H. Frank, R. F. Mizell, John B. Heppner, et al. "Leafroller Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2171–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1993.

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Du Merle, P. "Phenological Resistance of Oaks to the Green Oak Leafroller, Tortrix viridana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." In Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects, 215–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3828-7_13.

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Roelofs, Wendell L., Jia-Wei Du, Charles Linn, Thomas J. Glover, and Louis B. Bjostad. "The Potential for Genetic Manipulation of the Redbanded Leafroller Moth Sex Pheromone Blend." In Evolutionary Genetics of Invertebrate Behavior, 263–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3487-1_25.

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"19. The Endemic New Zealand Genera Ctenopseustis and Planotortrix: A Down-Under Story of Leafroller Moth Sex Pheromone Evolution and Speciation." In Pheromone Communication in Moths, 277–90. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520964433-020.

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Conference papers on the topic "Leafrollers"

1

Bergmann, Jan. "Chemical communication in the Chilean leafroller speciesProeulia aurariaandP. triquetra." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94382.

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Hafez, Abdulwahab M. "Obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) resistance to insecticides in Michigan apple and cherry orchards." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.114535.

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Asmanizar, Aldy Waridha, Edy Sumantri, and Ratna Maulli Lubis. "Laboratory Study of Some Plant Crude Extracts against Soybean Leafroller Lamprosema indicata Fab. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." In International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008882601070111.

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Wang, Peng. "SporxyTM 360SC: A novel combination of spinetoram and methoxyfenozide for the control of rice stem borers and leafroller in China and Taiwan." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.117409.

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