Journal articles on the topic 'Lead soaps'
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M.H. Zeiny, Sarmad. "Isolation of Some Microorganisms from Bar Soaps and Liquid Soaps in Hospital Environments." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol18iss1pp28-32.
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This study was designed to determine the colonization of the in-use hand washing soaps in hospital settings. It is a comparative cross-sectional research in a surgical specialties and Baghdad teaching hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Swabs from surfaces of bar soaps and from liquid soaps via their applicator tips; at the sinks of toilets of hospital staff and working rooms of the wards were taken in January 2008. Conventional microbiologic methods were used for culture of the swabs and identification of the isolates. Colonization was detected 60% and 15.9% in bars and liquid forms respectively. And this lead to the conclusion that bar soaps could be colonized with microorganisms excessively. Liquid hand washing soaps are more appropriate in hospital environments. Proper using conditions of the hand washing items should be defined in health care settings.
Keywords: Bar soap, liquid soap, pseudomonas aeruginosa, nosocomial infections.
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Catalano, Jaclyn, Yao Yao, Anna Murphy, Nicholas Zumbulyadis, Silvia A. Centeno, and Cecil Dybowski. "Analysis of Lead Carboxylates and Lead-Containing Pigments in Oil Paintings by Solid- State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." MRS Proceedings 1656 (July 18, 2014): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.707.
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ABSTRACTSoap formation in traditional oil paintings occurs when heavy-metal-containing pigments, such as lead white, 2Pb(CO3)2·Pb(OH)2, and lead-tin yellow type I, Pb2SnO4, react with fatty acids in the binding medium. These soaps may form aggregates that can be 100-200 μm in diameter, which swell and protrude through the paint surface, resulting in the degradation of the paint film and damage to the integrity of the artwork. In addition, soap formation has been reported to play a role in the increased transparency of paint films that allows the painting support, the preparatory drawing, and the artists’ alterations to become visible to the naked eye. The factors that trigger soap formation and the mechanism(s) of the process are not yet well understood. To elucidate these issues, chemical and structural information is necessary which can be obtained by solid-state 207Pb, 119Sn, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In the present study, a combination of 207Pb NMR pulse sequences was used to determine accurately the NMR parameters of lead-containing pigments and lead carboxylates known to be involved in soap formation, such as lead palmitate, lead stearate, and lead azelate. These results show that the local coordination environment of lead azelate is different from lead palmitate or lead stearate and therefore it is unlikely that lead azelate would be incorporated into an ordered structure containing lead palmitate and lead stearate. In addition, the chemical shifts of the pigments obtained are different from those of the soaps, demonstrating that 207Pb NMR is useful in characterizing the components when present in a mixture, such as a paint film. The NMR methods discussed can also be applied to other Pb-containing cultural heritage materials, electronic and optoelectronic materials, superconducting materials, and environmentally contaminated materials.
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Cotte, Marine, Emilie Checroun, Wout De Nolf, Yoko Taniguchi, Laurence De Viguerie, Manfred Burghammer, Philippe Walter, et al. "Lead soaps in paintings: Friends or foes?" Studies in Conservation 62, no. 1 (October 2, 2016): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2016.1232529.
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Givens, D. I., Jeannie M. Everington, and N. Shepperson. "The rumen solubility of a calcium soap of palm fatty acids." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600011417.
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Several experiments have shown (see Armstrong and Ross, 1968) that the addition of fats to ruminant diets can lead to a reduction in the digestibilities of forage cell walls due to adverse effects on the rumen microflora. Jenkins and Palmquist (1982) showed in vitro that the in situ formation of calcium soaps in the rumen could prevent this problem. Subsequently Jenkins and Palmquist (1984) have provided evidence that the feeding of preformed calcium soaps of tallow and soya oil fatty acids to dairy cows allowed normal rumen digestion of cell walls whereas non-saponified tallow fatty acids caused cell wall digestibility to be reduced.Givens et al (1988) reported that a calcium soap of palm fatty acids (Protector, UFAC-UK Ltd) did not cause any reduction in the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) when fed to sheep at up to 152.4 gkg-1 of total diet dry matter (DM). Since it is believed that these beneficial effects of calcium soaps are due to their reduced rumen solubility, the present experiment has examined this aspect in further detail.
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Corbeil, Marie-Claude, and Laurianne Robinet. "X-ray powder diffraction data for selected metal soaps." Powder Diffraction 17, no. 1 (March 2002): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1431950.
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In order to better characterize metal soaps found in paint films or on metal surfaces, several metal soaps were synthesized and their X-ray powder diffraction patterns measured. Metal soaps were obtained from four different fatty acids found in drying oils, two saturated (palmitic and stearic acids) and two unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acids), and from copper, zinc, and lead, three metals that are typically found in metal alloys and paint systems. X-ray powder diffraction data are reported for the following compounds: palmitic acid, stearic acid, zinc palmitate, zinc stearate, zinc oleate, zinc linoleate, copper palmitate, copper stearate, copper oleate, lead palmitate, lead stearate, and lead oleate. Features that are characteristic of specific compounds were observed. Soaps obtained from different fatty acids with the same metal ion show differences, as do soaps obtained with the same fatty acid but with different metal ions. Differences were observed when X-ray powder diffraction data obtained for stearic acid and zinc stearate were compared to published data for these two compounds (PDF 38-1923 and 5-0079, respectively). In the case of stearic acid, differences could be explained by the fact that the specimen reported previously in PDF 38-1923 was likely contaminated with palmitic acid. In the case of zinc stearate, low angle data were missing from the original pattern PDF 5-0079 and peaks that were reported in other angular regions in fact consisted in more peaks that were not resolved due to broadening.
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Keune, Katrien, Annelies van Loon, and Jaap J. Boon. "SEM Backscattered-Electron Images of Paint Cross Sections as Information Source for the Presence of the Lead White Pigment and Lead-Related Degradation and Migration Phenomena in Oil Paintings." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 5 (April 11, 2011): 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610094444.
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AbstractScanning electron microscopy backscattered-electron images of paint cross sections show the compositional contrast within the paint system. They not only give valuable information about the pigment composition and layer structure but also about the aging processes in the paint. This article focuses on the reading of backscatter images of lead white-containing samples from traditional oil paintings (17th–19th centuries). In contrast to modern lead white, traditional stack process lead white is characterized by a wide particle size distribution. Changes in particle morphology and distribution are indications of chemical/physical reactivity in the paint. Lead white can be affected by free fatty acids to form lead soaps. The dissolution of lead white can be recognized in the backscatter image by gray (less scattering) peripheries around particles and gray amorphous areas as opposed to the well-defined, highly scattering intact lead white particles. The small particles react away first, while the larger particles/lumps can still be visible. Formed lead soaps appear to migrate or diffuse through the semipermeable paint system. Lead-rich bands around particles, at layer interfaces and in the paint medium, are indications of transport. The presence of lead-containing crystals at the paint surface or inside aggregates furthermore point to the migration and mineralization of lead soaps.
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Martínez-Casado, F. J., M. Ramos-Riesco, J. A. Rodríguez-Cheda, M. I. Redondo-Yélamos, L. Garrido, A. Fernández-Martínez, J. García-Barriocanal, I. da Silva, M. Durán-Olivencia, and A. Poulain. "Lead(ii) soaps: crystal structures, polymorphism, and solid and liquid mesophases." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 26 (2017): 17009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02351k.
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Quinlan, P. T., S. Lockton, J. Irwin, and A. L. Lucas. "The Relationship between Stool Hardness and Stool Composition in Breast‐ and Formula‐Fed Infants." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 20, no. 1 (January 1995): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1995.tb11493.x.
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Summary“Constipation” and “hard stools” are associated with formula feeding of both term and preterm infants and, in the latter, can lead to life‐threatening complications. This study tested the hypothesis that stool hardness is related to excretion of fatty acid (FA) soaps in term infants, and in the extreme to milk bolus obstruction in premature infants. Stools (n = 44) were collected from 20 formula‐fed and 10 breast‐fed infants aged 6 weeks and were classified using visual charts for stool hardness on a 5‐point scale (1, watery; 5, hard). Stools were analysed for nitrogen, minerals, and lipid, the latter divided between the soap and nonsoap fractions. We explored the relationship between stool hardness or solids content and stool constituents, relative to both wet and dry weight. Calcium and FA soaps were the dominant factors significantly related to stool solids and hardness score across the breast‐ and formula‐fed groups. An 8% increase in stool dry weight FA soap content corresponded to a 1‐point change in stool hardness score. Stools from formula‐fed infants had a higher solids content and were classified as significantly harder than those from breastfed infants (hardness scores, 4.0 ± 0.5 versus 2.6 ± 0.7, mean ± SD) and on both a wet‐ and dry‐weight basis contained severalfold higher levels of minerals and lipid and considerably less carbohydrate. Differences in lipids between formula‐ and breast‐fed infants' stools were due almost entirely to FAs (mainly C16:0 and C18:0) excreted as soaps (27.7 ± 7.5% compared to 3.1 ± 4.1% of dry weight), suggesting the groups differed markedly in their handling of saturated FAs. An inspissated stool sample from a premature infant requiring surgical disempaction of an obstructed small intestine was found to be enriched in FA and calcium relative to the preterm formula. FA soaps, predominantly saturated, accounted for one third of the stool dry weight. These data support the hypothesis that calcium FA soaps are positively related to stool hardness; we speculate that this may, at least in part, explain the greater stool hardness in formula‐ versus breast‐fed infants and milk bolus obstruction in preterm infants. This conclusion is consistent with the physical properties of calcium FA soaps.
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Givens, D. I., Jeannie M. Everington, and N. Shepperson. "Metabolisable Energy Content of a Saponified Palm Fat Product for Ruminants." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016652.
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Many experiments have shown (see Armstrong and Ross, 1968) that the addition of fats to ruminant diets can lead to a reduction in the digestibility of forage cell walls due to adverse affects on the rumen microflora. Jenkins and Palmquist (1982) showed in vitro that the formation of insoluble calcium soaps in rumen fluid could prevent this problem. Additionally, Jenkins and Palmquist (1984) reported that the feeding of the preformed calcium soaps of tallow and soya oil fatty acids to dairy cows allowed normal rumen digestion of fibre whereas non-saponified tallow fatty acids caused a reduction in fibre digestion.The main aims of the present experiment were to examine a new calcium soap of palm fatty acids for its effects on whole tract digestibility of various feed fractions and to measure its effective metabolisable energy (ME) content at maintenance, the present United Kingdom standard.
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Bertin, Mikolo, Tsoumou Kedar, and Massamba Daniel. "Quality improvement of soaps perfumed with some selected essential oils." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2020.9101.
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This work concerned the valorization of shea butter, palm, coconut and kolo oils and, essential oils from Eucalyptus citriodora, Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogan citratus and Plectranthus glandulosus by applying a few stages of quality management procedures for soap making. For this purpose, the consumers' needs regarding the soap quality characteristics have been identified. It emerged that the soap smell was of more concern to them. The product was then designed by mixture design of experiment and, 50 g soap samples produced were subject to consumer assessment. Results showed that samples made with coconut (25 g) and kolo (25 g) oils gave the most popular soap according to the rates they received. Among the data of the four quality characteristics, only those from physical measurements of foam height suited the quadratic model. This lead to optimize this characteristic and the values of variables found were coco (17.171 g) and kolo (32.829 g) for a 9 cm maximum and 8 cm minimum foam height. There was no significant discrimination between both the odors of lemongrass and waya essential oils tested. The soaps perfumed with essential oils from Eucalyptus citriodora, Ocimum basilicum and Plectranthus glandulosus exerted an antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Mayne, J. E. O., and E. H. Ramshaw. "Autoxidation of the lead soaps of the linseed oil fatty acids." Journal of Applied Chemistry 13, no. 12 (May 4, 2007): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010131205.
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Mijaljica, Dalibor, Fabrizio Spada, and Ian P. Harrison. "Skin Cleansing without or with Compromise: Soaps and Syndets." Molecules 27, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27062010.
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Products designed to cleanse the skin commonly do so through surfactant action, which leads to the lowering of the surface tension of the skin to facilitate the removal of dirt from its surface. Skin cleansers generally come in one of two types: soap-based and synthetic detergents, or syndets. While the latter can effectively maintain the native skin structure, function and integrity, the former tends to negatively affect the skin by causing barrier disruption, lipid dissolution and pH alteration. Despite this, soap is still often preferred, possibly due to the negative connotations around anything that is not perceived as ‘natural’. It is, therefore, important that the science behind cleansers, especially those designed for the maintenance of healthy skin and the management of common skin conditions such as eczema, be understood by both formulators and end-users. Here, we carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of surfactant—the key ingredient(s) in skin cleansers—and provide insight into surfactants’ physicochemical properties, biological activity and potential effects. Fine-tuning of the complex characteristics of surfactants can successfully lead to an ‘optimal’ skin cleanser that can simultaneously be milder in nature, highly effective and beneficial, and offer minimal skin interference and environmental impact.
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Burrows, Hugh D., Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes, Teresa J. T. Pinheiro, Robin K. Harris, and Angelika Sebald. "207Pb N.M.R. of lead(II) soaps in solid, liquid-crystalline and liquid phases." Liquid Crystals 3, no. 6-7 (June 1988): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678298808086543.
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Platania, Elena, Noëlle L. W. Streeton, Anna Vila, David Buti, Francesco Caruso, and Einar Uggerud. "Investigation of mineralization products of lead soaps in a late medieval panel painting." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 228 (March 2020): 117844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117844.
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Alizadeh, Anahita, Mahdi Balali-Mood, Adeleh Mahdizadeh, and Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani. "Mercury and Lead Levels in Common Soaps from Local Markets in Mashhad, Iran." Iranian Jornal of Toxicology 11, no. 4 (May 1, 2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/arakmu.11.4.1.
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Guerrero, Astrid C. Blanco, Isabel Alcántara Millán, Valeria P. Careaga, Gabriela Siracusano, and Marta S. Maier. "A Multi-Analytical Approach for the Characterization of Painting Materials and Metal Soap Formation in Two Artworks by the Argentinian Painter Antonio Berni." Minerals 13, no. 7 (July 8, 2023): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13070919.
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This work describes the characterization of pigments and ground layers in two paintings by the renowned Argentinian painter Antonio Berni (1905–1981). The studied paintings are “Toledo” and “Figure” from the collection of the Provincial Museum of Fine Arts in Santa Fe (Argentina). To approach this goal, an integrated investigation comprising in situ X-ray fluorescence measurements by means of a portable system (pXRF), micro-Raman spectroscopy, Attenuated Total Reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) was carried out. The results revealed a chromatic palette with inorganic pigments, such as ultramarine blue, cobalt blue, lead white, zinc white, yellow cadmium, and hydrated chromium oxide (viridian), together with a preparation layer consisting of a mixture of earth, lead white, and calcite in “Toledo”. On the other hand, the preparation layer in “Figure” was characterized as lithopone, a mixture of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide. ATR-FTIR-analysis revealed the formation of metallic soaps in both paintings due to the reaction of fatty acids from a drying oil used as a binder with lead and zinc pigments, as confirmed by comparison with the infrared spectra of synthetic lead and zinc soaps. This study contributes to the understanding of Berni’s painting style and the future restoration of both artworks.
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Šoltys, Katarína, Matej Planý, Paola Biocca, Valentina Vianello, Mária Bučková, Andrea Puškárová, Maria Carla Sclocchi, et al. "Lead soaps formation and biodiversity in a XVIII Century wax seal coloured with minium." Environmental Microbiology 22, no. 4 (April 2020): 1517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14735.
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Plater, M. John, Ben De Silva, Thomas Gelbrich, Michael B. Hursthouse, Catherine L. Higgitt, and David R. Saunders. "The characterisation of lead fatty acid soaps in ‘protrusions’ in aged traditional oil paint." Polyhedron 22, no. 24 (November 2003): 3171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(03)00461-3.
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Bahadur Dangi, Nim, Sajan Maharjan, Amit Shrestha, Rabindra Kumar Rokaya, and Khem Raj Joshi. "Determination of Heavy Metals in Selected Cosmetic Products sold in Nepal." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 12, no. 2 (August 23, 2023): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.432.
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Introduction: Cosmetics are a significant source of heavy metals, as they contain various chemicals as ingredients and additives. There are concerns about the presence of hazardous chemicals in cosmetics, including heavy metals. The objective of this study was to assess the levels of heavy metals, specifically lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Arsenic (As), in bathing soaps, shampoos, face creams, and bulk powders sold in Nepal.
Methods: Fourteen different brands of bathing soaps, shampoos, face creams and bulk powders were purchased from local markets of major cities of seven provinces of Nepal to determine the concentrations of three metals (Pb, Cd and As) by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS).
Results: The results showed that lead was detected in four samples, and all of them exceeded the permissible limit. Arsenic was detected in only one sample, which also exceeded the limit.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that some cosmetic products in Nepal contain heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd, and As, above the permissible limits. The continuous use of such products may result in harmful effects, and consumers should exercise caution. Manufacturers must be informed of their products' status to eliminate these heavy metals, and regulatory guidelines should be strictly enforced, accompanied by routine analytical checks, to ensure that cosmetics are safe for human use.
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Mazurek, Joy, Marie Svoboda, and Michael Schilling. "GC/MS Characterization of Beeswax, Protein, Gum, Resin, and Oil in Romano-Egyptian Paintings." Heritage 2, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 1960–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030119.
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This article presents results from a binding media survey of 61 Romano-Egyptian paintings. Most of the paintings (51) are the better-known funerary mummy portraits created using either encaustic or tempera paint medium. Samples from all the paintings (on wooden panels or linen shrouds) were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify waxes, fatty acids, resins, oils, and proteins in one sample. Analytical protocols that utilized three separate derivatization techniques were developed. The first analysis identified free fatty acids, waxes, and fatty acid soaps, the second characterized oils and plant resins, and the third identified proteins. The identification of plant gums required a separate sample. Results showed that fatty acids in beeswax were present as lead soaps and dicarboxylic fatty acids in some samples was consistent with an oxidized oil. The tempera portraits were found to contain predominantly animal glue, revising the belief that egg was the primary binder used for ancient paintings. Degraded egg coatings were found on several portraits, as well as consolidation treatments using paraffin wax and animal glue. The unknown restoration history of the portraits caused uncertainty during interpretation of the findings and made the identification of ancient paint binders problematic. Also, deterioration of the wooden support, residues from mummification, biodegradation, beeswax alteration, metal soap formation, and environmental conditions before and after burial further complicated the analysis. The inherent problems encountered while characterizing ancient organic media in funerary portraits were addressed. The fourteen museums that participated in this study are members of APPEAR (Ancient Panel Paintings: Examination, Analysis, and Research), an international collaborative initiative at the J. Paul Getty Museum whose aim is to expand our understanding of ancient panel paintings through the examination of the materials and techniques used for their manufacture.
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Feio, G., H. D. Burrows, C. F. G. C. Geraldes, and T. J. T. Pinheiro. "Multinuclear NMR studies of lead(II) soaps II.13C and1H studies of solid and liquid-crystalline phases." Liquid Crystals 9, no. 3 (March 1991): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678299108045575.
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Nieradko-Iwanicka, Barbara, Kornelia Dąbrowska, and Wiktoria Chodun. "The pH of soaps, skin care products and cosmetics used in the period of COVID-19 pandemic." Polish Journal of Public Health 130, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjph-2020-0013.
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Abstract Introduction. Human skin is the outer cover of the body. It performs important functions for the entire organism, such as protection of internal organs. The skin also protects the body against the effects of the external environment, ensures the balance between the environment and the inside of organism. Due to the pandemic, all members of the public are encouraged to frequently wash or disinfect hands, which may lead to skin irritation. Aim. The aim of the study was to check the pH of soaps, skin care products and selected cosmetics used in the period of COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. For pH determination the CP-105 pH meter manufactured by ELMETRON® (Poland) was used. A total of 111 products available on the Polish market were collected for testing. The results were compared with the pH of tap water samples. Results. The soaps had mean pH of 5.04±1.04, shampoos 6.04±1.57, creams 6.87±0.1, products for depilation 9.8±3.06. All the values were within legal ranges. Conclusion. The majority of skin and hair cosmetics have pH close to the pH of tap water. Chemical hair removal products have the most alkaline pH and therefore, require extreme caution as they can cause irritation.
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Ndoile, Monica Mbaraka. "Level of selected heavy metals in some commercially available cosmetic products in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology 12, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v12i3.3.
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The study was conducted in order to assess heavy metal content in some commercially available cosmetics products that are manufactured in United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), India and the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Face creams, beauty soaps, lipsticks and body lotions from the mentioned countries were purchased from local markets in Dar es Salaam and analytical procedures were employed to determine the contents of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). The results showed that lipstick samples contained the highest Pb at 23.36 µg/g, Cd at 23.30 µg/g and Cu at 22.91 µg/g. The highest concentrations in the beauty soap samples showed 21.99 µg/g Pb, 0.98 µg/g Cd and 18.8 µg/g Cu. Face cream samples contained the least contents of Pb at 6.52 µg/g, Cd at 0.16 µg/g, and Cu at 3.75 µg/g. In body lotions, no Pb and Cd were detected; in contrast, the contents of Cu was high (up to 1.4 µg/g). The products evaluated contained toxic heavy metals, though, not at an alarming concentration. Further research and analysis on the health risks of these products is proposed and extreme attention must be given to heavy metals during manufacture.
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Kayalvizhi, J., and A. G. Vijaya Kumar. "Entropy Analysis of EMHD Hybrid Nanofluid Stagnation Point Flow over a Porous Stretching Sheet with Melting Heat Transfer in the Presence of Thermal Radiation." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 8317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218317.
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In this study, the entropy formation of an electromagnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanofluid at a stagnation point flow towards a stretched surface in the presence of melting heat transfer, second-order slip, porous medium, viscous dissipation and thermal radiation are investigated. Hybrid nanoparticles alumina (Al2O3) and copper (Cu) are considered, with the base fluid water (H2O). Similarity transformations are used to address the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) that lead to the corresponding ordinary differential equations. The resulting ODEs are solved by employing bvp4c solver numerically in the MATLAB package. The effects of temperature, transport, production of entropy and Bejan number Be are graphically exhibited. Higher radiation parameters R and an electric field E lead to an increase in fluid temperature. The velocity boundary layer is lowered by the magnetic field and porous media parameters. The opposite behaviour is observed in the electric field E. As a result, hybrid nanofluid has numerous uses in engineering cosmetics, automotive industry, home industry, for cancer treatment, food packaging, pharmaceuticals, fabrics, paper plastics, paints, ceramics, food colorants, electronics, heat exchangers, water purification, lubricants and soaps as well.
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Poli, Tommaso, Oscar Chiantore, Eliano Diana, and Anna Piccirillo. "Drying Oil and Natural Varnishes in Paintings: A Competition in the Metal Soap Formation." Coatings 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020171.
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Metal soaps formation is a well-known issue in oil paintings. Along the lifetime of the painting, carboxylic acids coming from drying oil (free fatty acids, acids from hydrolysis of triglycerides and from oxidation processes) can react with cations of some pigments (in particular, smalt, lead white and zinc white) forming the related carboxylic salts. As observed by many authors, the formation of these carboxylates, with the tendency to migrate and to aggregate, not only modifies the behavior and the aspect of the paint film but also complicates the cleaning approach. In previous works we have demonstrated that a similar pigment reactivity is possible even in presence of natural resins (such as colophony, dammar, mastic, etc) historically used as final varnishes on paintings. In this case, in the reactions the terpenic acids, among the main components of the resins, are involved. In this work, the carboxylates formation kinetics has been studied starting from two representative acids (palmitic and abietic) of painting oils and natural varnishes. Successively, the reactivity of the palmitic acid with the potassium abietate and of the abietic acid with the potassium palmitate has been verified. This investigation aims at clarifying in which way terpenic acids can be involved in the metal soaps reactivity confirming that also surface varnishes may play a significant role in the carboxylates formation and reactivity. It is important to keep in mind that a finishing varnish can be removed and reapplied many times during the lifetime of a painting, thus renewing the provision of reactive terpenic acids at the interface of the painted layers.
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Strachotová, K. C., M. Kouřil, K. Kuchťáková, and Š. Msallamová. "Inhibition efficiency of sodium salts of carboxylic acids on corrosion of lead in archive environment." Koroze a ochrana materialu 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kom-2019-0005.
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Abstract Lead in archive environment suffers from severe corrosion attack caused by the organic acids’ vapours usually presented in such an environment. One of possible ways of corrosion protection of lead is its surface treatment by solutions of sodium salts of monocarboxylic acids (general formula CH3(CH2)n-2COONa, noted NaCn, n = 10, 11, 12). The principle of this corrosion protection is a creation of conversion coating on the lead’s surface, which decreases corrosion rate of lead in the atmospheric environment polluted by organic acids’ vapour. Our research aims at the selection of a suitable protection system that would be applicable to conservation of historical lead in archives and museums. This paper evaluates the corrosion behaviour of treated lead based on the values of polarisation resistance and shape of potentiodynamic curves in simulated corrosive environment (0.01 mol l−1 solution of acetic acid). The lead samples with different state of surface (pure, corroded and electrochemically cleaned) were treated with sodium salts of monocarboxylic acids NaCn (n = 10, 11, 12) having concentration of 0.01 and 0.05 mol l−1. In simulated corrosive atmosphere (above 0.001 mol l−1 acetic acid solution vapours), corrosion rate was measured by means of electrical resistance technique. The inhibition efficiency of monocarboxylic acids is dependent on their carbon chain length and their concentration. The greatest inhibiting efficiency in corrosive atmospheres and for all lead samples was observed for the sodium salt of dodecanoic acid having concentration of 0.05 mol l−1. Artificially created corrosion products and salt coatings were analysed by X-ray diffraction analysis and their surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. A protective salt coatings are mainly composed of metallic soaps in dimer form.
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Herbstman, Julie B., Megan E. Romano, Xiuhong Li, Lisa P. Jacobson, Amy E. Margolis, Ghassan B. Hamra, Deborah H. Bennett, et al. "Characterizing changes in behaviors associated with chemical exposures during the COVID-19 pandemic." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): e0277679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277679.
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The COVID-19 pandemic—and its associated restrictions—have changed many behaviors that can influence environmental exposures including chemicals found in commercial products, packaging and those resulting from pollution. The pandemic also constitutes a stressful life event, leading to symptoms of acute traumatic stress. Data indicate that the combination of environmental exposure and psychological stress jointly contribute to adverse child health outcomes. Within the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)-wide Cohort, a national consortium initiated to understand the effects of environmental exposures on child health and development, our objective was to assess whether there were pandemic-related changes in behavior that may be associated with environmental exposures. A total of 1535 participants from nine cohorts completed a survey via RedCap from December 2020 through May 2021. The questionnaire identified behavioral changes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in expected directions, providing evidence of construct validity. Behavior changes reported by at least a quarter of the respondents include eating less fast food and using fewer ultra-processed foods, hair products, and cosmetics. At least a quarter of respondents reported eating more home cooked meals and using more antibacterial soaps, liquid soaps, hand sanitizers, antibacterial and bleach cleaners. Most frequent predictors of behavior change included Hispanic ethnicity and older age (35 years and older). Respondents experiencing greater COVID-related stress altered their behaviors more than those not reporting stress. These findings highlight that behavior change associated with the pandemic, and pandemic-related psychological stress often co-occur. Thus, prevention strategies and campaigns that limit environmental exposures, support stress reduction, and facilitate behavioral change may lead to the largest health benefits in the context of a pandemic. Analyzing biomarker data in these participants will be helpful to determine if behavior changes reported associate with measured changes in exposure.
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Martínez-Casado, Francisco J., Miguel Ramos-Riesco, José A. Rodríguez-Cheda, Fabio Cucinotta, Alejandro Fernández-Martínez, Leoncio Garrido, Emilio Matesanz, and Leonardo Marchese. "Short lead(ii) soaps: from weakly fluorescent crystals to strongly phosphorescent and structurally varied vitreous phases. A thermal, structural and spectroscopic study." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 44 (2014): 9489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc01645a.
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Nugraha, Sony Eka, Marline Nainggolan, Jane Melita Keliat, and Hetty Lendora Maha. "Training on Herbal Soap Preparation From the Extract Combination of Ketepeng Leaf and Sirih Leaf." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 7, no. 1 (April 25, 2022): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v7i1.7222.
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The problem of sanitation and hygiene is one of the problems faced by many people in Indonesia, especially in the current state of the Covid 19 pandemic. Not to mention the thing that is faced by the people of the Mabar village, Medan Deli sub-district, Medan City is the poor sanitation and hygiene of the community, especially those who live in dense settlements, so it is necessary to campaign for healthy living behaviors, one of which is through counseling on healthy living behaviors in maintaining personal health during the COVID-19 pandemic. and accompanied by training in the manufacture of antibacterial soap to increase public interest and awareness regarding the importance of healthy living. Soap products have developed into a primary need in today's society. These products are used every day by all levels of society, both upper, middle, and lower classes. The partners involved in community service are community groups in Neighborhood IX, Mabar sub-district, Medan Deli sub-district, Medan City. which is quite potential to be developed through a training program for making antibacterial herbal soaps, one of which is made from ketepeng leaves and betel leaves which are widely believed by the community to be effective in curing skin diseases. Several studies have proven that ketepeng and betel leaves have high antibacterial activity which have the potential to be developed into antibacterial soap products.Housewives and teenagers of productive age who are the targets of this service do not yet have productive activities. This training program is expected to provide business opportunities to the community so that it can improve the economy. The soap products produced can be used to meet household needs or can be sold to the surrounding community. With training in making antibacterial herbal soaps, expenses can be reduced and even can improve the household economy.
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Torres, Elisa Alejandrina Gómez. "EVALUATION OF ENZYMATIC ALTERNATIVES FOR THE EXTRACTION OF MANGO SEED OIL (Mangifera indica Linnaeus.)." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 08, no. 01 (2023): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2023.5799.
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The high production of mango seeds (Mangifera indica linnaeus.) in the Dominican Republic, and especially those from processing companies of this fruit, represents an opportunity to find new possibilities that lead to the use of these wastes in different scenarios. The oils are mainly used for human consumption, animal feed, soaps, cosmetics, biodiesel production and hybrid vehicle motor fuels. In accordance with the above, it is necessary to provide innovative proposals aimed at finding new sources of vegetable oil that allow providing new alternatives in the production of this resource. This new alternative of the use of mango would be an alternative for the use of by-products from the food industry and thus contribute to the reduction of possible environmental impacts. In this investigation it was concluded that the percentage of oil extraction using enzymes was low compared to the extraction by hexane. The mango seed was hydrolyzed using a ternary combination of 65% Alcalase, 25% Viscozyme L and 10% Neutrase. The enzymatic methodology presents an alternative for the extraction of mango seed oil with cosmetic and food applications.
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Feio, Gabriel, Hugh D. Burrows, Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes, and Teresa J. T. Pinheiro. "Multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance, studies of lead(II) soaps. Part 3.—Studies on the liquid phase with reference to the behaviour of the corresponding acids." J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 89, no. 16 (1993): 3117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9938903117.
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Beišienė, Milana, and Rasa Damulytė. "HEALTHY LIFESTYLE SKILLS EDUCATION IN THE PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION." Natural Science Education in a Comprehensive School (NSECS) 24, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu/18.24.05.
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We live in an environment rich with various micro-organisms. A lot of germs fall in our hands every day. Various viruses and bacterial infections are spreading through the unclean hands, what can lead to serious health risks. Teachers of pre-school education have the responsibility to encourage young people to develop proper hygiene habits. The principles of personal hygiene must be implemented continuously on a daily basis, by offering suitable, acceptable and interesting forms of activity for children. In order to motivate the development of personal hygiene habits, the creative approach to the importance of clean hands were emphasized: interesting researches, explorations, experiments, moody hands washing motions were performed; various creative activities were offered by using the imagination. Particularly, children were the most motivated by activity through information technology. After carrying out explorations and experiments, the children concluded that there are a lot of germs on the dirty hands and that we are carrying them on foods in such a way. They were convinced that a lot of germs are found on non-greasy fruits and vegetables. The topic of invisible living organisms is very interesting for the children. Once again, it became clear that in order to understand the essence, the child has to study, experiment, explain, discover and learn it by himself. The children emotionally shared their observations, reasoned, focused, and solved the problems during the activities. Tasks, observations, tests gave a sense of pride and self-confidence, all of which it helped to grasp the importance of caring for the cleanness of hands. Children began to wash their hands thoroughly and shared the recipe for soap with their parents. They gave as a present their own made-up soaps for their little friends in the kindergarten. It is likely that all activities will have a positive impact on the formation of children's healthy lifestyle. Additionally, adults must be an example to follow for a healthy lifestyle. Keywords: microbes, healthy lifestyle, clean hands, explorations, experiments, creative activity.
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Megawati, N. A. C. Imani, D. S. Fardhyanti, W. Astuti, and D. S. Hadikawuryan. "Preparation and characterization of binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaves extract-based liquid hand soap." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 969, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/969/1/012048.
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Abstract The need for hand soap is increasing along with the increase of public awareness to maintain cleanliness and health. Commercial hand soaps are made from various chemical mixtures which often give side effects in the form of allergies in people who have sensitive skin. The production of soap with natural ingredients can be a way to solve these problems. In this paper, we report an observational study of the effect of adding binahong leaf oil extract, which is known to have antiseptic properties and is often used as an itching remedy, on the characteristics of liquid hand soap. The research was carried out with the steps of preparation of binahong leaf, binahong leaf oil extract, and production of soap based-binahong leaf extract oil with various concentrations of mixing ingredients. The analysis carried out in this experiment were the analysis of physical and chemical properties as well as the effectiveness of the soap against bacteria after the use of the liquid hand soap. The addition of binahong leaf extract oil in the liquid hand soap can increase the antibacterial properties of the liquid hand soap and has the potential to be used as a soap that is safer for daily use.
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Kamatou, Guy P. P., and Alvaro M. Viljoen. "Linalool – a Review of a Biologically Active Compound of Commercial Importance." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 7 (July 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300727.
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Since the earliest times fragrant materials have been used in rituals. Today, a lucrative industry has developed to produce and deliver fragrances and aromatic chemicals with various applications in modern society. Linalool, a much sought after compound in the flavor and fragrance industry is a monoterpene alcohol which occurs naturally in many aromatic plants. Linalool and linalool-rich essential oils are known to exhibit various biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-oxidant properties and several in vivo studies have confirmed various effects of linalool on the central nervous system. The applications of linalool are not confined to simply adding or enhancing a specific scent to domestic products such as soaps, detergents and shampoos. Linalool also plays an import role in nature as a key compound in the complex pollination biology of various plant species to ensure reproduction and survival. Linalool is also a key compound for the industrial production of a variety of fragrance chemicals such as geraniol, nerol, citral and its derivatives, as well as a lead compound in the synthesis of vitamins A and E. The repellent properties of linalool on various crop-destroying insects has been well documented accentuating the application of this molecule in eco-friendly pest management. This review aims to highlight the various biological properties of linalool and to emphasize the value of linalool and linalool-rich essential oils in phytotherapy.
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Ulfa, Elis Diana, Siti Syamsiah, Hajar Anuar, and Carmila Nur Afriliani. "PEMBUATAN SABUN PADAT EKSTRAK DAUN SUNGKAI (Peronema canescens Jack) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus." JURNAL TEKNIK KIMIA VOKASIONAL (JIMSI) 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46964/jimsi.v3i1.366.
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Soap is a mixture of sodium compounds with fatty acids that are used as body cleaning agents, in solid form, foam, or without additives. Solid soaps on the market have the color, shape, aroma and additives needed by the skin as well as active ingredients that are able to reduce pathogenic microorganisms on the skin. Antibacterial active ingredients against Staphylococcus aureus can be obtained from sungkai leaf extract (Peronema canescens Jack) because it contains chemical compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. This study aims to determine the physical properties of solid soap of sungkai leaf extract in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 3532: 2016 and determine the antibacterial activity of solid soap of sungkai leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Sungkai leaf extract is added with volume variations, namely 0 mL, 5 mL 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL. The resulting solid soap is physically tested and antibacterial tests against Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that solid soap of sungkai leaf extract has physical properties in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 3532-2016 and can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The best results were obtained at the addition of 10 mL of sungkai leaf extract. The soap has a dense texture, the aroma of sungkai leaf extract is not too pungent, pH 9.8, foam stability is 87.80%, moisture content is 3.54% and the diameter of the inhibitory zone against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 10 mm
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Pratiwi, Asti, Safrika Juliana Siahaan, Chandra Pranata, and Yosi Darmirani. "WORKSHOP FORMULATION OF LIQUID SOAP PREPARATIONS OF CITRUS LEAF EXTRACT PURUT (CITRUS HYSTRIX) AS AN ANTISEPTIC AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERIA." JURNAL PENGMAS KESTRA (JPK) 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35451/jpk.v2i2.1454.
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Kaffir lime leaves contain compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium associated with virulence. Pharmaceutical preparations used to maintain healthy skin are soaps. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory power of the Liquid Soap Preparation Formulation of Kaffir lime Leaf Extract as an Antiseptic Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria. The study was carried out by making ethanol extract of purut orange leaves formulated with liquid soap preparations, then an inhibitory test was carried out on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that had been bred 3 times with concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60% and positive and negative controls were carried out. The results of the analysis showed that the formulation of liquid soap preparations of ethanol extract of purut orange leaves with a concentration of 60% has the strongest power against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. In conclusion, the concentration of the formulation of liquid soap preparations of ethanol extract of purut orange leaves is directly proportional to the magnitude of the diameter of the inhibitory zone.
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Sultana, Farhana, Leanne Unicomb, Mahbubur Rahman, Shahjahan Ali, Dorothy L. Southern, Dalia Yeasmin, Rouha Anamika Sarkar, et al. "Pilot of a Low-Cost Elementary School Handwashing Intervention in Bangladesh: Acceptability, Feasibility, and Potential for Sustainability." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1335.
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ABSTRACT. Schoolchildren frequently transmit respiratory and gastrointestinal infections because of dense person-to-person contact in schools. We piloted a low-cost handwashing intervention among elementary schoolchildren in Bangladesh. We trained teachers to lead behavior change communication sessions using flipcharts to encourage students’ handwashing before eating, after defecating, and after cleaning school toilets; provided handwashing stations (reservoirs with taps and stool + basin + soapy water solution [mix of 30 gm detergent with 1.5 L water] + pump top bottle with steel holder); and formed hygiene committees for maintenance and covering the recurrent cost of detergent. We evaluated intervention acceptability, feasibility, and potential for sustainability at 1 and 14 months after the intervention. At baseline, of 300 before eating events, no one washed hands with soap, and 99.7% (299) did not wash hands at all as soap was unavailable. Out of 269 after toileting events, 0.7% (2) washed hands with soap, and 88% (237) did not wash hands. After 4 weeks of the intervention, 45% (87/195 before eating events), 83% (155/186 after toileting events), and 100% (15/15 after cleaning toilet events) washed both hands with soapy water as children found it accessible, low cost, and child friendly. After 14 months, 9.4% (55/586 before eating events) and 37% (172/465 after toileting events) washed both hands with soapy water for health benefits. The intervention was acceptable and feasible; it overcame limited access to soap and water and was affordable as schools covered the recurrent costs of detergent. Further research should explore long-term habit adoption and impact on health and attendance.
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Rusli, Nirwati, Eny Nurhikma, and Elma Puspita Sari. "Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Padat Ekstrak Daun Lamun (Thalassia hemprichii)." WARTA FARMASI 8, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46356/wfarmasi.v8i2.96.
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Lamun (Thalassia hemprichii) merupakan tanaman utama dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan kecantikan, obat, dan bidang farmasi. yang memiliki kandungan alkaloid, flavonoid tanin dan fenol. yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Aktifitas ini lebih efektif dibuat dalam sediaan sabun. Sabunyang dapat membunuh bakteri dikenal dengan sabun antiseptik. dengan menggunakan ekstrak daun lamun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah ekstrak daun lamun dapat di formulasikan sabun mandi padat dan Untuk mengetahui konsentrasi dari ekstrak daun lamun (Thalassiahemprichi) yang memenuhi syarat evaluasi fisik dan uji stabilitas sediaan sabun padat. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah eksperimen dengan membuat sediaan sabun padat. Daun lamun di ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Ekstrak yang diperoleh kemudian dibuat sediaan sabun padat dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun lamun sebesar 15% (FA), 25% (FB), 35% (FC). Formulasi di uji secara evaluasi fisik pada suhu kamar dan cycling test. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi organoleptik, pH sediaan, homogenitas, cycling test dan waktu ruang. Hasil evaluasi fisik sediaan sabun padat ekstrak daun lamun yang dilakukan selama 4 minggu menunjukkan ketiga formula yang dibuat memenuhi syarat evaluasi fisik sediaan,yaitu formula C karena memiliki bentukya padat.
Kata kunci : Ekstrak daun lamun, Sabun Padat, evaluasi fisik dan uji stabiilitas sediaan.
ABSTRACT
Seagrass (Thalassia hemprichii) is the main plant used as a beauty ingredient, medicine, and pharmaceutical field. which contains alkaloids, tannin flavonoids and phenols. which can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This activity is more effectively made in soap preparations. Soaps that can kill bacteria are known as antiseptic soaps. by using seagrass leaf extract. The purpose of this study is to find out whether seagrass leaf extracts can be formulated in solid soap and to determine the concentration of seagrass leaf extracts (Thalassia hemprichi) that meet the physical evaluation and stability tests of solid soap preparations. The type of research conducted was an experiment by making solid soap preparations. Seagrass leaves were extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The extract obtained was then made into a solid soap preparation with a concentration of seagrass extract at 15% (FA), 25% (FB), 35% (FC). The formulation was tested by physical evaluation at room temperature and by cycling test. Evaluation of preparations includes organoleptic, dosage pH, homogeneity, cycling tests and time space. The results of physical evaluation of seagrass leaf extract solid soap which was carried out for 4 weeks showed that the three formulas that were made met the physical evaluation requirements of the preparation, namely formula C because it has a solid form.
Keywords: Seagrass leaves extract, Solid Soap, physical evaluation and stabiility test preparations.
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Grabko, N., G. Vovkodav, and A. V. Krutiy. "Assessment of the composition of some personal hygiene (on the example of shampoos) regarding the negative effect on the human body." Balanced nature using, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.2.2021.237992.
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All shampoos contain various harmful components that accumulate in the body, which can harm human health in general. They can cause allergies, provoke aging, lead to nervous disorders and cardiovascular disease. But, despite this, these substances can not be excluded from the composition of modern shampoos, as without this cosmetics will lose their properties. Choosing the right shampoo will help reduce the risk of harmful effects, but you need to know how it can adversely affect the health of an ingredient. The result is the recommended lists of specific shampoos that take into account all these aspects. Consumers who care about their health should be directly interested in such lists. The aim is to identify the safest groups of shampoos in terms of their content of substances dangerous to human health. The object of personal hygiene products is shampoos (25 items). The subject of the study is the description of the safest groups of shampoos for consumers, taking into account their price and subjective assessment of consumers. The initial data was information about the composition of each of the shampoos and toilet soaps, specified by the manufacturer on the product packaging of each tested hygienic product. During the study, comparative-descriptive, graphical, and statistical (method of K-means cluster analysis) methods of processing and providing information were used. The results of the work are of direct practical importance, as they represent a direct recommendation for the consumer, which is the need to choose personal hygiene products (shampoo) among the proposed lists of the safest samples with the lowest price and best consumer properties.
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Delylah Ondieki, Everlyne, Hellen Cherono Barsosio, Elizabeth Omondi Obinge, and Shehu Shagari Awandu. "Knowledge, attitude and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures among pregnant women in antenatal clinics in western Kenya." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 1800–1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.17070.
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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among pregnant women can lead to an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Preventive measures are essential as there is no definite cure. This study determined the knowledge, attitude and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures including COVID-19 vaccine uptake, among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in western Kenya. Methodology: A mixed-methods study was conducted during the fourth wave of COVID-19 in Kisumu and Siaya counties in Kenya from December 2021 to January 2022. Fishers’ Exact/Chi-square tests were used to determine the association between variables, and multinomial logistics regression were used to identify the predictors of knowledge, attitude and practice. Thematic analyses were used to describe qualitative findings. Results: Of the 385 women interviewed, 99.7% and 100%, had good and above knowledge and attitude respectively, while 23%, had adequate practices. COVID-19 vaccine uptake was 28%. Respondents from households with 3-5 and 6-8 members were 2.11 and 2.58 times more likely to have poor practices, whereas respondents with tertiary level of education were 0.48 times less likely to have poor practices. Focus group discussions revealed that poor COVID-19 vaccine uptake was caused by vaccine myths and misconceptions, whereas the cost of masks, the smell of soaps and sanitizers and inadequate space in the clinics and workplaces were identified as barriers to COVID-19 prevention practices. Conclusions: Although knowledge and attitude scores towards COVID-19 preventive measures were high, this did not reflect in pregnant women engaging in adequate preventive practices and vaccine uptake.
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Mulyono, Agus, Novi Lailiyul Wafiroh, and Muthmainnah Muthmainnah. "Pelatihan Pembuatan Eco-Enzyme dan Sabun Eco-Enzyme Daun Bidara Pada Santri Ponpes Bahrul Ulum Al-Fattah Gondang Legi." JRCE (Journal of Research on Community Engagement) 4, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jrce.v4i1.16472.
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Students who study at the Bahrul Ulum Gondanglegi Islamic boarding school do not have the skills to make their own herbal beauty products, especially soap, so there is a lot of waste just to buy beauty products that are getting more expensive. This underlies the need for introduction and training in making bidara leaf eco-enzyme and bidara leaf eco-enzyme herbal soap which has many benefits, especially for health and beauty. The methods carried out in this community service activity include socialization of the use and utilization of bidara leaves as efficacious plants and sunnahs, training on making bidara leaf eco-enzymes, and training on making herbal soap made from bidara leaf eco-enzymes. The training that has been given, was enthusiastically welcomed by all participants and caregivers of islamic boarding schools. Participants can follow the process of making bidara leaf eco-enzymes and the process of making herbal soaps made from bidara leaf eco-enzymes well, this is evidenced by the final product results that are well completed. In addition, the discussion containing questions and answers about the benefits of the products made is also very interesting. Participants asked a variety of good questions related to the eco-enzyme benefits of bidara leaves. In addition to personal use, it is hoped that mass production of herbal soap made from bidara leaf eco-enzyme can be carried out to be then marketed to the surrounding environment and be able to become one of the innovative products of pesantren that provides economic benefits.
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Martihandini, Nooryza, Diani Putria Angelica, and Shandra Isasi Sutiswa. "LIQUID SOAP FORMULATION FROM ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CASSAVA LEAVES (Manihot esculenta Crantz) WITH COCAMIDE DEA AS SURFACTANT." Medical Sains : Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian 9, no. 1 (February 21, 2024): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37874/ms.v9i1.912.
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The ethanol extract of cassava leaves contains various secondary metabolites that have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella sp., and thus can be used as active ingredients in liquid soap preparation. Liquid soap formulations generally use sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant, which can cause irritation and skin dryness. This study aimed to formulate an ethanol extract from cassava leaves into a liquid soap preparation using cocamide DEA as a surfactant to reduce skin irritation. The study was conducted in an experimental laboratory. Cassava leaves were extracted by maceration using ethanol. Three liquid soap formulas from cassava leaf extract were developed with different extract concentrations: F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). The liquid soaps were evaluated in terms of organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, foam height, and foam stability. The study showed that cassava leaves extract could be formulated into a homogeneous liquid soap with a pH range of 7.0–7.5, viscosity of 143.6–306.2 cps, foam height of 53.33–60.00 mm, and foam stability of 75.01–82.36%. F3 is the optimum formula with the best physical characteristics of the preparation in terms of organoleptic properties, foam height, and foam stability. Keywords: cocamide DEA, cassava leaves, liquid soap, surfactant
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Tani, Jun-ichi, Guerman Popov, Paul R. Mort, and Richard E. Riman. "Precursor and processing effects on BaPbO3 formation kinetics." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 584–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0071.
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The synthesis of BaPbO3 from a wide range of mixtures containing metalorganic precursors, nitrate precursors, lead oxides, barium oxide and peroxide was investigated, and the kinetics was analyzed using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) equation. It was found that Ba and Pb stearate soaps and Pb oxalate that were used as metalorganic precursors formed BaCO3 and PbO or Pb3O4 after firing at 440 °C. The formation rate of BaPbO3 from a metalorganic precursor system is not higher than that from the conventional BaCO3–PbO system and does not depend on mixing methods or the kinds of metalorganic precursors but instead on the synthesis atmosphere. In the case of the BaCO3–PbO system, the Avrami exponent (n) is ∼1, indicating that the reaction is controlled by the phase-boundary-contraction interface reaction. For the BaO2–PbO2 system, n has two values ∼1 and ∼0.3, depending on the reaction temperature and time, indicating that the reaction is either controlled by the phase-boundary-contraction interface reaction or diffusion-controlled reaction. In the Ba nitrate–Pb nitrate system, phase-pure BaPbO3 is obtained at 550 °C, which is 250 °C lower than in the case of the BaCO3–PbO system. The value of n for the nitrate system is ∼1.5, indicating that the reaction is controlled by a three-dimensional (3D) diffusion-controlled nucleation mechanism. In the BaO–PbO system, the formation of BaPbO3 started at 350 °C by an exothermic reaction and the content of BaPbO3 in the product was ∼40 wt%, which is independent of reaction temperature as well as time in the temperature range of 350–500 °C.
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Fulano, Alex M., Geraldin M. W. Lengai, and James W. Muthomi. "Phytosanitary and Technical Quality Challenges in Export Fresh Vegetables and Strategies to Compliance with Market Requirements: Case of Smallholder Snap Beans in Kenya." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031546.
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Kenya is one of the leading exporters of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to Europe, but the export volume has remained below potential mainly due to failure to meet the market quality standards. The quality concerns include the presence of regulated and quarantine pests, pesticide residues, harmful organisms, and noncompliance with the technical standards. These challenges call for the development of alternative approaches in overcoming the phytosanitary and quality challenges in the export of snap beans and other fresh vegetables. These may include integrated pest management (IPM) approaches that incorporate non synthetic chemical options, such as diversified cropping systems, plant and microbial-based pesticides, varieties with multiple disease and pest resistance, insecticidal soaps, pheromones and kairomones, entomopathogens and predators. These approaches, coupled with capacity-building and adherence to the set quality standards, will improve compliance with export market requirements. The aim of this paper is to increase knowledge on implementing good practices across the value chain of fresh vegetables that would lead to improved quality and thereby meeting institutional requirements for the export market. The novelty of the current review is using snap beans as a model vegetable to discuss the challenges that must be mitigated for the quest of achieving high quality and increased volume of fresh export products. Whilst many of the publications have focused on alternatives to synthetic pesticides in addressing MRLs in fresh vegetable exports, there is a disconnect between research and industry in achieving chemical residue and pest free export vegetables. This review describes the phytosanitary and technical challenges faced by smallholder farmers in accessing export markets, evaluates the phytosanitary and quality requirements by the niche markets, and explores the strategies that could be used to enhance compliance to the institutional and market requirements for fresh vegetables.
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Bhattarai, Ajaya. "Investigation on solution properties of surfactants in mixed solvent media: Landmark towards Surface Chemistry in Eastern Nepal." BIBECHANA 11 (May 10, 2014): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v11i0.10400.
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Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules having a hydrophilic or water soluble moiety (head group) and a hydrophobic, or water insoluble moiety (tail group). Surfactants are not only related to soaps and detergents, they are also in heavy demand for industrial processes requiring colloid stability, metal treatments, mineral flotation, pesticides, oil production, pharmaceutical formulation, emulsion polymerization, particle growth and many more. That is why surfactants have been and continue to be a very active area of scientific research and commercial growth for several decades. One interesting property of surfactants is that at low concentrations, they exist solely as monomers. The formation of micelles, begins at a specific surfactant concentration termed the critical micelle concentration (cmc), where the physical properties of the solution, such as interfacial tension, electrical conductivity, and light scattering behaviour, often changes abruptly due to the existence of micelles. The formation of micelles will be able to calculate various thermodynamic parameters. These parameters make surfactants not only an interesting and rich area for the exploration of novel phenomena but also an area of research which can lead to new applications in a variety of fields. However, most of the previous studies on surfactants are limited to aqueous media only. Studies in mixed solvent media are very natural one as one can modulate the conformations of surfactants and their interactions easily by simply varying the composition of the media. With this concept, the research team of Eastern Nepal has started to work the solution properties of surfactants in different mixed solvent media in presence and absence of salts and has also investigated cationic and anionic surfactant interaction in mixed solvent media. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v11i0.10400 BIBECHANA 11(1) (2014) 175-180
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Ananda Shetty, Manohar, Sanjeevkumar Jyoteppa, Bhosgikar Anup, Ashwinikumar Waghmare, and Hiremath Sapana. "STUDY ON KESHA SHAREERA W.S.R TO KHALITYA (MALE PATTERN BALDNESS) IN RELATION WITH DAIHIKA PRAKRUTI." January 2024 12, no. 01 (December 14, 2024): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj0412012024.
Full textAbstract:
Ayurveda is one of the oldest scientific medical systems in the world with strong evidence of experiencing good life. However, it is not only the system of medicine in the congenital sense of curing diseases. It is also a way of life that teaches us how to maintain and protect our own health and lead a healthy life, Hence, it is sincerely a holistic and fundamental medical system. According to Acharya Sushruta, the Kesha is one of the Pitruja Bhava. He has mentioned in Nidanasthana that under the heading explained Indralupta, Khalitya, and Ruhya are the same. Pitta along with Vata by involving the roots of hair (Romakoopa) causes the falling of hair and then after Shleshma along with Shonita obstructs the channel of Romakoopa leading to the degeneration of the hairs. Ayurveda is based on the concepts of Prakruti inherited at the time of Shukra Shonita Samyoga, prior to birth defined as Prakruti. As the Prakruti of a person remains stable throughout the life of an individual, it is helpful in predicting a particular disease, the prognosis of that illness, and the selection of therapy. The Kesha and Prakruti are interrelated, people of different Prakruti have different types of Kesha. Here for the assessment of male pattern baldness, the Hamilton Norwood scale is used. In the present Westernized culture, other dietary habits, and different hair care products like chemical-based oils, shampoos, conditioners, soaps, etc, have made hair either get premature or to falling of hair. So, the individual develops an inferiority complex, having a latent impact on one’s psychological behavior. So, our in-tention is to know which Prakruti person will get earlier Khalitya and the same will be studied here.
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Fawehinmi, A. B., Hassan Lawal, E. U. Chimezie, T. I. Fasan, and A. T. Ola-Adedoyin. "Antibacterial Properties and Chemical Parameters Determination of Medicinal Soap Produced with Acalypha wilkesiana Plant Extracts." International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 24, no. 5 (September 13, 2023): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5826.
Full textAbstract:
In rural communities of the poor developing economies, dermatophytic infections have become pandermic with about 20-25% of the population affected. The present study was carried out to produce medicinal soaps with antibacterial and antifungal activities using leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana. We compared the antimicrobial properties of different concentrations of the extract of the plant in soap production and the chemical parameters of the produced soap were determined. The soap containing 15% Acalypha wilkesiana showed more activities against clinical strains of Candida albicans and Staphyloccocus aureus at all concentrations with zones of inhibition between 6 – 18 mm compared to values obtained against Proteus mirabilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, soap containing 10% of the medicinal plant was not active against all the test microorganisms at lower concentrations of 10 and 100 µg/mL but the activity increased with increased concentration of the active ingredient in the soap to 1000 and 10,000 µg/mL. However, the soap containing 5% medicinal plant was not active at any of the concentrations. The chemical parameters determined indicated that Total fatty matter (TFM) 47% is within the acceptable limit. The values obtained for Matter insoluble in water (18%), matter insoluble in alcohol (0.5%), Total free acidity (0.7%), Moisture content (7%), pH(10.5) and % Free alkali as Na2O (6.19%) were all within acceptable limit. The Foam stability was determined to be 3.98 mins. It is therefore obvious that the soap containing 15% Acalypha wilkesiana is more effective against the test microorganisms compared to 10% and could be utilized for the management of skin infections.
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Nedić Grujin, Katarina, Tanja Lužaić, Lato Pezo, Branislava Nikolovski, Zoran Maksimović, and Ranko Romanić. "Sunflower Oil Winterization Using the Cellulose-Based Filtration Aid—Investigation of Oil Quality during Industrial Filtration Probe." Foods 12, no. 12 (June 7, 2023): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12122291.
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Waxes, phospholipids, free fatty acids, peroxides, aldehydes, soap, trace metals and moisture present in crude sunflower oil have a negative effect on the oil quality and are, therefore, removed during the refining process. Waxes crystallizing at low temperatures are removed during winterization by cooling and filtration. Waxes have poor filtration characteristics and an industrial filtration process must be enhanced by the use of filtration aids, which improve filter cake structure and properties, and consequently prolong the filtration cycle. Today, traditional filtration aids (diatomite, perlite, etc.) being used in the industry are frequently replaced by cellulose-based aids. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of oil filtration assisted by two cellulose-based filtration aids on the chemical parameters (wax, moisture, phospholipids, soaps, and fatty acids), oil transparency, carotenoids, and Fe and Cu content of sunflower oil obtained in an industrial horizontal pressure leaf filter. In order to investigate the mentioned parameters, the following techniques were used: gravimetric (waxes and moisture content), spectrophotometric (phospholipids and carotenoid content and oil transparency), volumetric (soaps and free fatty acids content) as well as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Fe and Cu content. An artificial neural network model (ANN) was employed for the prediction of removal efficiency based on the chemical quality, oil transparency, Fe and Cu content in oils before filtration, as well as filtration aid quantity and filtration time. Cellulose-based filtration aids had multiple beneficial effects; on average, 99.20% of waxes, 74.88% of phospholipids, 100% of soap, 7.99% of carotenoids, 16.39% of Fe and 18.33% of Cu were removed.
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Giladi, Moshe, Mario E. Lacouture, Uri Weinberg, Zeev Bomzon, and Yoram Palti. "Compatibility of topical agents with tumor treating fields (TTFields) for treatment of associated skin events in glioblastoma (GBM)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e24126-e24126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24126.
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e24126 Background: TTFields are low intensity, intermediate frequency, alternating electric fields applied continuously using 2 pairs of skin-affixed transducer arrays. TTFields are FDA-approved in GBM and mesothelioma. The most common TTFields-related adverse event (AE) is mild-to-moderate dermatitis (beneath arrays), via long-term irritant exposure and local hyperhidrosis and occlusion exacerbation. Skin reaction mitigation strategies may improve quality-of-life (QoL) and ensure usage, as maximal survival benefits have been correlated with duration of use. Not all skin care products are TTFields compatible and may increase electrical impedance and lead to beneath array temperature increases. The aim of this in vivo study was to investigate the effects of 62 commercially available skin care products on electrical impedance during TTFields treatment. Methods: TTFields (200 kHz; optimal GBM frequency) were applied to rats using transducer arrays made of the same ceramic disks and hydrogels used in patients with GBM. To test electrical impedance effects, skin care products were applied to the skin immediately before array placement. The change in impedance relative to naïve skin was measured using the Optune device. Sixty-two commercially available products from 8 groups (adhesive removers, antibiotics, antiperspirants, antiseptics, cleansers, moisturizers, skin barriers, and topical corticosteroids) were evaluated. Results: Most lotions, soaps, foams, and solutions had minimal effect on electrical impedance, while petrolatum-based ointments significantly increased electrical impedance. Conclusions: TTFields compatible skin care products that did not affect electrical impedance were identified from each of the 8 groups and could be considered for further evaluation. All petrolatum-based ointments that were tested led to an increase in electrical impedance and are thus not recommended. Local application of TTFields compatible skin care products should be prospectively investigated in the clinical setting for their potential role in minimizing TTFields–related skin AEs. The randomized, double-blind PROTECT (PROphylactic skin Toxicity thErapy with Clindamycin and triamcinolone in GBM patients Treated with TTFields) study, should help establish which products best reduce skin AEs in patients with GBM and assess impact on QoL.
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ZAITON, SITI NURUL 'AIN HJ, HAIRUL AMIZA AZMAN, NORHAFINI HAMBALI, MUNIRAH ONN, SAIFUL NAJMEE MOHAMAD, and MOHD HAIKAL MUSTAFA. "PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HERBAL SOAP MADE FROM AVERRHOA BILIMBI LEAF AND FLOS LONICERAE." Malaysian Journal of Science 43, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol43no1.1.
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Malaysian herbs, Averrhoa Bilimbi, and Flos Lonicerae, are widely known in traditional Chinese medicine. Both are used as natural remedies for jaundice treatment in newborns. Formulating herbal bath soap by the saponification method is proposed because newborn babies are poor feeders. Today, a lot of chemicals are used in soap production. Users will have a wide range of issues due to chemicals like parabens and triclosan. As a result, soap is made from herbs without chemicals. This herbal soap uses two herbs, Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf and Flos Lonicerae. Paper journals examining these herbs’ physicochemical properties are scarce in Malaysia. After the herbal soap has been successfully created, it will be examined for its physicochemical properties. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC), of Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf extract and Flos Lonicerae extract were all tested. The antibacterial activity, heavy metal and pH tests were also validated the suitability of this herbal soap for skin application. According to the findings, Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf extract had a TPC value of 24.49 mg GAE/g compared to 4.96 mg GAE/g for Flos Lonicerae extract. Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf required a slightly higher concentration of 0.0588 g/mL extract to inhibit 50% of the DPPH assay compared to Flos Lonicerae plant extract, which required 0.0315 g/mL. Since there was no evidence of any bacterial growth, the herbal soap was effective against all the tested bacterial strains. The heavy metal test showed the soap does not contain any lead, mercury or arsenic and exhibits a pH value which close to the range for suitable skin application.