Journal articles on the topic 'Lead smelter slag'
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Han, Junwei, Wei Liu, Dawei Wang, Fen Jiao, and Wenqing Qin. "Selective Sulfidation of Lead Smelter Slag with Sulfur." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 47, no. 1 (November 30, 2015): 344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0526-4.
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Warchulski, Rafał, Monika Szczuka, and Krzysztof Kupczak. "Reconstruction of 16th–17th Century Lead Smelting Processes on the Basis of Slag Properties: A Case Study from Sławków, Poland." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10111039.
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The study focuses on the reconstruction of the technological process in the 16th–17th century lead smelter in Sławków based on chemical and petrographic analyzes of slags. There are three main types of material at the landfill: glassy, crystalline, and weathered. Glassy slags are made of amorphous phase in which crystals of pyroxene, willemite, olivine, wüstite, and lead oxide appear. Crystalline slags are composed of wollastonite, rankinite, melilite, anorthite, quartz, and Fe oxides. Weathered slags have a composition similar to glassy slags, but they also contain secondary phases: anglesite and cerussite. Chemical analyzes confirmed that the smelter used sulphide ores, which were roasted, and the main addition to the charge was quartz sand. The smelting process took place in a brick-built furnace, under reducing conditions, with varied oxygen fugacity ranging from WM to MH buffer. The slag characteristics show a knowledge of the workers in the field of smelting methods. The addition of SiO2 allowed for the binding of elements that could contaminate the obtained lead, and at the same time, the low melting point of the material (1150 °C) and the melt viscosity (logη = 1.34 for 1150 °C) was maintained, enabling the effective separation of liquid lead.
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Deng, Daiqiang, Guodong Cao, and Yihua Liang. "Experimental Study on Lead-Smelting Slag as Paste Filling Cementing Material." Geofluids 2022 (March 16, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6126881.
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Under the current pressure of mineral product price and market competition, as well as the tightening of ecological and environmental protection policies, energy saving, emission reduction and cost reduction, and efficiency increase have become inevitable trends. Lead-smelting slag of smelter, as an industrial byproduct, is harmful solid waste to be eliminated. In this research, a series of experiments on substitute for cement were done for filling cost reduction under premise of guaranteeing the filling strength, using PC32.5 cement as reference cementing material. Meanwhile, with Portland cement clinker, water quenching slag of BF ironmaking, and lead-smelting slag of smelter in different ratios, four cementing materials were made and named as cementing material I, cementing material II, cementing material III, and cementing material IV. Then, the above five cementing materials including PC32.5 cement were mixed, respectively, with tailing and water to prepare paste backfill slurry with different binder-tailing ratio and concentration. Backfill block was made and cured at 20°C; their uniaxial compressive strengths in different curing ages were measured. The result shows the strength of backfill test block using cementing material I (cement clinker and water quenching slag) without lead-smelting slag is far higher than that of test block using PC32.5 cement as cementing material. The strength of block with 16% lead-smelting slag increased dramatically, which was higher than the strength of block using PC32.5 as cementing material. However, the strength of test block decreased when the content of lead-smelting slag reached 32% and 40%. The more lead-smelting slag was added, the worse influence on strength of backfill would be. Because of large specific gravity of lead-smelting slag and low content of CaO, the hydration activity of lead-smelting slag is far lower than that of water quenching slag. Therefore, using moderate lead-smelting slag as substitute for cement will lead to increase of backfill strength and decrease filling cost.
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Zheng, Yong-Xing, Wei Liu, Wen-Qing Qin, Yan Kong, Hong-Lin Luo, and Jun-Wei Han. "Mineralogical Reconstruction of Lead Smelter Slag for Zinc Recovery." Separation Science and Technology 49, no. 5 (March 7, 2014): 783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2013.863342.
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Forte, Federica, Liesbeth Horckmans, Kris Broos, Eunyoung Kim, Frantisek Kukurugya, and Koen Binnemans. "Closed-loop solvometallurgical process for recovery of lead from iron-rich secondary lead smelter residues." RSC Adv. 7, no. 79 (2017): 49999–50005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09150h.
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de Andrade Lima, L. R. P., and L. A. Bernardez. "Characterization of the lead smelter slag in Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil." Journal of Hazardous Materials 189, no. 3 (May 2011): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.091.
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Ettler, V., P. Piantone, and J. C. Touray. "Mineralogical control on inorganic contaminant mobility in leachate from lead-zinc metallurgical slag: experimental approach and long-term assessment." Mineralogical Magazine 67, no. 6 (December 2003): 1269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461036760164.
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AbstractLead, zinc and arsenic mobilization/attenuation processes during interactions between smelter slag and water show differences depending on the origin of the slag. The studied samples, waste from ore and car-battery processing, were submitted to long-term (365 days) batch leaching at two different initial pH values. The leachate analyses were input to the EQ3NR speciation-solubility code to speciate the solutions and determine the degree of saturation with respect to different phases, and a mineralogical investigation was made of the newly formed phases. An ‘oxidizing’ scenario can be proposed for slag waste disposal, considering that cerussite (PbCO3) at pH >6 becomes a major solubility-controlling phase for Pb, and newly formed hydrous ferric oxides (HFO – common secondary phases under oxidizing conditions) efficiently adsorb As. No efficient scavenging mechanism was found for Zn, which was progressively leached from the slag and in particular from the ore-processing slag. Quenched glass-rich slag from old car-battery processing was found to release significant amounts of Pb, especially in acidic environments. Neither slag would therefore be suitable for recycling for civil engineering purposes. Conversely, extremely low releases of Pb, Zn and As were observed for recent car-battery processing slag, which could therefore be considered for road construction.
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Ibraheem, Fakhri H. "Feasible Time for Extraction of Lead from Spent Paste by Pyrometallurgical Process." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10375.
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This paper focuses on determining the feasible time for production of lead from spent paste (SP) by pyrometallurgical process through the rotary furnace. The extraction process faces several problems due to difficulties to control reaction media conditions. The experiments had been done on rotary furnace which exists in a secondary lead smelter in Baghdad - Khan Dhary. The SP mainly consists of lead sulfate and lead oxides. The experiments are implemented at high temperatures (1300°C) for reduction and desulfurization. 20 experiments were designed to determine the feasible smelting cycle time. The weight of slag, matte, and lead bullion was determined in each experiment as well as the percent of lead in each phase. These data were analyzed and graphically represented. The reaction’s rate profile can be detailed in the following manner: (1) High rate during the first 90 smelting min. Low rate from 90 to 120 min. Very low rate after 120 min. (2) The feasible extraction time is between 120 and 130 min with average lead percent in slag not >8%. (3) The slag with lead percent higher than 5% is returned to the furnace whereas the lower one is extracted by the blast furnace.
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ZOLOTOVA, Ekaterina Sergeevna, and Niktor Fedorovich RYABININ. "Environmental geochemistry of the copper slag old dump in the Middle Urals." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-2-103-109.
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Relevance of the work. Wastes from mining and processing industries occupy vast areas and cause serious environmental damage. The research results will contribute to the development of biological reclamation of industrial areas and environmental monitoring. Purpose of the work: study of the geochemical features of soils and plants formed on old slags of the Polevsky copper smelter (Middle Urals). Methods of the study. We laid the plot in the relatively flat section of the base of the steep slope of the dump. Complex samples were taken at equal intervals on the transect and included blocks of technogenic soil along with growing plants. The material of the complex sample was divided into fractions by nature (soil, plants) and by size of fragments of copper smelting slag, dried to air-dry state and weighed. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results. The man-made soil with a thickness of 10–15 cm has formed on the cast copper smelting slag old dump. More than a third of its mass is fine soil (particles less than 1 mm), which is a sorption geochemical barrier. The most elements concentration in fine soil is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than their concentration in slag stone. Lead, cadmium, bismuth are especially effectively delayed. In the fine soil, the strongest excesses of the maximum permissible concentrations for all regulated elements have been established. It has been confirmed that under unlimited supply conditions of elements migration from slag, plant has an upper accumulation threshold. For the aboveground plant parts, the highest values of the biological absorption coefficient were found for selenium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus. Conclusions. An environmental assessment of the Polevsky smelter (Middle Urals) old dump was carried out, the geochemical features of the soil and plants were investigated.
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Mohamadi Nasab, Saeed, Behnam Shafiei Bafti, Mohamad Reza Yarahmadi, Mohammad Mahmoudi Maymand, and Javad Kamalabadi Khorasani. "Mineralogical Properties of the Copper Slags from the SarCheshmeh Smelter Plant, Iran, in View of Value Recovery." Minerals 12, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091153.
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Annually, hundreds of thousands of tons of slags are involved in the reverberator and flash smelting as well as converting operations of Cu-Fe sulfide concentrates to produce matte in the Sar Cheshmeh copper smelter plant, Iran, disposed in the landfill and cooled in air. Due to their relatively high average copper content (about 1.5 wt%), a mineral processing plant based on the flotation process has recently been established to produce thousands of tons of Cu-sulfide concentrate after slag crushing and fine grinding operation. In order to make the flotation process more efficient, more knowledge is required on the form and origin of the copper losses in the slag. To achieve this, mineralogical studies of the slags using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods have been carried out. Mineralogical analyses showed the main part of copper losses into the semi- to fully-crystallized magnetite-rich reverberator and flash slags characterized by crystal–glass matrix ratio ≤ 1 is moderate to coarse particles of Cu-Fe sulfides, i.e., chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and bornite (Cu5FeS4), that are mainly chemically entrapped. In contrast, the mechanically entrapped fine- to coarse-grain (from 20 up to 200 µm) spherical-shaped of high-grade matte particles with chalcocite (Cu2S) composition containing droplets or veinlets of metallic copper (Cu0) are the dominant forms of copper losses into the converter slags characterized by crystal–glass matrix ratio > 1. From the value recovery point of view, our result show that the fully crystallized slags containing moderate- to coarse-grain copper-bearing particles will result in efficient recovery of a significant amount of entrained copper due to better milling response compared to semi-crystallized ones due to locking the fine- to moderate-grain copper particles in the silicate glassy matrix. Laboratory-scale grinding experiments showed that normal (≤74 μm) to fine (≤44 μm) grinding of high- Cu grade slags lead to a significant increase in the liberation degree of copper particles. in contrast, the increase in fine particle fractions (<37 μm) due to re-grinding or ultra-fine grinding of the originally low-Cu grade slags does not lead to the liberation of copper particles, but it will reduce the efficiency of the flotation process. This study suggests that the highest rate of copper recovery of the slag by the flotation process will be obtained at particle size 80% passing 44 µm which has also reached the optimal liberation degree of copper-bearing particles.
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Albitar, M., M. S. Mohamed Ali, and P. Visintin. "Experimental study on fly ash and lead smelter slag-based geopolymer concrete columns." Construction and Building Materials 141 (June 2017): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.014.
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Garbacz-Klempka, A., M. Wardas-Lasoń, J. Kozana, M. Piękoś, and Z. Kwak. "Metallurgical Slags as Traces of a 15th century Copper Smelter." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0045.
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Abstract The research focuses on assessing the metal content, mainly copper, lead, iron and also silver in metallurgical slag samples from the area where historical metallurgical industry functioned. In the smelter located in Mogiła, near Krakow (southern Poland), whose operation is confirmed in sources from 1469, copper was probably refined as well as silver was separated from copper. Based on the change of chemical and soil phase content and also taking cartographic and historical data into account, considering the restrictions resulting from the modern land use the area was determined whose geochemical mapping can point to the location of the 15th century Jan Thurzo’s smelter in Mogiła near Krakow. Moreover, using the same approach with the samples of this kind here as with hazardous waste, an attempt has been made to assess their impact on the environment. Thereby, taking the geoenvironmental conditions into account, potential impact of the industrial activity has been assessed, which probably left large scale changes in the substratum, manifested in the structure, chemical content and soil phase changes. Discovering areas which are contaminated above the standard value can help to identify historical human activities, and finding the context in artefacts allows to treat geochemical anomalies as a geochronological marker. For this purpose the best are bed sediments, at present buried in the ground, of historical ditches draining the area of the supposed smelter. Correlating their qualities with analogical research of archeologically identified slags and other waste material allows for reconstructing the anthropopressure stages and the evaluation of their effects. The operation of Jan Thurzo’s smelter is significant for the history of mining and metallurgy of Poland and Central and Eastern Europe.
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Gholampour, Aliakbar, Togay Ozbakkaloglu, Elahe Etemadi, and Thomas Vincent. "Sustainable mortars containing fly ash, glass powder and blast-furnace and lead-smelter slag." Magazine of Concrete Research 72, no. 9 (May 2020): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.19.00355.
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Albitar, M., M. S. Mohamed Ali, P. Visintin, and M. Drechsler. "Effect of granulated lead smelter slag on strength of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete." Construction and Building Materials 83 (May 2015): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.009.
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Han, Junwei, Wei Liu, Dawei Wang, Fen Jiao, Tianfu Zhang, and Wenqing Qin. "Selective Sulfidation of Lead Smelter Slag with Pyrite and Flotation Behavior of Synthetic ZnS." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 47, no. 4 (May 27, 2016): 2400–2410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0693-y.
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Hajdú, A., and I. Licskó. "Environmental pollution caused by a non-ferrous metal smelter." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0648.
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After 80 years of operation health authorities have closed down a plant processing non-ferrous scrap metals. The ruling had both beneficial and adverse environmental impacts. The benefits include elimination of direct air pollution by metal compound emissions, but the metal-bearing dust deposited over 80 years and stirred up by winds is still a source of indirect pollution. Remediation involves partial soil replacement in residential areas in combination with covering, recultivating the 200 000 ton slag heap on the basis of detailed investigations. The adverse impact consists of the discontinuation of organized collection, break-up and processing of used car batteries. The rash, unfounded decision resulted in cases of heavy lead poisoning.
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Xie, Xiang Tian, and Song Lin Zhou. "New Processes to Treat Anode Slime and Other Smelter Improvements." Key Engineering Materials 915 (March 29, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-0y4j2h.
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During efforts to solve common technical challenges to the comprehensive recovery of rare precious metals associated with copper smelting, Xiangguang Copper (XG) independently developed a new process to treat anode slime using technology that captures precious metal using bismuth. This paper focuses on the introduction and application of this technology for capturing precious metals with bismuth. It also discusses silver electrolysis at high current density and bismuth recovery from precious metals slag. The new process shows good adaptability of raw materials, elimination of lead pollution, low energy consumption, environmental protection and high comprehensive recovery rate of metals, which promotes the technological progress of comprehensive recovery and utilization of associated resources in copper smelting process.
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Zheng, Y. X., W. Liu, W. Q. Qin, J. W. Han, K. Yang, H. L. Luo, and D. W. Wang. "Improvement for sulphidation roasting and its application to treat lead smelter slag and zinc recovery." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 54, no. 1 (August 5, 2014): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1879139514y.0000000155.
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Siebielec, Sylwia, Grzegorz Siebielec, Piotr Sugier, Małgorzata Woźniak, Jarosław Grządziel, Anna Gałązka, and Tomasz Stuczyński. "Activity and Diversity of Microorganisms in Root Zone of Plant Species Spontaneously Inhabiting Smelter Waste Piles." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 5638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235638.
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The aim was to assess plant driven changes in the activity and diversity of microorganisms in the top layer of the zinc and lead smelter waste piles. The study sites comprised two types (flotation waste—FW and slag waste—SW) of smelter waste deposits in Piekary Slaskie, Poland. Cadmium, zinc, lead, and arsenic contents in these technosols were extremely high. The root zone of 8 spontaneous plant species (FW—Thymus serpyllum, Silene vulgaris, Solidago virgaurea, Echium vulgare, and Rumex acetosa; and SW—Verbascum thapsus; Solidago gigantea, Eupatorium cannabinum) and barren areas of each waste deposit were sampled. We observed a significant difference in microbial characteristics attributed to different plant species. The enzymatic activity was mostly driven by plant-microbial interactions and it was significantly greater in soil affected by plants than in bulk soil. Furthermore, as it was revealed by BIOLOG Ecoplate analysis, microorganisms inhabiting barren areas of the waste piles rely on significantly different sources of carbon than those found in the zone affected by spontaneous plants. Among phyla, Actinobacteriota were the most abundant, contributing to at least 25% of the total abundance. Bacteria belonging to Blastococcus genera were the most abundant with the substantial contribution of Nocardioides and Pseudonocardia, especially in the root zone. The contribution of unclassified bacteria was high—up to 38% of the total abundance. This demonstrates the unique character of bacterial communities in the smelter waste.
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Taskinen, Pekka, and Katri Avarmaa. "Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 19, 2021): 12826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212826.
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The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions of their limiting boundary conditions. The raw material basis of non-ferrous metals needs an effective control of iron oxide fluxing due to the challenging fact that the targeted metal values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, and tin will exist as minority components in the smelter feeds compared to iron sulphides, gangue, and many harmful elements. This means more complex slag compositions and the amount of produced slag being several times that of the metal production. This feature severely impacts the heat balance of the smelting vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes more and more difficult to maintain.
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Kupczak, Krzysztof, Rafał Warchulski, Mateusz Dulski, and Dorota Środek. "Chemical and Phase Reactions on the Contact between Refractory Materials and Slags, a Case from the 19th Century Zn-Pb Smelter in Ruda Śląska, Poland." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10111006.
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Slags from the historic metallurgy of Zn-Pb ores are known for unique chemical and phase compositions. The oxides, silicates, aluminosilicates, and amorphous phases present therein often contain in the structure elements that are rare in natural conditions, such as Zn, Pb, As. The study focuses on processes occurring on the contact of the melted batch and the refractory materials that build the furnace, which lead to the formation of these phases. To describe them, chemical (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) and petrological ((X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro-analyses (EPMA), Raman spectroscopy) analyses were performed on refractory material, slag, and contact of both. Two main types of reactions have been distinguished: gas/fluid- refractories and liquid- refractories. The first of them enrich the refractories with elements that migrate with the gas (Pb, K, Na, As, Zn) and transport the components building it (Fe, Mg, Ca) inward. Reactions between melted batch and refractory materials through gravitational differentiation and the melting of refractories lead to the formation of an aluminosilicate liquid with a high content of heavy elements. Cooling of this melt causes crystallization of minerals characteristic for slag, but with a modified composition, such as Fe-rich pyroxenes, Pb-rich K-feldspar, or PbO-As2O3-SiO2 glass.
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Siebielec, Sylwia, Grzegorz Siebielec, Anna Marzec-Grządziel, Monika Pecio, and Tomasz Stuczyński. "Testing Combined Effect of Amendments and Inoculation with Bacteria for Improving Phytostabilisation of Smelter Waste Extremely Contaminated with Trace Elements." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102064.
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Smelter waste deposits pose environmental and health threats and require remediation actions. Phytostabilisation techniques, based on soil amendments, help to establish plant cover and limit the secondary emission of potentially toxic trace elements. However, methods to optimize their effectiveness are needed. The application of bacterial inoculants in combination with soil amendments in the remediation of soils and wastes contaminated with metals still has not been extensively tested. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of indigenous (Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas sp.) and foreign (Streptomyces costaricanus) strains of bacteria in supporting grass growth on extremely contaminated waste slag. They were applied alone and in combination with compost mixed with phosphate fertilizer or iron oxide. The tested strains improved plant growth and increased plant availability of phosphorus. The interaction of the soil amendments and some bacterial strains also stimulated a decrease in the extractability of metals, likely through the phosphate-induced precipitation of lead. Our data show that the effectiveness of soil amendments in the phytostabilisation of heavily polluted smelter deposits can be enhanced by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB).
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Gholampour, Aliakbar, Aamar Danish, Togay Ozbakkaloglu, Jung Heum Yeon, and Osman Gencel. "Mechanical and durability properties of natural fiber-reinforced geopolymers containing lead smelter slag and waste glass sand." Construction and Building Materials 352 (October 2022): 129043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129043.
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Moussaoui, Raja, Souad EL Moudni EL Alami, and Hassan Aouraghe. "Characterization of the Zellidja Lead Smelter Slag (Eastern Morocco) in order to their Valorization in Civil Engineering." Journal of Ecological Engineering 20, no. 8 (September 1, 2019): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/110812.
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Boughriet, A., P. Recourt, N. Proix, G. Billon, M. Leermakers, J.-C. Fischer, and B. Ouddane. "Fractionation of anthropogenic lead and zinc in Deûle River sediments." Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 2 (2007): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06044.
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Environmental context. Metal contamination from smelting plants can have significant environmental and geochemical impacts on surrounding river systems, where large amounts of ores, dusts and slag are often discharged. Pollution levels in a river in northern France in the vicinity of a plant that had been producing zinc and lead have been measured. The authors assessed and identified the forms and phases of these metals in the polluted sediments, in order to assess the ability of these metals to pass into water when physicochemical changes (pH, redox potential) occur in the medium, for instance, as a result of dredging and barge traffic. Abstract. The degradation of a fluvial environment, the Deûle River in northern France, with metals has been examined. Sites of environmentally significant sediment metal contamination were identified near a former smelting plant (Metaleurop) that produced lead and zinc. The chemical fractionation of sedimentary lead and zinc was carried out by using a four-stage sequential procedure in the polluted sediments. Chemical treatments were performed on these sediments with increasingly strong phase-specific reagents and under controlled thermal conditions; the recovered solutions were subsequently analysed using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The partitioning of lead and zinc in Deûle River sediment samples was further compared with those found in less contaminated sites upstream and downstream from the former Metaleurop factory. Analytical data showed the extent of industrial pollution in this sediment, particularly, the implication of: (i) anthropogenic lead and zinc on the easily extractable fraction; (ii) smelter inputs containing of sulfidic ores on the sulfide/organic fraction; and (iii) smelter dust, slags and possibly ores derived from oxides in the reducible fraction. Overall, in polluted water, sediment-bound lead and zinc were found to be associated with all the sedimentary phases (the average mass percentages of lead and zinc in the exchangeable ions/carbonate fraction were respectively: 12% and 23%; in Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides: 48% and 35%; in sulfides and organics: 33% and 29%; and in clays and aluminosilicates: 7% and 14%). Using X-ray diffraction, heavy minerals that were previously separated from sediments by decantation with gravity were shown to consist mostly of galena (PbS), wurtzite (ZnS), and pyrite (FeS2), showing the importance of sulfides in this sedimentary material. Using environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ESEM/EDS), sediments were found to be highly heterogeneous assemblages or aggregates, but with some isolated crystals that were identified. Detailed ESEM/EDS analyses (with imaging) have enabled us to demonstrate the existence of numerous lead and zinc phases that agree well with X-ray diffraction results and sequential extraction data.
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Torres Agredo, Janneth, Sergio Gallego Restrepo, Fernando Álvarez Hincapié, and Daniela Giraldo Alzate. "Preliminary Study of the Use of a Secondary Lead Smelting Slag as an Addition to Portland Cement." Key Engineering Materials 761 (January 2018): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.761.175.
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In this work, the preliminary study about the use of secondary lead smelting slag (SLSS) as an addition to Portland cement is presented. SLSS is a waste from a Colombian secondary lead smelter. The chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics of the raw materials were evaluated by X-ray fluorescence, particle size and X-ray diffraction. To assess the SLSS pozzolanic activity, the ASTM C618 standards were used. Additionally, cement pastes added with SLSS as Portland cement replacement in proportions of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% were prepared, to study the hydration process at 7, 14 and 28 of curing times. To determine the hydration products the technique of X-ray diffraction was used. Furthermore, the environmental test TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) was performed in pastes with 28 days of curing time. Results showed that SLSS reported an index of pozzolanic activity of 87%, this value meets the standard (greater than 75%). The hydration process showed that since early curing time the waste presented a good reactivity. TCLP results satisfied the environmental standards. The outcomes showed that this waste could be used as a partial replacement of Portland cement.
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Saikia, Nabajyoti, Rashmi Rekha Borah, Kaberijyoti Konwar, and Carlo Vandecastelee. "pH dependent leachings of some trace metals and metalloid species from lead smelter slag and their fate in natural geochemical environment." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 7 (September 2018): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2018.01.009.
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Mizerna, Kamila, and Anna Król. "The Effect of Leachant pH on the Level of Heavy Metals Release from Industrial Waste." Applied Mechanics and Materials 797 (November 2015): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.797.408.
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The degree of heavy metals leaching from soils, sediments and waste depends on a number of physical and chemical factors. One of the key parameters governing the leaching process is the pH of the environment in which the waste is located. Laboratory studies aims to reflect the conditions prevailing in the environment, for example on landfill sites. The results of leaching of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr) based on the pH of the eluent were presented in this article. The research material was a metallurgical slag from zinc and lead smelter at the department of refined lead. By the use of HNO3and NaOH, the deionized water was adjusted to an appropriate pH value of 3; 5; 10.5 and 12, and then, waste samples with grain size of <1 mm, <2.8 mm and <4 mm were submerged in the eluent. Leaching of heavy metals from waste was also examined in deionized water at pH level of 7.4. The study was performed according to the standard PN-EN 12457-2:2006 [13]. The effect of the liquid pH value on the leaching of heavy metals was presented. The lowest concentration of majority of the metals was determined in the inert environment, and high rate was at the pH value of 3 and 10.5. Chromium was the exception, its concentrations in each fraction of the test waste were the lowest at the pH level of 3, and the highest at the pH value equal to 12.
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Babenko, A. A., A. N. Smetannikov, V. I. Zhuchkov, and A. G. Upolovnikova. "INFLUENCE OF B2O3 AND CaO–SiO2 –B2O3 –Al2O3 SLAG SYSTEM BASICITY ON CONCENTRATION OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE SATURATION." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-2-123-127.
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Study of the effect of boron oxide and basicity of CaO – SiO2–B2O3 – Al2O3slag system on MgO saturation concentration was carried out using the simplex lattice method of experimental design, which allows one to construct mathematical models describing dependence of studied property on composition as a continuous function. Synthetic slags, corresponding in composition to vertices of studied simplex, were smelted in graphite crucibles from previously calcined oxides of analytical grade. Slag compositions corresponding to the remaining points of local simplex plan were obtained by counterblending slags of simplex tops. Using experimental data, mathematical models adequately describing effect of slag composition on saturation concentration of MgO were constructed. Graphic image of mathematical modeling results is represented by the composition diagram – saturation concentration of MgO. Analysis of experimental data presented in diagram made it possible to obtain new information on the effect of boron oxide and basicity of CaO – SiO2 – B2O3slags system containing Al2O3on MgO saturation concentration. It was established that in slags formed in basicity range of 2 – 3 and B2O3content of 1 – 3 %, saturation concentration of MgO varies from 3 to 9 %. Increase in B2O3content in slag to 4 % leads to an increase in MgO saturation concentration in slag of 11 – 13 %. Displacement of slags to area of increased basicity up to 3 – 4 is characterized by a decrease in MgO saturation concentration to 2 – 5 %, with 1 – 3 % of В2О3content and an increase to 7 – 9 % at 3 – 4 % В2О3in slag. Formation of slags in basicity range of 4 – 5 and B2O3content of 1 – 3 % does not lead to a significant decrease in concentration of slag saturation with magnesium oxide. Saturation concentration of MgO in slag in this area of basicity varies from 2 to 4 % and practically does not reach 7 % with an increase in В2О3content to 4 %. At the same time, there is an increase in cost of steel due to an increase in consumption of lime and material containing boron oxide.
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Chiarantini, Laura, Marco Benvenuti, Giovanna Bianchi, Luisa Dallai, Vanessa Volpi, and Rosarosa Manca. "Medieval Pb (Cu-Ag) Smelting in the Colline Metallifere District (Tuscany, Italy): Slag Heterogeneity as a Tracer of Ore Provenance and Technological Process." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020097.
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Archaeological investigations of the Colline Metallifere district (Southern Tuscany, Italy) have highlighted several Medieval sites located close to the main Cu-Pb-Fe (Ag) ore occurrences. This study is focused on the investigation of late-medieval slags from Cugnano and Montieri sites using both geochemical and mineralogical methods to understand slag heterogeneities as result of ore differences and technological processes. Matte-rich slags present in both sites (with abundant matte ± speiss and frequent relict phases) represent waste products related to primary sulphide ore smelting to obtain a raw lead bullion. The distribution of slags between the Ca-rich or Fe-rich dominant composition, and the consequent mineralogy, are tracers of the different ore–gangue association that occurred in the two sites. Silver is present only in very small matte-rich slags and ores enclosed within the mortar of the Montieri site; wastes derived from silver-rich mineral charges were probably crushed for the recovery of silver. Matte-poor slags found at Montieri represent a second smelting; raw lead bullion obtained from matte slags (both Fe- and Ca-rich) was probably re-smelted, adding silica and Al2O3-phase-rich fluxes, under more oxidizing conditions to reduce metal impurities. This second step was probably employed for Zn-rich lead ores; this process helped to segregate zinc within slags and improve the quality of the metal.
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Chen, Pan, Yuxin Zhao, Jun Yao, Jianyu Zhu, and Jian Cao. "Utilization of Lead Slag as In Situ Iron Source for Arsenic Removal by Forming Iron Arsenate." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 7471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217471.
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In situ treatment of acidic arsenic-containing wastewater from the non-ferrous metal smelting industry has been a great challenge for cleaner production in smelters. Scorodite and iron arsenate have been proved to be good arsenic-fixing minerals; thus, we used lead slag as an iron source to remove arsenic from wastewater by forming iron arsenate and scorodite. As the main contaminant in wastewater, As(III) was oxidized to As(V) by H2O2, which was further mineralized to low-crystalline iron arsenate by Fe(III) and Fe(II) released by lead slag (in situ generated). The calcium ions released from the dissolved lead slag combined with sulfate to form well-crystallized gypsum, which co-precipitated with iron arsenate and provided attachment sites for iron arsenate. In addition, a silicate colloid was generated from dissolved silicate minerals wrapped around the As-bearing precipitate particles, which reduced the arsenic-leaching toxicity. A 99.95% removal efficiency of arsenic with initial concentration of 6500 mg/L was reached when the solid–liquid ratio was 1:10 and after 12 h of reaction at room temperature. Moreover, the leaching toxicity of As-bearing precipitate was 3.36 mg/L (As) and 2.93 mg/L (Pb), lower than the leaching threshold (5 mg/L). This work can promote the joint treatment of slag and wastewater in smelters, which is conducive to the long-term development of resource utilization and clean production.
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Fontainas, L., D. Verhulst, and P. Bruwier. "Oxygen Potential Measurements in Lead Smelter Slags by Means of Disposable Solid-Electrolyte Probes." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 24, no. 1 (January 1985): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1985.24.1.47.
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Woodley, Nancy Karen Fish, and James V. Walters. "Hazardous waste characterization extraction procedures for the analysis of blast-furnace slag from secondary lead smelters." Environmental Progress 5, no. 1 (February 1986): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670050108.
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Petrovic, N., D. Budjelan, S. Cokic, and B. Nesic. "The determination of the content of gold and silver in geological samples." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 66, no. 1 (2001): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0101045p.
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Amethod has been elaborated for the determination of the content of gold and silver in geological samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) in combination with the fire assay method. The weight of sample used for analysis was 10 g. Sulphur present as sulphide, which is an undesirable element in smelting, was removed by the addition of iron to the charge. The sample was smelted with fluxes and lead oxide to replace the silver and gold by lead and to transfer non-precious elements to slag. Lead was separated from precious metals by cupellation. The separated silver and gold alloy was dissolved with aqua regia with addition of hydrochloric acid in excess. Silver and gold were determined from the same solution. For determination of the silver content, the AAS method with an air-acetylene flamewas used. Goldwas determined in a graphite furnace with the addition of a matrix modifier in an argon current, at an atomization temperature of t = 2200 ?C. The lower determination limit for silver was 0.05 g/t and for gold 0.005 g/t. The results of the analysis for silver and gold obtained with the proposed method showed good agreement with the results of the analysis of the same samples with the fire assay method.
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Vusikhis, A. S., L. I. Leont’ev, and S. N. Agafonov. "Assessment of efficiency of the use of Bakal siderites in blast furnace smelting." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 7 (July 27, 2022): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-504-510.
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Metallurgical plants in the Urals are experiencing a shortage of iron ore raw materials, which is compensated by the use of materials imported from Central Russia, the Kola Peninsula and Kazakhstan. Replacing them with the local raw materials would increase the competitiveness of metal produced in the Urals, so the question of assessing the possibility of replacing imported raw materials with local ones is very relevant. Such raw materials could be siderite ores from the Bakal deposit. They are not in demand among metallurgists because of their low iron content and high magnesium content. Calculations of blast furnace smelting made by means of balance logical-statistical model showed that additions of annealed and metallized concentrates improve performance. However, with increasing siderites in the charge, content of magnesium oxide in the slag increases, which affects its viscosity and makes it difficult or impossible to smelt using more than 20 % of siderites. It was proposed to use boron oxide to liquefy the slag. Thermodynamic modeling was used to assess the effect of adding 1 – 3 % B2O3 to the charge on chemical composition of the slag and distribution of boron between the metal and oxide phases. It was shown that in the melting process, boron is recovered from the slag phase and partially transferred to the metal. This leads to a decrease in B2O3 content in the final slag. Comparative analysis of the calculated and experimental data shows a close content of boron in the metal, determined theoretically and experimentally. It should be taken into account when calculating the charge. According to the calculations, the main reducing agent of boron is silicon, and the experimental data shows that it is carbon.
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Panteleev, V. V., K. B. Pykhteeva, M. V. Polovets, K. V. Mironov, and S. A. Zagainov. "Analysis of hot metal desulfurization methods efficiency during titanomagnetite processing." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 6 (July 21, 2020): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-6-543-549.
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To make high-quality steel, it is necessary to ensure low sulfur content in the hot metal entering a steelmaking shop. The task to obtain low sulfur metal can be solved either during blast furnace smelting or its ladle desulfurization immediately after tapping out of blast furnace. Under conditions of JSC EVRAZ NTMK, the ladle desulfurization of vanadium hot metal is not applied, since it leads to a loss of vanadium. Is explained by the fat, that calcium oxide forms with V2O5 a strong calcium vanadate (3СаО·V2O5), which makes the process of vanadium recovery during further slag processing more complicated. Therefore the ladle desulfurization is accomplished after devanadation of hot metal. After the devanadation the semi-product has ions of oxygen, which makes it impossible to arrange an effective desulfurization and males it necessary to smelt the hot metal with limited sulfur content. The factors, effecting the process of hot metal desulfurization in a blast furnace, including slag basicity, MgO content in it, temperature of smelting products and slag viscosity, are presented. Dependence of distribution coefficient of sulfur on slag basicity has been shown. Research goal is pig iron desulphurization efficiency estimation by means of MgO increasing in slag. Data analysis findings about smelting products composition over 500 tappings for each of two investigated JSC EVRAZ NTMK blast furnaces have been reported. The aim of the study was comparison of hot metal desulphurization efficiency due to both slag basicity increase and MgO increase in slag. Results of data analysis on smelting products composition of over 500 heats for each of two investigated JSC EVRAZ NTMK blast furnaces have been presented. It was established that a sulfur content decrease in hot metal is achieved more effectively by MgO increase in slag. It has been shown that MgO has better desulfurizing properties, and with an increase of its content in the blast furnace slag, the overall technology for running the blast furnace process improves. It was recommended to increase the consumption of materials containing MgO while maintaining basicity at a constant level. Such a technology will allow to decrease sulfur content in hot metal, as well as will result in the process stabilization providing other conditions being equal.
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Rumyantsev, D. V., L. V. Krupnov, R. V. Starykh, R. A. Marchuk, and V. B. Fomichev. "Using shell-type tuyeres at Pierce–Smith horizontal converters of the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant." Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy) 1, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2021-1-16-27.
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Since 2015 the processing capacity reconfiguration at the Polar Branch of MMC Norilsk Nickel (hereinafter PB) sets new goals for conventional pyrometallurgical processes of smelting and converting. The design flowsheet of Kolesnikov Nadezhda Metallurgical Abstract: Plant (hereinafter NMP) provided for «cross-converting» when copper matte was first processed in one converter to produce blister copper followed by nickel matte processing to yield copper-nickel converter matte bypassing the discharge of dry coagulated slag. This flowsheet allowed for converter heat balance optimization, decreasing the formation of refractory reverts and significant extension of the converter campaign. PB Nickel Plant shutdown resulted in copper processing elimination at NMP and switching the converters to the conventional nickel converting flowsheet. In turn, it gave rise to the need for solutions to extend converter campaign while maintaining the possibility to process large amounts of nickel slag from the second converting stage at the PB Copper Plant. For this purpose the series of lab experiments were carried out to develop the technology and design documentation for the system to supply oxygen-enriched air (up to 45 %) to horizontal converters using shell-type tuyeres. In addition, literature data were analyzed on this topic along with the experience of smelters in this area. Process design calculations were done. The efforts were taken in cooperation with the PB engineering personnel and Laboratory of Pyrometallurgy of LLC «Gipronickel Institute». The use of reduced diameter shell-type tuyeres to inject the oxygen-air mixture was found to decrease the converter blowing and off-gas volumes. The decline in off-gas quantity leads to reduced heat load on the converter mouth and flue duct system, as well as to lowered converter dust entrainment. The use of oxygen-enriched blowing implies the higher smelt heating rate. Excess heat compensation requires timely charging of cold reverts and flux. In emergencies (if cold reverts are not available) the oxygen content of the blowing has to be reduced until switching over to air blowing. The series of the above efforts will offer a possibility to use the shell-type tuyeres keeping the converter off-gas temperature at the current level. Thus continuous monitoring and efficient control will ensure the off-gas temperature and volume at the inlets of gas cooling and cleaning systems not exceeding the limiting values. The introduction of the reduced diameter shell-type tuyeres for air-oxygen mixture injection does not require any upgrade of the existing gas cooling and cleaning systems. Moreover, switching to these tuyeres will reduce gas load on the flue duct system and heat load on the water-cooled dust cap, lower dust entrainment and non-recoverable dust losses after the gas cleaning system.
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Thiry, Médard, Sabine Huet-Taillanter, and Jean-Michel Schmitt. "The industrial waste land of Mortagne-du-Nord (59) – I – Assesment, composition of the slags, hydrochemistry, hydrology and estimate of the outfluxes." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.4.369.
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Abstract The industrial waste land in Mortagne-du-Nord has been occupied for over 60 years by a zinc smelter unit linked to a sulfide roasting unit for sulfuric acid production and for a few years a lead smelting unit. The waste land has been systematically explored by drillings and pits ; 58 of these drill holes and pits have been equipped as piezometers and surveyed for 4 years. The site has been back-filled with slags and smelting crucible to a thickness of about 3 meters. The mineralogy of these materials is highly varied. More than 30 heavy metal-bearing (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu) mineral species have been identified, these are sulfides, sulfates, carbonates, oxides and silicates. High substitution rates characterize these minerals, especially the sulfides and the oxides. Field descriptions and mineralogical analyses lead to distinguish two main types of materials: materials called ≪ active ≫ that are characterized by the presence of sulfides and secondary sulfates,, and materials called ≪ non-active ≫ that look clearly weathered and in which the heavy metals are mainly present as carbonates and oxides. The ≪ active ≫ materials with sulfides bear an average of 7 % of heavy metals (Zn + Pb + Cd), whereas the oxidized and altered ≪ non-active ≫ materials contain less than 3 % of heavy metals. The whole stock of heavy metals in the waste land backfills can be assessed at over 15 000 tons. The hydrochemistry of the surficial groundwater contained in the backfills is directly related to the mineralogy of the material and shows very steep heterogeneities, with heavy metal concentrations increasing 10 or even 100 times over a distance of less than 50 m. The groundwaters adjoining the ≪ non-active ≫ backfills have moderately acidic to neutral pH and are relatively weakly mineralized: SO−4 =700 mg/L, Zn++=10 mg/L, Pb++=0,2 m/L et Cd++=0,1 mg/L. On the contrary, the groundwaters adjoining the ≪ active ≫ backfills are acidic (2,5 < pH < 6,3) and are heavyly mineralized: SO−4 > 4 000 mg/L, Zn++ > 1 000 mg/L, Pb++ > 1,5 mg/L et Cd++ > 50 mg/L. These groundwaters discharge in the water courses alongside the waste land, with in places heavy metal concentrations equivalent to those within the ≪ active ≫ sulfide bearing backfills. The deeper regional aquifer contained in the Sables d’Ostricourt Formation is separated from the surficial groundwater by organic- and pyrite-rich clayey alluviums. Because of this, the deeper groundwater is relatively protected, but nevertheless contaminated. The alluvium acts as both a hydrological and a geochemical barrier, and, leads to the precipitation of a part of the dissolved heavy metals as sulfides. The hydrological modelling of the surficial groundwater allows to calculate the annual fluxes towards the watercourses alongside the waste land. Applying the average concentrations measured in the surficial groundwater to this flux, we can estimate the annual tonnage of heavy metals exported towards the regional watercourses at about 14 000 kg/year of Zn++, 2 kg/year of Pb++ and 25 kg/year of Cd++, merely for the site of the former sulfuric acid plant where the ≪ active ≫ backfills are widespread. This heavy metal export to the watercourses constitutes the site major environmental harm. Regarding the volume of the polluted materials, it is inconceivable to excavate the backfills. A confining and/or processing method of the polluted waters has to be considered instead.
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Letshwenyo, Moatlhodi Wise, and Gobusaone Mokokwe. "Phosphorus and sulphates removal from wastewater using copper smelter slag washed with acid." SN Applied Sciences 3, no. 12 (November 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04843-7.
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Abstract In this study, we present the performance of acid washed copper smelter slag for the adsorption of phosphates and sulphates from wastewater. The aim of the study was to investigate the removal of phosphates and sulphates from wastewater using acid washed copper smelter slag at batch scale by exploring influences of different variables. The leachate concentrations of copper, iron, manganese and lead released from the adsorbent were 1.8, 128.2, 0.32 and 0.20 mg L−1, respectively at pH 2. The point of zero charge was at pH 6.04, Pseudo-Second Order kinetic model described the adsorption process better with an R2 value of 0.99. The experimental maximum adsorption capacities for phosphates and sulphates were 0.51 and 0.24 mg g−1 media, respectively, and 0.96 mg P g−1 media at pH 12 and 0.39 mg g−1 media for sulphates at pH 2, respectively. The process was endothermic with temperature having insignificant impact during adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities for thermodynamic study were 0.103 ± 0.09 and 0.046 ± 0.004 mg g−1 media respectively, for PO43− P and SO42− at 60 °C. This study showed that acid washed copper smelter slag has an improved adsorption capacity for phosphate and sulphate ions but further investigations should be conducted to find ways of further improving the adsorbent performance. Article highlights There is increase in the adsorption capacity of acid washed copper smelter slag. The adsorption capacity of phosphorus is high at pH 12 and for sulphate at pH 6. The adsorption of phosphate and sulphate ions onto acid washed slag is an endothermic process. Intraparticle diffusion was not the only rate controlling mechanisms.
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Gholampour, Aliakbar, and Togay Ozbakkaloglu. "Waste-based mortars containing glass powder, ground granulated blast furnace slag, lead smelter slag and foundry sand reinforced with graphene oxide." Magazine of Concrete Research, April 20, 2022, 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.21.00185.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of improving mechanical properties of mortars produced with waste-based binder and sand by incorporating graphene oxide (GO) nanomaterial. To this end, 27 unique mortar mixes were manufactured by replacing cement with glass powder (GP) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and river sand with lead smelter slag (LSS) and foundry sand (FS). GO was added to mortar mixes at two dosages of 0.05% and 0.1%, and flow, compression and direct tension tests were performed on the mixes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were carried out for evaluating the microstructure of the mixes. The results show that addition of 0.05% GO causes decreased flowability and increased compressive and tensile strength of the waste-based mortar (WBM). It is also found that increasing GO dosage causes a further decrease in flowability and increase in compressive and tensile strength of mortars. Strength enhancements in the mortars from 0.05% to 0.1% GO are less significant compared to those from 0% to 0.05% GO. The SEM analyses reveal that mortars reinforced with 0.05% and 0.1% GO exhibit a more compact microstructure with less pores compared to the unreinforced mortars, resulting in improved mechanical properties of GO-reinforced mortars. The results of this study indicate a significant potential of the use of GO in WBMs for developing a new eco-friendly and sustainable construction material for structural applications.
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NIGMATULIN, Aydar, Zaure ABDRAKHMANOVA, Andrey KAN, Sergey EFIMENKO, and Dmitry MAKAROV. "Online X-Ray Fluorescence Monitoring of Coarse Ore for Silver at the Process Conveyors at Kazakhmys Corporation LLC." Inżynieria Mineralna 2, no. 1 (November 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.29227/im-2020-01-56.
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This paper examines the process and methodological aspects of implementing online X-ray fluorescence monitoring of ore in terms ofits silver, cadmium, zinc, lead, molybdenum, and iron grade at the process conveyors at Balkhash and Karagaily Concentrators andthe main conveyor of the Nurkazgan underground mine operated by Kazakhmys Corporation LLC. The research was complicated bythe need to: a) ensure reliable measurement of silver and cadmium in the range of 1+ ppm, molybdenum in the range of 10+ ppm, aswell as copper, zinc, lead, and iron in the ore size class –300 mm; b) implement monitoring of the grade of these elements (except molybdenum) at Balkhash Concentrator in the waste slag of Balkhash Copper Smelter, characterized by a very complex elemental matrix.A modification of the ore monitoring station RLP-21T (by Aspap Geo LLC, Alma-Ata) was developed, implemented, and thoroughlytested for online monitoring of low-grade silver ore flows. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence method was adopted for ore assays.Instrument spectra were measured every second. Silver, cadmium, and molybdenum grade was calculated based on 40 measurements,copper, zinc, lead, and iron grade – based on 20 measurements.
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Gargul, Krzysztof, Bożena Boryczko, Andżelika Bukowska, Adam Hołda, Stanisław Małecki, and Barbara Tora. "Behavior of copper and lead during mineralurgical and hydrometallurgical processing of flash smelting slag." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 21, no. 1 (February 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00184-9.
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AbstractThere are only a few smelters processing copper concentrates directly into blister copper. Despite the many advantages of this process, a serious challenge of this technology is the need to process the resulting flash smelting slag. It contains 12–15% copper and 2.5–4% lead. In this form, it cannot be considered as waste material and, therefore, a high-temperature reduction process is carried out. This decopperization process is energy- and time-consuming. The use of mineralurgical and hydrometallurgical processes, selective enrichment of the appropriate slag fractions in copper and lead, followed by its hydrometallurgical processing and recovery of Cu and Pb could be an interesting supplement to the methods used so far. The article presents results of research on the possibility of separation of useful components from copper slag using the original method of sieve analysis, gravitational enrichment and magnetic separation. Preliminary results of tests were made on a laboratory scale. Then, selective leaching of copper and lead from flash smelting slag was carried out, obtaining very promising results.
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Berger, Daniel, Gerhard Brügmann, Ronny Friedrich, Joachim Lutz, Hans-Peter Meyer, and Ernst Pernicka. "Shiny bronze in glassy matter: an inconspicuous piece of slag from the Bronze Age mining site of Mušiston (Tajikistan) and its significance for the development of tin metallurgy in Central Asia." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14, no. 8 (July 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01606-2.
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AbstractThis paper aims at contributing to a better understanding of the beginnings of tin and bronze metallurgy in Central Asia by investigating a hitherto unique piece of a bronze slag. The object was originally discovered as a stray find only 4 km away from the large copper-tin deposit of Mušiston in Tajikistan. It contains many prills of bronze and copper as well as small charcoal particles. Radiocarbon dating of the charcoal places the slag in a period between 1900 and 1400 BCE and thus in the Late Bronze Age of the region. This date coincides with radiocarbon dates of relics from underground galleries of the Mušiston deposit. Chemical and microscopic examination demonstrated the slag to be a relic of a co-smelting process, in which a natural assemblage of tin and copper minerals was smelted simultaneously. Both the chemical and the tin and copper isotope compositions clearly link the slag to the nearby polymetallic ores from Mušiston, of which an extensive dataset is presented. The artefact’s lead isotope ratios and increased iron concentration in turn indicate intentional fluxing of the original ore charge with iron-dominated ores. These results are the first tangible evidence of a smelting process of tin ores in the entire region and therefore add a new dimension to the findings from previous mining archaeological investigations. At the same time, the results give significant information about the smelting process of secondary polymetallic ores from Mušiston and help in assessing the scientific data of Bronze Age bronze artefacts from Central Asia.
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Νεραντζής, Νεραντζής, and Στρατής Παπαδόπουλος. "Η μεταλλουργία της Πιστύρου και της περιοχής της κατά τους ιστορικούς χρόνους: η έρευνα και τα πρώτα πορίσματα." EULIMENE, December 31, 2019, 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eul.32835.
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The metal production at Pistyros and the surrounding area in the historical period: Reserach and first results. This article focuses on metal production at the Thasian colony of Pistyros in Aegean Thrace during the Classical/Hellenistic periods. Evidence for mining activity in the Lekani Mountains, that was mentioned by ancient authors is also under examination. Mining shafts and galleries, mineral processing areas and slag heaps represent direct evidence for the organization and running of large-scale metal production in this region. With the foundation of Thasian colonies and emporia in the coastal zone, the output in metals increased and this became possible through the involvement of Thracian manpower as they were more numerous and better suited to exploit these resources. On the other hand, the Greeks of the colonies traded finished products in exchange for raw materials. This reciprocal relation is corroborated by recent evidence for metal production deriving from the ongoing excavation at Pistyros, namely large volumes of metallurgical slag. The archaeological findings reveal that primary smelting of iron/manganese ores bearing precious metals and argentiferous lead ores were smelted at Pistyros for the extraction of silver and possibly also gold. The coexistence of slag, speiss and litharge at Pistyros provide clues to the potential workflow for precious metals extraction. Thus, it is being suggested that three liquid layers formed within the same furnace: a) slag floating on the top, b) speiss separating in the middle and c) a layer rich in Pb/Ag collected at the bottom. The next stage would involve further treatment of the Pb/Ag product through cupellation for the separation of lead from silver during which platy litharge was formed, characteristic examples of which were found during excavation. The supply of raw materials, i.e. minerals and timber for charcoal, from the mining zone in the Lekani Mountains was a matter of negotiation and exchange between the indigenous Thracian miners and the Thasian populations of the colonies.
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"DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-TEMPERATURE DESILICONIZATION METHOD FORTHE POLYMETALLIC SLAGS WITH A SOLUTION OF AMMONIUM HYDROGEN FLUORIDE." ChemChemTech 65, no. 8 (2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20226508.6608.
Full textAbstract:
This paper considers a method for removingsilicon dioxide from the polymetallic slags of the Nerchinsk silver smelters, which operated from the 17th to the 19th centuries. The main com-ponents are presented both in the oxygen-containing form (iron, silicon, etc.) and in the form of sulfides (lead,zinc). It was found that during the process, silicon passes into solution in the form of ammonium hexafluorosilicate. Iron, aluminum and a number of other components react with NH4HF2, but stay in the solid phase due to their low solubility in the resulting system. After remov-ing silicon, the solid residue is subjected to pyrohydrolysis to obtain a product that can be subjected to magnetic separation to obtain a magnetic iron concentrate and a non-ferrous metal concentrate, which can later be used to extract zinc, lead, silver, etc. Fluorine is removed from the cycle with the pyrohydrolysis product in the form of calcium fluoride. Productive solution is directed to the silicon dioxide production. The final solution of ammonium fluoride is used for ammonium hydrodifluo-ride by means of the water evaporation. In the process of evaporation of the ammonium fluoride solution, the ammonia molecule is split off with the formation of ammonium hydrodifluoride. The whole process of desiliconization is shown in the technological scheme. Main stages of the method demand typical equipment, so it allows us to speak about the applicability of this method in industry for both mineral and artificial raw materials with a high content of silicon dioxide or silicates of various compositions.