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Journal articles on the topic 'Leaf dissection'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Ke, Jinxiu, Duo Chen, and Yanping Guo. "Designing leaf marginal shapes: Regulatory mechanisms of leaf serration or dissection." Biodiversity Science 26, no. 9 (2018): 988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.2018127.

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2

Leng, Yujia, Guoyou Ye, and Dali Zeng. "Genetic Dissection of Leaf Senescence in Rice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 11, 2017): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122686.

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3

GUNAWARDENA, ARUNIKA H. L. A. N., and NANCY G. DENGLER. "Alternative modes of leaf dissection in monocotyledons." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 150, no. 1 (January 2006): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00487.x.

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4

Holtan, Hans E. E., and Sarah Hake. "Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Leaf Dissection in Tomato Using Lycopersicon pennellii Segmental Introgression Lines." Genetics 165, no. 3 (November 1, 2003): 1541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.3.1541.

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Abstract Leaves are one of the most conspicuous and important organs of all seed plants. A fundamental source of morphological diversity in leaves is the degree to which the leaf is dissected by lobes and leaflets. We used publicly available segmental introgression lines to describe the quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the difference in leaf dissection seen between two tomato species, Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennellii. We define eight morphological characteristics that comprise the mature tomato leaf and describe loci that affect each of these characters. We found 30 QTL that contribute one or more of these characters. Of these 30 QTL, 22 primarily affect leaf dissection and 8 primarily affect leaf size. On the basis of which characters are affected, four classes of loci emerge that affect leaf dissection. The majority of the QTL produce phenotypes intermediate to the two parent lines, while 5 QTL result in transgression with drastically increased dissection relative to both parent lines.
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5

Blein, Thomas, Véronique Pautot, and Patrick Laufs. "Combinations of Mutations Sufficient to Alter Arabidopsis Leaf Dissection." Plants 2, no. 2 (April 8, 2013): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants2020230.

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6

Wang, Xu-Mei, Xiao-Qi Hou, Yu-Qu Zhang, and Yan Li. "Morphological Variation in Leaf Dissection of Rheum palmatum Complex (Polygonaceae)." PLoS ONE 9, no. 10 (October 28, 2014): e110760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110760.

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7

Kellman, Kenneth. "A newly designed dissection needle for making transverse leaf sections." Evansia 22, no. 4 (2005): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.346619.

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8

Gurevitch, Jessica. "VARIATION IN LEAF DISSECTION AND LEAF ENERGY BUDGETS AMONG POPULATIONS OF ACHILLEA FROM AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT." American Journal of Botany 75, no. 9 (September 1988): 1298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb14190.x.

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9

Blein, Thomas, Amada Pulido, Aurélie Vialette-Guiraud, Krisztina Nikovics, Halima Morin, Angela Hay, Ida Elisabeth Johansen, Miltos Tsiantis, and Patrick Laufs. "A Conserved Molecular Framework for Compound Leaf Development." Science 322, no. 5909 (December 19, 2008): 1835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1166168.

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Diversity in leaf shape is produced by alterations of the margin: for example, deep dissection leads to leaflet formation and less-pronounced incision results in serrations or lobes. By combining gene silencing and mutant analyses in four distantly related eudicot species, we show that reducing the function of NAM/CUC boundary genes (NO APICAL MERISTEM and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON) leads to a suppression of all marginal outgrowths and to fewer and fused leaflets. We propose that NAM/CUC genes promote formation of a boundary domain that delimits leaflets. This domain has a dual role promoting leaflet separation locally and leaflet formation at distance. In this manner, boundaries of compound leaves resemble boundaries functioning during animal development.
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10

Descalsota-Empleo, Gwen Iris, Abd Aziz Shamsudin Noraziyah, Ian Paul Navea, Chongtae Chung, Maria Stefanie Dwiyanti, Reuben Jacob Dicen Labios, Asmuni Mohd Ikmal, et al. "Genetic Dissection of Grain Nutritional Traits and Leaf Blight Resistance in Rice." Genes 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10010030.

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Colored rice is rich in nutrition and also a good source of valuable genes/quantitative trait loci (QTL) for nutrition, grain quality, and pest and disease resistance traits for use in rice breeding. Genome-wide association analysis using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is useful in precisely detecting QTLs and genes. We carried out genome-wide association analysis in 152 colored rice accessions, using 22,112 SNPs to map QTLs for nutritional, agronomic, and bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistance traits. Wide variations and normal frequency distributions were observed for most of the traits except anthocyanin content and BLB resistance. The structural and principal component analysis revealed two subgroups. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed 74.3% of the marker pairs in complete LD, with an average LD distance of 1000 kb and, interestingly, 36% of the LD pairs were less than 5 Kb, indicating high recombination in the panel. In total, 57 QTLs were identified for ten traits at p < 0.0001, and the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) by these QTLs varied from 9% to 18%. Interestingly, 30 (53%) QTLs were co-located with known or functionally-related genes. Some of the important candidate genes for grain Zinc (Zn) and BLB resistance were OsHMA9, OsMAPK6, OsNRAMP7, OsMADS13, and OsZFP252, and Xa1, Xa3, xa5, xa13 and xa26, respectively. Red rice genotype, Sayllebon, which is high in both Zn and anthocyanin content, could be a valuable material for a breeding program for nutritious rice. Overall, the QTLs identified in our study can be used for QTL pyramiding as well as genomic selection. Some of the novel QTLs can be further validated by fine mapping and functional characterization. The results show that pigmented rice is a valuable resource for mineral elements and antioxidant compounds; it can also provide novel alleles for disease resistance as well as for yield component traits. Therefore, large opportunities exist to further explore and exploit more colored rice accessions for use in breeding.
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11

Cruz, Rafael, Jefferson Prado, and Gladys Flávia de Albuquerque Melo-de-Pinna. "Leaf development in some ferns with variable dissection patterns (Dryopteridaceae and Lomariopsidaceae)." Flora 270 (September 2020): 151658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151658.

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12

Liu, Xi, Linglong Liu, Yinhui Xiao, Shijia Liu, Yunlu Tian, Liangming Chen, Zhiquan Wang, Ling Jiang, Zhigang Zhao, and Jianmin Wan. "Genetic dissection of leaf-related traits using 156 chromosomal segment substitution lines." Journal of Plant Biology 58, no. 6 (November 29, 2015): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12374-015-0402-4.

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13

Niinemets, Ülo, and Mari Tobias. "Canopy leaf area index at its higher end: dissection of structural controls from leaf to canopy scales in bryophytes." New Phytologist 223, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15767.

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14

Mahatma, M. K., Lokesh Kumar Thawait, K. S. Jadon, P. P. Thirumalaisamy, S. K. Bishi, Khyati J. Rathod, Aman Verma, Narendra Kumar, and B. A. Golakiya. "Metabolic profiling for dissection of late leaf spot disease resistance mechanism in groundnut." Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 27, no. 5 (May 2021): 1027–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12298-021-00985-5.

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15

Dzievit, Matthew J., Xianran Li, and Jianming Yu. "Dissection of Leaf Angle Variation in Maize through Genetic Mapping and Meta‐Analysis." Plant Genome 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 180024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2018.05.0024.

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16

Busch, Bernhard L., Gregor Schmitz, Susanne Rossmann, Florence Piron, Jia Ding, Abdelhafid Bendahmane, and Klaus Theres. "Shoot Branching and Leaf Dissection in Tomato Are Regulated by Homologous Gene Modules." Plant Cell 23, no. 10 (October 2011): 3595–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.111.087981.

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17

Xiao, Dong, Huange Wang, Ram Kumar Basnet, Jianjun Zhao, Ke Lin, Xilin Hou, and Guusje Bonnema. "Genetic Dissection of Leaf Development in Brassica rapa Using a Genetical Genomics Approach." Plant Physiology 164, no. 3 (January 6, 2014): 1309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.227348.

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18

PIMENOV, MICHAEL G., and EUGENE V. KLJUYKOV. "Ferula divaricata (Umbelliferae), a new species from Central Anatolia, Turkey." Phytotaxa 99, no. 1 (May 9, 2013): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.99.1.2.

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A new species, Ferula divaricata from Central Anatolia, is described and illustrated. The new species is closely related to F. rigidula and F. parva but differs in characters of stem, nodes, leaf dissection and pubescence, sheath and terminal segment shape and size.
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19

Garg, Anil Kumar, and Seema Garg. "A learning module in hair restoration surgery: A simple and economic method to learn all steps of strip method of hair follicles harvesting and implantation." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 50, no. 03 (September 2017): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijps.ijps_60_17.

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ABSTRACTBackground: There is a global increase in demand for hair transplant as well as increasing demand for trained assistants and surgeons. It is a fact that permanent donor hair follicles are limited and any loss during learning is permanent and irreversible, so there is no place to learn and/or practice on a patient. Objective: To develop a learning module in hair restoration surgery to learn all steps of strip method of hair follicles harvesting and methods of implantation. Materials and Methods: In this learning module, the materials used are paper, pencil, plant leaf, foam and thread. The last step is on goat skin. Module has been divided into multiple steps. The first step is training of microsurgery position, the second step is training of movement at wrist using paper and pencil, the third step is strip harvesting and slivering on foam model, the fourth step is learning of follicle dissection on leaf model, the fifth step is thread follicle implantation on leaf bed. After practising on non-living model finally, all steps are practised on goatskin, starting from slivering, follicle dissection and implantation of goat follicles on leaf. Conclusion: This is very economical and user-friendly system to learn all steps of strip method of hair follicle harvesting and methods of implantation as well. The materials used are available around us and anyone can learn as well as train his or her technicians in very short time.
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20

Sobieszczuk-Nowicka, Ewa, Tomasz Wrzesiński, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Szymon Kubala, Renata Rucińska-Sobkowiak, Władysław Polcyn, Lucyna Misztal, and Autar K. Mattoo. "Physio-Genetic Dissection of Dark-Induced Leaf Senescence and Timing Its Reversal in Barley." Plant Physiology 178, no. 2 (August 20, 2018): 654–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.18.00516.

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21

Theodoris, G., N. Inada, and M. Freeling. "Conservation and molecular dissection of ROUGH SHEATH2 and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 function in leaf development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 11 (May 15, 2003): 6837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1132113100.

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22

Ku, Lixia, Jun Zhang, Jia Chen Zhang, Shulei Guo, Haiying Liu, Ruifang Zhao, Quxia Yan, and Yanhui Chen. "Genetic dissection of leaf area by jointing two F2 : 3populations in maize (Zea MaysL.)." Plant Breeding 131, no. 5 (June 26, 2012): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2012.01993.x.

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23

Münzbergová, Zuzana, and Jiří Skuhrovec. "Data on Herbivore Performance and Plant Herbivore Damage Identify the Same Plant Traits as the Key Drivers of Plant–Herbivore Interaction." Insects 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120865.

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Data on plant herbivore damage as well as on herbivore performance have been previously used to identify key plant traits driving plant–herbivore interactions. The extent to which the two approaches lead to similar conclusions remains to be explored. We determined the effect of a free-living leaf-chewing generalist caterpillar, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on leaf damage of 24 closely related plant species from the Carduoideae subfamily and the effect of these plant species on caterpillar growth. We used a wide range of physical defense leaf traits and leaf nutrient contents as the plant traits. Herbivore performance and leaf damage were affected by similar plant traits. Traits related to higher caterpillar mortality (higher leaf dissection, number, length and toughness of spines and lower trichome density) also led to higher leaf damage. This fits with the fact that each caterpillar was feeding on a single plant and, thus, had to consume more biomass of the less suitable plants to obtain the same amount of nutrients. The key plant traits driving plant–herbivore interactions identified based on data on herbivore performance largely corresponded to the traits identified as important based on data on leaf damage. This suggests that both types of data may be used to identify the key plant traits determining plant–herbivore interactions. It is, however, important to carefully distinguish whether the data on leaf damage were obtained in the field or in a controlled feeding experiment, as the patterns expected in the two environments may go in opposite directions.
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24

Andersson, Stefan. "Differences in the genetic basis of leaf dissection between two populations of Crepis tectorum (Asteraceae)." Heredity 75, no. 1 (July 1995): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1995.104.

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25

Mishra, Ajay Kumar, Tomáš Kocábek, Vishnu Sukumari Nath, Praveen Awasthi, Ankita Shrestha, Uday Kumar Killi, Jernej Jakse, Josef Patzak, Karel Krofta, and Jaroslav Matoušek. "Dissection of Dynamic Transcriptome Landscape of Leaf, Bract, and Lupulin Gland in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010233.

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The hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) produces several valuable secondary metabolites, such as prenylflavonoid, bitter acids, and essential oils. These compounds are biosynthesized in glandular trichomes (lupulin glands) endowed with pharmacological properties and widely implicated in the beer brewing industry. The present study is an attempt to generate exhaustive information of transcriptome dynamics and gene regulatory mechanisms involved in biosynthesis and regulation of these compounds, developmental changes including trichome development at three development stages, namely leaf, bract, and mature lupulin glands. Using high-throughput RNA-Seq technology, a total of 61.13, 50.01, and 20.18 Mb clean reads in the leaf, bract, and lupulin gland libraries, respectively, were obtained and assembled into 43,550 unigenes. The putative functions were assigned to 30,996 transcripts (71.17%) based on basic local alignment search tool similarity searches against public sequence databases, including GO, KEGG, NR, and COG families, which indicated that genes are principally involved in fundamental cellular and molecular functions, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The expression levels of all unigenes were analyzed in leaf, bract, and lupulin glands tissues of hop. The expression profile of transcript encoding enzymes of BCAA metabolism, MEP, and shikimate pathway was most up-regulated in lupulin glands compared with leaves and bracts. Similarly, the expression levels of the transcription factors and structural genes that directly encode enzymes involved in xanthohumol, bitter acids, and terpenoids biosynthesis pathway were found to be significantly enhanced in lupulin glands, suggesting that production of these metabolites increases after the leaf development. In addition, numerous genes involved in primary metabolism, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, generation of precursor metabolites/energy, protein modification, transporter activity, and cell wall component biogenesis were differentially regulated in three developmental stages, suggesting their involvement in the dynamics of the lupulin gland development. The identification of differentially regulated trichome-related genes provided a new foundation for molecular research on trichome development and differentiation in hop. In conclusion, the reported results provide directions for future functional genomics studies for genetic engineering or molecular breeding for augmentation of secondary metabolite content in hop.
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26

Monson, Sarah, Mary Jo Tufte, and Jay Lance Forshee. "Tips to Minimize the Likelihood of Fainting in a Cadaveric Dissection Lab." American Biology Teacher 82, no. 6 (August 1, 2020): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2020.82.6.421.

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Many biology courses include a dissection lab. Whether students are dissecting a frog or a cadaver, it is important for them to be comfortable with their surroundings and the dissections. However, many students are uneasy around dissections, which could lead to several issues within a lab. To combat this, we feel it is important that faculty are aware of the various ways of preparing themselves and students to prevent fainting and other dangerous issues in lab. How one prepares for lab can have a huge impact on the students' lab experience. This article presents 10 tips and tricks we have employed to aid students in having a positive cadaver dissection experience, including informing students of the dissection and what will be covered in lab, requiring proper attire, recommending that students eat before lab to prevent nausea, and several other ideas.
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27

Gurevitch, J. "Sources of variation in leaf shape among two populations of Achillea lanulosa." Genetics 130, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/130.2.385.

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Abstract Achillea lanulosa has complex, highly dissected leaves that vary in shape and size along an altitudinal gradient. Plants from a high and an intermediate altitude population were clonally replicated and grown in a controlled environment at warm and cool conditions under bright light. There were genetic differences among populations and among individuals within populations in leaf size and shape. Heritabilities for leaf size and shape characters were moderate. Leaves of the lower altitude population were larger and differed from the higher altitude plants in both coarse and fine shape. Plastic response to temperature of the growth environment paralleled the genetic differentiation between low and high altitude populations. There was no apparent trade-off between genetic control over morphology and the capacity for directional plastic response to the environment. Differences in leaf dissection and size at contrasting altitudes in this species are the result of both genetic divergence among populations and of acclimative responses to local environments.
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28

Vasco, Alejandra, and Barbara A. Ambrose. "Simple and Divided Leaves in Ferns: Exploring the Genetic Basis for Leaf Morphology Differences in the Genus Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 5180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155180.

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Despite the implications leaves have for life, their origin and development remain debated. Analyses across ferns and seed plants are fundamental to address the conservation or independent origins of megaphyllous leaf developmental mechanisms. Class I KNOX expression studies have been used to understand leaf development and, in ferns, have only been conducted in species with divided leaves. We performed expression analyses of the Class I KNOX and Histone H4 genes throughout the development of leaf primordia in two simple-leaved and one divided-leaved fern taxa. We found Class I KNOX are expressed (1) throughout young and early developing leaves of simple and divided-leaved ferns, (2) later into leaf development of divided-leaved species compared to simple-leaved species, and (3) at the leaf primordium apex and margins. H4 expression is similar in young leaf primordia of simple and divided leaves. Persistent Class I KNOX expression at the margins of divided leaf primordia compared with simple leaf primordia indicates that temporal and spatial patterns of Class I KNOX expression correlate with different fern leaf morphologies. However, our results also indicate that Class I KNOX expression alone is not sufficient to promote divided leaf development in ferns. Class I KNOX patterns of expression in fern leaves support the conservation of an independently recruited developmental mechanism for leaf dissection in megaphylls, the shoot-like nature of fern leaves compared with seed plant leaves, and the critical role marginal meristems play in fern leaf development.
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29

Wu, Wenbiao, and Yanling Sun. "Dietary safety evaluation of water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 10 (December 10, 2010): 1514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110392085.

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It has been shown that water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) is nutritionally and economically available for applications in food and feed, such as biscuits or seasonings industries, but, its dietary safety has never been studied. The dietary safety of WHLPC was therefore evaluated by analyzing the contents of total alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and heavy metals, followed by laboratory animal feeding test. The total alkaloid and phenolic contents of WHLPC were 18.7 mg/kg and 5.2 mg/kg, respectively. WHLPC contained non-detectable Cd, 0.04 mg/kg Cr, 0.001 mg/kg Pb, 0.002 mg/kg Pt, 0.001 mg/kg Pd, 0.003 mg/kg Sn, 0.002 mg/kg Hg, 0.01 mg/kg Ba, 0.001 mg/kg Ag, 0.006 mg/kg Sd, and 0.03 mg/kg Al. The LD50 of WHLPC in mice was more than 20.5 g/kg body weight (bw). After feeding mice for 7, 30, 60 or 90 days, either on diet containing WHLPC or a control diet of equivalent protein content, there were no significant differences in absolute body weight or weight gain of WHLPC-treated mice. The results of haematological analysis, histopathological evaluation, general dissection, and investigations of internal organs did not show any adverse effects from diet containing WHLPC. It was concluded that WHLPC is not acutely toxic and does not show sub-chronic in mice.
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30

Wang, Hailong, Erik T. Nilsen, and Moneesh Upmanyu. "Mechanical basis for thermonastic movements of cold-hardy Rhododendron leaves." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 164 (March 2020): 20190751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0751.

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The profusion of rhododendrons in cold climates is as remarkable as the beauty of their blooms. The cold-hardiness of some of the montane species is in part due to reversible leaf movements triggered under frigid conditions wherein the leaves droop at the leaf stalks (petioles) and their margins roll up around the midrib. We probe the mechanics of these movements using leaf dissection studies that reveal that the through-thickness differential expansion necessary for leaf rolling is anisotropically distributed transverse to and along the midrib. Numerical simulations and theoretical analyses of bilayer laminae show that the longitudinal expansion amplifies the transverse rolling extent. The curvature diversion scales with the in-plane Poisson’s ratio, suitably aided by the stiff midrib that serves as a symmetry breaking constraint that controls the competition between the longitudinal and transverse rolling. Comparison of leaf rolling with and without the petiole indicates that the petiole flexibility and leaf rolling are in part mechanically coupled responses, implicating the hydraulic pathways that maintain the critical level of midrib stiffness necessary to support the longitudinal expansion. The study highlights the importance of curvature diversion for efficient nastic and tropic leaf movements that enhance cold-hardiness and drought resistance, and for morphing more general hinged laminae.
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31

Dechkrong, Punyavee, Takanori Yoshikawa, and Jun-Ichi Itoh. "Morphological and Molecular Dissection of Leaf Development in Wild-Type and Various Morphogenetic Mutants in Rice." American Journal of Plant Sciences 06, no. 08 (2015): 1215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.68125.

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32

Yin, Changbin, Huihui Li, Zhigang Zhao, Zhiquan Wang, Shijia Liu, Liangming Chen, Xi Liu, et al. "Genetic dissection of top three leaf traits in rice using progenies from a japonica × indica cross." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 59, no. 12 (November 7, 2017): 866–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12597.

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33

Tang, Xinxin, Rong Gong, Wenqiang Sun, Chaopu Zhang, and Sibin Yu. "Genetic dissection and validation of candidate genes for flag leaf size in rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 131, no. 4 (December 7, 2017): 801–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-3036-8.

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34

Anbinder, Ilana, Moshe Reuveni, Raviv Azari, Ilan Paran, Sahadia Nahon, Haviva Shlomo, Lea Chen, Moshe Lapidot, and Ilan Levin. "Molecular dissection of Tomato leaf curl virus resistance in tomato line TY172 derived from Solanum peruvianum." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 119, no. 3 (May 20, 2009): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1060-z.

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35

Rupp, Ariana I. K. S., and Petra Gruber. "Biomimetic Groundwork for Thermal Exchange Structures Inspired by Plant Leaf Design." Biomimetics 4, no. 4 (November 27, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4040075.

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Geometry is a determining factor for thermal performance in both biological and technical systems. While biology has inspired thermal design before, biomimetic translation of leaf morphology into structural aspects of heat exchangers remains largely unaddressed. One determinant of plant thermal endurance against environmental exposure is leaf shape, which modulates the leaf boundary layer, transpiration, evaporative cooling, and convective exchange. Here, we lay the research groundwork for the extraction of design principles from leaf shape relations to heat and mass transfer. Leaf role models were identified from an extensive literature review on environmentally sensitive morphology patterns and shape-dependent exchange. Addressing canopy sun–shade dimorphism, sun leaves collected from multiple oak species exceeded significantly in margin extension and shape dissection. Abstracted geometries (i.e., elongated; with finely toothed edges; with few large-scale teeth) were explored with paper models of the same surface area in a controlled environment of minimal airflow, which is more likely to induce leaf thermal stress. For two model characteristic dimensions, evaporation rates were significantly faster for the dissected geometries. Shape-driven transfer enhancements were higher for the smaller models, and finely toothed edges reached local cooling up to 10 °C below air temperature. This investigation breaks new ground for solution-based biomimetics to inform the design of evaporation-assisted and passively enhanced thermal systems.
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36

Shafiullah, M. D., and Christian R. Lacroix. "Extended expression of MaKN1 contributes to the leaf morphology in aquatic forms of Myriophyllum aquaticum." Botany 93, no. 9 (September 2015): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0077.

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Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. is heterophyllous in nature with highly dissected simple leaves consisting of several lobes. KNOX (KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX) genes are believed to have played an important role in the evolution of leaf diversity. Up-regulation of KNOX during leaf primordium initiation can lead to leaf dissection in plants with simple leaves and, if overexpressed, can produce ectopic meristems on leaves. A previous study on KNOX gene expression in the aerial form of this species showed that this gene is expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), as well as in leaf primordia P0 to P8. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that the prolonged expression of the MaKN1 (Myriophyllum aquaticum Knotted1-like homeobox) gene beyond P8, might play an important role in the generation of more lobes, longer lobes, and hydathode formation in the aquatic leaves of M. aquaticum. The technique of in situ hybridization was carried out using a previously sequenced 300 bp fragment of MaKN1 to determine the expression patterns of this gene in the shoot of aquatic forms of the plant. Expression patterns of MaKN1 revealed that the SAM and leaf primordia of aquatic forms of M. aquaticum at levels P0 (youngest) to P4 were distributed throughout these structures. The level of expression of this MaKN1 gene progressively became more localized to lobes in older leaf primordia (levels P5 to P12). Previous studies of aerial forms of this plant showed MaKN1 expression until P8. Our results with aquatic forms show that the highly dissected leaf morphology in aquatic forms was the result of the prolonged expression of MaKN1 beyond P8. This resulted in the formation of elongated and slightly more numerous lobes, and hydathodes in aquatic forms. These findings support the view that KNOX genes are important developmental regulators of leaf morphogenesis and have played an important role in the evolution of leaf forms in the plant kingdom.
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37

Melandri, Giovanni, Ankush Prashar, Susan R. McCouch, Gerard van der Linden, Hamlyn G. Jones, Niteen Kadam, Krishna Jagadish, Harro Bouwmeester, and Carolien Ruyter-Spira. "Association mapping and genetic dissection of drought-induced canopy temperature differences in rice." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 4 (December 17, 2019): 1614–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz527.

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Abstract Drought-stressed plants display reduced stomatal conductance, which results in increased leaf temperature by limiting transpiration. In this study, thermal imaging was used to quantify the differences in canopy temperature under drought in a rice diversity panel consisting of 293 indica accessions. The population was grown under paddy field conditions and drought stress was imposed for 2 weeks at flowering. The canopy temperature of the accessions during stress negatively correlated with grain yield (r= –0.48) and positively with plant height (r=0.56). Temperature values were used to perform a genome-wide association (GWA) analysis using a 45K single nucleotide polynmorphism (SNP) map. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for canopy temperature under drought was detected on chromosome 3 and fine-mapped using a high-density imputed SNP map. The candidate genes underlying the QTL point towards differences in the regulation of guard cell solute intake for stomatal opening as the possible source of temperature variation. Genetic variation for the significant markers of the QTL was present only within the tall, low-yielding landraces adapted to drought-prone environments. The absence of variation in the shorter genotypes, which showed lower leaf temperature and higher grain yield, suggests that breeding for high grain yield in rice under paddy conditions has reduced genetic variation for stomatal response under drought.
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38

Shi, Peijian, Ülo Niinemets, Cang Hui, Karl J. Niklas, Xiaojing Yu, and Dirk Hölscher. "Leaf Bilateral Symmetry and the Scaling of the Perimeter vs. the Surface Area in 15 Vine Species." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2020): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020246.

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The leaves of vines exhibit a high degree of variability in shape, from simple oval to highly dissected palmatifid leaves. However, little is known about the extent of leaf bilateral symmetry in vines, how leaf perimeter scales with leaf surface area, and how this relationship depends on leaf shape. We studied 15 species of vines and calculated (i) the areal ratio (AR) of both sides of the lamina per leaf, (ii) the standardized symmetry index (SI) to estimate the deviation from leaf bilateral symmetry, and (iii) the dissection index (DI) to measure leaf-shape complexity. In addition, we examined whether there is a scaling relationship between leaf perimeter and area for each species. A total of 14 out of 15 species had no significant differences in average ln(AR), and mean ln(AR) approximated zero, indicating that the areas of the two lamina sides tended to be equal. Nevertheless, SI values among the 15 species had significant differences. A statistically strong scaling relationship between leaf perimeter and area was observed for each species, and the scaling exponents of 12 out of 15 species fell in the range of 0.49−0.55. These data show that vines tend to generate a similar number of left- and right-skewed leaves, which might contribute to optimizing light interception. Weaker scaling relationships between leaf perimeter and area were associated with a greater DI and a greater variation in DI. Thus, DI provides a useful measure of the degree of the complexity of leaf outline.
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39

Andres, Ryan J., Daryl T. Bowman, Don C. Jones, and Vasu Kuraparthy. "Major Leaf Shapes of Cotton: Genetics and Agronomic Effects in Crop Production." Journal of Cotton Science 20, no. 4 (2016): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/mnrs4737.

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There exist four major leaf shape alleles in tetraploid cotton: normal, sub-okra/Sea-Island, okra, and super-okra. This allelic series has long served as a model genetic locus both in cotton and the broader leaf development research community. Over the years, numerous studies have attributed various production advantages to specific leaf shapes. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of this literature in order to provide a definitive report on the true benefits of these leaf shapes. In addition, a history of the genetic dissection of the major leaf shape locus was compiled. Leaf shape was found to have consistent effects on boll rot resistance, earliness, flowering rate, chemical spray penetration, lint trash, and yield. Reported effects on various insect resistances, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and fiber quality were not consistent across studies. An ideal cotton cultivar would produce normal leaves up until the point canopy closure is obtained and then it would switch over to an open canopy of okra or super okra. Major leaf shapes of Upland cotton are a multiple allelic series of a single incompletely dominant genetic locus L-D1 on chromosome 15-D1 (Chr15). Genetic analysis studies have precisely mapped the major effect leaf shape genes in cotton and deciphered the causal nucleotide and gene expression changes leading to leaf shape phenotypic diversity in cotton. Recent advances in understanding the molecular processes underlying leaf shape phenotypic changes could help open new avenues for developing cotton cultivars with ideal leaf shape and could enhance sustainable and profitable cotton production.
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40

Sjokvist, Elisabet, Rene Lemcke, Manoj Kamble, Frances Turner, Mark Blaxter, Neil H. D. Havis, Michael F. Lyngkjær, and Simona Radutoiu. "Dissection of Ramularia Leaf Spot Disease by Integrated Analysis of Barley and Ramularia collo-cygni Transcriptome Responses." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 2 (February 2019): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0113-r.

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Ramularia leaf spot disease (RLS), caused by the ascomycete fungus Ramularia collo-cygni, has emerged as a major economic disease of barley. No substantial resistance has been identified, so far, among barley genotypes and, based on the epidemiology of the disease, a quantitative genetic determinacy of RLS has been suggested. The relative contributions of barley and R. collo-cygni genetics to disease infection and epidemiology are practically unknown. Here, we present an integrated genome-wide analysis of host and pathogen transcriptome landscapes identified in a sensitive barley cultivar following infection by an aggressive R. collo-cygni isolate. We compared transcriptional responses in the infected and noninfected leaf samples in order to identify which molecular events are associated with RLS symptom development. We found a large proportion of R. collo-cygni genes to be expressed in planta and that many were also closely associated with the infection stage. The transition from surface to apoplastic colonization was associated with downregulation of cell wall–degrading genes and upregulation of nutrient uptake and resistance to oxidative stresses. Interestingly, the production of secondary metabolites was dynamically regulated within the fungus, indicating that R. collo-cygni produces a diverse panel of toxic compounds according to the infection stage. A defense response against R. collo-cygni was identified in barley at the early, asymptomatic infection and colonization stages. We found activation of ethylene signaling, jasmonic acid signaling, and phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways to be highly induced, indicative of a classical response to necrotrophic pathogens. Disease development was found to be associated with gene expression patterns similar to those found at the onset of leaf senescence, when nutrients, possibly, are used by the infecting fungus. These analyses, combining both barley and R. collo-cygni transcript profiles, demonstrate the activation of complex transcriptional programs in both organisms.
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41

Reddy, Venkata Ravi Prakash, Shouvik Das, Harsh Kumar Dikshit, Gyan Prakash Mishra, Muraleedhar S. Aski, Akanksha Singh, Kuldeep Tripathi, et al. "Genetic Dissection of Phosphorous Uptake and Utilization Efficiency Traits Using GWAS in Mungbean." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071401.

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Mungbean (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek) is an early maturing legume grown predominantly in Asia for its protein-rich seeds. P deficiency can lead to several physiological disorders which ultimately result in a low grain yield in mungbean. The genetic dissection of PUpE (Puptake efficiency) and PUtE (P utilization efficiency) traits are essential for breeding mungbean varieties with a high P uptake and utilization efficiency. The study involves an association mapping panel consisting of 120 mungbean genotypes which were phenotyped for total dry weight, P concentration, total P uptake, and P utilization efficiency under low P (LP) and normal P (NP) conditions in a hydroponic system. A genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) based genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach was employed to dissect the complexity of PUpE and PUtE traits at the genetic level in mungbean. This has identified 116 SNPs in 61 protein-coding genes and of these, 16 have been found to enhance phosphorous uptake and utilization efficiency in mungbeans. We identified six genes with a high expression (VRADI01G04370, VRADI05G20860, VRADI06G12490, VRADI08G20910, VRADI08G00070 and VRADI09G09030) in root, shoot apical meristem and leaf, indicating their role in the regulation of P uptake and utilization efficiency in mungbean. The SNPs present in three genes have also been validated using a Sanger sequencing approach.
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42

Shi, Peijian, Kexin Yu, Ülo Niinemets, and Johan Gielis. "Can Leaf Shape be Represented by the Ratio of Leaf Width to Length? Evidence from Nine Species of Magnolia and Michelia (Magnoliaceae)." Forests 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010041.

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Leaf shape is closely related to economics of leaf support and leaf functions, including light interception, water use, and CO2 uptake, so correct quantification of leaf shape is helpful for studies of leaf structure/function relationships. There are some extant indices for quantifying leaf shape, including the leaf width/length ratio (W/L), leaf shape fractal dimension (FD), leaf dissection index, leaf roundness index, standardized bilateral symmetrical index, etc. W/L ratio is the simplest to calculate, and recent studies have shown the importance of the W/L ratio in explaining the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. leaf surface area and that of leaf surface area vs. leaf length. Nevertheless, whether the W/L ratio could reflect sufficient geometrical information of leaf shape has been not tested. The FD might be the most accurate measure for the complexity of leaf shape because it can characterize the extent of the self-similarity and other planar geometrical features of leaf shape. However, it is unknown how strongly different indices of leaf shape complexity correlate with each other, especially whether W/L ratio and FD are highly correlated. In this study, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae species (>140 leaves for each species) were chosen for the study. We calculated the FD value for each leaf using the box-counting approach, and measured leaf fresh mass, surface area, perimeter, length, and width. We found that FD is significantly correlated to the W/L ratio and leaf length. However, the correlation between FD and the W/L ratio was far stronger than that between FD and leaf length for each of the nine species. There were no strong correlations between FD and other leaf characteristics, including leaf area, ratio of leaf perimeter to area, fresh mass, ratio of leaf fresh mass to area, and leaf roundness index. Given the strong correlation between FD and W/L, we suggest that the simpler index, W/L ratio, can provide sufficient information of leaf shape for similarly-shaped leaves. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationships among FD and W/L in leaves with strongly varying shape, e.g., in highly dissected leaves.
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43

Ramirez, Julio, Nathalie Bolduc, Damon Lisch, and Sarah Hake. "Distal Expression of knotted1 in Maize Leaves Leads to Reestablishment of Proximal/Distal Patterning and Leaf Dissection." Plant Physiology 151, no. 4 (October 23, 2009): 1878–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.145920.

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44

Ding, Junqiang, Luyan Zhang, Jiafa Chen, Xiantang Li, Yongming Li, Hongliang Cheng, Rongrong Huang, et al. "Genomic Dissection of Leaf Angle in Maize (Zea mays L.) Using a Four-Way Cross Mapping Population." PLOS ONE 10, no. 10 (October 28, 2015): e0141619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141619.

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45

Kołodziejek, Jeremi, Sława Glińska, and Sylwia Michlewska. "Seasonal leaf dimorphism in Potentilla argentea L. var. tenuiloba (Jord.) Sw. (Rosaceae)." Acta Botanica Croatica 74, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0012.

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AbstractA pattern of seasonal changes in the morphological and anatomical leaf traits is reported for Potentilla argentea L. var. tenuiloba (Jord.) Sw. of temperate-climate areas in central Poland. Leaf area, perimeter, dry mass and lamina thickness were measured in summer and autumn leaves of the same individuals. Dissection index, density and specific leaf area were calculated. Significant differences were obtained between summer and autumn leaves obtained from the same individuals. The shapes of leaves of the P. argentea plants varied in the extent of incisions between teeth and the number of teeth on the margins. Fully expanded autumn leaves were larger in weight and area than summer leaves. The autumn leaves had lower leaf mass area and density than the summer leaves. Leaves were covered by considerably more trichomes in summer than in autumn. Anatomical leaf structure also changed with the season. The summer leaves were thick, with a lower number of chloroplasts in the cells of the compact mesophyll. Autumn leaves are thinner, with loose mesophyll. Chloroplasts from the two seasonal types of leaves differ on account of starch grain and plastoglobule content. The large variations in leaf density and thickness recorded here confirm great differences in cell size and amounts of structural tissue within species. Seasonal dimorphism of leaves may result from seasonal drought or from seasonality in leaf production, leaf fall or incoming solar radiation. Within this new context of seasonal leaf dimorphism, P. argentea can still be distinguished by the absence of deeply divided leaflets on late-formed leaves. The results confirmed the presence of several morpho- anatomical leaf traits of P. argentea that allow the species to adapt to environmental seasonal conditions.
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46

Pautot, Véronique, Ana Berbel, Thibaud Cayla, Alexis Eschstruth, Bernard Adroher, Pascal Ratet, Francisco Madueño, and Patrick Laufs. "Arabidopsis thaliana SHOOT MERISTEMLESS Substitutes for Medicago truncatula SINGLE LEAFLET1 to Form Complex Leaves and Petals." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 14114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214114.

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LEAFY plant-specific transcription factors, which are key regulators of flower meristem identity and floral patterning, also contribute to meristem activity. Notably, in some legumes, LFY orthologs such as Medicago truncatula SINGLE LEAFLET (SGL1) are essential in maintaining an undifferentiated and proliferating fate required for leaflet formation. This function contrasts with most other species, in which leaf dissection depends on the reactivation of KNOTTED-like class I homeobox genes (KNOXI). KNOXI and SGL1 genes appear to induce leaf complexity through conserved downstream genes such as the meristematic and boundary CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON genes. Here, we compare in M. truncatula the function of SGL1 with that of the Arabidopsis thaliana KNOXI gene, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (AtSTM). Our data show that AtSTM can substitute for SGL1 to form complex leaves when ectopically expressed in M. truncatula. The shared function between AtSTM and SGL1 extended to the major contribution of SGL1 during floral development as ectopic AtSTM expression could promote floral organ identity gene expression in sgl1 flowers and restore sepal shape and petal formation. Together, our work reveals a function for AtSTM in floral organ identity and a higher level of interchangeability between meristematic and floral identity functions for the AtSTM and SGL1 transcription factors than previously thought.
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47

Gil Azinheira, Helena, Maria do Céu Silva, Pedro Talhinhas, Clara Medeira, Isabel Maia, Anne-Sophie Petitot, and Diana Fernandez. "Non-host resistance responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to the coffee leaf rust fungus (Hemileia vastatrix)." Botany 88, no. 7 (July 2010): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b10-039.

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Leaf rust, caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Broome, is the most destructive fungal disease of coffee. In the absence of a suitable gene validation system in coffee, the objective of this study was to investigate whether the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. may be used as a heterologous system for the molecular dissection of coffee responses to leaf rust. Histological examination of A. thaliana (Col-0) leaves inoculated with H. vastatrix (race II) showed that by 24 h after inoculation (hai), H. vastatrix uredospores differentiated appressoria and penetrated the stomata, but failed to form haustoria. Arabidopsis thaliana cellular resistance responses included hypersensitive-like response (HR) of stomata guard cells together with accumulation of phenolic compounds and callose deposition in walls of epidermal and mesophyll cells. Results indicate that H. vastatrix infection triggered the induction of a set of defence-related genes peaking at 18 and 42 hai. The non-host HR triggered by H. vastatrix in the model plant A. thaliana makes it usable to infer the function of coffee genes involved in pre-haustorial rust resistance.
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48

Bogs, Jochen, Iris Bruchmüller, Claudia Erbar, and Klaus Geider. "Colonization of Host Plants by the Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora Marked with Genes for Bioluminescence and Fluorescence." Phytopathology® 88, no. 5 (May 1998): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.5.416.

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To follow the movement of Erwinia amylovora in plant tissue without dissection, this bacterium was marked with either the lux operon from Vibrio fischeri or the gfp gene from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, both carried on multicopy plasmids and expressed under the control of the lac promoter from Escherichia coli. Movement of the pathogen was visualized in leaves, stems, and roots of apple seedlings, and migration of E. amylovora was traced from inoculation sites in the stem to as far as the roots. Green fluorescent E. amylovora cells were observed in the xylem and later appeared to break out of the vessels into the intercellular spaces of the adjacent parenchyma. Inoculation in the intercostal region of leaves caused a zone of slow necrosis that finally resulted in bacterial invasion of the xylem vessels. Labeled bacteria could also be seen in association with the anchor sites of leaf hairs. Distortion of the epidermis adjacent to leaf hairs created openings that were observed by scanning electron microscopy. As the intercostal region, the bases of leaf hairs provided E. amylovora access to intact xylem vessels, which allowed further distribution of the pathogen in the host plant.
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49

Dufresne, Marie, and Anne E. Osbourn. "Definition of Tissue-Specific and General Requirements for Plant Infection in a Phytopathogenic Fungus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 3 (March 2001): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.3.300.

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Although plant diseases are usually characterized by the part of the plant that is affected (e.g., leaf spots, root rots, wilts), surprisingly little is known about the factors that condition the ability of pathogens to colonize different plant tissues. Here we demonstrate that the leaf blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea also can infect plant roots, and we exploit this finding to distinguish tissue-specific and general requirements for plant infection. Tests of a M. grisea mutant collection identified some mutants that were defective specifically in infection of either leaves or roots, and others such as the map kinase mutant pmk1 that were generally defective in pathogenicity. Conservation of a functional PMK1-related MAP kinase in the root pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis was also demonstrated. Exploitation of the ability of M. grisea to infect distinct plant tissues thus represents a powerful tool for the comprehensive dissection of genetic determinants of tissue specificity and global requirements for plant infection.
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50

Wang, Guiping, Guanghui Yu, Yongchao Hao, Xinxin Cheng, Jinxiao Zhao, Silong Sun, and Hongwei Wang. "Molecular Dissection of TaLTP1 Promoter Reveals Functional Cis-Elements Regulating Epidermis-Specific Expression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072261.

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Plant epidermis serves important functions in shoot growth, plant defense and lipid metabolism, though mechanisms of related transcriptional regulation are largely unknown. Here, we identified cis-elements specific to shoot epidermis expression by dissecting the promoter of Triticum aestivum lipid transfer protein 1 (TaLTP1). A preliminary promoter deletion analysis revealed that a truncated fragment within 400 bp upstream from the translation start site was sufficient to confer conserved epidermis-specific expression in transgenic Brachypodium distachyon and Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, deletion or mutation of a GC(N4)GGCC motif at position −380 bp caused a loss of expression in pavement cells. With an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and transgenic reporter assay, we found that a light-responsive CcATC motif at position −268 bp was also involved in regulating pavement cell-specific expression that is evolutionary conserved. Moreover, expression specific to leaf trichome cells was found to be independently regulated by a CCaacAt motif at position −303 bp.
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