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Journal articles on the topic 'Leaded Glass'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Abdel-Razek, Yassin A. "Shielding parameters of leaded cement mortar." Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications 7, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v7i2.78375.

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<p>The Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) represent more than 70% of global e-waste sets. The glass of the CRT is doped with lead to prevent emission of radiations especially electrons. The glass at the panel and neck of the CRT along with the cement mortar, a mixture of 70% neck glass and 30% cement (mix70), are investigated mathematically as shielding materials from photons having energies in the range 0.06-3 (MeV). Experimentally the material mix70 is tested at energies 0.238 and 0.583 (MeV). Good agreement was recognized between the calculated shielding parameters and that obtained experimentally while complete equality between the calculated parameters carried out using the online XCom software or Phy-X software except at low energies for concrete material. Glass from panel, neck and mix70 have acceptable shielding characteristics at and below the energy 0.238 (MeV) or generally at the X-ray region. Neck glass has good shielding parameters at the chosen energy region and it is nominated as a shielding material for many nuclear applications. To enhance the shielding characteristics of the material mix70 it should be compacted during preparation to get higher density. The present work tested the shielding properties of leaded glass composites to find out its integrity for practical shielding applications and radiological safety.</p>
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2

Xie, Fangfang, Lili Liu, and Jinhui Li. "Recycling of Leaded Glass: Scrap Cathode Ray Glass and Fluorescent Lamp Glass." Procedia Environmental Sciences 16 (2012): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.080.

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3

Zhang, Cheng Long, Li Li Zhuang, Ying Shun Li, Wen Yi Yuan, Jing Wei Wang, and Jian Feng Bai. "Extraction of Lead from Spent Leaded Glass in Alkaline Solution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.441.

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This study evaluates the efficiency of lead (Pb) extraction from spent leaded glass in strongly alkaline solution after mechanical activation in a planetary ball mill as the chemical breakage and defects formed in the inner structures will contribute to the easy dissolution of the activated leaded glass. The influence of rotate speed and time of mechanical activation, NaOH concentrations, leaching temperature, phase ratios (v/w) had been studied. More than 78% of Pb extraction can be achieved after mechanical activation, compared with 3.5% Pb extraction for chemical leaching of non-activated samples. High purity lead powder can be obtained by electrowinning from the leaching solution. The Pb-depleted solution can be recycled into the leaching step. Thus, a novel hydrometallurgical process for recovering Pb from spent leaded glass in alkaline solution is proposed.
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4

Hillen, Michaël, Stijn Legrand, Yarince Dirkx, Koen Janssens, Geert Van der Snickt, Joost Caen, and Gunther Steenackers. "Cluster Analysis of IR Thermography Data for Differentiating Glass Types in Historical Leaded-Glass Windows." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 21, 2020): 4255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124255.

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Infrared thermography is a fast, non-destructive and contactless testing technique which is increasingly used in heritage science. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of infrared thermography, in combination with a data clustering approach, to differentiate between the different types of historical glass that were included in a colorless leaded-glass windows during previous restoration interventions. Inspection of the thermograms and the application of two data mining techniques on the thermal data, i.e., k-means clustering and hierarchical clustering, allowed identifying different groups of window panes that show a different thermal behavior. Both clustering approaches arrive at similar groupings of the glass with a clear separation of three types. However, the lead cames that hold the glass panes appear to have a substantial impact on the thermal behavior of the surrounding glass, thus preventing classification of the smallest glass panes. For the larger panes, this was not a critical issue as the center of the glass remained unaffected. Subtle visual color differences between panes, implying a variation in coloring metal ions, was not always distinguished by IRT. Nevertheless, data clustering assisted infrared thermography shows potential as an efficient and swift method for documenting the material intervention history of leaded-glass windows during or in preparation of conservation treatments.
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5

Meng, Wen, Xiaoyan Wang, Wenyi Yuan, Jingwei Wang, and Guanghan Song. "The Recycling of Leaded Glass in Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)." Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 (2016): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.120.

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6

Alofsin, Anthony. "Light Screens: The Leaded Glass of Frank Lloyd Wright. Julie L. SloanLight Screens: The Complete Leaded-Glass Windows of Frank Lloyd Wright. Julie L. Sloan." Studies in the Decorative Arts 10, no. 1 (October 2002): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/studdecoarts.10.1.40662995.

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7

Zakiev, I. N. "To the clinic of gasoline pneumonia." Kazan medical journal 43, no. 3 (October 29, 2021): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj83902.

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Chauffeur N. 42 years old, previously not ill, complained of pulmonary hemorrhage (up to a glass), which appeared 3 hours after the ingestion of leaded gasoline into the respiratory tract through the mouth. The bleeding was repeated several times in small portions. Cough, no shortness of breath, notes chest pain.
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8

Fan, G. Y., Bruce Mrosko, and Mark H. Ellisman. "Single-electron sensitivity with a lens-coupled CCD camera." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 642–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100149040.

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A lens coupled CCD camera showing single electron sensitivity has been built for TEM applications. The design is illustrated in Fig. 1. The bottom flange of a JEM-4000EX microscope is replaced by a special flange which carries a large rectangular leaded glass window, 22 mm thick. A 20 μm thick layer of red phosphor is coated on the window, and the entire window is sputter-coated with a thin layer of Au/Pt. A two-lens relay system is used to provide efficient coupling between the image on the phosphor scintillator and the CCD imager. An f1.0 lens (Goerz optical) with front focal length 71.6 mm is used as the collector. A mirror prism, of the Amici type, is used to "bend" the optical path by 90° to prevent X-rays which may penetrate the leaded glass from hitting the CCD detector. Images may be relayed directly to the camera (1:1) or demagnified by a factor of up to 3:1 by moving the lens assembly.
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9

Barbos, Sergiu, Andrei Novac, Roxana Sprincenatu, Madalin Condel, Ion Mitelea, and Corneliu Craciunescu. "A Study of Ti-Ta Library and Microstructure Manufactured by Magnetron Sputtering." Solid State Phenomena 254 (August 2016): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.254.97.

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Ti-Ta films were deposited out of Ti and Ta targets on glass and kapton substrates. The co-deposition leaded to the formation of a compositional spread in the Ti-Ta system, a continuous variation of the Ta/Ti ratio along the full range of the film. The typical microstructure observed for the films deposited at RT consisted of columnar grains with dotted Ta-rich particles, reflecting a relatively nonhomogenous structure. Annealing at 400 °C leaded to the individualization of grain boundaries and to a coalescence of the Ta-rich particles. Annealing at 500 °C further reduced the amount of particles, but also appeared to be associated with the cracking in the stressed area of the film/kapton structure.
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10

Adie, Gilbert U., Abdulazeez M. Hammed, and Nene O. Adim. "IMMOBILIZATION OF HIGH-LEADED CATHODE RAY TUBE GLASS IN FIRED CLAY BRICKS BY RECYCLING." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 6, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v6.i1.2022.221.

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End-of-life cathode ray tubes (CRTs) have become global problem in the pool of waste electrical and electronics owing to higher concentration of lead (Pb) and this needs urgent management in an ecofriendly manner. In this study, spent CRT glass was incorporated in clay to make burnt bricks for construction. Samples of CRT glass were collected from technicians’ workshops, manually dismantled, pulverized, milled and sieved into three particles sizes (PS), namely; 0.6mm ≤1.0mm, ≤2.0mm. The metallic composition was determined with Inductive Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometric technique (ICP-OES). Each PS was mixed with clay at percentages ranging from 0% as control to 15% CRT and moulded using dry compression technique, dried and fired in furnace at 800 0C. Mechanical properties of fired bricks products were assessed including water absorption, linear shrinkage and compressive strength. The 4wt% CRT-clay composition for ≤0.6mm PS exhibited highest strength with low linear shrinkage and medium water absorption and was selected as optimum composition. Lead (Pb) leachability from fired CRT-glass/clay from the three particle sizes using TCLP and SPLP were within permissible limit of 5.0mg/L set by US-EPA. The total recoverable lead (Pb) from optimum test composition was 96mg/L or 96,000 mg/kg that exceeded the permissible limit. From the findings, it can be shown that the optimum composition of less than 0.6mm particle size is of good quality, durable and environmentally safe bricks that can be used for building construction works.
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11

Miyazaki, Kazuhide. "Application of Ancient Japanese 'Koro-kan' Glass Composition as a Non-Leaded Glaze." Key Engineering Materials 206-213 (December 2001): 2035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.206-213.2035.

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12

Suparmi, Cari, Lei Wang, Hui Wang, W. M. Gibson, and C. A. MacDonald. "Measurement and analysis of leaded glass polycapillary optic performance for hard x rays." Journal of Applied Physics 90, no. 10 (November 15, 2001): 5363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1408593.

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13

Zhang, Chenglong, Lili Zhuang, Wenyi Yuan, Jingwei Wang, and Jianfeng Bai. "Extraction of lead from spent leaded glass in alkaline solution by mechanochemical reduction." Hydrometallurgy 165 (October 2016): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.01.017.

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14

Zhou, Tianfeng, Zifan Wang, Benshuai Ruan, Shuang Li, Qian Yu, Yupeng He, Ruzhen Xu, et al. "Study on the blackening phenomenon of leaded glass during microgroove molding using nickel phosphorous mold." Ceramics International 48, no. 8 (April 2022): 10420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.12.239.

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15

Kashirina, O., L. Timofeev, and V. Likhvantseva. "Radiation Protection of Personnel in Contact Radiation Therapy in Ophthalmology." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 66, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-3-62-67.

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Purpose: To ensure radiation safety of medical staff personal protective equipment (PPE). Material and methods: In order to not make assumptions of possible protective materials optical distortion, estimated the dependence of light transmission in the wavelength range 330–660 nm leaded glass brands of TF-1 and TF-5, as well as the intensity of glow glasses when exposed to light and X-rays. Results: We trace the degree of browning and the nature of the recovery of transparency of glass after irradiation. To determine the optimum thickness of lead glass for eyewear experimentally evaluated attenuation of X-rays with energy efficiency 30 and 80 keV. Lead equivalent values for lead glass, was determined so for Eeff ~ 20 keV at a multiplicity of weakening k = 10 lead glass brand TF-5 thickness 2.0 mm equivalent 0.8 mm Pb, etc. For the possible use of other additives in the window shows the curves of the attenuation of photon radiation radionuclide 241Am (20–60 keV) filters from 9Be, 26Al, 56Fe, 64Cu, 99Mo, 112Cd, 184W, 207Pb Conclusion: Possible introduction of new dose limits for the lens of the eye can be successful only in case of both existing and newly developed PPE. To reduce the impact of domestic lead glass radiation can be used for staff in the form of screens and glasses.
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16

Quinan, Jack. "Review: Light Screens: The Complete Leaded-Glass Windows of Frank Lloyd Wright by Julie L. Sloan." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991879.

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17

Quadir, Kamila Afroj, Nurjahan Khatun, Md Ashraful Hoque, and Aleya Begum. "Improvement of Hot Laboratory Facilities in Nuclear Medicine." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics 5, no. 1 (April 19, 2013): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v5i1.14669.

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A Hot-Lab is the major source of radiation exposure by medical technicians in a nuclear medicine set up. A table top bench shield is used to reduce this exposure which consists of a lead base and a lead wall in the bottom part while a viewing window is provided in the top part through the use of thick glass or leaded glass. In our laboratory, a home-made shield was used earlier which incorporated a 254mm ordinary glass window in the top and a thick lead wall at the bottom part. Recently a commercial bench shield was procured that uses a lighter lead glass window for better viewing. This lead glass gives an equivalent lead thickness of 2.2 mm. The present work was taken up to study the changes in the radiation exposure to nuclear medicine technicians due to this change in the bench shield. The effective doses received by two technicians were 0.937 mSv and 1.098 mSv respectively when they worked for two months using the old table top bench shield. This dose came down substantially to 0.292 mSv and 0.187 mSv respectively, when they used the new table top bench shield for the same period of time. Side by side, the radiation reaching the outer surfaces of the glass shield and the lead wall were measured due to a radiation source placed at 0mm, 10mm and 20mm from the respective inner surfaces. For the lead shield the dose rates were not much different between the two models, but for the glass window, the commercial one gave much reduced dose rate. Although the dosage was higher in the indigenously made device, the duty schedules of the technicians were rotated so that none received dosage greater than safe limits over a full year. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v5i1.14669 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.5 No.1 2012 37-40
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18

Bursi, Elena, Isabella Lancellotti, Luisa Barbieri, Andrea Saccani, and Maria Chiara Bignozzi. "Chelating Agent Treatment on Leaded Residuals from Glass Separated Urban Collection to Be Used in Cement Mortars." Waste and Biomass Valorization 9, no. 12 (March 1, 2018): 2493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0254-5.

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19

Wang, Mei, Yun Chu Hu, and Zi Zhi Huang. "Effect of Heat Flux on Combustion Performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.595.

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Variation law of combustion performance of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites under different heat fluxes was studied. Final result shows that the time of epoxy resin composite shortened when increased the heat flux, and the theoretical minimum ignition heat flux obtained by curve fitting of experiment data is 2.1638kW/m2; multiply heat flux increased the heat release rate and complicate the stratified combustion of materials, which making the heat release rate curves more complicated. What is more，multiply the heat flux caused incomplete combustion of materials and leaded greater smoke production rate. The residual quality decreased as increased heat flux, however when the heat flux beyond 50kW/m2, the residual quality no longer decreased, which suggested that the heat flux used to study these materials should not be more than 50kW/m2. To sum up the above combustion parameters ,we could know that the safety performance of this epoxy composite was medium level, in order to improve its security level further, smoke suppression should be handled.
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20

Wang, Fu Ke, and Chao Bin He. "Solvent Exchange to Exfoliate Graphene Oxides into Epoxy with Improved Mechanical and Thermal Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1110 (June 2015): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1110.69.

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The dispersion and exfoliation of graphene oxides in polymer matrix remains a challenge for graphene oxides based epoxy nanocomposites fabrication. In the present paper, we reported a simple and facile solvent exchange technique to successfully transfer graphene oxides (GOs) from aqueous solution to ethanol. In addition, we found that GO dispersion in epoxy resins was affected by the curing agents. Good dispersion of GOs in epoxy resin together with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties were observed when epoxy was cured with aliphatic curing agents. For aromatic curing agent, high loading of GOs leaded to GOs aggregation, but well dispersed GOs was observed at low loading of GOs. Especially, a 12 °C increase of glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin was observed with only 0.1 wt% GOs was added to the epoxy resin.
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21

Chua, Lynn, Seah Zi Quan, Gao Yan, and Woo Sik Yoo. "Investigating the Colour Difference of Old and New Blue Japanese Glass Pigments for Artistic Use." Journal of Conservation Science 38, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2022.38.1.01.

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Colour consistency is an important consideration when selecting pigments used on works of art. In this study, we analyse the colour difference between two sets of synthetic blue glass pigments acquired at least 8 years apart from the same manufacturer in Japan. The old pigment set (unused, dry powder with four different grain sizes) appears faded compared to the new set. These pigments are made available for artistic use, commonly in Nihonga or Japanese paintings. Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDS results characterize these pigments as cobalt aluminate spinels dissolved in leaded glaze, a special class of complex coloured inorganic pigments that is not well-understood in the field of conservation. Colour difference between the old and new pigments with four different grain sizes were quantified by analysing photomicrographs with image analysis software. Blue pigments with coarse and extremely fine grains showed significant colour change compared to pigments with medium and fine grain sizes. The high occurrence of crystallites in the finer grains give a final colour that is bluer and lighter. Possible causes for the colour difference including manufacturing methods and storage environment are discussed.
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22

Lochhead, Ian. "The Style of the 1890s: Art Nouveau design in New Zealand Architecture." Architectural History Aotearoa 4 (October 31, 2007): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v4i0.6738.

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The influence of Art Nouveau on New Zealand architecture has generally been considered to be negligible but its impact was nevertheless significant during the period from 1890 to the outbreak of the First World War. Across a wide range of building types, from large scale public buildings to modest houses, Art Nouveau-inspired door pulls, dados, embossed ceilings, leaded glass and tiles abound. This paper explores the largely hidden presence of Art Nouveau in New Zealand architecture of this period and considers the reasons why buildings that otherwise have little connection with the style incorporate features that are often strikingly disparate in aesthetic terms. Is this because New Zealand architects and builders simply did not understand the aesthetic implications of their actions? Was it a consequence of remoteness from centres of architectural innovation or the result of purchasing items, magpie-like, from architectural catalogues? Or was it, indeed, the result of a desire to achieve an aura of "instant sophistication"?
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23

Morita, Yasuyuki, Kazuo Arakawa, and Mitsugu Todo. "Optical Inspection of Interfacial Thermal Strains in IC Composite Microstructures." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.862.

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Thermal deformation behaviors of electronic packages, stacked-MCP (multi chip package) and SOJ (small outline J-leaded package) were measured by phase-shifting moiré interferometry. This method was developed using a wedged glass plate as a phase shifter to obtain displacement fields with a sensitivity of nanometer scale. Digital image processing was also introduced to determine the strain distributions quantitatively. In stacked-MCP, thermal loading was applied from room temperature 25°C to two elevated temperatures (75 and 100°C), and thermal strains were then examined at these two elevated temperatures. The results showed that the normal strain εxx concentrated at the ends of two silicon chips, and the transverse strain εyy increased between the two silicon chips. The shear strain γxy increased at the end of the lower silicon chip to 0.30% from 0.17% when the temperature increased by 25°C. In SOJ, the thermal strains were investigated with the two packages before and after mounted on PWB (printed wiring board). The results showed that the strains increased by about 50% when the SOJ was mounted on the PWB.
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24

Thaveeprungsriporn, V., J. F. Mansfield, and G. S. Was. "Development of an economical electron backscattering diffraction system for an environmental scanning electron microscope." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 7 (July 1994): 1887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.1887.

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A low cost, highly versatile electron backscattering diffraction system has been developed for an ElectroScan E3 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM). A P20 phosphor coated screen is placed in the microscope environment to image electron backscattering diffraction patterns (EBSP's). A CCD TV camera is used to view the patterns through a leaded glass port in the microscope specimen chamber. This system has a spatial resolution approaching 5 μm and yields analyzable patterns at pressures of up to 6 Torr. With minor modifications this system may be adapted to fit any scanning electron microscope. Comparison of analyses of the grain boundary misorientation of a Ni-16Cr-9Fe alloy with this system and by selected area channeling patterns (SACP's), performed in a standard SEM, yielded excellent agreement between the two techniques. Owing to the capability to perform on-line analysis of EBSP's, the EBSP technique required only half the time as the SACP technique. The capabilities of the system are illustrated in a study of the grain boundary character distribution of Ni-16Cr-9Fe following thermomechanical treatment.
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25

Wu, Juan, Dao Yuan Yang, Kai Zhu, and Rui Zhang. "Properties and Structure of Micro Porous Mullite-Corundum Refractory with High Strength." Advanced Materials Research 105-106 (April 2010): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.105-106.23.

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Mullite- corundum ceramic was fabricated using bauxite and silica fume as raw materials by gel-casting process. The fluidity of the slurry, as well as strength, apparent porosity, pore size distribution, phase composition and microstructure of sintered specimen were studied. The results showed that: the slurry had low viscosity, good fluidity for casting if pH=9, dispersant 0.33wt% and solid content 60vol%; the strength of material came up to 165MPa even if the apparent porosity was about 30%; the samples were characterized by mullite 70%, corundum 22%, rutile 3%, glass phase only 5%, the size of majority grains was about 2μm, and most crystals with high melting point bonded directly; the average aperture was 264nm, the pore size distribution were divided into 2~30nm, 45~60nm and 1500~4000nm three regions. The distribution probability of nano- aperture was the largest, the volume of micron -aperture was the maximum, but all pores were less than 4μm in diameter, which suggested that the materials had micro porous characteristics. The microcrystalline, crystals combined directly and micro porous structure leaded to high strength of the refractory materials together.
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26

Morita, Yasuyuki, Kazuo Arakawa, and Mitsugu Todo. "Experimental analysis of thermal displacement and strain distributions in a small outline J-leaded electronic package by using wedged-glass phase-shifting moiré interferometry." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 46, no. 1 (January 2008): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2007.08.007.

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27

Huang, Po Han, Ming Ying Hsu, Ting Ming Huang, Ren Jyue Guo, Jhih Yang Lin, and Zong Yao Chen. "The Assembly and Measurement of Corrector Lens of a Cassegrain Telescope." Key Engineering Materials 625 (August 2014): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.625.339.

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Corrector lens assembly is used to expand the field of view of a Cassegrain Telescope. There are usually three to five lenses in it. For the assembly of such a kind of high precision optics, decenter and tilt of each optical component and air space between components are key issues to be qualified. In the present study, four lenses were designed. Individual control of centering of the component and air space were achieved by assembling the component into a precision machined subcell. The lens positions were defined by precision spacers according to the designed values. To compensate various thermal expansions of glass and metal, elastomer material was used. Considering the deviation of manufacturing from design data, manufactured data were put into optical software for re-optimization, and air spaces between lenses were obtained. This gives excellent accuracy at low cost. Base on present lens mounting design and lens manufacturing quality, centering error was eliminated by lateral adjustment, which leaded to a good alignment. In this paper, the method for aligning the optics with the barrel assembly is presented and centering error measured by a double autocollimator is listed. In addition, test results of thermal cycling and vibration tests on the corrector lens assembly are discussed.
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28

Gomes Fernandes, Roger, Raschid Al-Mukadam, Hansjörg Bornhöft, Stefan Reinsch, Ralf Müller, Susanne Selle, and Joachim Deubener. "Viscous Sintering of Acid Leached Glass Powders." Glass Europe 1 (November 23, 2023): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52825/glass-europe.v1i.681.

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The process of viscous flow sintering is a phenomenon that is closely linked to the surface properties of the glass particles. In this work, we studied the extreme case of acid-leaching of soda-lime-silicate glass beads of two different particle size distributions and its effects on non-isothermal viscous sintering of powder compacts. Depth profiling of the chemical composition after leaching revealed a near-surface layer depleted in alkali and alkaline earth ions, associated with concurrent hydration as mass loss was detected by thermogravimetry. Heating microscopy showed that acid treatment of glasses shifted the sinter curves to higher temperatures with increasing leaching time. Modelling of the shrinkage with the cluster model predicted a higher viscosity of the altered surface layer, while analysis of the time scales of mass transport of mobile species (Na+, Ca2+ and H2O) during isochronous sintering revealed that diffusion of Na+ can compensate for concentration gradients before sintering begins. Also, exchanged water species can diffuse out of the altered layer, but the depletion of Ca2+ in the altered surface layer persists during the sinter interval, resulting in a glass with higher viscosity, which causes sintering to slow down.
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29

Caswell, Greg, and Melissa Keener (Black and Decker). "How Mitigation Techniques Affect Reliability Results for BGAs." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 000134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-tp56.

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Abstract Since 2006 RoHS requirements have required lead free solders to take the place of tin-lead solders in electronics. The problem is that in some environments the lead free solders are less reliable than the older tin-lead solders. One of the ways to solve this problem is to corner stake, edge bond or underfill the components. When considering what mitigation technique and material to use, the operating conditions must be characterized. The temperature range is important when selecting a material to use since the glass transition temperature (Tg) and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) are important properties. If improperly chosen, the mitigation material can cause more failures than an unmitigated component. This study focused on 208 I/O BGAs on a 4 layer FR4 board. There were three solders tested; two lead free (SAC305 and SN100C) and one leaded (SnPb). Three mitigation techniques were tested: corner staking, edge bonding, and underfilling. Each of these techniques had two mitigation materials tested. One material was reworkable and the other was not. The boards were subjected to mechanical shock testing and sinusoidal vibration testing until failure. The results of the testing show that no one mitigation technique is best for all of the conditions tested. The same is true for the mitigation material. The best choice of mitigation technique and material is application dependent.
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Caswell, Greg, and Melissa Keener. "How Mitigation Techniques Affect Reliability Results for BGAs." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2016, DPC (January 1, 2016): 001992–2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2016dpc-tha23.

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Since 2006 RoHS requirements have required lead free solders to take the place of tin-lead solders in electronics. The problem is that in some environments the lead free solders are less reliable than the older tin-lead solders. One of the ways to solve this problem is to corner stake, edge bond or underfill the components. When considering what mitigation technique and material to use, the operating conditions must be characterized. The temperature range is important when selecting a material to use since the glass transition temperature (Tg) and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) are important properties. If improperly chosen, the mitigation material can cause more failures than an unmitigated component. This study focused on 208 I/O BGAs on a 4 layer FR4 board. There were three solders tested; two lead free (SAC305 and SN100C) and one leaded (SnPb). Three mitigation techniques were tested: corner staking, edge bonding, and underfilling. Each of these techniques had two mitigation materials tested. One material was reworkable and the other was not. The boards were subjected to mechanical shock testing and sinusoidal vibration testing until failure. The results of the testing show that no one mitigation technique is best for all of the conditions tested. The same is true for the mitigation material. The best choice of mitigation technique and material is application dependent.
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Juarez, Joseph M., Polina Snugovsky, Eva Kosiba, Zohreh Bagheri, Subramaniam Suthakaran, Michael Robinson, Joel Heebink, Jeffrey Kennedy, and Marianne Romansky. "Manufacturability and Reliability Screening of Lower Melting Point, Pb-Free Alloys Containing Bismuth." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.441.

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This paper explores the manufacturability and reliability of three Pb-free Bi-containing alloys in comparison with conventional SAC305 and SnPb assemblies. The first alloy included in the study is a Sn-based alloy with 3.4%Ag and 4.8%Bi, which showed promising results in the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences and German Joint projects. The other two alloy variations have reduced Ag content, with and without Cu. BGA and leaded components were assembled on medium-complexity test vehicles using these alloys, as well as SAC305 and SnPb as baseline alloys, for comparison. Test vehicles were manufactured using two board materials, 170°C glass transition temperature (Tg) and 155°C Tg, with three surface finishes: ENIG, ENEPIG, and OSP. The accelerated temperature cycling (ATC) testing was done at −55°C to 125°C with 30-min dwells and 10°C/min ramps, for 3,000 cycles. Detailed microstructure examination before and after ATC testing is described, as is failure analysis. All three experimental alloys showed excellent performance in harsh-environment thermal cycling. Vibration testing at two G-force test conditions with resistance failure monitoring was performed on the daisy-chained components. A detailed description of the technique for the vibration testing using 2 G and 5 G harmonic dwells is provided. The lowest failure rate found at both the 2 G and 5 G levels was for the Cu-containing alloy known as Violet. These results provide data for further statistical analysis leading to the choice of proper combinations of the solder alloys, board materials, and surface finishes for high-reliability applications.
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Kim, Hwan Sik, Yoo Taek Kim, Gi Gang Lee, Jung Hwan Kim, and Seung Gu Kang. "Corrosion of Silicate Glasses and Glass-Ceramics Containing EAF Dust in Acidic Solution." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1585.

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The corrosion behavior of glass and glass-ceramics fabricated with silicate glass frit mixed with 50~70 wt% EAF dust in the acidic solution was analyzed by both heavy metal leaching test and microstructural observation. The crystallization temperature, Tc of glassy specimens was around 850 measured by DTA and the heat treatment temperature to crystallize a glassy specimen was selected as 950 / 1 hr. The spinel crystal peaks were found in XRD analysis for the glass containing dust > 60 wt%. For the glass-ceramics, however, the spinel peaks in a specimen containing dust > 50 wt% was found with weak willemite peaks. The glass and glass-ceramic specimens showed the first stage of corroding reaction according to Clark models in acidic solution. The glass-ceramic specimens showed much lower a heavy metal leaching concentration than that of glass specimens in the corrosion test in acidic solution of pH=2.95. Especially, the glass-ceramics containing dust 60 wt% showed a heavy metal leaching concentration of 66 % Pb, 60 % Zn and 98 % Fe lower than that of glass specimens due to crystal phases formed, thermodynamically more stable than a glass network structure. From the leaching test that more Zn ion leached out than Fe ion, the spinel crystal phase [ZnFe2O4] showed better corrosion resistant in the acidic solution than the willemite [Zn2SiO4].
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Liu, Hao, Xi Tang Wang, Zhou Fu Wang, and Bao Guo Zhang. "Effects of Al2O3 on the Structure and Properties of Calcium-Magnesium-Silicate Glass Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.42.

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Calcium-magnesium-silicate glass fiber is a kind of candidate materials for aluminosilicate ceramic fiber in high temperature resistant field. However, the large thermal shrinkage limits its rapid development and industrial application in high temperature insulation field. It has been known that the shrinkage under high temperatures is mainly affected by the structure and crystallization mechanisms of glass fibers. Thus, Al2O3 was chosen as additive in the chemical composition of glass fiber to investigate the glassy network structure, crystallization and dissolution properties of calcium-magnesium-silicate glass fiber by DTA, XRD and ICP-AES techniques. The results show that with the addition of Al2O3, the glassy network structure was strengthened and the precipitation of crystals was inhibited for heat-treated fibers. As for the dissolution properties in physiological fluids, though the weight losses, changes of pH values and leached ions concentration lowered slightly with the addition of Al2O3 for the intensified network structure, fibers still present high dissolution rates.
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Berkin, Genco. "Lead free X-ray shielding glass." International Journal of Academic Research 5, no. 5 (October 10, 2013): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-5/a.4.

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Manning, Tony, and Bob Robertson. "Explorations into sex, gender and leadership in the UK Civil Service Part 1. Introduction, background and theoretical considerations." Industrial and Commercial Training 47, no. 5 (July 6, 2015): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-01-2015-0007.

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Purpose – This is the first of a three-part paper exploring the intersection between sex, gender and leadership in the UK Civil Service. The purpose of this paper is to introduce research by the authors into differences in the behaviour of men and women managers in the UK Civil Service, differences in 360 degree assessments of these behaviours and variations in the behaviours and assessments in different organisational contexts. This part of the paper sets the scene, and provides a literature review and a series of conjectures, derived from this review. Design/methodology/approach – This part of the paper outlines the training and development activities carried out by the authors and explains the target populations, the context in which managers operated and the part played by psychometric assessments in such activities. It then provides a literature review on the intersection of sex, gender and leadership. This looks at: the glass ceiling; leader preferences; gender stereotypes; gender stereotypes and leaders; attitudes towards women as leaders; leadership theories and gender stereotypes; sex differences in psychological traits; sex differences in leader behaviour and effectiveness. Finally, it presents a series of conjectures, derived from the literature review. Findings – The literature review shows that the playing field that constitutes managerial ranks continues to be tilted in favour of men and behaviours associated with the male stereotype, despite what leadership theories and field evidence would suggest. Research limitations/implications – The research was also a by-product of the authors’ training and development work, not a purpose-built research programme to explain the “glass ceiling”. It relates to the UK Civil Service and may not be relevant in other contexts. Practical implications – Later parts of the paper present prescriptions for minimising the impact of gender stereotypes, along with an evidence-based leadership framework. Training and development implications are presented. Findings are relevant to leaders, would be leaders and human resource professionals, including training and development specialists. Social implications – The vast majority of top leadership positions across the world are held by males rather than females. This prevents women from moving up the corporate ladder. This literature review describes the “glass ceiling” and explores what lies behind it. Originality/value – Research on sex differences in behaviour, gender stereotypes and situational differences in both, in the UK Civil Service, are all original. Of particular importance is the new evidence-based framework of leadership competences.
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Cristea, Mariana, Daniela Ionita, and Manuela Maria Iftime. "Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Investigations of PLA-Based Renewable Materials: How Are They Useful?" Materials 13, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 5302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225302.

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Interest in renewable polymers increased exponentially in the last decade and in this context poly(lactic acid) (PLA) became the leader mainly for practical reasons. Nevertheless, it is outstanding also from a scientific point of view, because its thermal and morphological properties are offering challenging new insights. With regard to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), PLA does not have the classical behavior of a thermoplastic polymer. Often, overlapping events (enthalpic relaxation, glass transition and crystallization) that occur as the temperature increases make the DMA result of a PLA look inexplicable even for polymer scientists. This review offers a perspective of the main phenomena that can be revealed in a DMA experiment and systematizes the information that can be obtained for every region (glassy, glass transition, rubbery, cold-crystallization and melting). Also, some unusual patterns registered in some cases will be commented upon. The review intends to offer indices that one should pay attention to in the interpretation of a DMA experiment, even if the investigator has only basic skills with DMA investigations.
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SCHERER, GEORGE W., and MARTIN G. DREXHAGE. "Stress in Leached Phase-Separated Glass." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 8 (August 1985): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb10168.x.

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Sprenger, D., H. Bach, W. Meisel, and P. Gütlich. "XPS study of leached glass surfaces." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 126, no. 1-2 (December 1990): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(90)91029-q.

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39

Chambion, Bertrand, G. Moulin, S. Caplet, C. Gaschet, S. Getin, A. Vandeneynde, W. Jahn, D. Henry, and E. Hugot. "Curved CMOS Image Sensors: Packaging Issues, Applications and Roadmaps." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, DPC (January 1, 2017): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017dpc-tp3_presentation1.

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Since few years, there has been an increasing interest and demand in flexible electronics. Standard imaging system consists of an optical module (set of lenses) and an image sensor. For wide field of view applications, and due to the curved shape of lenses and mirrors, the flat image after being propagated through the optical system is not flat but curved, i.e. the off-axis light focuses in a curved manner. This problem is called Petzval Field Curvature Aberration (Petzval FCA). It is generally fixed by additional complex lenses to “flatten” the image plane. We propose another approach with a hemispherical curved sensor technology. It allows eliminating FCA directly at the sensor level and thus makes it possible to drastically simplify, and hence miniaturize, the optical system architecture. First, a brief state of the art on curved detectors will be detailed for different application fields. Bendable capacities of hydrid detectors (included interconnection layer) were fully investigated and tested in the past [1, 2]. Moreover, a hemi-spherically curved visible image sensor with better optical characteristics (image quality) was realized and patented by Sony Company in 2014 [3]. Recently, a tunable curving packaging technology, with new optical functions possibilities has been presented in Electronic Component and Technology Conference 2016 [4]. Then, CEA-LETI curving technologies will be explained to address fixed and tunable curvature packaging applications, included modeling and technical process steps. Characterization of curved sensors prototypes have been performed to understand mechanical and electro-optical bending limits and will be also presented in the paper. Based on an existing fisheye flat sensor optical design, a curved focal plane will be described, showing that it's possible to simplify the standard system from 14 lenses (11 types of optical glass) with 2 aspheric lenses, to only 9 lenses (−35%), 3 types of optical glasses, without aspheric surfaces. The benefits of a curved sensor will be summarized into two categories: those related to the optical system design and those related to the quality of images produced by a camera with curved sensor. Optical system:» Miniaturization of optical devices (volume, weight);» Simplification of the lenses alignment process (due to reduced number of lenses);» Suppression of aspheric lenses;» Wide field of view enhancement. Image quality:» More homogeneous image quality (reduced image noise);» Similar or improved resolution and higher sensitivity;» Corrected distortion occurring along the image edges. Finally, curved CMOS image sensor roadmaps and perspectives will be discussed: from a market point of view, application field surveys have been done on mass market applications (mobile, consumer…), photography, automotive… From a technical aspect, a curving technologies roadmap will be proposed, leaded by applications needs, on single chip, collective, and wafer level processes.
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Thornton, Olivia, and Naroa Etxebarria. "Against the odds of tradition: nudging the glass ceiling of sport leadership." Gender in Management: An International Journal 36, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-01-2020-0013.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to capture the journey of the first female leader in sports management in her country in the south-east Asian region for their National Sport and the values and behaviors enabling her to achieve it. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a mixed-methods case study design, quantitative and qualitative outcome measures, to assess the career progression of the first female executive director of a national sporting organization in her country, namely, BWN and her involvement in a two-week intensive sports management, leadership and development program. Findings A professional and courageous approach to identify and implement honest and evidence-based solutions were key for BWN’s success. BWN complemented professionalism with soft skills, clear communication and an outcome-based approach to challenging situations, successfully influencing change within her national sporting organization. This female leader is an inspiring role model for other women and her professionalism her most influential value driving innovation in sports management and organizational change. The positive impact she had in her community highlights the significant contributions female leaders can have within the sports leadership context, given the opportunity and scope to do so. Originality/value For the first time in her country, the unsolicited and unprecedented evidence-based approach, professionalism and proactivity assisted BWN with her colleagues accepting her as the first woman on the executive board of her national sporting body of one of the most celebrated national sports. Breaking the mold with unexpected (positive) behavior might be the secret to further breakthroughs for women in sports management.
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et al., Altamimi. "Breaking through the glass ceiling: The three-dimensional model (Macro, Meso and Micro) towards promoting women participation in an academic context: Insights from a mixed-methods approach." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 9, no. 2 (February 2022): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.02.005.

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This study aimed at bridging this gap and proposed a Three-Dimensional Model (Macro, Meso, and Micro). It also attempted to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the glass ceiling, which limits women's participation in higher decision-making positions and determined how to overcome these barriers. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach. Three exploratory workshops involving 65 academic women leaders were conducted at three Saudi universities. This was followed by a field survey of the overall population involving 213 female leaders. Then six interviews of 35 female leaders were conducted. The results of the field survey illustrated the barriers preventing women from career development. According to the participants, the most challenging barriers at the institutional level were related to administrative and organizational aspects. They were followed by the barriers related to institutional culture. The social and personal barriers were ranked the last. The results of the interviews also revealed a set of ideas, which proposed methods to support women's progress to senior positions. They included political authority, policy development, open-door policy, adherence to the standards for selecting leaders based on competence, continuous evaluation, and professional development. The important role of the academic woman leader in the development of her career requires her to take responsibility for her professional growth and meet the requirements of the leadership role. The study recommends a comprehensive and profound treatment of the glass ceiling phenomenon. The study recommends a comprehensive training plan to support the skills, experiences, and capabilities of qualified women to occupy academic leadership. Benefiting from international expertise regarding this issue is highly recommended. There must be continuous monitoring and analysis of some quantitative and qualitative indicators based on an accurate database related to the academic empowerment of Saudi women.
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Wesarat, Phathara-on, and Jaya Mathew. "Theoretical Framework of Glass Ceiling." Paradigm 21, no. 1 (June 2017): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890717700533.

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Working women worldwide have faced career difficulties. Examples of this include women academic leaders in India where negative cultural beliefs about women moving to the top-management positions (also referred to as glass ceiling) still exist. Although they are highly educated and competent workers, they have unequal opportunities to be organizational leaders or top executives. Academic women with greater knowledge and abilities can actually perform as academic leaders, and they can support educational development of the country. Government and educational institutions should realize the potential of academic women and provide them with equal opportunities for career advancement in organizations. In order to get a better understanding of glass ceiling of India’s women academic leaders, the concepts and theories related to glass ceiling, particularly in the Asian context, are discussed in this article. It provides a theoretical framework of glass ceiling which is based on two theories of justice, namely Rawlsian theory and utilitarian theory. Educational institutions that more effectively apply the theoretical framework of justice to their management practices are hypothesized to have lesser glass ceiling problems than others.
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Xhelili, Arta. "ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 5 (June 5, 2019): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31051271x.

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Globally, in the last four decades, the number of women in the job market has increased significantly. More women are entering into positions of managers and leaders. However, despite the laws in many countries aimed on advancing women to the top positions of the companies, the "glass ceiling" phenomenon still continues. Research in the direction of women in leadership positions shows a series of challenges that women face during the process of advancing into higher positions. Research on the attitudes towards a woman as manager shows that male subordinates have negative attitudes and stereotypes towards a woman leader and that successful leaders and managers are still imagined as men. Stereotypes are even more pronounced in patriarchal and traditional societies. As a result, because of these attitudes and prejudices women face obstacles in dealing with their male counterparts, which contributes to being perceived as being less effective in the role of a leader. The aim of this research is to see the differences between men and women in the Republic of Macedonia in attitudes toward a woman manager. The results taken from ae survey showed that there are differences in attitudes towards a woman manager between men and women, where women are somewhat positive, while men are neutral. What is worth noting is that the attitude of the women themselves towards the manager is not completely positive.
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44

Juwitasari, Reni. "Women in Sustainable Education: Glass Ceiling among Female Schools Principals in Indonesia." KAMBOTI: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora 2, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51135/kambotivol2iss1pp1-16.

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Sex segregation remains happening in the education realm. In the 21st century, Indonesian women's participation in the public sphere still becomes an issue, especially leadership. Women are perceived as the second class of society, even obtaining the negative stereotype of incapable leaders, which the myth of leadership belongs to men's world. Like an oxymoron, women are "freely binding," meaning they can be involved in the public sphere. However, they are encountering "glass-ceiling" to be in the top position, especially in rural West Java, where women have been perceived for their physical appearance-minded rather than the capability of leadership. The proposition of women principals in compulsory education in Indonesia is underrepresented compared to men principals with 38.68 percent and 61.32 percent. Women are capable of good leader who has leveraged their subordinates through positive relationships, empowering others, and improving schools. Therefore, women empowerment is essential to achieving sustainable education under SDG Priority 4 Quality of Education and SDG Priority 5 Gender Equality. This study aims to analyze the presence of women school principals' "status quo" and "glass-ceiling" in Indonesia by utilizing the PAR gender model of Blaikie et al. (2003), consisting of three factors; root causes, dynamic pressures, and unsafe condition. Hence, this study will be able to offer policy recommendations on women's leadership empowerment. This research used the exploratory approach by investigating sixteen school principals of elementary education and literature reviews, such as research reports and academic articles related to women leaders in education. This study found that Indonesian women in the educational realm have dealt with the glass ceiling deriving from root causes on power and structure. Meanwhile, dynamic pressures are knowledge dissemination and the unsafe condition on economic imbalances and discrimination on welfare and social protection, which becomes a sustainable threat and negatively affects the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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Glass, Christy, and Alison Cook. "Pathways to the Glass Cliff: A Risk Tax for Women and Minority Leaders?" Social Problems 67, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 637–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spz045.

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Abstract Do women and racial/ethnic minority leaders pay a risk tax on their way to the top? Theories of the glass cliff have focused on the penalties imposed upon women and minority leaders due to bias and discrimination at the time of appointment to top leadership positions. Much less attention has focused on the strategic agency these leaders exercise in response to bias across the career. This paper advances theory and research on the glass cliff by analyzing the choices, decisions, and priorities of white women and people of color that, across the career, result in their appointment to glass cliff positions. Our analysis relies on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 33 senior leaders across a range of industries. Our findings suggest that rather than isolated instances of high-risk promotions, glass cliff appointments represent the culmination of a long-term career strategy centered on risk and risk-taking. We find evidence that these leaders pay a significant risk tax in order to achieve upward mobility in their organizations.
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Kim, S. S., G. H. Lee, J. G. Lee, K. Y. Jee, and K. S. Chun. "Surface Analysis of Leached Simulated Waste Glass." Analytical Sciences 13, Supplement (1997): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.13.supplement_361.

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Deysel, Helena Maria, Kent Berluti, Barend Jacobus du Plessis, and Walter Wilhelm Focke. "Glass foams from acid-leached phlogopite waste." Journal of Materials Science 55, no. 19 (March 30, 2020): 8050–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04589-4.

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48

Collier, N., M. Harrison, M. Brogden, and B. Hanson. "Release of uranium from candidate wasteforms." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 8 (December 2012): 2939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.8.09.

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AbstractLarge volumes of depleted natural and low-enriched uranium exist in the UK waste inventory. This work reports on initial investigations of the leaching performance of candidate glass and cement encapsulation matrices containing UO3 powder as well as that of uranium oxide powders. The surface areas of UO3 powder and the monolith samples of UO3 conditioned in the glass and cement matrices were very different making leaching comparisons difficult. The results showed that for both types of monolith conditioned samples a steady increase of uranium concentration in solution with time was generally not observed. The wt.% of uranium leached from UO3 conditioned in the lead borosilicate glass wasteform was approximately five orders of magnitude less than that leached from UO3 powder. Similarly, the quantities of uranium leached from UO3 conditioned in composite cement made with ordinary Portland cement, and from magnesium phosphate cement, were approximately four and three orders of magnitude, respectively, less than that leached from UO3 powder. The performance of a mixed oxide borosilicate glass wasteform was only slightly better than that of UO3 powder. This work shows that wasteforms based on encapsulation in lead borosilicate glass and cement matrices have the greatest potential for further development.
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Kulich, Clara, Leire Gartzia, Meera Komarraju, and Cristina Aelenei. "Contextualizing the think crisis-think female stereotype in explaining the glass cliff: Gendered traits, gender, and type of crisis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): e0246576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246576.

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The glass cliff suggests that women are more likely to access leadership positions when organizations are facing a crisis. Although this phenomenon is well established, it is still largely unknown how variations in types of crises influence the strength of the think crisis-think female association, and whether female leaders and leaders with communal gendered traits are both affected by this association. We hypothesized that selection of stereotypically feminine traits (communal leaders) is specific to a relational crisis because of a fit between leader traits and traits required by the situation. We further expected that the selection of women also extends to other crisis situations because other factors such as their signaling change potential may play a role. We investigated the associations that participants made with candidates who varied across gendered traits and gender and between two crisis situations involving problems with either stereotypically feminine (e.g., an internal disharmony) or masculine (e.g., a financial problem) components, and a no crisis situation control. Results from three experimental studies (Ns = 319, 384, 385) supported our hypotheses by showing that communal leaders were most strongly associated with a relational crisis and least with a financial crisis, with the no crisis context situated in-between. This pattern was explained by higher relevance ratings for communal leadership behavior in the relational crisis versus financial crisis context, with the no crisis context situated in-between. In contrast, female leaders were most strongly associated with the relational crisis and least with the no crisis context, with the financial crisis situated in-between. Specific explanatory mechanisms related to the female-crisis association are explored and discussed. Our findings suggest that implicit motivations for valuing feminine/communal leadership and atypical leaders in crisis situations need further research.
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Krishna, Madabushanam Gopi, Ravi Kumar Guntu, Md Shareefuddin, and N. V. Prasad. "Characterization of a Novel System of Bismuth Lead Borosilicate Glass Containing Copper." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 9 (February 27, 2024): 819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i9.81.

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Objectives: The primary objective of the present investigation was to examine the impact of Bi3+ ions on the optical, radiation shielding, dielectric and structural characteristics of lead borosilicate glasses doped with CuO. Method: In this view, we planned to utilize the conventional rapid melt quenching method to produce glasses with the following chemical composition: 25 PbO + 15 B2O3 + 0.1 CuO + (59.9-x) SiO2 :x Bi2O3 (0≤x≤12). Findings: The samples' non-crystalline characteristics were validated through XRD and SEM analysis, respectively, while their glass-forming capabilities were assessed through DTA studies. Utilizing the FT–IR and Raman analyses, the numerous structural units were determined. According to the findings of the FT-IR, and Raman analyses, the degree of disorder in the glass network increased. By means of optical absorption experiments, the optical properties of glasses were determined. The results obtained from optical absorption spectral investigations indicated that the concentration of octahedral Cu2+ ions increased gradually as the Bi2O3 concentration increased to 12 mol %. The dielectric properties of the glasses, suggested that the dielectric constant values of glasses containing Bi2O3 in concentrations below 12 mol% increase gradually. Additionally, the radiation shielding properties of the glasses are investigated. The values of radiation protection ability found to be purely function of Bi2O3 concentration. Novelty: The results suggest that the glasses' thermal stability, dielectric constant, optical band gap and radiation shielding ability values purely function of Bi2O3 concentration. Keywords: Borosilicate glasses, Thermal stability, Optical absorption, Radiation shielding properties, Dielectricsq
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