Journal articles on the topic 'Leaf Litter'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Leaf Litter.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Leaf Litter.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Candel-Pérez, David, J. Bosco Imbert, Maitane Unzu, and Juan A. Blanco. "Assessment of Leaf Litter Decomposition in a Pine and Beech Mixed Forest: Case Study in Northern Spain." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07779.
Full textAbstract:
The promotion of mixed forests represents an adaptation strategy in forest management to cope with climate change. The mixing of tree species with complementary ecological traits may modify forest functioning regarding productivity, stability, or resilience against disturbances. Litter decomposition is an important process for global carbon and nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems, also affecting the functionality and sustainability of forests. Decomposition of mixed-leaf litters has become an active research area because it mimics the natural state of leaf litters in most forests. Thus, it is important to understand the factors controlling decomposition rates and nutrient cycles in mixed stands. In this study, we conducted a litter decomposition experiment in a Scots pine and European beech mixed forest in the province of Navarre (north of Spain). The effects of forest management (i.e., different thinning intensities), leaf litter types, and tree canopy on mass loss and chemical composition in such decomposing litter were analysed over a period of three years. Higher decomposition rates were observed in leaf litter mixtures, suggesting the existence of positive synergies between both pine and beech litter types. Moreover, a decomposition process was favoured under mixed-tree canopy patches. Regarding thinning treatments significant differences on decomposition rates disappeared at the end of the study period. Time influenced the nutrient concentration after the leaf litter incubation, with significant differences in the chemical composition between the different types of leaf litter. Higher Ca and Mg concentrations were found in beech litter types than in pine ones. An increase in certain nutrients throughout the decomposition process was observed due to immobilization by microorganisms (e.g., Mg in all leaf litter types, K only in beech leaves, P in thinned plots and under mixed canopy). Evaluating the overall response in mixed-leaf litters and the contribution of single species is necessary for understanding the litter decomposition and nutrient processes in mixed-forest ecosystems.
2
Bretherton, Welles D., John S. Kominoski, Dylan G. Fischer, and Carri J. LeRoy. "Salmon carcasses alter leaf litter species diversity effects on in-stream decomposition." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 8 (August 2011): 1495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-082.
Full textAbstract:
Marine-derived nutrients from salmon carcasses and leaf litter inputs from riparian vegetation may interactively support stream biodiversity and ecosystem functioning through enhanced resource heterogeneity. Using a full-factorial design of single- and mixed-species litters, we tested for influences of salmon carcasses on in-stream litter decomposition. Overall, nonadditive (synergistic and antagonistic) effects on decomposition were detected for litter species mixtures, and these effects were explained by litter species composition, but not species richness. In middle to late stages of decay, mixtures of labile (high-quality) litters showed faster than expected mass loss, and recalcitrant (low-quality) litter mixtures showed slower than expected mass loss. The presence or absence of each litter species differentially affected decomposition, but these patterns were stronger when salmon carcasses were available. Across all treatments, the influence of salmon carcasses on decomposition was most pronounced in mid-stages of litter decay, where deceleration of decomposition was likely caused by macroinvertebrates feeding on salmon carcasses and less on litter. Combined, these data demonstrate that salmon carcass inputs to streams can enhance detrital heterogeneity, alter interactions among species in litter mixtures, and influence ecosystem functioning (i.e., decomposition).
3
Li, Qiwen, Ye Eun Lee, and Sangjun Im. "Characterizing the Interception Capacity of Floor Litter with Rainfall Simulation Experiments." Water 12, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 3145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113145.
Full textAbstract:
Floor litter can reduce the amount of water reaching the soil layer through rainfall interception. The rainfall interception capacity of floor litter varies with the physical features of the litter and rainfall characteristics. This study aimed to define the maximum and minimum interception storages (Cmx, Cmn) of litter layers using rainfall simulation experiments, and examine the effects of litter type and rainfall characteristics on rainfall retention and drainage processes that occur in the litter layer. Different types of needle-leaf and broadleaf litters were used: Abies holophylla, Pinus strobus, Pinus rigida, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, and Sorbus alnifolia. Our results indicate a wide variation in interception storage values of needle leaf litter, regardless of the rainfall intensity and duration. The A. holophylla needle-leaf litter showed the highest Cmx and Cmn values owing to its short length and low porosity. Conversely, the lowest interception storage values were determined for the P. strobus needle leaf litter. No significant differences in interception storage were established for the broadleaf litter. Moreover, except for A. holophylla litter, the broadleaf litter retained more water than the needle leaf litter. An increase in the intensity or duration of rainfall events leads to an increase in the water retention storage of litter. However, these factors do not influence the litter’s drainage capacity, which depends primarily on the force of gravity.
4
Colares, Lucas Ferreira. "Differences in leaf litter usage as food sources, refuge, and foraging substrates by invertebrates in forest and grasslands in the eastern Amazon." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais 16, no. 2 (September 7, 2021): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v16i2.326.
Full textAbstract:
Forest conversion into grassland changes the environment, microhabitat, and food availability. Leaf litter microhabitats change from complex leaf variety piles to nutrient-poor grass heaps. In this context, this work aimed to investigate how the invertebrate compositions in the forest and grassland leaf litters differ in litter usage. To achieve this goal, litterbag traps were placed in four secondary forest samples and four grassland samples from the eastern Amazon. After litter exposure, the species were morphotyped and classified according to leaf litter usage as food, refuge, or foraging substrates. Disturbancesensible groups characterized the secondary forest, while disturbance-tolerant species characterized the grasslands. The proportion of individuals using litter as food in grasslands is almost twice that in the secondary forest, while the percentage of individuals using leaf litter as refuge is eighteen times higher in the forest than in the grasslands. It seems that predators forage in the leaf litter of the forest just as much as in grasslands. The greater proportion of invertebrates using litter as a refuge in the forest relates to the limiting space in the habitat. In turn, food availability is scarce in grasslands, so there is urgency in using litter as a food source in this case.
5
Tan, Yu, Wanqin Yang, Xiangyin Ni, Bo Tan, Kai Yue, Rui Cao, Shu Liao, and Fuzhong Wu. "Soil fauna affects the optical properties in alkaline solutions extracted (humic acid-like) from forest litters during different phenological periods." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 99, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2018-0081.
Full textAbstract:
The formation of soil organic matter via humification of plant litter is important for long-term carbon sequestration in forests; however, whether soil fauna affects litter humification is unclear. In this study, we quantified the effects of soil fauna on the optical properties (i.e., ΔlogK and E4/E6) of the alkaline-extracted humic acid-like solutions of four foliar litters by removing soil fauna via litterbags with different mesh sizes in two subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. Litterbags were collected at the leaf falling, budding, expanding, maturation, and senescence stages from November 2013 to October 2015 to assess whether the effects of soil fauna on litter humification vary in different plant phenology periods. The results showed that soil fauna significantly reduced the ΔlogK and E4/E6 values in the leaf expanding stage of oak litter and in the leaf falling stage of camphor and fir litters. The richness index of soil fauna explained 21%, 55%, 19%, and 45% of the variations in the E4/E6 values for oak, fir, camphor, and pine litters, respectively. The effects of litter water content on these optical properties were greater than that of temperature. These results indicated that soil fauna plays a key role in litter humification in the leaf expanding and falling stages and are potentially involved in soil carbon sequestration in these subtropical forests.
6
Irawan, Bambang, Aandi Saputra, Salman Farisi, Yulianty Yulianty, Sri Wahyuningsih, Noviany Noviany, Yandri Yandri, and Sutopo Hadi. "The use of cellulolytic <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. inoculum to improve the quality of Pineapple compost." AIMS Microbiology 9, no. 1 (2023): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2023003.
Full textAbstract:
<abstract> <p>Pineapple litter has a complex polymer of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which makes them difficult to decompose. However, pineapple litter has great potential to be a good organic material source for the soil when completely decomposed. The addition of inoculants can facilitate the composting process. This study investigated whether the addition of cellulolytic fungi inoculants to pineapple litters improves the efficiency of the composting processes. The treatments were KP1 = pineapple leaf litter: cow manure (2:1), KP2 = pineapple stem litter: cow manure (2:1), KP3 = pineapple leaf litter: pineapple stem litter: cow manure P1 (leaf litter and 1% inoculum), P2 (stem litter and 1% inoculum), and P3 (leaf + stem litters and 1% inoculum). The result showed that the number of <italic>Aspergillus</italic> sp. spores on corn media was 5.64 x 10<sup>7</sup> spores/mL, with viability of 98.58%. <italic>Aspergillus</italic> sp. inoculum improved the quality of pineapple litter compost, based on the enhanced contents of C, N, P, K, and the C/N ratio, during the seven weeks of composting. Moreover, the best treatment observed in this study was P1. The C/N ratios of compost at P1, P2, and P3 were within the recommended range of organic fertilizer which was 15–25%, with a Carbon/Nitrogen proportion of 11.3%, 11.8%, and 12.4% (P1, P2, and P3), respectively.</p> </abstract>
7
Liu, Shaqian, Rui Yang, and Chunlan Hou. "Effect of Enzyme Activity Changes on Decomposition Characteristics of Leaf Litter Mixed Decomposition of Configurated Tree Species in Ecological Tea Garden." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020394.
Full textAbstract:
In the management of eco-tea gardens, the recycling of weathered leaves of the configured tree species plays an important role in the nutrients of the tea garden ecosystem. The in situ decomposition method was used to analyze the decomposition rate, elemental release, and enzymatic activity of different combinations of leaf litter in tea garden soil. The results showed that mixed decomposition accelerates the decomposition turnover period of Jiu’an ecological tea garden. The higher release rate of the litter improved the nutrient effectiveness in the ecological tea garden. The trends of CAT (catalase), AP (acid phosphatase), and PPO (polyphenol oxidase) activities were similar during the decomposition of different mixed leaf litters, while all other enzyme activities showed some differences. There were also some differences in the relationship between the enzyme activity and decomposition rate of leaf litter and the nutrient release rate related to the substrate mass content during the decomposition of leaf litter. Overall, the changes in the nutrient content of the leaf litter during decomposition promoted an increase in enzyme activity, which in turn promoted the release of leaf litter elements, shortened the turnover period of leaf litter decomposition, and accelerated the recycling of elements in the ecological tea garden.
8
Lu, Ying, Liudong Zhang, Kun Li, Ruiqiang Ni, Rongchu Han, Chuanrong Li, Caihong Zhang, Weixing Shen, and Zhongjun Zhang. "Leaf and Root Litter Species Identity Influences Bacterial Community Composition in Short-Term Litter Decomposition." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091402.
Full textAbstract:
Microorganisms play a crucial role in litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. The leaf and fine root litters of Robinia pseudoacacia Linn., Quercus acutissima Carr., Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and Pinus densiflora Sieb. were analysed using the nylon litter bag method and Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing for the amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA V4–V5. We assessed the effects of leaf and root litter species on the bacterial community after one year’s decomposition. The results showed that (1) the remaining mass of fine root litter was smaller than that of the leaf litter for R. pseudoacacia and Q. acutissima, while the opposite result was found for P. tabulaeformis and P. densiflora. (2) The bacterial community structure in leaf litter was most highly correlated with the initial N content and N:P, while that in fine roots was most highly correlated with the lignin content. (3) The bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes were significantly affected by litter and species, whereas the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Chloroflexi were only affected by litter tissues. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi in fine root litter were higher than those in leaf litter, while the opposite result was found for Bacteroidetes. The bacterial genera Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia, Sphingomonas and Mucilaginibacter were affected by litter tissues (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia in fine root litter was higher than that in leaf litter, while the opposite result was found for Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonas and Mucilaginibacter. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that the relative abundances of the dominant phyla and genera were affected by the initial litter properties, especially for Bacteroides, Acidobacteria, Burkholderia and Sphingomonas. These findings indicate that litter tissues and their interactions with species are more important than the species in shaping the bacterial diversity and community composition, which was affected by the initial chemical properties of the litter.
9
KUNDU, D. K. "Tropical leaf-litter nutrients." Nature 344, no. 6263 (March 1990): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/344203b0.
Full text
10
Maltsev, Yevhen, and Irina Maltseva. "The influence of forest-forming tree species on diversity and spatial distribution of algae in forest litter." Folia Oecologica 45, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2018-0008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The forest litter plays a significant role in forest ecosystems. The composition of the litter biota comprises micro- and mesofauna, and a great diversity of microorganisms, including unrecognized algae (eukaryotic representatives and Cyanoprokaryota). The aim of this work was to study the diversity of algae in the different types of forest litters and to clarify the relationship between the algae composition and the forest-forming tree species. Our results show that the pine forest litter is the most appropriate habitat for the development of green and yellow-green algae and that this litter type limits the variety of blue-green ones. The admixture of deciduous leaf litter to pine litter caused an increase in the species richness of blue-green algae and diatoms. The algae were unevenly distributed across the sub-horizons of pine litter. The highest species richness of algae was identified in the enzymatic sub-horizon of litter. The peculiarity of the composition of leaf litter algae was a significant variety of green, yellow-green and blue-green algae. The spatial organization of algae communities in the leaf litter was characterized by equal distribution of algae species in the litter-subhorizons.
11
Navarro, Fernanda Keley Silva Pereira, and José Francisco Gonçalves Junior. "Effects of microbial conditioning and temperature on the leaf-litter shredding activity of Phylloicus sp." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (July 6, 2020): e52919. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.52919.
Full textAbstract:
Few studies try to explain the effects in tropical lotic ecosystems of an increase in water temperature on the shredding activity of invertebrate shredders, particularly in association with the quality of the leaf litter and the degree of litter conditioning. Therefore, the aims of this study were as follows: i) to better understand how this key invertebrate shredder group affects the decomposition of different species of leaf litter under gradual increases in temperature and microbial conditioning; and ii) to verify the possible consequences on leaf mass loss (LML). Three species of leaf litter were used in two experiments. In experiment I, the litters of three species (Protium spruceanum, Richeria grandis and Inga laurina) at three conditioning levels (1, 7, 14 days) were tested under five different temperatures (20, 22, 24, 26 and 28°C). In experiment II, the leaf litters of three species were used, without conditioning, under four temperatures (20, 22, 26 and 27°C). The shredding performed by Phylloicus sp. was largely dependent on the lignin and cellulose concentrations in each leaf species, independent of conditioning. The presence or absence of conditioning may cause the shredders to use different energy compensation strategies in response to the temperature increases.
12
Munawar, Ali, Indarmawan, and Hery Suhartoyo. "Litter Production and Decomposition Rate in the Reclaimed Mined Land under Albizia and Sesbania Stands and Their Effects on some Soil Chemical Properties." Journal of Tropical Soils 16, no. 1 (June 28, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2011.v16i1.1-6.
Full textAbstract:
Vegetation establishment is considered as a critical step of mined land rehabilitation. The growing plants do not only prevent soil erosion, but also play important roles in soil ecosystem development. Their litterfall is the main process of transferring organic matter and nutrients from aboveground tree biomass to soil. Thus, its quantification would aid in understanding biomass and nutrient dynamics of the ecosystem. This study was aimed to investigate the litter production and its decomposition rate in a reclaimed mined land using albizia and sesbania, and theireffects on some soil properties. The litter under each stand was biweekly collected for four months. At the same time litter samples were decomposed in mesh nylon bags in soils and the remaining litters were biweekly measured. Soil samples were taken from 0-15 cm depths from each stand for analyses of soil organic C, total N, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results demonstrated that total litter production under albizia (10.58 t ha-1 yr-1) was almost twice as much as that under sesbania stands (5.43 t ha-1 yr-1). Albizia litter was dominated by leaf litter (49.26%) and least as understory vegetation (23.31%), whereas sesbania litter was more evenly distributed among litter types. Decomposition rates of all litters were fastest in the initial stage and then gradually decreased. Sesbania leaf litters decomposed fastest, while albizia twigs slowest. Differences in the litter production and decomposition rates of the two species had not sufficiently caused significant effects on organic-C, total N, and CEC of the soilsafter one year of revegetation.Keywords: Albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria), decomposition rates, litter, mined land, Sesbania grandiflora
13
RAGHUBANSHI, A. S., S. C. SRIVASTAVA, R. S. SINGH, and J. S. SINGH. "Nutrient release in leaf litter." Nature 346, no. 6281 (July 1990): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346227a0.
Full text
14
Kusel, K., and H. L. Drake. "Anaerobic capacities of leaf litter." Applied and environmental microbiology 62, no. 11 (1996): 4216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.11.4216-4219.1996.
Full text
15
Reuter, Hendrik, Julia Gensel, Marcus Elvert, and Dominik Zak. "Evidence for preferential protein depolymerization in wetland soils in response to external nitrogen availability provided by a novel FTIR routine." Biogeosciences 17, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-499-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Phragmites australis litters were incubated in three waterlogged anoxic wetland soils of different nutrient status for 75 d, and litter nitrogen (N) dynamics were analyzed by elemental analyses and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At the end of the incubation time, the N content in the remaining litter tissue had increased in most samples. Yet, the increase in N content was less pronounced when litters had been decomposed in a more-N-poor environment. FTIR was used to quantify the relative content of proteins in litter tissue and revealed a highly linear relationship between bulk N content and protein content. Changes in bulk N content thus paralleled and probably were governed by changes in litter protein content. Such changes are the result of two competing processes within decomposing litter: enzymatic protein depolymerization as a part of the litter breakdown process and microbial protein synthesis as a part of microbial biomass growth within the litter. Assuming microbial homeostasis, DNA signals in FTIR spectra were used to calculate the amount of microbial N in decomposed litter which ranged from 14 % to 42 % of the total litter N for all leaf samples. Microbial carbon (C) content and resultant calculated carbon use efficiencies (CUEs) indicate that microbial N in litter accumulated according to predictions of the stoichiometric decomposition theory. Subtracting microbial C and N contributions from litter, however, revealed site-dependent variations in the percentual amount of the remaining still-unprocessed plant N in litter compared to remaining plant C, an indicator for preferential protein depolymerization. For all leaf litters, the coefficient of preferential protein depolymerization (α), which relates N-compound depolymerization to C-compound depolymerization, ranged from 0.74–0.88 in a nutrient-rich detritus mud to 1.38–1.82 in Sphagnum peat, the most nutrient-poor substrate in this experiment. Preferential protein depolymerization from litter decomposing in Sphagnum peat leads to a gradual N depletion in the early phase of litter decomposition, which we propose as a preservation mechanism for vascular litter in Sphagnum peatlands.
16
Maamri, A., H. Chergui, and E. Pattee. "Leaf litter processing in a temporary northeastern Moroccan river." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 140, no. 4 (November 27, 1997): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/140/1997/513.
Full text
17
Aerts, Rien. "Climate, Leaf Litter Chemistry and Leaf Litter Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Triangular Relationship." Oikos 79, no. 3 (September 1997): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546886.
Full text
18
Laskowski, Ryszard, Björn Berg, Maj-Britt Johansson, and Charles McClaugherty. "Release pattern for potassium from decomposing forest needle and leaf litter. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. IX." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-216.
Full textAbstract:
A general pattern for the dynamics of K in decomposing leaf and needle litters is described, based on 139 litter decomposition studies carried out in forests of northern and central Europe and the northern United States. We distinguished an initial phase of fast changes in K concentration and a later one in which the litter was close to humus and all K appeared to be immobile. In the initial phase the rate of change in K concentration was related to the initial K concentration: the higher the initial concentration, the faster its decrease and the faster the quantitative release of K. For litters with particularly low initial K concentrations, an increase in concentration was observed from the very start of decomposition. In the late phase a slight increase in concentrations was observed. After ca. 60% accumulated mass loss, K concentrations approached similar levels in various litter types, irrespective of the litter type and initial concentrations. We also estimated a theoretical equilibrium state at which no change in K concentration should be expected. According to our estimates these equilibrium concentrations ranged from approx. 0.8 mg/g dry mass of litter for Scots pine to approx. 1.2 mg/g dry mass for deciduous litter types. The estimate of K concentration in Scots pine litter in late decomposition stages was very close to that measured in the humus at the same site. Based on the wide variety of litter types and sites studied we conclude that the pattern suggested for K dynamics in decomposing litter holds at least for European coniferous forests north of the Alps and the Carpathians. Key words: potassium, dynamics, release, litter, humus, decomposition.
19
Kirker, Grant T., Amy Bishell, Jed Cappellazzi, Jonathan Palmer, Nathan Bechle, Patricia Lebow, and Stan Lebow. "Role of Leaf Litter in Above-Ground Wood Decay." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050696.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of leaf litter on moisture content and fungal decay development in above-ground wood specimens were assessed. Untreated southern pine specimens were exposed with or without leaf litter contact. Two types of leaf litter were evaluated; aged (decomposed) and young (early stages of decomposition). The moisture content of specimens was monitored, and specimens were periodically removed for visual evaluation of decay development. In addition, amplicon-based sequencing analysis of specimens and associated leaf litter was conducted at two time points. Contact with either type of leaf litter resulted in consistently higher moisture contents than those not in contact with leaf litter. Visually, evident decay developed most rapidly in specimens in contact with the aged leaf litter. Analysis of amplicon-based sequencing revealed that leaf litter contributes a significant amount of the available wood decay fungal community with similar communities found in the litter exposed wood and litter itself, but dissimilar community profiles from unexposed wood. Dominant species and guild composition shifted over time, beginning initially with more leaf saprophytes (ascomycetes) and over time shifting to more wood rotting fungi (basidiomycetes). These results highlight the importance of the contributions of leaf litter to fungal colonization and subsequent decay hazard for above-ground wood.
20
Tetreau, Guillaume, Mattia Alessi, Sylvie Veyrenc, Sophie Périgon, Jean-Philippe David, Stéphane Reynaud, and Laurence Després. "Fate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the Field: Evidence for Spore Recycling and Differential Persistence of Toxins in Leaf Litter." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 23 (September 21, 2012): 8362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02088-12.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTBacillus thuringiensissubsp.israelensisis a bioinsecticide increasingly used worldwide for mosquito control. Despite its apparent low level of persistence in the field due to the rapid loss of its insecticidal activity, an increasing number of studies suggested that the recycling ofB. thuringiensissubsp.israelensiscan occur under specific, unknown conditions. Decaying leaf litters sampled in mosquito breeding sites in the French Rhône-Alpes region several months after a treatment were shown to exhibit a high level of larval toxicity and contained large amounts of spores. In the present article, we show that the high concentration of toxins found in these litters is consistent with spore recycling in the field, which gave rise to the production of new crystal toxins. Furthermore, in these toxic leaf litter samples, Cry4Aa and Cry4Ba toxins became the major toxins instead of Cyt1Aa in the commercial mixture. In a microcosm experiment performed in the laboratory, we also demonstrated that the toxins, when added in their crystal form to nontoxic leaf litter, exhibited patterns of differential persistence consistent with the proportions of toxins observed in the field-collected toxic leaf litter samples (Cry4 > Cry11 > Cyt). These results give strong evidence thatB. thuringiensissubsp.israelensisrecycled in specific breeding sites containing leaf litters, and one would be justified in asking whether mosquitoes can become resistant when exposed to field-persistentB. thuringiensissubsp.israelensisfor several generations.
21
Xiang, W., and J. Bauhus. "Does the addition of litter from N-fixing Acacia mearnsii accelerate leaf decomposition of Eucalyptus globulus?" Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 5 (2007): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06083.
Full textAbstract:
Nutrient cycling in mixed-species plant communities may be enhanced in comparison to what might be expected from the component species. In this study, we investigated (1) whether the admixing of nitrogen-rich litter from Acacia mearnsii can accelerate the decomposition of Eucalyptus globulus leaf litter and (2) whether eucalypt litter originating from mixed stands with acacias decomposes faster than litter from pure eucalypt stands. To address the first question, pure and mixed litter was incubated in the laboratory for 110 days at 25°C in the following proportions: 100%E, 75%E : 25%A, 50%E : 50%A, 25%E : 75%A and 100%A, where %E and %A refers to the proportion of eucalypt and acacia in the microcosms, respectively. Since mass loss and N loss of litter in the 50 : 50 mixture was higher than for pure eucalypt but not higher than for acacia, it appears that acacia litter accelerated decomposition of eucalypt litter but not vice versa. Decomposition rates increased with N concentration in the combined litters up to 1.1% N, above that point it remained constant. To address the second question, eucalypt litter from pure and mixed stands was incubated in microcosms. The loss of mass, N and P after 110 days was not different for eucalypt litter originating from mixed (75E : 25A, 50E : 50A, 25E : 75A) and pure (100E) plantations. Together, these studies suggest that admixture of A. mearnsii to E. globulus has the potential to accelerate decomposition and N cycling, and that the species interactions are most pronounced in the 50 : 50 mixture. Mixing of the two species in plantations has so far had no influence on the decomposability of eucalypt litter.
22
Marler, Thomas E. "Leaf Damage by Phytophagous Beetles alters Terminalia catappa Green and Senesced Leaf Chemistry." International Journal of Insect Science 10 (January 2018): 117954331879732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179543318797329.
Full textAbstract:
Chemical traits of Terminalia catappa L. leaves were determined on the island of Guam to understand the changes caused by beetle leaf herbivory. Green leaf chemistry indicated nitrogen was the most limiting nutrient in the climate and soils of Guam. The changes in leaf chemistry following beetle damage were extensive. Senesced leaf chemistry indicated beetle damage decreased some traits that predict lower leaf litter quality, such as lignin, but also decreased some traits that predict higher leaf litter quality, such as nitrogen. The stoichiometric traits based on carbon:macronutrient and lignin:macronutrient generally predicted higher quality leaf litter following beetle herbivory. The beetles that produce this form of T. catappa leaf damage on Guam are non-native, and overall, the results indicate these pests will increase the rate of litter decomposition and nutrient turnover in habitats where T. catappa is prevalent.
23
Ospina Bautista, Fabiola, Pablo A. López Bedoya, Jaime Vicente Estévez, Daniela Martínez Torres, and Sebastián Galvis Jiménez. "Restoration strategy drives the leaf litter myriapod richness (Arthropoda: Myriapoda) on a protected area." Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2022.26.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To determine the leaf litter myriapod community in two restoration strategies of a protective area of Colombia, a secondary forest and an Andean alder plantation. Scope: The knowledge of the biodiversity of invertebrates associated with leaf litter breakdown in restoration forests may contribute to assessing the restoration process efficiency and success. Within this forested soil biodiversity framework, myriapods influence organic matter dynamics by transforming leaf litter (or other plant-derived materials), reducing the surface of decomposition, and affecting decomposer communities and their interactions. Methodology: We designed a leaf litter translocation experiment using leaf litter of Alnus acuminata Kunth and Hedyosmum bonplandianum Kunth, the most abundant species in each restoration strategy underway from the 60s in the Reserva Natural Río Blancoy Quebrada Olivares, Manizales, Colombia. We measured the myriapod richness and abundance two and four months after beginning the leaf litter decomposition experimental trials. Main results: Classes Diplododa, Chilopoda, and Symphyla colonized the leaf litter in both restoration strategies. The restoration strategy affected myriapod richness, abundance and composition. Myriapod richness and abundance were greater in the Andean alder plantation, millipedes were the most abundance myriapods. Myriapod composition also differs among litter species. The plant composition of each restoration strategy could lead to differences in litterfall quality and, consequently, in the resources available for the colonization of the myriapod community, which contributes directly and indirectly to the decomposition process in the restoration strategies.
24
Yang, Yuhai, Honghua Zhou, Zhaoxia Ye, and Chenggang Zhu. "Estimation of Populuseuphratica Forest Leaf Litterfall and Time Variation of Nutrient in Leaf Litter during Decomposition along the Main Channel of the Tarim River, China." Water 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 2514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182514.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate determination of annual leaf litter amount constitutes the basis of scientific leaf litter nutrient release assessment. In this study, we tried to establish an equation between leaf litter amount and relevant tree characteristics of Populus euphratica (P. euphratica) tree on an individual scale, and to find the leaf litter nutrient content variation within 760 d incubation experiment in the main channel of the Tarim River, China. Results showed that there was no proper equation between leaf litter amount and tree height or diameter at breast height. There was great difference in leaf litter amount on an individual scale. The mean annual leaf litter amount per tree was 10.2, 14.83 kg/y obtained by field survey and the equation between annual leaf litter amount and canopy area on an individual scale, respectively. Leaf litter mass changed over incubation time and exhibited three main phases: an initial slow decomposition phase (0–173 d) with mass loss; a rapid mass loss phase (173–290 d); and a second rapid mass loss phase (470–560 d). Overall, carbon (C) and potassium (K) content decreased, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content increased in a fluctuating manner over time in the P. euphratica leaf litter.
25
Tang, Yi Lin, Ben Zhi Zhou, Xiao Gai Ge, Xiao Ming Wang, and Qian Li. "Leaf-Litter Decomposition Dynamic, Carbon Loss and Nutrient Return for Moso Bamboo Forest with Different Litter Mass Accumulation." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4222.
Full textAbstract:
To provide an important basic knowledge for the biogeochemical cycle of bamboo forest ecosystem, particularly the cycling of global carbon, we studied decomposition dynamics of leaf-litter with different mass accumulation in moso bamboo forest. Our study area located in Miaoshanwu nature reserve, Fuyang, Zhejiang province. Based on the survey, we concluded that: (1) the sequence of remaining mass of leaf-litter with different mass accumulation after 240 days' decomposition from the most to the least was in the following order: 30g (58.53%) > 60g (51.92%) > 90g (48.48%), implying that leaf-litter with more mass accumulation decomposed faster in the unit area. (2)The more accumulated leaf-litter lead to more TOC loss in leaf-litter which will not helpful for TOC increase on surface soil carbon pools. This implying that the faster leaf-litter decomposed, the less TOC increased on surface soil carbon pools in 240 day s' observation. (3)The concentration of N, P, K and Ca showed the similar tendency with initially increasing but decreasing gradually in the following stage and then increasing again in the next stage. And concentration of Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn increased gradually in the period of 0-240 days.
26
Vaidelys, Tadas, Lina Straigytė, and Michael Manton. "Effects of Seasonality, Tree Species and Urban Green Space on Deciduous Leaf Litter Decomposition in Lithuania." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062210.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding ecological processes and environmental change in different urban green spaces is an important challenge to secure human well-being. The variety of urban green spaces provides a platform to generate knowledge on how urban environments affect tree leaf decomposition and quality. We measured the leaf litter decomposition of four dominant native deciduous tree species from five different urban green spaces over three time periods in Kaunas, Lithuania. Using the modified litter bag technique, we calculated the decomposition of 60 leaf litter samples for 4, 8, and 12 months respectively. For each leaf litter sample, we determined total N, total P, and organic C. Results indicated that the decomposition of leaf litter amongst tree species, urban green spaces and seasonality (time) were significantly different. The leaf litter of Betula pendula and Acer platanoides from street green spaces decomposed fastest during the spring-summer period. Quercus robur showed small but significant leaf litter loss differences between the green spaces, with the leaf litter from peri-urban forest decomposing the fastest. A decreased C:N ratio for Q. robur leaf litter showed accelerated leaf litter decay. In conclusion, our results show that the ecological processes of leaf litter decomposition, differs between tree species, type of urban green spaces and seasonality and thus must be considered in urban town planning to help maintain urban environments.
27
LeRoy, Carri J., Dylan Fischer, Jennifer A. Schweitzer, and Joseph K. Bailey. "Aphid Gall Interactions with Forest Tree Genotypes Influence Leaf Litter Decomposition in Streams." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020182.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic variation within a dominant riparian forest tree affects susceptibility to a leaf-galling aphid (Pemphigus betae), which induces phytochemical and structural changes in leaf tissue. Research Highlights: We show here that these changes to tree leaf tissue alter adjacent in-stream leaf litter decomposition rates and the aquatic macroinvertebrate community associated with litter in the stream for some Populus genotypes. Background and Objectives: Naturally occurring hybrid cottonwoods (Populus fremontii × Populus angustifolia) are differentially susceptible to aphid attack and vary in induced phytochemistry following attack. When leaves are galled by aphids, foliar tissue is altered structurally (through the formation of pea-sized gall structures) and phytochemically (through an increase in foliar condensed tannin concentrations). Materials and Methods: To examine the effect of aphid-galled leaves on forest stream processes, we collected both galled and un-galled leaves from five clones of three hybrid cottonwood genotypes in an experimental forest. We measured in-stream litter decomposition rates, aquatic fungal biomass and aquatic macroinvertebrate community composition. Results: Decomposition rates differed among genotypes and the galled litter treatments, with a 27% acceleration of decomposition rate for the galled litter of one genotype compared to its own un-galled litter and no differences between galled and un-galled litters for the other two genotypes. Genotype by foliar gall status interactions also occurred for measures of phytochemistry, indicating a prevalence of complex interactions. Similarly, we found variable responses in the macroinvertebrate community, where one genotype demonstrated community differences between galled and un-galled litter. Conclusions: These data suggest that plant genetics and terrestrial forest herbivory may be important in linking aquatic and terrestrial forest processes and suggest that examination of decomposition at finer scales (e.g., within species, hybrids and individuals) reveals important ecosystem patterns.
28
Mukaromah, Arnia Sari, Yekti Asih Purwestri, and Yoshiharu Fujii. "Determination of Allelopathic Potential in Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) Leaf Litter Using Sandwich Method." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 21, no. 2 (October 28, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.16456.
Full textAbstract:
The sandwich method is a reliable screening bioassay that can be utilized to investigate allelopathic activity of leaf litter leachates. Screening the allelopathic potential of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) leaf litter in plant–plant interaction using the sandwich bioassay method has not been reported. The research objectives were to determine and categorize allelopathic potential of S. macrophylla leaf litter using the sandwich bioassay method, and to determine specific activity (EC550). S. macrophylla leaf litter. The results showed that S. macrophylla leaf litter exhibited strong allelopathic activity when compared with 46 leaf litter species and was included in the top ten of allelopathic leaf litter species. Increasing S. macrophylla leaf litter concentration was concomitant with inhibition of radicle lettuce seedling growth compared with the control. According to the linear regression analysis, the effective concentration (EC50) of S. macrophylla was estimated to be 3.25 mg D.W. eq. mL-1 and was considered to have strong growth-inhibitory activity on lettuce radicle elongation. The results suggest the possibility of allelopathic potential of leaf litter in plant–plant interaction under S. macrophylla trees.
29
Berg, Björn, and Gunnar Ekbohm. "Litter mass-loss rates and decomposition patterns in some needle and leaf litter types. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. VII." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-187.
Full textAbstract:
The decomposition dynamics of four types of needle litter and three types of leaf litter were followed for 4 years. Mass losses and certain chemical changes were studied. Most of the nutrient-rich litters appeared to decompose relatively quickly during the first 12–18 months. After 3–4 years, however, their accumulated mass losses were lower compared with litter types that intially had lower rates. Thus the more nutrient-rich litters had considerably lower mass-loss rates in the later stages. This pattern was even more pronouced for extract-free lignocellulose: its mass-loss rate was negatively related to the lignin concentration, which increased progressively as litter decomposition proceeded. During late stages in litter with a high nitrogen content, there was also a clear negative relation between nitrogen concentration and lignin mass-loss rate, as well as between nitrogen concentration and litter mass-loss rate. By extrapolation of measured mass-loss values, maximum values for accumulated litter–mass loss were estimated. A nonlinear statistical model predicted that the proportion of mass lost through decomposition should be 50% for grey alder leaves, 54% for green leaves of white birch, and 57% for brown leaves of white birch. For Scots pine the predicted maximums for accumulated mass loss were 68% for green needles and 89% for brown needles, whereas corresponding values for lodgepole pine needles were 81% (green) and 100% (brown). Lodgepole pine is an introduced species in this system. Key words: litter, decomposition, lignin, nitrogen, maxium mass loss.
30
Nivethadevi, P. "Assessment of Leaf Litter Production in Tropical Trees." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35747.
Full textAbstract:
Litter is the layer of detached dead plant material present on the surface of the soil. It plays an imperative part in the nutrient budgeting in agroforestry system. The quantum of litter produced varies with species and also seasons. Generally the litter production will be more during summer and less during monsoon times. Further the nature of the tree species like evergreen and deciduous will also influence litter production. In the present study, 10 tree species commonly found in farm lands were identified and selected from the experimental plot, which was located in Southern agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu and the soil type is alfisol with a pH of 6.0. The age of the trees was 10 years. The litter collection was done throughout the year on monthly basis and quantities produced were recorded. The data recorded were subjected to statistical analysis. The results revealed the following. Acacia auriculiformis produced a maximum leaf litter of 10.0 t/ha/year followed by Senna siamea. Summer season had more litter (3.55 kg/tree) followed by winter (1.54 kg/ha). A maximum mean monthly litter of 2.54 kg/tree was recorded in Tamarindus indica followed by Acacia mangium (0.76 kg/tree). Senna siamea and Gliricidia produced leaf litter throughout the year. Tamarind produced a maximum annual litter of 30.42 kg/tree followed by Acacia mangium (9.07 kg/tree).
31
Zhang, Menghua, Xiaoli Cheng, Qinghong Geng, Zheng Shi, Yiqi Luo, and Xia Xu. "Leaf litter traits predominantly control litter decomposition in streams worldwide." Global Ecology and Biogeography 28, no. 10 (July 9, 2019): 1469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12966.
Full text
32
Cintra, Renato. "Leaf litter effects on seed and seedling predation of the palm Astrocaryum murumuru and the legume tree Dipteryx micrantha in Amazonian forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 5 (September 1997): 709–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010889.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe amount of leaf litter fall produced by different tree species in tropical forests varies in space and time. Falling litter may cover seeds and thereby enhance their survival by making their detection by seed predators more difficult. Tests were made to determine whether Astrocaryum murumuru and Dipteryx micrantha seeds survive better in microsites covered by leaf litter. Seed numbers and litter cover on the forest floor were experimentally manipulated. How natural variation in leaf litter cover and thickness affects seed and seedling survival of these two plant species was also examined. Seed survivorship was significantly higher for both plant species in microsites with leaf litter than in those with bare soil. Results from an experiment in which the litter was not disturbed showed that Astrocaryum seed survival was positively correlated with litter thickness (defined as the number of overlying dead leaves). Astrocaryum seedling survival was also significantly affected by leaf litter; more seedlings survived in shallow litter. Leaf litter had no effect on Dipteryx seedling survival. The results of the study suggest that early recruitment of both Astrocaryum and Dipteryx is influenced by the spatial distribution and amount of forest leaf litter.
33
Liber, Julian A., Douglas H. Minier, Anna Stouffer-Hopkins, Judson Van Wyk, Reid Longley, and Gregory Bonito. "Maple and hickory leaf litter fungal communities reflect pre-senescent leaf communities." PeerJ 10 (January 27, 2022): e12701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12701.
Full textAbstract:
Fungal communities are known to contribute to the functioning of living plant microbiomes as well as to the decay of dead plant material and affect vital ecosystem services, such as pathogen resistance and nutrient cycling. Yet, factors that drive structure and function of phyllosphere mycobiomes and their fate in leaf litter are often ignored. We sought to determine the factors contributing to the composition of communities in temperate forest substrates, with culture-independent amplicon sequencing of fungal communities of pre-senescent leaf surfaces, internal tissues, leaf litter, underlying humus soil of co-occurring red maple (Acer rubrum) and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). Paired samples were taken at five sites within a temperate forest in southern Michigan, USA. Fungal communities were differentiable based on substrate, host species, and site, as well as all two-way and three-way interactions of these variables. PERMANOVA analyses and co-occurrence of taxa indicate that soil communities are unique from both phyllosphere and leaf litter communities. Correspondence of endophyte, epiphyte, and litter communities suggests dispersal plays an important role in structuring fungal communities. Future work will be needed to assess how this dispersal changes microbial community functioning in these niches.
34
Jonard, Mathieu, Frederic Andre, and Quentin Ponette. "Tree species mediated effects on leaf litter dynamics in pure and mixed stands of oak and beech." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 3 (March 2008): 528–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-183.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to evaluate the relative importance of the factors whereby tree species composition can influence leaf litter dynamics. Leaf litter production and chemical composition were measured in pure and mixed stands of oak ( Quercus petraea Liebl.) and beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.). Pure and mixed leaf litter of both species were incubated in each stand type to assess separately the environmental, litter quality, and litter mixture effects on decomposition. To better understand the environmental effects, ground climate was measured in the different stands and the effects of soil water content on decomposition were evaluated using roofs to simulate drought conditions. Although total leaf litter amounts were not affected by stand composition, leaf decomposition varied with litter quality and with the environmental conditions. In the same environment, oak leaf litter disappeared on average 1.7 times faster than beech leaf litter. Decomposition of oak leaves increased significantly in the mixed-species litterbags. In contrast, the overall mass loss of the mixed litter tallied with the mass loss estimated by examining the decomposition of the component litter separately (additive-effect hypothesis). The effects of stand type appeared in the third year of incubation: leaf mass loss of both species was greater in the beech stand. In addition, soil water content affected leaf decomposition: the oak and beach leaf mass losses dropped by 24% and 17%, respectively, in the dry modality.
35
Osono, Takashi, Susumu Iwamoto, and John A. Trofymow. "Colonization and decomposition of salal (Gaultheria shallon) leaf litter by saprobic fungi in successional forests on coastal British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54, no. 6 (June 2008): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-023.
Full textAbstract:
The colonization of leaf litter by saprobic fungi was studied in old-growth and post-harvest successional Douglas-fir forests on southeast Vancouver Island, British Columbia. This study focused on leaf litter of salal ( Gaultheria shallon Pursh.), a dominant understory shrub in all stands. Salal litter is characterized by the occurrence of bleached portions attributable to fungal colonization of the litter and to the variable decomposition of recalcitrant compounds, such as lignin. Analyses of proximate chemical fractions, fungal assemblages on the bleached leaf area, and pure culture decomposition assays indicated that Marasmius sp. and Coccomyces sp. were responsible for rapid decomposition and bleaching of salal leaf litter. The bleached area accounted for 17%–22% of total area of salal leaf litter collected in immature (40–60 years old), mature (85–105 years old), and old-growth (more than 290 years old) stands, but for only 2% in regeneration (5–15 years old) stands. The reduction of bleached leaf area occupied by Marasmius sp. and Coccomyces sp. in regeneration stands could be due to the changes in microenvironmental conditions on the forest floor, in litter quality, or in food-web structure in soils. The decrease of fungi able to decay recalcitrant compounds may lead to a reduction of salal decomposition rates in clear-cut sites that would persist until canopy closure occurs.
36
Boyero, Luz, Naiara López-Rojo, Javier Pérez, Alan M. Tonin, Francisco Correa-Araneda, Aaron Davis, and Richard G. Pearson. "Effects of gamma irradiation on instream leaf litter decomposition." Hydrobiologia 848, no. 21 (October 4, 2021): 5223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04703-w.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLeaf litter decomposition is a key process in stream ecosystems, the rates of which can vary with changes in litter quality or its colonization by microorganisms. Decomposition in streams is increasingly used to compare ecosystem functioning globally, often requiring the distribution of litter across countries. It is important to understand whether litter sterilization, which is required by some countries, can alter the rates of decomposition and associated processes. We examined whether litter sterilization with gamma irradiation (25 kGy) influenced decomposition rates, litter stoichiometry, and colonization by invertebrates after weeks of instream incubation within coarse-mesh and fine-mesh litterbags. We used nine plant species from three families that varied widely in litter chemistry but found mostly consistent responses, with no differences in decomposition rates or numbers of invertebrates found at the end of the incubation period. However, litter stoichiometry differed between irradiated and control litter, with greater nutrient losses (mostly phosphorus) in the former. Therefore, the effects of irradiation on litter chemistry should be taken into account in studies focused on stoichiometry but not necessarily in those focused on decomposition rates, at least within the experimental timescale considered here.
37
Boyero, Luz, Naiara López-Rojo, Javier Pérez, Alan M. Tonin, Francisco Correa-Araneda, Aaron Davis, and Richard G. Pearson. "Effects of gamma irradiation on instream leaf litter decomposition." Hydrobiologia 848, no. 21 (October 4, 2021): 5223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04703-w.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLeaf litter decomposition is a key process in stream ecosystems, the rates of which can vary with changes in litter quality or its colonization by microorganisms. Decomposition in streams is increasingly used to compare ecosystem functioning globally, often requiring the distribution of litter across countries. It is important to understand whether litter sterilization, which is required by some countries, can alter the rates of decomposition and associated processes. We examined whether litter sterilization with gamma irradiation (25 kGy) influenced decomposition rates, litter stoichiometry, and colonization by invertebrates after weeks of instream incubation within coarse-mesh and fine-mesh litterbags. We used nine plant species from three families that varied widely in litter chemistry but found mostly consistent responses, with no differences in decomposition rates or numbers of invertebrates found at the end of the incubation period. However, litter stoichiometry differed between irradiated and control litter, with greater nutrient losses (mostly phosphorus) in the former. Therefore, the effects of irradiation on litter chemistry should be taken into account in studies focused on stoichiometry but not necessarily in those focused on decomposition rates, at least within the experimental timescale considered here.
38
Pu, Gaozhong, Danjuan Zeng, Ling Mo, Jianxiong Liao, and Xiaxia Chen. "Artificial Light at Night Alleviates the Negative Effect of Pb on Freshwater Ecosystems." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 17, 2019): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061343.
Full textAbstract:
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an increasing phenomenon worldwide that can cause a series of biological and ecological effects, yet little is known about its potential interaction with other stressors in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we tested whether the impact of lead (Pb) on litter decomposition was altered by ALAN exposure using an indoor microcosm experiment. The results showed that ALAN exposure alone significantly increased leaf litter decomposition, decreased the lignin content of leaf litter, and altered fungal community composition and structure. The decomposition rate was 51% higher in Pb with ALAN exposure treatments than in Pb without ALAN treatments, resulting in increased microbial biomass, β-glucosidase (β-G) activity, and the enhanced correlation between β-G and litter decomposition rate. These results indicate that the negative effect of Pb on leaf litter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems may be alleviated by ALAN. In addition, ALAN exposure also alters the correlation among fungi associated with leaf litter decomposition. In summary, this study expands our understanding of Pb toxicity on litter decomposition in freshwater ecosystems and highlights the importance of considering ALAN when assessing environmental metal pollutions.
39
Gessner, M. O., and M. Dobson. "Colonisation of fresh and dried leaf litter by lotic macroinvertebrates." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 127, no. 2 (May 17, 1993): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/127/1993/141.
Full text
40
Song, Yue Qin, and Zong Qiang Xie. "The Influence of Silviculture Treatments on the Leaf Litter Decomposition Rate of Triploid Populus tomentoza." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3783.
Full textAbstract:
Leaf litter decomposition is a fundamental mechanism for self-fertilization in forest ecosystems. Decomposition rate is an important factor in this process. Understanding how silvicultural treatments affect leaf litter decomposition rate can aid in plantation management. In order to reveal the effects of silvicultural treatments on litter decomposition in triploid Populus tomentoza pulp plantations, a litterbag technique was employed in a range of experimental conditions: with/without tree canopy cover (inter or intra forest belts), intercropping, and embedment in the soil. The results showed treatments had varying affects on leaf litter decomposition. The micro-environment created by the forest belt had no significant impact on leaf litter decomposition. The rate of decomposition of embedded leaf litter was significantly higher than litter on the soil surface, indicating that litter buried by tillage or hoeing would promote faster decomposition. Leaf litter decomposition was also enhanced by mixing with cotton (Gossypium sp.) leaf, showing that intercropping sped up the nutrient cycle in triploid P. tomentoza pulp plantations, thereby maintaining and improving soil productivity.
41
Valachovic, Y. S., B. A. Caldwell, K. Cromack Jr., and R. P. Griffiths. "Leaf litter chemistry controls on decomposition of Pacific Northwest trees and woody shrubs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-089.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of initial leaf litter chemistry on first-year decomposition rates were studied for 16 common Pacific Northwest conifers, hardwoods, and shrubs at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in western Oregon. Leaf litters were analyzed for C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, proximate organic fractions (nonpolar, polar, acid-hydrolyzable extractives, acid-hydrolyzable lignin, and acid-unhydrolyzable residue, previously termed "Klason lignin"), and biochemical components (total phenolics, reactive polyphenols, water-soluble carbohydrates, water-soluble proanthocyanidins, and water- and acid-unhydrolyzable proanthocyanidins). By including measurements of reactive and residual phenolic fractions and acid-hydrolyzable lignin, these analytical methods improve upon traditional proximate leaf litter analyses. Significant differences in litter chemistries and decomposition rates were found between species. For all species combined, the 1-year decay rate (k) values had highly significant correlations (P < 0.001) with 30 out of the 36 initial chemistry variables tested in this study. The three highest correlations were with acid-unhydrolyzable proanthocyanidins, lignocellulose index, and acid-unhydrolyzable residue (r = 0.83, 0.81, 0.80, respectively, with P < 0.0001 and n = 339). We found that no single litter chemistry variable was a universal predictor of the 1-year k value for each of the individual 16 species studied, though phenolic components were more frequent significant (P < 0.001) predictors of decomposition rate.
42
Wang, Jinniu, Bo Xu, Yan Wu, Jing Gao, and Fusun Shi. "Flower litters of alpine plants affect soil nitrogen and phosphorus rapidly in the eastern Tibetan Plateau." Biogeosciences 13, no. 19 (October 10, 2016): 5619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5619-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Litters of reproductive organs have rarely been studied despite their role in allocating nutrients for offspring reproduction. This study determines the mechanism through which flower litters efficiently increase the available soil nutrient pool. Field experiments were conducted to collect plant litters and calculate biomass production in an alpine meadow of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. C, N, P, lignin, cellulose content, and their relevant ratios of litters were analyzed to identify their decomposition features. A pot experiment was performed to determine the effects of litter addition on the soil nutrition pool by comparing the treated and control samples. The litter-bag method was used to verify decomposition rates. The flower litters of phanerophyte plants were comparable with non-flower litters. Biomass partitioning of other herbaceous species accounted for 10–40 % of the aboveground biomass. Flower litter possessed significantly higher N and P levels but less C ∕ N, N ∕ P, lignin ∕ N, and lignin and cellulose concentrations than leaf litter. The litter-bag experiment confirmed that the flower litters of Rhododendron przewalskii and Meconopsis integrifolia decompose approximately 3 times faster than mixed litters within 50 days. Pot experiment findings indicated that flower litter addition significantly increased the available nutrient pool and soil microbial productivity. The time of litter fall significantly influenced soil available N and P, and soil microbial biomass. Flower litters fed the soil nutrition pool and influenced nutrition cycling in alpine ecosystems more efficiently because of their non-ignorable production, faster decomposition rate, and higher nutrient contents compared with non-flower litters. The underlying mechanism can enrich nutrients, which return to the soil, and non-structural carbohydrates, which feed and enhance the transitions of soil microorganisms.
43
Ponder Jr., Felix. "Effect of three weeds on the growth and mycorrhizal infection of black walnut seedlings." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-251.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of unincorporated and incorporated litter and extracts of broom-sedge, fescue, and blackberry on the mycorrhizal development and growth of black walnut seedlings was investigated in two greenhouse experiments. Seedling growth varied with method of litter application. Only fescue extract decreased growth in the extract experiment, but unincorporated and incorporated broom-sedge litter significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced seedling total dry weight below that of mycorrhizal control seedlings. The total dry weight of seedlings in incorporated fescue litter was reduced by 47%. The number of mycorrhizal infected root segments on seedlings grown in unincorporated litter was more than twice the number of infected roots on seedlings grown in incorporated litters. Significantly fewer mycorrhizal roots were found on seedlings grown with fescue and broom-sedge litters than on mycorrhizal control seedlings. On the average, incorporation of litter increased the percentage of leaf phosphorus, but the shoot absorption of phosphorus was considerably less for seedlings grown in incorporated fescue litter compared with unincorporated fescue litter. Seedlings grown in fescue extract had 33% less phosphorus than control seedlings. Except for possible interference with mycorrhizal development when litter was incorporated, there was no evidence to suggest that blackberry litter contains substances that are allelopathic to black walnut.
44
Harper, Craig A., and Eric G. Bolen. "Leaf-Litter Decomposition in Blackwater Impoundments." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 10, no. 2 (June 1995): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663435.
Full text
45
Sugden, A. M. "ECOLOGY/EVOLUTION: Limits From Leaf Litter." Science 305, no. 5682 (July 16, 2004): 311a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5682.311a.
Full text
46
Young, C. S. "Recovery ofAthelia bombacinafrom Apple Leaf Litter." Phytopathology 80, no. 6 (1990): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-80-530.
Full text
47
Sinsabaugh, Robert L., and A. E. Linkins. "Ellulase mobility in decomposing leaf litter." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 21, no. 2 (January 1989): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(89)90096-5.
Full text
48
LaPolla, John S., Ted Suman, Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, and Ted R. Schultz. "Leaf litter ant diversity in Guyana." Biodiversity and Conservation 16, no. 2 (December 26, 2006): 491–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-6229-4.
Full text
49
Kammer, A., and F. Hagedorn. "Mineralisation, leaching and stabilisation of <sup>13</sup>C-labelled leaf and twig litter in a beech forest soil." Biogeosciences 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2011): 2195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2195-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Very few field studies have quantified the different pathways of C loss from decomposing litter even though the partitioning of C fluxes is essential to understand soil C dynamics. Using 0.75 kg m−2 of 13C-depleted leaf (δ13C = −40.8 ‰) and 2 kg m−2 of twig litter (δ13C = −38.4 ‰), we tracked the litter-derived C in soil CO2 effluxes, dissolved organic C (DOC), and soil organic matter of a beech forest in the Swiss Jura. Autotrophic respiration was reduced by trenching. Our results show that mineralisation was the main pathway of C loss from decomposing litter over 1 yr, amounting to 24 and 31 % of the added twig and leaf litter. Contrary to our expectations, the leaf litter C was mineralised only slightly (1.2 times) more rapidly than the twig litter C. The leaching of DOC from twigs amounted to half of that from leaves throughout the experiment (2 vs. 4 % of added litter C). Tracing the litter-derived DOC in the soil showed that DOC from both litter types was mostly removed (88–96 %) with passage through the top centimetres of the mineral soil (0–5 cm) where it might have been stabilised. In the soil organic C at 0–2 cm depth, we indeed recovered 4 % of the initial twig C and 8 % of the leaf C after 1 yr. Much of the 13C-depleted litter remained on the soil surface throughout the experiment: 60 % of the twig litter C and 25 % of the leaf litter C. From the gap in the 13C-mass balance based on C mineralisation, DOC leaching, C input into top soils, and remaining litter, we inferred that another 30 % of the leaf C but only 10 % of twig C could have been transported via soil fauna to soil depths below 2 cm. In summary, over 1 yr, twig litter was mineralised more rapidly relative to leaf litter than expected, and much less of the twig-derived C was transported to the mineral soil than of the leaf-derived C. Both findings provide some evidence that twig litter could contribute less to the C storage in these base-rich forest soils than leaf litter.
50
Osono, Takashi. "Phyllosphere fungi on leaf litter of Fagus crenata: occurrence, colonization, and succession." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-028.
Full textAbstract:
Phyllosphere fungi occur on various litters, but the ecology of these fungi on leaf litter has received little attention. To investigate the occurrence, colonization, and succession of phyllosphere fungi on leaf litter of Fagus crenata Blume, fungi were isolated from living, senescent, freshly fallen, and decomposing leaves by surface sterilization and washing methods. A total of 18 and 47 fungal species were isolated from the interior and surface of living and senescent leaves, respectively, and 15 frequent species were regarded as phyllosphere fungi. These fungi were divided into three groups according to their frequency on freshly fallen and decomposing leaves. Nine species (Group I) occurred frequently on decomposing leaves, two species (Group II) on freshly fallen leaves only, and four species (Group III) were frequent on living or senescent leaves only. Colonization of sterilized, freshly fallen leaves by phyllosphere fungi was investigated to test their ability to infect litter directly after litter fall. Frequencies of four species were lower on sterilized leaves than on unsterilized leaves, whereas frequencies of other species did not differ between sterilized and unsterilized leaves. Successional trends of endophytes and epiphytes were observed during decomposition from freshly fallen to decomposing leaves. The sum of frequencies of endophytes decreased temporarily on freshly fallen leaves and increased on decomposing leaves. The sum of frequencies of epiphytes decreased from freshly fallen to decomposing leaves.Key words: beech, decomposition, endophyte, epiphyte, Xylariaceae.