Journal articles on the topic 'Leaf water conservation'
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1
Al-Darby, A. M., B. Lowery, and T. C. Daniel. "Corn leaf water potential and water use efficiency under three conservation tillage systems." Soil and Tillage Research 9, no. 3 (May 1987): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(87)90073-0.
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Wiryani, Erry, Sutrisno Anggoro, and Sri Mulyani. "Identification of water conservative tree species with high economic value around “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah”." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 19, no. 2 (July 15, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.19.2.104-118.
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Spring conservation require serious concern on the economic advantages for the society. Without economic advantages achieved from the conservation activities, the conservation programme should face intense conflict of land utilization. Plantation of economically valuable conservative plant species is one of the proposed solution to overcome the problem. This research aimed to identify the economic value of conservative plant species found in “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” surrounding. Research was conducted through field observation involving 4 line transects and 4 square transects at each line with transect size of 20 m x 20 m. Plant identification was conducted for tree strata. Data analysis was including diversity, evenness and importance index of respective plants. Economic valuation was conducted through literature study. The result showed there were 28 plants species availabile in “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” surrounding. Among the plant species 22 of the had been identified to provide conservative function, while 6 of them weren’t including Banana, Papaya, Melinjo, Pangi, Longan and Stink Bean. Instead of providing conservative function, most plants also provide economic advantages including wood, fruit, flower, bud, leaf, fibre, sugar, peel and bean products while only 3 of them were not identified including Banyan, Manila Tamarind and Amboyna Wood. Plantation of economically valuable conservative plant species is recommended to support the conservation of the spring as well as to provide economic advantage for the society. Keywords: conservation, economic, plant, “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah”, spring
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Kjelgren, Roger, and Larry Rupp. "Water Conservation in the Urban Landscape." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 549E—549. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.549e.
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As populations become increasingly urbanized, landscape water conservation becomes more important. Landscape water consumption can increase municipal water use up to 4-fold during the growing season, and account for half the total yearly water use. Landscape water conservation is important in decreasing peak summer water demand to reduce the strain on delivery systems, and to reduce total demand so that development of new sources can be forestalled. Potential water savings from existing landscapes can be estimated by comparing historical usage gleaned from water meter readings to plant water needs estimated from reference evapotranspiration. Estimating water needs for turf is straightforward because of the few species involved and the uniformity of turf landscapes. Estimating water needs of woody plants is more difficult because of the heterogeneity of woody plants and how they are used, and woody plants respond to evaporative demand differently than turfgrass. Many woody plants will actually use less water as reference evapotranspiration increases due to stomatal closure induced by high leaf-air vapor pressure gradients. Landscape water is then conserved by either applying water more effectively in scheduling when and how long to irrigate based on estimating water use again from reference evapotranspiration, or by replacing areas in turfgrass with plants more-adapted to the existing conditions. Encouraging water conservation by end users is the final and largest challenge. Automated irrigation systems makes wasting water easy, while conserving water takes more effort. Education is the key to successful landscape water conservation.
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Peng, Zhengkai, Linlin Wang, Junhong Xie, Lingling Li, Jeffrey A. Coulter, Renzhi Zhang, Zhuzhu Luo, Jana Kholova, and Sunita Choudhary. "Conservation Tillage Increases Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat by Optimizing Water Transfer in a Semi-Arid Environment." Agronomy 9, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100583.
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Water availability is a major constraint for crop production in semiarid environments. The impact of tillage practices on water potential gradient, water transfer resistance, yield, and water use efficiency (WUEg) of spring wheat was determined on the western Loess Plateau. Six tillage practices implemented in 2001 and their effects were determined in 2016 and 2017 including conventional tillage with no straw (T), no-till with straw cover (NTS), no-till with no straw (NT), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), conventional tillage with plastic mulch (TP), and no-till with plastic mulch (NTP). No-till with straw cover, TP, and NTP significantly improved soil water potential at the seedling stage by 42, 47, and 57%, respectively; root water potential at the seedling stage by 34, 35, and 51%, respectively; leaf water potential at the seedling stage by 37, 48, and 42%, respectively; tillering stage by 21, 24, and 30%, respectively; jointing stage by 28, 32, and 36%, respectively; and flowering stage by 10, 26, and 16%, respectively, compared to T. These treatments also significantly reduced the soil–leaf water potential gradient at the 0–10 cm soil depth at the seedling stage by 35, 48, and 35%, respectively, and at the 30–50 cm soil depth at flowering by 62, 46, and 65%, respectively, compared to T. Thus, NTS, TP, and NTP reduced soil–leaf water transfer resistance and enhanced transpiration. Compared to T, the NTS, TP, and NTP practices increased biomass yield by 18, 36, and 40%; grain yield by 28, 22, and 24%; and WUEg by 24, 26, and 24%, respectively. These results demonstrate that no-till with straw mulch and plastic mulching with either no-till or conventional tillage decrease the soil–leaf water potential gradient and soil–leaf water transfer resistance and enhance sustainable intensification of wheat production in semi-arid areas.
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Ding, Junyan, Edward A. Johnson, and Yvonne E. Martin. "Optimization of leaf morphology in relation to leaf water status: A theory." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 1510–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6004.
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Moreira, Elaine Gleice Silva, Scarlet Aguiar Basílio, Mariany Dalila Milan, Natália Arruda, and Katiane Santiago Silva Benett. "HYDROCOOLING EFFICIENCY ON POSTHARVEST CONSERVATION AND QUALITY OF ARUGULA." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 6, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v6i4.3457.
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Arugula is mainly cultivated by small producers, being a leafy vegetable susceptible to water loss and wilting after harvest, which may result in changes in appearance, texture, color (yellowing), and nutritional value of the product. Hydrocooling is a cooling method that stands out for being simple, practical and efficient. Its use is to reduce the temperature and respiratory rate of vegetables after harvesting by immersion in ice or cold water, so they can be packed and stored. This study was conducted to evaluate the hydrocooling efficiency when associated with the storage period in the postharvest shelf life of arugula leaves. Arugula leaves were subjected to ten days of storage, and measurements were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 × 6 factorial scheme, consisting of three hydrocooling treatments [control (without cooling), and hydrocooling at 0 °C and 10 °C] and for six storage periods (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days) with three replicates. Fresh mass loss, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and subjective evaluation of product appearance were measured. Hydrocooling at 0 °C proved to be the most appropriate treatment when compared to control, as reported by the values of fresh mass loss, soluble solids, and titratable acidity. Hydrocooling to 0 °C slowed leaf water loss (lower respiratory rate) and resulted in better overall leaf appearance up to the sixth day of storage, thereby increasing shelf life of arugula leaves.
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Sun, Qinglin, Liming Lai, Jihua Zhou, Sangui Yi, Xin Liu, Jiaojiao Guo, and Yuanrun Zheng. "Differences in Ecological Traits between Plants Grown In Situ and Ex Situ and Implications for Conservation." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 5199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095199.
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Ex situ conservation plays an important role in maintaining global plant biodiversity and protects thousands of wild plants. Plant conservation in botanical gardens is an important part of ex situ conservation; however, little attention has been given to whether plant ecophysiological traits change and whether plant conservation goals are reached following ex situ conservation. In this study, tree and shrub plants were selected from Shanxi, Beijing of China and from Beijing Botanical Garden, and plants with good growth and similar ages were randomly selected to measure their light response curves, CO2 response curves with a portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400XT), relative chlorophyll contents using a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) and leaf water potential using a dew point water potential meter (WP4C). In comparison with cultivated plants, wild plants had higher water use efficiencies among all plants considered (by 92–337%) and greater light use efficiencies among some of plants considered (by 107–181%), while light response curves and CO2 response curves for wild plants were either higher or lower compared with cultivated plants. Ecological traits of wild and cultivated plants changed more as a result of habitat factors than due to plant factors. The initial slope of the light response curve, net photosynthetic rate at light saturation, light saturation point, maximum light energy utilization efficiency, maximum water use efficiency, leaf water content, and the leaf water potential of wild plants were larger or equal to those of cultivated plants, while dark respiration rate (by 63–583%) and light compensation point (by 150–607%) of cultivated plants were higher than those of wild plants. This research compared the ecophysiological traits of common green space plants cultivated in botanical gardens and distributed in different areas in wild environments. The response of plant ecophysiological traits to the changing environment has important theoretical and practical significance for wild plant conservation and urban green space system construction.
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Sun, Qinglin, Liming Lai, Jihua Zhou, Sangui Yi, Xin Liu, Jiaojiao Guo, and Yuanrun Zheng. "Differences in Ecological Traits between Plants Grown In Situ and Ex Situ and Implications for Conservation." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 5199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095199.
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Ex situ conservation plays an important role in maintaining global plant biodiversity and protects thousands of wild plants. Plant conservation in botanical gardens is an important part of ex situ conservation; however, little attention has been given to whether plant ecophysiological traits change and whether plant conservation goals are reached following ex situ conservation. In this study, tree and shrub plants were selected from Shanxi, Beijing of China and from Beijing Botanical Garden, and plants with good growth and similar ages were randomly selected to measure their light response curves, CO2 response curves with a portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400XT), relative chlorophyll contents using a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) and leaf water potential using a dew point water potential meter (WP4C). In comparison with cultivated plants, wild plants had higher water use efficiencies among all plants considered (by 92–337%) and greater light use efficiencies among some of plants considered (by 107–181%), while light response curves and CO2 response curves for wild plants were either higher or lower compared with cultivated plants. Ecological traits of wild and cultivated plants changed more as a result of habitat factors than due to plant factors. The initial slope of the light response curve, net photosynthetic rate at light saturation, light saturation point, maximum light energy utilization efficiency, maximum water use efficiency, leaf water content, and the leaf water potential of wild plants were larger or equal to those of cultivated plants, while dark respiration rate (by 63–583%) and light compensation point (by 150–607%) of cultivated plants were higher than those of wild plants. This research compared the ecophysiological traits of common green space plants cultivated in botanical gardens and distributed in different areas in wild environments. The response of plant ecophysiological traits to the changing environment has important theoretical and practical significance for wild plant conservation and urban green space system construction.
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Choudhary, Sunita, Thomas R. Sinclair, and P. V. Vara Prasad. "Hydraulic conductance of intact plants of two contrasting sorghum lines, SC15 and SC1205." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 7 (2013): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12338.
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Low plant hydraulic conductance has been hypothesised as an approach to decrease the rate of soil water use, resulting in soil water conservation for use during late season water deficits. The impact of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) on water use characteristics was explored by comparing two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes that had been found to differ in Kleaf. Genotype SC15 had a much lower leaf conductance than genotype SC1205. Four sets of experiments were undertaken to extend the comparison to the impact of differences in Kleaf on the plant water budget. (1) Measurements of hydraulic conductance of intact plants confirmed that leaf conductance of SC15 was lower than that of SC1205. (2) The low leaf conductance of SC15 was associated with a decrease in transpiration during soil drying at a higher soil water content than that of SC1205. (3) SC15 had a restricted transpiration rate at vapour pressure deficits (VPD) above 2.1 kPa, whereas SC1205 did not. (4) Treatment with aquaporin inhibitors showed substantial differences in the sensitivity of the transpiration response between the genotypes. These results demonstrated that low Kleaf in SC15 was associated with conservative water use by restricting transpiration at higher soil water content during soil drying and under high VPD. Tests with inhibitors indicate that these differences may be linked to differences between their aquaporin populations. The differences between the two genotypes indicated that the traits exhibited by SC15 would be desirable in environments where soil water deficits develop.
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Holloway-Phillips, Meisha-Marika, and Timothy J. Brodribb. "Contrasting hydraulic regulation in closely related forage grasses: implications for plant water use." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 7 (2011): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11029.
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Plant traits that improve crop water use efficiency are highly sought after but difficult to isolate. Here, we examine the integrated function of xylem and stomata in closely related forage grasses to determine whether quantitative differences in water transport properties could be used to predict plant performance under limited water conditions. Cultivars of two forage grass species with different drought tolerance ratings, Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb., were assessed for maximum hydraulic conductivity (Kmax), vulnerability of xylem to hydraulic dysfunction (P50) and stomatal sensitivity to leaf water potential. Species-specific differences were observed in several of these traits, and their effect on whole-plant performance was examined under well-watered and restricted watering conditions. It was shown that although P50 was comparable between species, for F. arundinacea cultivars, there was greater hydraulic risk associated with reduced stomatal sensitivity to leaf hydration. In contrast, L. multiflorum cultivars expressed a higher capacity for water transport, but more conservative stomatal regulation. Despite different susceptibilities to leaf damage observed during acute drought, under the sustained moderate drought treatment, the two strategies were balanced in terms of water conservation and hydraulic utilisation, resulting in similar dry matter production. Characterisation of water use patterns according to the key hydraulic parameters is discussed in terms of implications to yield across different environmental scenarios as well as the applicability of water transport related traits to breeding programs.
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Schoppach, Rémy, Diego Wauthelet, Linda Jeanguenin, and Walid Sadok. "Conservative water use under high evaporative demand associated with smaller root metaxylem and limited trans-membrane water transport in wheat." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 3 (2014): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13211.
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Efficient breeding of drought-tolerant wheat (Triticum spp.) genotypes requires identifying mechanisms underlying exceptional performances. Evidence indicates that the drought-tolerant breeding line RAC875 is water-use conservative, limiting its transpiration rate (TR) sensitivity to increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD), thereby saving soil water moisture for later use. However, the physiological basis of the response remains unknown. The involvement of leaf and root developmental, anatomical and hydraulic features in regulating high-VPD, whole-plant TR was investigated on RAC875 and a drought-sensitive cultivar (Kukri) in 12 independent hydroponic and pot experiments. Leaf areas and stomatal densities were found to be identical between lines and de-rooted plants didn’t exhibit differential TR responses to VPD or TR sensitivity to four aquaporin (AQP) inhibitors that included mercury chloride (HgCl2). However, intact plants exhibited a differential sensitivity to HgCl2 that was partially reversed by β-mercaptoethanol. Further, root hydraulic conductivity of RAC875 was found to be lower than Kukri’s and root cross-sections of RAC875 had significantly smaller stele and central metaxylem diameters. These findings indicate that the water-conservation of RAC875 results from a root-based hydraulic restriction that requires potentially heritable functional and anatomical features. The study revealed links between anatomical and AQP-based processes in regulating TR under increasing evaporative demand.
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Beard, J. B., R. L. Green, and S. I. Sifers. "Evapotranspiration and Leaf Extension Rates of 24 Well-watered, Turf-type Cynodon Genotypes." HortScience 27, no. 9 (September 1992): 986–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.9.986.
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Cultivar selection is one method used for the conservation of irrigation water. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the evapotranspiration (ET) rates of 24 well-watered, turf-type bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) genotypes under field conditions and established on a fritted clay root zone contained in plastic minilysimeter pots. A secondary objective was to correlate ET rate to leaf extension rate, a potential rapidly assessed predictor of the amount of leaf surface area present for ET. ET rates were determined by the water-balance method. Both the overall ET and leaf extension rate differed significantly among genotypes. ET rates were not correlated with leaf extension rates in individual years. Our data indicated a potential for water savings based on bermudagrass cultivar selection that was similar to the reported potential water savings based on warm-season turfgrass species selection.
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Sun, Qinglin, Liming Lai, Jihua Zhou, Xin Liu, and Yuanrun Zheng. "Ecophysiological Leaf Traits of Forty-Seven Woody Species under Long-Term Acclimation in a Botanical Garden." Plants 11, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11060725.
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Ex situ conservation plays an important role in the conservation and utilization of plant resources. In recent years, botanical gardens have greatly improved the ex situ conservation of plants, and research has mainly focused on morphological characteristics, reproduction technology, and conservation value. There are few studies on the ecophysiological traits of plants after conservation. Forty-seven plants that are frequently used in North China and were grown in the Beijing Botanic Garden were selected to measure their photosynthetic traits, light-use efficiency (LUE), water–use efficiency (WUE), specific leaf area (SLA), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and leaf water potential (φ). An analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences in the ecophysiological traits of the leaves of 47 woody species. The light saturation point (LSP), net photosynthetic rate at light saturation (Pnmax), φ, and SLA had significant differences among different plant life forms. The SLA and SPAD of leaves were significantly different among the families. The LUE of all species reached its maximum under a low light intensity, and species with a large difference between the light saturation point and light compensation point had larger Pnmax values. This research further adds to the understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of plants to the environment under the conditions of a botanical garden as well as the environmental fitness in a long-term ex situ domestication and then helps with scientifically setting up artificial management conditions.
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Eller, B. M., B. R. Ruess, and S. Sharma. "Carbon Gain, Water Conservation and, Expression of CAM during Leaf Development of Senecio Medley-Woodii." Journal of Plant Physiology 133, no. 3 (October 1988): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(88)80205-0.
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Fukai, S., C. J. Liwa, C. W. L. Henderson, B. B. Maharjan, R. C. Hermus, C. Searle, S. W. Herbert, and M. A. Foale. "The Field Performance of Induced Uniculm Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in South-east Queensland, Australia." Experimental Agriculture 22, no. 4 (October 1986): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014642.
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SUMMARYReduction of leaf area in sorghum without tillers (uniculm sorghum) might result in conservation of water at early stages of growth and hence in stability of grain yield under dry conditions. In two experiments in south-east Queensland, Australia, tillers were removed by hand to examine the growth of uniculm sorghum. Tiller removal promoted root development at the flag leaf stage but significantly reduced shoot dry matter and lowered grain yield by about 20% in a wet season. The saving in soil water as a result of tiller removal was relatively small but statistically significant.
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Djekoun, A., and C. Planchon. "Stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and acetylene reduction rate in soybean genotypes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-043.
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Yield limitation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) can result from decreases in photosynthesis and N2 fixation during periods of water deficiency. In this study, the relationships among stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and N2 fixation were analyzed in connection with drought tolerance of genotypes. Plants were grown in pots and exposed to field conditions. Carbon dioxide exchange rate was measured by gas analysis and nodule activity by the acetylene reduction method. Leaf water status was determined with a pressure bomb, and nodule water potential and leaf osmotic potential were measured psychrometrically. The differing tolerances of the cultivars Kingsoy and Hodgson to leaf water deficit resulted in a more or less developed ability of the lower side of the leaf to maintain good stomatal conductance during water stress. Stomatal conductance affects photosynthetic rate directly and acetylene reduction activity indirectly. Early stomatal closure, by limiting H2O exchange, contributes to conservation of nitrogenase activity. On the contrary, maintenance of high conductance during a water stress decreases soil water availability and nodule water content, which in turn has a decisive and limiting effect on acetylene reduction activity. Thus, if tolerance at low leaf water potentials associated with osmotic adjustment is an important drought mechanism for maintaining photosynthetic processes under water-limited conditions, the result would be obtained at the expense of symbiotic N2 fixation.Key words: Glycine max L. Merr., nitrogenase activity, photosynthesis, drought stress, soybean
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Xu, Yi, Yang, and Dou. "Using Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes to Distinguish the Sources of Plant Leaf Surface Moisture in an Urban Environment." Water 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2019): 2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112287.
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Plant leaf surface moisture is a frequent meteorological phenomenon that has complicated sources. As such, the determination of whether surface moisture is the input water or only the redistribution of water in the soil–plant–atmosphere ecosystem is of great importance. In this study, δ18O and δD characteristic values of dew, guttation, and soil waters in Buxus sinica var. parvifolia M. Cheng were monitored during the frost-free period (June–September 2017) in Changchun, China, to differentiate the hydraulic relationship among atmospheric vapor, rainwater, soil, dew, and guttation waters and quantitatively distinguish the leaf surface moisture on the canopy and bottom of plants. The water vapor sources of the leaf surface moisture on plants’ canopy and bottom were quantitatively verified in accordance with isotope fractionation and mass conservation principles. Results demonstrated that leaf surface moisture, atmospheric vapor, soil water, and dew were closely related. Leaf surface moisture was mainly the condensation of dew. The sources of canopy and bottom leaf surface moisture were basically the same. The proportions of canopy moisture from plant guttation, atmospheric vapor, and soil water were 2.4%–2.5%, 79.8%–92.4%, and 5.1%–17.8%, respectively. By comparison, the proportions of bottom leaf surface moisture were 0.6%–1.4%, 80.0%–93.0%, and 6.4%–18.6%, respectively. Leaf surface moisture is an important water input in urban systems. Moreover, the characteristic values of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of urban dew are supplemented, and the transformation of atmospheric vapor, rainwater, and soil and dew waters is revealed.
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Schneider-Binder, Erika. "The Four Leaf Water Clover (Marsilea Quadrifolia L.) an Endangered Species. Aspects of Conservation and Management." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0011.
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Abstract The European species of the genus Marsilea are presented, with special regard to Four leaf water clover Marsilea quadrifolia L., the single species occurring in Central Europe. Based on field research on the Upper Rhine in Germany and the Lower Danube in Romania the ecological requirements of the species and the plant communities in which the species lives are analysed and compared with data from other European countries. Due to the decline of the species populations as a consequence of human activities, all European Marsilea species are rare, vulnerable, endangered by extinction or extinct in the wild and included in the Red data books of most European countries. Also all the European water clovers Marsilea strigosa, Marsilea batardae and Marsilea quadrifolia have been included in the Appendix I of the Bern Convention (1979) as strictly protected species and in the Annexe II of the European Flora Fauna Habitat Directive 92/43/1992. After analysis of ecological conditions, the state of conservation and the Red List categories of Marsilea quadrifolia following IUCN criteria in the countries of occurrence are presented and possible measures for conservation are discussed as well as realised reintroduction of the species in the wild
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Davis, Anthony S., Matthew M. Aghai, Jeremiah R. Pinto, and Kent G. Apostol. "Growth, Gas Exchange, Foliar Nitrogen Content, and Water Use of Subirrigated and Overhead-irrigated Populus tremuloides Michx. Seedlings." HortScience 46, no. 9 (September 2011): 1249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.9.1249.
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Because limitations on water used by container nurseries has become commonplace, nursery growers will have to improve irrigation management. Subirrigation systems may provide an alternative to overhead irrigation systems by mitigating groundwater pollution and excessive water consumption. Seedling growth, gas exchange, leaf nitrogen (N) content, and water use were compared between overhead irrigation and subirrigation systems used to produce trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) seedlings. After 3 months of nursery culture, subirrigation resulted in a 45% reduction in water use compared with overhead irrigation. At the end of the growing season, subirrigated seedlings had lower net photosynthetic assimilation, stomatal conductance (gS), and leaf area, indicating earlier leaf senescence. However, no significant differences were detected for biomass, leaf N content, height, root-collar diameter, or root volume. Thus, we suggest that subirrigation systems offer promising potential for aspen seedling production when compared with overhead irrigation given the added benefits of water conservation and reduced nutrient runoff. Continuing emphasis on refinement such as determining the plant water requirements based on growth and development as well as container configuration is needed so that the intended benefits of using subirrigation can be realized.
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Li, Xuanru, Wenxing Long, Hui Zhang, Jin Huang, Yikang Cheng, Huan Jiang, Lingcong Liao, and Zhaoyuan Tan. "Divergent Strategies of Epiphytic Pteridophytes and Angiosperms Responding to Dry and Wet Seasons in a Tropical Cloud Forest." Tropical Conservation Science 13 (January 2020): 194008292092008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082920920084.
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Epiphyte is a unique component of forest diversity vulnerable to changing environments. Characterizing variations in functional traits of epiphytes across dry and wet seasons can enhance our understanding their strategies to environments. We measured and assessed variations of 14 leaf functional traits responding to water conditions for epiphytic pteridophytes (EP) and epiphytic angiosperms (EA) across dry and wet seasons in a tropical cloud forest. Results showed that leaf dry weight (LDW) and stomatal length (SL) of EP were significantly higher than EA, while leaf water content (LWC) of EA was significantly higher than EP. The SL, stomatal density (SD), upper epidermis thickness (UET), lower epidermis thickness (LET), palisade tissue thickness (PT), spongy tissue thickness (ST), and leaf thickness (LT) of EP and EA were significantly higher in wet season than dry season. The variance of stomatal and anatomical traits explained by season types (0.24–0.78) was higher than plant groups (0.0–0.25), while the variance of LDW and LWC explained by plant groups (0.12–0.40) was higher than season types (0.0–0.29). Principal component analysis and correlation analyses showed that SL, stomatal index, UET, ST, LET, and LT were the key traits reflecting epiphyte adaptation to dry season, as well as that LWC and leaf density were the key traits in wet season. Our results suggest that the different taxonomic groups exhibit divergent strategies responding to water differences. Great variations in leaf traits to dry seasons are predicted that vascular epiphytes, especially pteridophytes, are prone to disappear with drought events.
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Arrieta-González, Rosa, Juan Paez, Yamileth Dominguez-Haydar, and Beatriz Salgado Negret. "Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings." Revista de Biología Tropical 69, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i2.46549.
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Introduction: Water availability is one of the main factors determining the distribution of woody species in the tropics. Although the functional mechanisms that determine the species tolerance to water deficit have been extensively studied in adult individuals, the responses of early ontogenetic stages have been less explored. Objective: To identify functional strategies and trait correlations between different seedlings' dimensions (leaf, stem, and root). We expect limited coordination between above and below-ground functional traits due to a single conservation-acquisition trade-off cannot capture the variability of functions and environmental pressures to which the root system is subjected. Methods: We measured 12 functional traits belonging to 38 seedling species in a tropical dry forest in Colombia. We explored the relationships between pairs of traits using Pearson correlations, and to obtain an integrated view of the functional traits, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Results: The results showed limited evidence of linkage between above- and below-ground traits, but we did find significant correlations between traits for the continuum of conservative and acquisitive strategies. Root traits related to water and nutrient take capacity formed an orthogonal axis to the acquisitive-conservative continuum. Conclusions: Our results showed that dry forest seedlings have different functional strategies to cope with water deficit. The incorporation of root traits helps to explain new functional strategies not reported for leaf and stem traits. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms that explain species coexistence and is particularly relevant for predicting future forest trajectories.
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Vidhana Arachchi L P. "AN EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT MULCHES USED IN SOIL MOISTURE CONSERVATION OF COCONUT LANDS." CORD 14, no. 02 (December 1, 1998): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v14i02.317.
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An investigation on the ability ofdifferent types of mulches to conserve soil moisture and their effect on coconutpalm (Dwarfx Tall; CRIC 65) was carried out in Madampe soil series at Bandirripuwa Estate, Lunuwila located in agro ecological region of IL3 of Sri Lanka. Different types ofmulches compared in this study were dried coconut fronds and leaves, cover crop with Pueraria phasioloides and Brachiaria milliformis versus bare soil (Control). Soil moisture status was monitored using the neutron scattering technique. Leaf water potential of coconut with respect to different treatments was also monitored during dryperiod
Results showed that Brachiaria milliformis and Pueraria phasioloides extracted significantly (p<0.001) more waterfrom soils than diied mulch and the control. The amount of water extracted in the above treatments were 74.4Yo, 62.5Yo, 59.79yo and 61.3% respectively. However, the extraction was not significantly different when the rainfall was greater than 100 mm. About 33 mm of water retained in Brachiaria milliformis introduced soil profiles even by the end of dry period Water losses by Pueraria phasioloides grown plots, specially through evapotranspiration, were 1higher in initial stages of the dry period, but later stage losses were lower than that of Brachiaria due to defoliation of Pueraria leaves during severe dry period Leaf water potential of coconut with respect to stress conditions of different treatments revealed that Pueraria phasioloides and Brachiaria milliformis did not adversely affect coconut palm grown in Madampe series, although those live materials extracted more waterfrom soilprofile compared to the other treatments. In general, dry mulching wasfound to be the most efficient moisture conservative practice that can be adoptedfor coconut lands.
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Sirvydas, Algimantas, Tomas Ūksas, Paulius Kerpauskas, and Rasa Čingienė. "ROLE OF THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES IN PLANT LEAF GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM FOR ASSIMILATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS FROM THE AMBIENT AIR." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 30, no. 3 (September 22, 2022): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2022.17409.
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When temperature in the leaf gas exchange system changes, the thermodynamic parameters describing the condition of moist air also change. A temperature change of 1 oC in plant leaf tissues leads to a change in partial water vapour pressure of 144 Pa in the gas exchange cavities. Then a temperature decrease of 1 oC in a plant leaf produces 0.897 g of condensate, from 1 m3 of air in leaf ventilation cavities on the surface. When the temperature of plant leaves in the leaf ventilation system changes, the total water vapor state on the inner surface of the leaves changes, and the water vapor state in the stomatal cavities changes. The thickness of the formed condensate film on the plant leaf canal wall surfaces depends on the canal diameter and temperature change. The paper presents information about the mechanism of water formation and thermodynamic processes in the plant leaf gas exchange system participating in the process of assimilation. The formation and change of the internal surfaces of the stomatal cavities of the water film sheet allow the participation of chemical processes in the assimilation of CO2 emissions from the environment.
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Nilsen, Erik T., David W. Webb, and Zhe Bao. "The function of foliar scales in water conservation: an evaluation using tropical-mountain, evergreen shrubs of the species Rhododendron in section Schistanthe (Ericaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 5 (2014): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14072.
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Leaf scales (scarious trichomes) have putative significance to leaf water relations, energy balance, and gas exchange. A survey of leaf scales, stomata, and leaf morphology across 83 species of Rhododendron section Schistanthe in a common garden, at 1207-m elevation on Moana Loa, Hawai’i, was used to probe three possible functional models for scales on abaxial leaf surfaces. Scale density was commonly 10 mm–2, but densities up to 50 mm–2 occurred. The median stomatal density was 200 mm–2, but ranged up to 500 mm–2. Stomatal dispersion was grouped into four classes based on the proportion of stomata located under scales. Stomatal pore index decreased as scale density and scale importance factor increased. Thus, maximum stomatal conductance as represented by stomatal pore index decreased as the effect of scales on the leaf surface increased. Stomatal pore index increased as the elevation of the native range increased. However, the relative effects of scales on stomata peaked at mid-elevation. Principal components analysis indicated that the most important habitat factors determining both scale importance factor and stomatal pore index were elevation and growth form (epiphyte or terrestrial). Therefore, this survey indicated that scales serve a water conservation function, which is most effective at mid-elevation of the native range.
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Cavalcante, Alian Cássio Pereira, Manoel Alexandre Diniz Neto, Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante, Antônio Gustavo de Luna Souto, Adailza Guilherme Cavalcante, and Belísia Lúcia Moreira Toscano Diniz. "BIOMASS AND LEAF CHLOROPHYLL IN OITICICA SEEDLINGS UNDER WATER SALINITY IRRIGATON AND ORGANIC COMPOUND ADDITION." FLORESTA 50, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i2.59627.
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Salt-compromised agricultural areas in the semi-arid regions of the Brazilian Northeast, have increased due to the use of water with high saline concentration as the only water supply available to plants, damaging the quality of the seedlings and the productive yield of the crops. One way to alleviate the detrimental effects of salts is the addition of organic compound to the substrate as a way to attenuate the action of water and soil salinity on biomass formation and chlorophyllactic activity in seedlings and adult plants of forest species, including Licania rigida Benth, the Oiticica. In view of this issue, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water salinity irrigation and of the addition of an organic compound obtained by fermentation of castor bean (Ricinus communis) and cattle manure on biomass accumulation and chlorophyll indices in Oiticica seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme in randomized blocks, with five replications and two seedlings per plot, relative to the proportions of organic compost - C and soil - S (0C: 1S, 1C: 1S, 2C: 1S, 3C: 1S) and irrigation of the seedlings with non-saline (0.5 dS m-1) and saline (4.5 dS m-1) water. The increase of organic compound in the substrate in proportion to the soil of 3: 1 surpassed by 42.9% the biomass of the aerial part of the Oiticica seedlings irrigated with saline water. The results indicate that the organic compound mitigates, though does not eliminate, the detrimental effects of water salinity irrigation on the biomass formation and chlorophyllactic indexes of the seedlings
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Zegada-Lizarazu, Walter, and Andrea Monti. "Deep root growth, ABA adjustments and root water uptake response to soil water deficit in giant reed." Annals of Botany 124, no. 4 (January 29, 2019): 605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz001.
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Abstract Background and Aims Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is a deep-rooted crop that can survive prolonged dry periods probably as a result of its capacity to uptake water from below ground, but specific information on the functioning of deep/shallow roots is missing. The objective of this study was to understand the dynamic interrelationships of root water acquisition, canopy water conservation and abscisic acid (ABA) signals from both shallow and deep roots. Methods In transparent split top–bottom rhizotron systems (1-m-high columns), where hydraulically isolated and independently watered layers were created with the aid of calibrated soil moisture sensors, water uptake trends were monitored. Rooting patterns were traced on the walls of the rhizotrons. Leaf gas exchange was determined using a portable infrared gas analyser. Leaf and root ABA concentrations were monitored. Key Results Under well-watered conditions, water uptake from both upper and deeper soil layers was similar. Water uptake from deeper soil layers increased gradually by up to 2.2-fold when drought stress was imposed to upper layers compared to the control conditions. Despite the significant increase in water uptake from deeper layers, surface root length density of drought-treated plants remained unchanged, suggesting increased root water uptake efficiency by these roots. However, these adjustments were not sufficient to sustain photosynthesis and therefore biomass accumulation, which was reduced by 42 %. The ABA content in shallower drought-treated roots increased 2.6-fold. This increase closely and positively correlated with foliar ABA concentration, increased intrinsic water use efficiency and leaf water potential (LWP). Conclusions Giant reed is able to change its water sources depending on water availability and to maximize water uptake efficiency to satisfy canopy evapotranspirative demands. The regulation of deep root functioning and distribution, adjustment of canopy size, and root/foliar synthesized ABA play a central role in controlling LWP and leaf transpiration efficiency.
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Li, D. L., Z. J. Gu, X. X. Wu, H. Yue, S. Y. Peng, and X. L. Wang. "Seasonal variations of forest leaf area index and its thermal effect on water-eroded areas in 2000–2014 using remote sensing imageries." Journal of Environmental Biology 43, no. 5 (September 7, 2022): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/5/mrn-3081.
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Aim: To analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of forest vegetation and its relationship with ground temperature in severe water erosion areas in Southern China. Methodology: The spatiotemporal variations of leaf area index (LAI) at a seasonal scale of the study area, Changting County in Fujian Province, China, were derived and compared with ground temperature (T) in 2000-2014 through remote sensing imageries. Results: Average seasonal LAI of central towns (< 2.3) were less than those of other towns, and negative correlations were found between LAI and T in 2000 and 2014. The R squares of the LAI–T relationship models were > 0.4 in 2000 and < 0.4 in 2014. Interpretation: This study demonstrated that more factors were involved in the thermal effect with the increase of LAI and the multi-year conservation management. Conservation measures should be prioritized in the central and south-eastern areas of the county with intense erosion. Key words: County, Leaf area index, Remote sensing, Seasonal variations, Soil erosion grade
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Zahrotunnisa, Alfi, Nintya Setiari, Sri Widodo Agung Suedy, and Yulita Nurchayati. "Increased Growth of Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Swartz. after Giving Liquid Organic Fertilizer for Conservation." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.12.4.579-586.
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Cymbidium ensifolium is a terrestrial orchid. Exploitation of orchids in nature causes extinction, so conversation efforts are needed, one of that efforts is ex situ conversation. The cultivation process is adapted by natural conditions, using natural material. One of organic fertilizers is liquid organic fertilizers based on coconut water and rice washing water. This research aims to studied the effect of applying liquid organic fertilizer (POC) made from coconut water and rice washing water with different concentration for growth of Cymbidiun ensifolium. This study was conducted from November 2021 to February 2022 was experimental garden used randomized block design with one factor and the concentration of POC is 0%, 15% and 30%. The method that used is ex situ, planting using polybags with soil medium: husk: husk hairy = 1:1:1 and mycoryza 5 gr. Result of ANOVA and DMRT anlysis showed that POC from coconut water and rice washing water had an effect on growth of Cymbidium ensifolium. concentration 30% of liquid organic fertilizer is optimal for shoot length, length and width leaf. The novelty of this research is use combination of coconut water and rice washing water as the basic ingredients for making fertilizer.
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Bland, Adam W. "Husbandry and captive reproduction of the giant Mexican leaf frog Agalychnis dacnicolor." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 158, Winter 2021 (December 31, 2021): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb158.610.
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The giant Mexican leaf frog, Agalychnis dacnicolor, is a large arboreal frog endemic to Mexico. This species was previously under-represented in European zoological collections and specific techniques for reproductive management under vivarium conditions little known. A group of four males and one female A. dacnicolor were maintained in captivity at Chester Zoo (Great Britain). To bring them into reproductive condition, they were subjected to three simulated environmental phases that differed in temperature, humidity and feeding regime. This proved successful so that two clutches of spawn, each containing 150-300 eggs, were deposited on leaves overhanging water. Tadpoles hatched from 4 days following oviposition with approximately 80 % success rate. They were reared at a water temperature of 27 °C to 29 °C and displayed no negative effects from living in high density. All tadpoles metamorphosed successfully and froglets with resorbing tails left water after about 32 days. Their tails were resorbed in a further 4 to 5 days at which time they began to feed; at least in the case of males, sexual maturity was reached after 10 months. This methodology will enable zoological collections in Europe to breed this species for potential conservation, research and educational purposes.
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Krüger, G. H. J., A. Jordaan, L. R. Tiedt, R. J. Strasser, M. Kilbourn Louw, and J. M. Berner. "Opportunistic survival strategy ofWelwitschia mirabilis: recent anatomical and ecophysiological studies elucidating stomatal behaviour and photosynthetic potential." Botany 95, no. 12 (December 2017): 1109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0095.
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We present new findings on leaf and stomatal apparatus anatomy and ecophysiology of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook.f. that are relevant to survival in the desert. We show that the structure of the stomatal apparatus with thin areas in the guard cell walls is a key feature enabling an opportunistic survival strategy through reversible quick switch-over from water conservation to CO2assimilation. Desert environment and greenhouse data demonstrated that stomatal conductance increased almost immediately after dawn to reach a maximum within approximately an hour, whereupon a steep decrease occurred. After discontinuation of induced drought in potted plants, fast recovery of stomatal conductance occurred while copious new root hairs developed within 50 h. Stomatal limitation proved to be the main photosynthetic constraint under induced drought. Under severe drought stress, biochemical limitation came into play. Chlorophyll fluorescence data of in-situ plants showed that the photosynthetic potential of leaf tissue is highest near the basal meristem, but although it decreases with age, it retains activity up to the leaf apex at the end of the green part. The photosynthetic potential of potted plants was optimal at 20 °C, analogous to mesophytic plants. Our data confirms our hypothesis that leaf surface and stomatal structure play a crucial role in moisture conservation and moderating leaf temperature for desert survival.
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Fox, Lindsey, Amber Bates, and Thayne Montague. "Influence of Irrigation Regime on Water Relations, Gas Exchange, and Growth of Two Field-grown Redbud Varieties in a Semiarid Climate." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.32.1.8.
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For three growing seasons (2003–2005) two newly planted, field-grown redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) varieties were subjected to three reference evapotranspiration (ETo)-based irrigation regimes (100, 66, and 33% ETo). Over this time period, water relations (pre-dawn leaf water potential), gas exchange (mid-day stomatal conductance), and growth data (trunk cross sectional area increase, tree leaf area, and shoot elongation) were measured. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (ψl) was more negative for trees receiving the least amount of irrigation, and for Mexican redbud [C. canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M. Hopkins] trees. However, mid-day stomatal conductance (gs) was similar for Texas redbud (C. canadensis var. texensis S. Watson) trees across the three irrigation regimes, and was highest for Mexican redbud trees receiving the greatest amount of irrigation volume. Growth varied by variety and irrigation regime. Trunk cross sectional area increase was greatest for Mexican redbud trees, leaf area was highest for trees receiving the greatest amount of irrigation, and shoot elongation was greatest for trees receiving the 66% ETo irrigation regime. However, despite differing irrigation volumes, greatest gas exchange and growth was not necessarily associated with greatest irrigation volume. When considering conservation of precious water resources, these redbud varieties maintain adequate growth and appearance under reduced irrigation.
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Blaya-Ros, Pedro José, Víctor Blanco, Roque Torres-Sánchez, and Rafael Domingo. "Drought-Adaptive Mechanisms of Young Sweet Cherry Trees in Response to Withholding and Resuming Irrigation Cycles." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091812.
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The present work evaluates the main adaptive mechanisms developed by young sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) to cope with drought. For this purpose, the young trees were subjected to two drought cycles with different water stress intensities followed by a recovery period. Three irrigation treatments were applied: control treatment (CTL) irrigated to ensure non-limiting soil water conditions; moderate water stress (MS) subjected to two drying cycles whose duration was dependent on the time elapsed until the trees reached values of midday stem water potential (Ψstem) of −1.3 and −1.7 MPa for the first and second cycle, respectively; and severe water stress (SS) similar to MS, but with reference values of −1.6 and −2.5 MPa. In-between drought cycles, MS and SS trees were irrigated daily as the CTL trees until reaching Ψstem values similar to those of CTL trees. The MS and SS trees showed an important stomatal regulation and lower vegetative growth. The decreasing leaf turgor potential (Ψturgor) during the drought periods accounted for 40–100% of the reduction in leaf water potential at midday (Ψmd). The minimum osmotic potential for mature leaves was about 0.35 MPa lower than in well-irrigated trees. The occasional osmotic adjustment observed in MS and SS trees was not sufficient to maintain Ψturgor values similar to the CTL trees or to increase the specific leaf weight (SLW). The leaf insertion angle increased as the water stress level increased. Severe water stress (Ψstem < −2.0 MPa) resulted in clear early defoliation as a further step in water conservation.
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Kjelgren, Roger, Lixue Wang, and Daryl Joyce. "Water Deficit Stress Responses of Three Native Australian Ornamental Herbaceous Wildflower Species for Water-wise Landscapes." HortScience 44, no. 5 (August 2009): 1358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1358.
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Perennial wildflower species are important but not well-understood elements in water-wise landscaping that anchors urban water conservation programs in arid climates. Comparative growth and physiological responses to soil substrate drying of three herbaceous Australian ornamental species from habitats of variable moisture regimes were investigated in the context of isohydric and anisohydric behavior. Clonal Orthosiphon aristatus, Dianella revoluta ‘Breeze’, and Ptilotus nobilis plants were container-grown individually and competitively together in two separate studies. In both studies, plants were water-stressed through cyclical dry downs. We measured stomatal conductance (g S), soil water content, and water potential during each study and osmotic adjustment estimated from pressure-volume data and plant biomass at the end of each study. O. aristatus, a rainforest species, fit a general anisohydric model of high water use and more negative water potential during soil drying until stomatal closure and leaf wilting. D. revolata and P. nobilis, indigenous to Australia's dry interior, fit a general isohydric, drought-tolerant model of stomatal closure from water deficits that moderates leaf water potential but through different mechanisms. P. nobilis and D. revolata moderate water use and maintain acceptable aesthetic performance under water stress, suitable for mixed low-water landscape plantings. O. aristatus would not be suitable for low-water urban landscapes, either isolated or in mixed plantings, because of high soil water depletion and wilting.
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Levitt, D. G., J. R. Simpson, and J. L. Tipton. "Water Use of Two Landscape Tree Species in Tucson, Arizona." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 3 (May 1995): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.3.409.
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Although water conservation programs in the arid southwestern United States have prompted prudent landscaping practices such as planting low water use trees, there is little data on the actual water use of most species. The purpose of this study was to determine the actual water use of two common landscape tree species in Tucson, Ariz., and water use coefficients for two tree species based on the crop coefficient concept. Water use of oak (Quercus virginiana `Heritage') and mesquite (Prosopis alba `Colorado') trees in containers was measured from July to October 1991 using a precision balance. Water-use coefficients for each tree species were calculated as the ratio of measured water use per total leaf area or per projected canopy area to reference evapotranspiration obtained from a modified FAO Penman equation. After accounting for tree growth, water-use coefficients on a total leaf area basis were 0.5 and 1.0 for oak and mesquite, respectively, and on a projected canopy area basis were 1.4 and 1.6 for oaks and mesquites, respectively. These coefficients indicate that mesquites (normally considered xeric trees) use more water than oaks (normally considered mesic trees) under nonlimiting conditions.
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Granel, Thierry, Brett Robinson, Tessa Mills, Brent Clothier, Steve Green, and Lindsay Fung. "Cadmium accumulation by willow clones used for soil conservation, stock fodder, and phytoremediation." Soil Research 40, no. 8 (2002): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02031.
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Elevated levels of cadmium are often found in the soil of New Zealand pasturelands due to the long-term use of Cd-contaminated fertilisers. The accumulation of Cd in willow biomass used as stock fodder could therefore adversely affect agricultural productivity and human health. Alternatively, willows may be used for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil at polluted sites. An investigation was carried out to determine the variation in Cd as well as Zn, Mn, and Fe accumulation in 15 willow clones that had been bred for soil conservation purposes. These clones were grown under controlled conditions in 20-L pots of soil containing Cd, Zn, Mn, and Fe at concentrations of 0.3, 64, 597, and 56 000 mg/kg, respectively. Daily water use was measured over the final 2 weeks of the experiment and biomass accumulation was determined at the end of the experiment. We found that shrub willows had significantly higher leaf and stem Cd, Mn, and Zn concentrations than tree willows. Average leaf Cd concentrations varied widely between clones from 1.5 to 10 mg/kg. Clones with a high Cd accumulation capacity may be selected to improve the efficacy of Cd-phytoremediation, whereas clones that accumulated lower Cd concentrations may be used for stock fodder. Metal concentrations were not significantly correlated with plant water-use, or biomass production.
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Cole-Crosby, Iris, Patrick Igbokwe, Jesse Harness, and Lois Ascough. "SWEET POTATO AS A CROP FOR SOIL CONSERVATION." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1170h—1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1170h.
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Most of the research on soil erosion has been done on traditional crops such as cotton, field corn and soybean and not vegetables. The USDA-ARS United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service had developed a process based erosion prediction program called Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). Alcorn is providing data for the validation of this model for selected fruits and vegetables. WEPP was run for sweet potatoe and cotton using a 10 year simulation. Some input parameters were row width tillage sequences and depths, rainfall, temperature canopy width, canopy cover, vegetative dry matter and leaf area index. The results from WEPP is given as soil loss for 50M at increments of .5M. There was a significant difference in the amount of soil lost from sweet potato when grown as a single crop as compared with cotton.
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Tuomela, Kari. "Leaf water relations in six provenances of Eucalyptus microtheca: a greenhouse experiment." Forest Ecology and Management 92, no. 1-3 (May 1997): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(96)03961-8.
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Stephanou, M., and Y. Manetas. "Allelopathic and Water Conserving Functions of Leaf Epicuticular Exudates in the Mediterranean Shrub Dittrichia viscosa." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 5 (1995): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950755.
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The possible ecophysiological roles of the water soluble, epicuticular material accumulated on the leaves of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W.Greuter (syn. Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton) (Asteraceae), were investigated in laboratory experiments. It was found that: (a) the material reduced cuticular transpiration; (b) it had a strong absorbance in the ultraviolet, apparently offering the leaves an ultraviolet-B radiation screen; (c) removal of this material, however, and exposure of the leaves to visible light supplemented with ultraviolet-B radiation had no effects on photosystem II photochemical efficiency or stomatal functions and caused no epidermal browning; and (d) the material was strongly inhibitory against germination of lettuce seeds and caused considerable decrease in the radicle length of Phlomis fruticosa L., a species often occupying the same habitat as D. viscosa. We infer from the above that D. viscosa leaves may be resistant to ultraviolet-B radiation damage and, accordingly, the water conservation and allelopathic functions of the epicuticular material may predominate over its potential to protect against ultraviolet-B radiation.
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Fu, Denggao, Changqun Duan, Xiul Hou, Tiyuan Xia, and Kai Gao. "Patterns and relationships of plant traits, community structural attributes, and eco-hydrological functions during a subtropical secondary succession in central Yunnan, Southwest China." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 4 (2009): 741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0904741f.
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Human-induced changes in land use lead to major changes in plant community composition and structure which have strong effects on eco-hydrological processes and functions. We here tested the hypothesis that changes in traits of living plants have resulted in changes in structural attributes of the community that influenced eco-hydrological functions by altering eco-hydrological processes. This was done in the context of a subtropical secondary forest suc?cession following land abandonment in Central Yunnan (Southwest China). During the succession, species with high specific leaf area (SLA), high leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), high specific root length (SRL), and low leaf dry matter content (LDMC) were progressively replaced by species with the opposite characteristics. The obtained results of correlation analyses were as follows: (1) Correlations were significant between community-aggregated SLA, LNC, and the leaf area index (LAI). Significant correlations were detected between LAI, canopy interception and stemflow, and surface runoff and soil erosion. (2) Significant correlations were also found between community-aggregated SLA, LNC, LDMC, and accumulated litter biomass. High accumulated litter biomass strongly increases the maximum water-retaining capac?ity of litter. However, significant correlations were not found between the maximum water-retaining capacity of litter and surface runoff and soil erosion. (3) Correlations were significant between community-aggregated SLA, LNC, and fine root biomass. Fine root biomass was not significantly related to the maximum water-retaining capacity of the soil, but was significantly related to surface runoff and soil erosion. These results suggest that canopy characteristics play a more important role in control of runoff and soil erosion at the studied site. It follows that plant functional traits are closely linked with canopy characteristics, which should be used as a standard for selecting species in restoration and revegetation for water and soil conservation.
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Li, Shanjia, Wei Gou, Hui Wang, James F. White, Guoqiang Wu, and Peixi Su. "Trade-Off Relationships of Leaf Functional Traits of Lycium ruthenicum in Response to Soil Properties in the Lower Reaches of Heihe River, Northwest China." Diversity 13, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13090453.
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Soil properties affect plant growth and cause variation in leaf functional traits. Lycium ruthenicum Murray is one of the desert dominant shrubs and halophytes in the lower reaches of Heihe River, Northwest China. We analyzed the trade-off relationships of 14 leaf functional traits of eight L. ruthenicum populations growing at varying distances from the river and discussed the effects that soil properties have on leaf functional traits. The results showed that: Lower leaf nitrogen (N) content indicated that L.ruthenicum was located at the slow investment–return axis of the species resource utilization graph. Compared with non-saline and very slightly saline habitats, populations of slightly saline habitats showed a higher carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N). Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed a relatively strong relationship between leaf functional traits and soil properties, the first RDA axis accounted for 70.99 and 71.09% of the variation in 0–40 and 40–80 cm of soil properties. Relative importance analysis found that in the 0–40 cm soil layer, leaf traits variations were mainly influenced by soil moisture (SWC), HCO3− and CO32− ions content, while leaf traits variations in the 40–80 cm soil layer were mainly influenced by HCO3− and SO42−. L.ruthenicum has a foliar resource acquisition method and a resource conservation trade-off with a flexible life history strategy in habitats with drought and salinity stress. In the shallow soil layers, water affects leaf traits variation greater than salt, and in both shallow and deep soil layers, HCO3− plays a dominant role on leaf traits. This study provides insights into the adversity adaptation strategies of desert plants and the conservation and restoration of arid-saline ecosystems.
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Peschiutta, María L., Sandra J. Bucci, Fabián G. Scholz, and Guillermo Goldstein. "Compensatory responses in plant-herbivore interactions: Impacts of insects on leaf water relations." Acta Oecologica 73 (May 2016): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2016.03.005.
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Vencill, William K., Luis J. Giraudo, and George W. Langdale. "Response of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Density in a No-tillage System." Weed Science 40, no. 3 (September 1992): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500051900.
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Field experiments were established in 1989 and 1990 at the Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Center near Watkinsville, GA, to determine effects of coastal bermudagrass density on cotton in a conservation tillage system. Cotton height, canopy width, leaf area indices, and seed cotton yields were determined at coastal bermudagrass densities of 0 to 3600 kg ha−1as achieved by herbicide inputs. Soil water measurements were recorded in cotton plots with a range of coastal bermudagrass densities using time domain reflectometry. Cotton growth and yields were reduced by coastal bermudagrass competition both years of the study. At the highest coastal bermudagrass density of 3600 kg ha−1, cotton height was reduced compared to cotton alone as early as 5 wk after planting. Seed cotton yields were reduced 25% at the highest coastal bermudagrass densities both years of the study. At the 15-cm soil depth, coastal bermudagrass significantly reduced soil water in cotton. Soil water in cotton at 30, 45, and 60 cm was not affected by coastal bermudagrass.
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Sellin, Arne, and Priit Kupper. "Variation in leaf conductance of silver birch: effects of irradiance, vapour pressure deficit, leaf water status and position within a crown." Forest Ecology and Management 206, no. 1-3 (February 2005): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.059.
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Grammatikopoulos, G., G. Karabourniotis, A. Kyparissis, Y. Petropoulou, and Y. Manetas. "Leaf Hairs of Olive (Olea europaea) Prevent Stomatal Closure by Ultraviolet-B Radiation." Functional Plant Biology 21, no. 3 (1994): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9940293.
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In olive (Olea europaea L.), hair removal had no effect on the photosynthetic rate and the apparent leaf resistance to water vapour diffusion in leaves illuminated with white light (900 μmol m-2 s-1 photosynthetically active radiation) devoid of ultraviolet-B radiation. In addition, intact and dehaired leaves showed no significant differences in absorptance in the visible spectral region, while leaf temper- ature was independent of hair removal. These results indicate that leaf hairs of O. europaea may play only a marginal role in leaf energy balance and transpiration. When the white light was supplemented with ultraviolet-B radiation (5.89 W m-2), however, there was a considerable decrease in the photo- synthetic rate, and a simultaneous increase in leaf resistance to water vapour in dehaired leaves. Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, evaluated from chlorophyll fluorescence emitted from the illuminated side, was reduced in all cases, but the reduction in dehaired, ultraviolet-B treated leaves was more pronounced and irreversible, indicating that the reduction of the photosynthetic rate may result from both stomatal limitation and electron flow inhibition. Photosynthetic capacity of dehaired leaves, measured at 5% CO2, however, was not influenced by ultraviolet-B radiation. We suggest, therefore, that ultraviolet-B radiation reduces photosynthetic rates by closing the stomata, while the observed reduction in photosystem II photochemical efficiency may concern only a superficial chloroplast population, contributing negligibly to whole leaf photosynthesis. Under the conditions of our experi- ments, the protective function of the indumentum against ultraviolet-B radiation predominates over the water conservation function.
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Kishore, Gottam, Ranjay Kumar Singh, C. K. Saxena, and Yogesh A. Rajwade. "Magnetic Treatment of Irrigation Water and its Influence on Radish (Raphanus sativus) crop: A Green Technology." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28 (2022): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i07s.032.
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Implementation of water treatment technologies for poor quality water may help reduce dependency on freshwater. One promising technology among water treatment technologies is magnetic water treatment (MWT). This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of bore water, hard water (1000 ppm) and saline water (electrical conductivity of 3 dS/m) on the plant biometric parameters and the yield of the radish. The water was treated in three stages: electrolysis, de-ionization and magnetization. In the pot culture experiment conducted, leaf length and leaf area index (LAI) was maximum under magnetized bore water treatment which was 22.7 cm and 6.2 compared to all other treatments respectively. The fresh weight (66.2 g) was highest in magnetically treated bore water, which was statistically significant over control. Among bore water treatments, the average yield per plant (48.5 t/ha) was maximum under magnetized bore water over control (43.9t/ha). Overall, the findings suggest that magnetically treated irrigation water positively influences plant growth parameters and the yield of radish.
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Lu, Xiang Hui, Hua Bai, and Hui Ying Liu. "Validate the DSSAT Model on Winter Wheat under Conservation Tillage Treatments in the West Henan, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.699.
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Crop growth simulation models can be useful in evaluating the impacts of different tillage and residue management operations on the changes in land productivity and soil-water balance components. They offer a potentially valuable set of tools for examining questions related to performance of conservation agriculture. This can be both to improve our understanding or conceptualization of processes and to improve quantitative predictions for use by agronomists, growers, policy makers or others. We applied the new Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) version 4.5, an improved crop growth simulation model, to three conservation agriculture treatments and one conventional tillage treatment data from a field-scale study in west Henan region of China to predict winter-wheat yield, leaf area index and soil-water balance. The sites average annual precipitation is 632mm and it had a winter wheat-fallow-winter wheat rotation. There winter wheat planting in October and harvesting in next year June. The model was calibrated using 2005-2006 winter-wheat crop data from field experiments of the four treatments. The treatments were: (1) decreased tillage (DT): mulching of 10-15cm height straw and one ploughing operation to 25cm depth on July 1st; (2) zero tillage (ZT): zero tillage with 35-40cm height straw mulching; (3) subsoiling (SS): 35-40cm height straw mulching and subsoil to 40cm depth on July 1st; (4) conventional tillage (CT): 10-15cm height straw mulching and two ploughing operations 20cm deep on July 1st and October 1st. The DSSAT satisfactorily simulated the four treatments variations in winter-wheat yield, leaf area index and soil-water balance. There was better agreement between observed and predicted yields (the error absolute values were less than 3.95% and the error mean absolute values were less than 2.78%). The mean value of root mean square errors (RMSE) for simulated leaf area index (LAI) and soil water storage were 0.41cm2·cm-2 and 0.08cm3·cm-3 for DT, ZT, SS and CT, treatment respectively. The predicted water use efficiency for the four treatments were 15.85, 15.40, 16.58 and 15.81kg·mm-1·ha-1, respectively. These values were close to the values calculated from field measured data (16.82, 14.44, 16.86 and 15.66kg·mm-1·ha-1, respectively). Although the analysis results show us that the DSSAT V4.5 is well suited for simulating winter-wheat growth in the West Henan region of China, these results are preliminary and based on only one year of experimental data and four treatments and further long-term analyses need to be carried out for improving the understanding of the conservation agriculture cropping systems in the west Henan region of China.
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Musso, Carolina, Glória Pinto, Heloisa Sinatora Miranda, Rhaul Oliveira, Carlos Correia, José Moutinho-Pereira, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, and Susana Loureiro. "South American and African Grass Species Cope Differently With Soil Water Availability." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 13 (August 15, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n13p64.
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African grasses pose a serious threat to the integrity and conservation of the Cerrado biome (Brazilian savanna). This study evaluated the responses of an invasive (Melinis minutiflora) and a native (Schizachyrium microstachyum) grass species to water availability, simulating natural situations. Individuals of the two species were submitted to different soil moisture levels, simulating from drought to flood, for four weeks in a climate-control chamber. Several morphological and physiological parameters were assessed: shoot height, biomass, number of leaves, tillers, leaf area, leaf gas exchange and chlorophylla fluorescence parameters, photosynthetic pigments and MDA concentration and GST, G-POX, APX and CAT activities. Significant differences were observed between species and among soil moisture levels, being drought more detrimental to both. Although both species were able to cope with water stress conditions and performed best at 80% soil moisture, the invasive species grew more rapidly, showed higher net photosynthetic rates in all circumstances and showed less evidence of stress. Variations in soil moisture levels promoted a stronger response in the native species, reducing biomass accumulation and triggering a stronger biochemical response than in the invasive species.
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Faralli, Michele, Mingai Li, and Claudio Varotto. "Shoot Characterization of Isoprene and Ocimene-Emitting Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants under Contrasting Environmental Conditions." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040477.
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Isoprenoids are among the most abundant biogenic volatile compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants, and mediate both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we provide for the first time a comparative analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively emitting isoprene and ocimene. Transgenic lines and Columbia-0 (Col-0) Arabidopsis were characterized under optimal, water stress, and heat stress conditions. Under optimal conditions, the projected leaf area (PLA), relative growth rate, and final dry weight were generally higher in transgenics than Col-0. These traits were associated to a larger photosynthetic capacity and CO2 assimilation rate at saturating light. Isoprene and ocimene emitters displayed a moderately higher stress tolerance than Col-0, showing higher PLA and gas-exchange traits throughout the experiments. Contrasting behaviors were recorded for the two overexpressors under water stress, with isoprene emitters showing earlier stomatal closure (conservative behavior) than ocimene emitters (non-conservative behavior), which might suggest different induced strategies for water conservation and stress adaptation. Our work indicates that (i) isoprene and ocimene emitters resulted in enhanced PLA and biomass under optimal and control conditions and that (ii) a moderate stress tolerance is induced when isoprene and ocimene are constitutively emitted in Arabidopsis, thus providing evidence of their role as a potential preferable trait for crop improvement.
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Zwieniecki, Maciej A., and Charles K. Boyce. "Evolution of a unique anatomical precision in angiosperm leaf venation lifts constraints on vascular plant ecology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1779 (March 22, 2014): 20132829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2829.
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The main role of leaf venation is to supply water across the photosynthetic surface to keep stomata open and allow access to atmospheric CO 2 despite evaporative demand. The optimal uniform delivery of water occurs when the distance between veins equals the depth of vein placement within the leaf away from the evaporative surface. As presented here, only angiosperms maintain this anatomical optimum across all leaf thicknesses and different habitats, including sheltered environments where this optimization need not be required. Intriguingly, basal angiosperm lineages tend to be underinvested hydraulically; uniformly high optimization is derived independently in the magnoliids, monocots and core eudicots. Gymnosperms and ferns, including available fossils, are limited by their inability to produce high vein densities. The common association of ferns with shaded humid environments may, in part, be a direct evolutionary consequence of their inability to produce hydraulically optimized leaves. Some gymnosperms do approach optimal vein placement, but only by virtue of their ability to produce thick leaves most appropriate in environments requiring water conservation. Thus, this simple anatomical metric presents an important perspective on the evolution and phylogenetic distribution of plant ecologies and further evidence that the vegetative biology of flowering plants—not just their reproductive biology—is unique.
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Wahyuni, Sri, Purwanto Purwanto, and John Bako Baon. "Runoff Water in Cocoa Plantation as Affected by Rorak Number and Mulch Type." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 31, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v31i3.206.
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Soil erosion is a serious problem in the field of ecology and environment. Providing rorak (small blocked ditches) and mulches as an alternative conservation action is expected to minimize water runoff. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of combination of rorak and mulches in controlling water runoff in a cocoa farm. Location of this research was in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute during rainy season in early 2015. This research used a nested design in which there is a complete factorial design of random groups that every combination treatment was repeated three times. Each experiment plot consisted of 16 cocoa trees of eight years old. The first factor was rorak treatment consisted of without rorak, 9 rorak per 16 trees (plot) and 16 rorak per 16 trees, whereas the second factor was mulch treatment consisted of control (without mulch), cocoa leaves as mulch and rice straw mixed with cocoa leaves as mulch. Rorak collecting runoff water was made of aluminum with a length of 40 cm, width 30 cm and high 30 cm. Observation of runoff water was carried out early every morning. The results showed that increased number of rorak combined with cocoa leaf and rice straw significantly controlled runoff water compared to control. Rorak and mulch treatments were able to reduce runoff water compared to control. High number of rorak per plot increased the effectiveness in controlling runoff water when it was combined with mulch especially mixture of wide leaf (cocoa leaf) and needleshaped leaf (rice straw). Treatment of 16 rorak in every 16 trees with cocoa leaves and rice straw mulch could reduce runoff water by 82.8% compared to a control.