Journal articles: 'Lead ores New South Wales'

1

Carr, P. F., B. Selleck, M. Stott, and P. Williamson. "NATIVE LEAD AT BROKEN HILL, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA." Canadian Mineralogist 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.46.1.73.

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Apte, Simon C., Graeme E. Batley, Ronald Szymczak, Paul S. Rendell, Randall Lee, and T. David Waite. "Baseline trace metal concentrations in New South Wales coastal waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96121.

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Concentrations of ten trace elements at five localities in New South Wales coastal waters were measured by ultratrace sampling and analysis. Mean concentrations of cadmium (2.4 ng L-1), copper (31 ng L-1), nickel (180 ng L-1), lead (9 ng L-1) and zinc (<22 ng L-1) are among the lowest reported in the Southern Hemisphere and are consistent with recent oceanographic data for the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. Waters from the southernmost sampling locality (Eden) contained higher phosphate, silicate, cadmium and nickel, but lower chromium concentrations than waters from the other four localities, reflecting the inputs of water from the Tasman Sea in the south compared with the dominance of waters from the Coral Sea along the rest of the coast. Cadmium concentrations were positively correlated with both phosphate and silicate. Chromium and lead concentrations were also significantly correlated. It is likely that a major source of lead is atmospheric deposition. The trace metal concentrations were comparable to those in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean, indicating that fluvial inputs or processes occurring in the coastal margin were of limited importance in determining trace metal concentrations.

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Franks, S. W. "Multi-decadal climate variability, New South Wales, Australia." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0437.

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Traditional hydrological risk estimation has treated the observations of hydro-climatological extremes as being independent and identically distributed, implying a static climate risk. However, recent research has highlighted the persistence of multi-decadal epochs of distinct climate states across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Climatological studies have also revealed multi-decadal variability in the magnitude and frequency of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts. In this paper, examples of multi-decadal variability are presented with regard to flood and drought risk. The causal mechanisms for the observed variability are then explored. Finally, it is argued that the insights into climate variability provide (a) useful lead time for forecasting seasonal hydrological risk, (b) a strong rationale for a new framework for hydrological design and (c) a strong example of natural climate variability for use in the testing of General Circulation Models of climate change.

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Todd, Katherine, Ben Scalley, Martyn Kirk, and Jeremy McAnulty. "The Epidemiology of Lead Poisoning Notifications in New South Wales, Australia, 1996-2016." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2017, no. 1 (February 2018): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2017.2017-676.

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Harvey, P. J., H. K. Handley, and M. P. Taylor. "Widespread copper and lead contamination of household drinking water, New South Wales, Australia." Environmental Research 151 (November 2016): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.041.

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Kingsford, R. T., J. L. Kacprzak, and J. Ziaziaris. "Lead in livers and gizzards of waterfowl shot in New South Wales, Australia." Environmental Pollution 85, no. 3 (1994): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90055-8.

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7

Liang, Zhanming, and Peter F. Howard. "Competencies required by senior health executives in New South Wales, 1990 - 1999." Australian Health Review 34, no. 1 (2010): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09571.

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It is accepted that health care reforms and restructuring lead to the change of the tasks and competencies required by senior health care managers. This paper examined the major tasks that senior health executives performed and the most essential competencies required in the NSW public health sector in the 1990s following the introduction of major structural reforms. Diverse changes, restructuring and reforms introduced and implemented in different health care sectors led to changes in the tasks performed by health care managers, and consequently changes in the competencies required. What is known about the topic?The literature confirms that health reform affects senior health care managers’ acquisition and demonstration of new skills and knowledge to meet new job demands. What does this paper add?This paper provides a detailed description of the competencies required for senior health care managers in New South Wales in the 1990s after the introduction of the area health management model, the senior executive service and performance agreements. It confirms that restructuring and reform in the health care sector will lead to changes of the tasks performed by health care managers and, consequently, changes in the competencies required. What are the implications for practitioners?The competencies required by health care managers are affected by distinct management levels, diverse health care sectors and different contexts in which health care systems operate. The competencies identified for senior health executives in this study could guide educational programs for senior health managers in the future.

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Cornish, PS, and GM Murray. "Low rainfall rarely limits wheat yields in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890077.

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Alternative models were compared for predicting the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) from water-use and water-use efficiency. A locally derived empirical model most closely predicted experimental yields at Wagga Wagga and was used to compute water-limited potential yields for the district surrounding Wagga Wagga for the period 1960-84. District yields were close to the predicted potential in dry years, but reached a plateau of about 2.0 t/ha regardless of rainfall and the water-limited potential yield. The yields were less than 50% of potential when water-use exceeded 300 mm, which occurred in 19 years between 1960 and 1984. Some individual farmer-yields approached the potential. These results are similar to others from South Australia. Together, they suggest that low rainfall does not directly limit yield in many years over much of the wheat belt of southern and south-eastern Australia. We suggest therefore that an analysis of the reasons for low yield on farms could lead to substantial increases in yield for many farmers.

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9

Batley, GE. "Heavy metal speciation in waters, sediments and biota from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 5 (1987): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870591.

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The distribution and bioavailability of heavy metals in waters and sediments from Lake Macquarie (N.S.W.) have been examined. Elevated concentrations of zinc, lead, cadmium and copper detected in surface sediments and waters from the northern end of the lake are attributable to discharges from a lead-zinc smelter on Cockle Creek. The majority of the metals are in bioavailable forms and are shown to be accumulated in seagrasses, seaweeds and bivalves. Calculations indicate that, at the current rates of discharge, the concentrations of bioavailable metals in newly-deposited sediments should not be deleterious. Elutriate tests showed that there will be no significant mobilization of metals during dredging operations to remove the contaminated sediments.

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MURAKAMI, Hideki, Isao TAKASHIMA, Norimasa NISHIDA, The late Susumu SHIMODA, and Satoshi MATSUBARA. "Solubility and behavior of lead in green orthoclase (amazonite) from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia." JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY, PETROLOGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 95, no. 3 (2000): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/ganko.95.71.

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11

Liu, Xiande, Ning Gao, Philip K. Hopke, David Cohen, G. Bailey, and P. Crisp. "Evaluation of spatial patterns of fine particle sulfur and lead concentrations in New South Wales, Australia." Atmospheric Environment 30, no. 1 (January 1996): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00300-n.

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12

Taylor, Lee N. H., and Hugh A. Ford. "Predation of artificial nests in a fragmented landscape on the New England Tablelands of New South Wales." Wildlife Research 25, no. 6 (1998): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98034.

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Artificial, cup-shaped nests containing one quail egg and one plasticine egg were placed in small (20 ha), medium-sized (90 ha) and large (350 ha) remnants of eucalypt woodland. Nests were placed near edges and centres of the two larger sites; the small site was considered all edge. Overall, 69% (659/960) of nests were preyed upon within 4 days, reflecting a high predation pressure. More nests were preyed upon in the medium-sized than in the larger or smaller sites. Loss of nests was no higher at the edge than in the centre overall, though it was significantly higher at the edge than the centre of the largest site. The main predators were identified (from beak marks on plasticine eggs) as large and medium-sized birds. Our results provide only weak support for the hypothesis that habitat fragmentation has increased predation on open nests. It is possible that nest predators and their impact have increased regionally, rather than locally. Habitat degradation may also lead to higher predation of nests, due to loss of understorey and an increase in nest predators.

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13

Galvin, Judy, John Stephenson, John Wlodarczyk, Robert Loughran, and Graeme Waller. "Living near a lead smelter: an environmental health risk assessment in Boolaroo and Argenton, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 12, 2010): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1993.tb00171.x.

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14

O. Nicholls, A. "Variation in mosaic diversity in the forests of coastal northern New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 3 (1994): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940177.

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The measurement of diversity at the landscape scale is likely to suffer from many of the limitations that plague other measures of species diversity; there is little agreement as to how to calculate or interpret the measure or index. A recent addition to the suite of diversity measures is that of Scheiner's "mosaic diversity". In an attempt to accept Scheiner's challenge that "explorations of mosaic diversity among diverse landscapes ... will lead to new insights into the processes responsible for assembling species into communities" mosaic diversity has been calculated for 119 transects that sample the forests of the mid-north coast of New South Wales. Each transect is composed of five quadrats placed to encompass the variation in canopy floristic composition from xeric exposed slopes to mesic gullies. This paper looks at the environmental and spatial pattern of mosaic diversity. In addition I explore the relationship between mosaic diversity and other more readily grasped measures of diversity. Although very variable, Scheiner's mosaic diversity measure is shown to be weakly correlated with mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature. In addition there is a weak trend in increasing mosaic diversity from the tablelands to the coast together with a trend of increase from south to north. Mosaic diversity did show a significant correlation with average species richness per quadrat within a transect but not with total species richness recorded on the transect nor with the number of alliances sampled by the five quadrats. The utility of this diversity measure to ecology remains unanswered by this study but the demonstration of weak relationships with both environmental and spatial variables given the small (5) sample size compared to that recommended (30+) suggests that further work is warranted.

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15

Quinn, MJ. "Knowing the Rangelands of Western New South Wales: the Past in the Changing Present." Rangeland Journal 19, no. 1 (1997): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9970070.

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There is growing competition for the resources of Australia's rangelands. This competition is spreading from traditional users, like pastoralists, to increasingly include interests in the wider community. The way that the history of the rangelands is represented is important to the way these interests are perceived, articulated and reconciled. Popular (and much academic) writing on the past European use of the rangelands remains bogged in a tradition that stresses simplistic themes of careless destruction. The 1901 New South Wales Royal Commission into the Condition of the Crown Tenants is oftp seen as a seminal document in the history of the understanding of the rangelands. The Royal Commission was not, though, a starting point of sophisticated knowledge of the rangelands. Rather, it was an important articulation of an existing tradition of knowledge. The Commission was, furthermore, a product of widespread local understanding, activism and support for reform in western New South Wales. The European management of the rangelands from its earliest decades has been the result of informed struggle - not wanton ignorance. To clearly see this is to see the possibility that today's competition for resources contains no villains either. Moreover, to accept this past knowledgeability may challenge elements of our modern commitment to accruing knowledge, particularly the assumption that better knowledge will lead to better management.

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16

Lee, Timothy, Yohannes Alemseged, and Andrew Mitchell. "Dropping Hints: Estimating the diets of livestock in rangelands using DNA metabarcoding of faeces." Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 2 (March 14, 2018): e22467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.2.22467.

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The introduction of domesticated animals into new environments can lead to considerable ecological disruption, and it can be difficult to predict their impact on the new ecosystem. In this study, we use faecal metabarcoding to characterize the diets of three ruminant taxa in the rangelands of south-western New South Wales, Australia. Our study organisms included goats (Capraaegagrushircus) and two breeds of sheep (Ovisaries): Merinos, which have been present in Australia for over two hundred years, and Dorpers, which were introduced in the 1990s. We used High-Throughput Sequencing methods to sequence therbcLand ITS2 genes of plants in the faecal samples, and identified the samples using the GenBank and BOLD online databases, as well as a reference collection of sequences from plants collected in the study area. We found that the diets of all three taxa were dominated by the family Malvaceae, and that the Dorper diet was more diverse than the Merino diet at both the family and the species level. We conclude that Dorpers, like Merinos, are potentially a threat to some vulnerable species in the rangelands of New South Wales.

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17

Gulson, Brian L., Patricia M. Porritt, Karen J. Mizon, and Robert G. Barnes. "Lead isotope signatures of stratiform and strata-bound mineralization in the Broken Hill Block, New South Wales, Australia." Economic Geology 80, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.488.

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18

Downes, Peter M. "Yerranderie a Late Devonian Silver?Gold?Lead Intermediate Sulfidation Epithermal District, Eastern Lachlan Orogen, New South Wales, Australia." Resource Geology 57, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.00001.x.

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19

Lottermoser, B. G. "Heavy metal pollution of coastal river sediments, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia: lead isotope and chemical evidence." Environmental Geology 36, no. 1-2 (November 20, 1998): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050327.

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20

Pring, A., W. D. Birch, and A. Reller. "An occurrence of lead oxycarbonate (PbCO3.PbO) as a mine fire product at Broken Hill, New South Wales." Mineralogical Magazine 54, no. 377 (December 1990): 647–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1990.054.377.19.

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21

Ashley, P. M., and B. R. Willott. "Zinc-lead skarn deposits at Leadville, New South Wales, Australia, and their distinction from volcanic-hosted massive sulphides." Mineralium Deposita 32, no. 1 (January 1997): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260050069.

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22

Rae, Ian D. "Marine Pharmacology in Australia. The Roche Research Institute at Dee Why, New South Wales, 1974 - 81." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 6 (2010): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10073.

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Hoffmann-La Roche supported the work of University of Queensland zoologist Robert Endean in the late 1960s, but the company’s deepening interest in the prospect of ‘drugs from the sea’ led them to establish the Roche Research Institute of Marine Pharmacology (RRIMP) at Dee Why, New South Wales. It was headed by Dr Joe Baker, an Australian organic chemist who had researched marine natural products. RRIMP took advice from several influential advisers, and Baker recruited chemists, pharmacologists, microbiologists, and marine biologists. Despite the conjecture, raised in some quarters, that RRIMP was established to mute the Australian government criticism of the pricing of Roche’s most famous product, Valium, I believe that the research venture was a genuine attempt to find lead compounds in organisms from Australian waters with a view to the development of new drugs. Changes in the research directions taken by Hoffmann-La Roche resulted in the closure of RRIMP in mid-1981, before any such success could be claimed for the Dee Why operation. RRIMP scientists, an elite but suddenly redundant group, secured positions in other Australian laboratories.

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Nekrasov, E. M. "EXPECTED OCCURRENCE OF THE BLIND ORE BODIES AT THE LOWER LEVELS OF THE BALEI DEPOSIT AND A MECHANISM OF THE RICH ORES FORMATION AT THE NEAR-SURFACE GOLD-SILVER ORE DEPOSITS." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 5 (October 28, 2017): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2017-5-40-51.

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The gold ore chimneys of 2 types have been shown to be developed at the near-surface deposits of gold and silver ores. These types are: 1 - bulk ones, of the vein-nested-veinlet ore bodies of stockwork shapes and 2 - small pay streaks of the ore bodies, appeared either in single veins or in the veins, being a part of the wide ore bundles. The example of the first type is the Central ore column of Balei deposit and the column of the Glavnaya (Main) vein of the Karamkenskoe deposit. A deiailed analyses of the graphic material, made by N.V. Petranovskaya for Balei deposit, confirms, that under the bottom of the ore controling vein №2 in the vertical interval from 100 to 250-350 m the rich ores can be prevailed in the zones, which are likely to join with ore bodies of Taseevsky site. The discovery of the new bulk gold ore chimnies is likely to be there. With this, an additional exploration of the south-east flanks of the Balei deposit is needed, that can lead to the discovery of the new bulk gold ore chimnies.

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McCrindle, Jennifer, Donna Green, and Marianne Sullivan. "The Association between Environmental Lead Exposure and High School Educational Outcomes in Four Communities in New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 11 (November 16, 2017): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111395.

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25

Lottermoser, Bernd G. "Natural enrichment of topsoils with chromium and other heavy metals, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia." Soil Research 35, no. 5 (1997): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96108.

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Total heavy metal concentrations [cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper(Cu), iron (Fe), mangnese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)]were determined in surface soil samples from Port Macquarie, New South Wales,Australia. Composite topsoil samples (0–10 cm depth) had mean values(per kg) of 13 mg Co, 1020 mg Cr, 59 mg Cu, 136·7 g Fe, 719 mg Mn, 149mg Ni, 20 mg Pb, and 47 mg Zn. The topsoils were generally characterised by alow pH (3·8–5·2) and a mineralogy dominated by haematite,magnetite, quartz, and kaolinite. Chromium was predominantly present in thetopsoils as Cr3+ in microcrystalline chromite(FeCr2O4) and, to a lesser degree,in kaolinite and haematite. Differences in Cr soil concentrations with depthwere due to variations in the relative abundance of the various soilcomponents, rather than Cr3+ mobility within the soilprofile. The elevated heavy metal concentrations are the result of soildevelopment over metal-rich bedrock (serpentinite matrix melange) andassociated enrichment of relatively immobile elements (Cr, Fe, Ni) in theresidual soil profile. The ANZECC and NH&MRC (Australian and New ZealandEnvironment and Conservation Council and National Health & MedicalResearch Council) environmental investigation limits were exceeded for100% of the sample sites for Cr, 47% for Cu, 61% for Mn,and 58% for Ni.

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Storey, Michael A., and Owen F. Price. "Statistical modelling of air quality impacts from individual forest fires in New South Wales, Australia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 12 (December 20, 2022): 4039–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4039-2022.

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Abstract. Wildfires and hazard reduction burns produce smoke that contains pollutants including particulate matter. Particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) is harmful to human health, potentially causing cardiovascular and respiratory issues that can lead to premature deaths. PM2.5 levels depend on environmental conditions, fire behaviour and smoke dispersal patterns. Fire management agencies need to understand and predict PM2.5 levels associated with a particular fire so that pollution warnings can be sent to communities and/or hazard reduction burns can be timed to avoid the worst conditions for PM2.5 pollution. We modelled PM2.5, measured at air quality stations in New South Wales (Australia) from ∼ 1400 d when individual fires were burning near air quality stations, as a function of fire and weather variables. Using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite hotspots, we identified days when one fire was burning within 150 km of at least 1 of 48 air quality stations. We extracted ERA5 gridded weather data and daily active fire area estimates from the hotspots for our modelling. We created random forest models for afternoon, night and morning PM2.5 levels to understand drivers of and predict PM2.5. Fire area and boundary layer height were important predictors across the models, with temperature, wind speed and relative humidity also being important. There was a strong increase in PM2.5 with decreasing distance, with a sharp increase when the fire was within 20 km. The models improve our understanding of the drivers of PM2.5 from individual fires and demonstrate a promising approach to PM2.5 model development. However, although the models predicted well overall, there were several large under-predictions of PM2.5 that mean further model development would be required for the models to be deployed operationally.

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Birch, W. D., E. A. J. Burke, V. J. Wall, and M. A. Etheridge. "Ecandrewsite, the zinc analogue of ilmenite, from Little Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, and the San Valentin Mine, Sierra de Cartegena, Spain." Mineralogical Magazine 52, no. 365 (April 1988): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1988.052.365.10.

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AbstractEcandrewsite, the zinc analogue of ilmenite, is a new mineral which was first described from the Broken Hill lode in 1970 and discovered subsequently in ores from Little Broken Hill (New South Wales) and the San Valentin Mine, Spain. The name ‘ecandrewsite’ was used in a partial description of the mineral in ‘Minerals of Broken Hill’ (1982), thereby establishing the Little Broken Hill locality, specifically the Melbourne Rockwell Mine, as the type locality. Microprobe analysis of ecandrewsite from the type locality gave ZnO 30.42 (wt.%), FeO (total Fe) 11.37, MnO 7.64, TiO2 50.12, total 99.6%, yielding an empirical formula of (Zn0.59Fe0.24Mn0.17)1.00Ti0.99O3 based on 3 oxygen atoms. All compositions from Little Broken Hill and the San Valentin Mine are ferroan manganoan ecandrewsite. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction data are (d in Å, (hkil), I/Io):2.746, (104), 100; 2.545, (110), 80; 1.867, (024), 40; 3.734, (012), 30; 1.470, (3030), 30; 1.723, (116), 25. Ecandrewsite is hexagonal, space group RR3¯ assigned from a structural study, with a = 5.090(1), c = 14.036(2)Å, V = 314.6(3)Å3, Z = 6, D(calc.) = 4.99. The mineral is opaque, dark brown to black with a similar streak, and a submetallic lustre. In plane polarized light the reflection colour is greyish white with a pinkish tinge. Reflection pleochroism is weak, but anisotropism is strong with colours from greenish grey to dark brownish grey. Reflectance data in air between 470 and 650 nm are given. At the type locality, ecandrewsite forms disseminated tabular euhedral grains up to 250 × 50 µm, in quartz-rich metasediments. Associated minerals include almandine-spessartine, ferroan gahnite and rutile. The name is for E. C. Andrews, pioneering geologist in the Broken Hill region of New South Wales. Type material consisting of one grain is preserved in the Museum of Victoria (M35700). The mineral and name were approved by the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names in 1979.

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Ling, J. E., M. T. Casanova, I. Shannon, and M. Powell. "Development of a wetland plant indicator list to inform the delineation of wetlands in New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 3 (2019): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18114.

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Wetlands experience fluctuating water levels, so their extent varies spatially and temporally. This characteristic is widespread and likely to increase as global temperatures and evaporation rates increase. The temporary nature of wetlands can confound where a wetland begins and ends, resulting in unreliable mapping and determination of wetland areas for inventory, planning or monitoring purposes. The occurrence of plants that rely on the presence of water for part or all of their life history can be a reliable way to determine the extent of water-affected ecosystems. A wetland plant indicator list (WPIL) could enable more accurate mapping and provide a tool for on-ground validation of wetland boundaries. However, this introduces the problem of the definition of ‘wetland plant’, especially with species that can tolerate, or require, water level fluctuation, and that respond to flooding or drought by adjusting their morphology or phenology (i.e. ‘amphibious’ plants and those that grow only during drawdown). In this study we developed a WPIL through a process of expert elicitation. The expert decisions were compared and standardised for each species. It is envisaged that this work will lead to a comprehensive listing of wetland plants for Australia for the purposes of planning, mapping and management.

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Li, Guangdi D., Rajinder P. Singh, John P. Brennan, and Keith R. Helyar. "A financial analysis of lime application in a long-term agronomic experiment on the south-western slopes of New South Wales." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 1 (2010): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09103.

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Management of Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations (MASTER) is a long-term agronomic experiment commenced in 1992. There were 3 fundamental treatment contrasts in this experiment: (a) annual systems v. perennial systems; (b) limed v. unlimed treatments; and (c) permanent pastures v. pasture–crop rotations. The soil was acidic to depth with pH (in CaCl2) below 4.5 and exchangeable Al above 40% at 0.10–0.20 m when the experiment started. Lime was applied every 6 years to maintain soil pHCa at 5.5 in the 0–0.10 m soil depth. A financial analysis was undertaken to estimate potential benefits and costs involved in liming acid soils on the south-western slopes of New South Wales, based on data from the MASTER experiment. The most important finding from the current study is that liming pastures on soils that have a subsurface acidity problem is profitable over the long-term for productive livestock enterprises. The pay-back period for liming pastures, grazed by Merino wethers, was 14 years for both annual and perennial pastures. More profitable livestock enterprises, such as prime lambs or growing-out steers, were estimated to reduce the pay-back period. This gives farmers confidence to invest in a long-term liming program to manage highly acid soils in the traditional permanent pasture region of the high-rainfall zone (550–800 mm) of south-eastern Australia. Results from the current study also confirmed that the total financial return from liming is greater if the land is suitable for operation of a pasture–crop rotation system. The positive cash flows generated from cropping in a relatively short time can significantly shorten the pay-back period for the investment in lime. But cropping without liming on soils with subsurface acidity was worse than grazing animals. Crop choice is crucial for the perennial pasture–crop rotation. Inclusion of high-value cash crops, such as canola or a wheat variety with high protein, would lead to a rise in the aggregate benefits over time as the soil fertility improved and soil acidity was gradually ameliorated.

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Gatehouse, Robyn D., I. S. Williams, and B. J. Pillans. "Fingerprinting windblown dust in south-eastern Australian soils by uranium-lead dating of detrital zircon." Soil Research 39, no. 1 (2001): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99078.

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The U-Pb ages of fine-grained zircon separated from 2 dust-dominated soils in the eastern highlands of south-eastern Australia and measured by ion microprobe (SHRIMP) revealed a characteristic age ‘fingerprint’ from which the source of the dust has been determined and by which it will be possible to assess the contribution of dust to other soil profiles. The 2 soils are dominated by zircon 400–600 and 1000–1200 Ma old, derived from Palaeozoic granites and sediments of the Lachlan Fold Belt, but also contain significant components 100–300 Ma old, characteristic of igneous rocks in the New England Fold Belt in northern New South Wales and Queensland. This pattern closely matches that of sediments of the Murray-Darling Basin, especially the Mallee dunefield, suggesting that weathering of rocks in the eastern highlands has contributed large quantities of sediment to the arid and semi-arid inland basins via internally draining rivers of the present and past Murray–Darling River systems, where it has formed a major source of dust subsequently blown eastwards and deposited in the highland soils of eastern Australia.

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May, Jenny, Rodney Cooper, Parker Magin, and Anthony Critchley. "Integrated models or mayhem? Lessons learnt from three integrated primary health care entities in regional New South Wales." Australian Health Review 32, no. 4 (2008): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah080595.

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While ?integration? may be a policy imperative at present, the reality of integrating services whilst managing the business of service delivery and best patient outcomes is both challenging and unfamiliar territory for most general practitioners. Recent policy changes in general practice have challenged traditional financial and governance models. This paper reviews three integrated general practice entities, all under the auspice of the University of Newcastle, for commonalities and concerns. A model was conceptualised and key factors identified and discussed. These factors included careful selection of partners, elucidation of the level of integration and the need for a lead champion to promote the changed environment. The financial and clinical governance systems needed to be clearly delineated, including the type and priority of service delivery intended. Integration is not a blanket solution but may be useful for patients with chronic and complex health problems. Being resource-intense, it may not be available or appropriate for all. The practical realities of workforce however, and the political and funding environment are likely to dictate how GP practices in the future embrace integration.

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Seddon, Julian, Stuart Doyle, Mark Bourne, Richard Maccallum, and Sue Briggs. "Biodiversity benefits of alley farming with old man saltbush in central western New South Wales." Animal Production Science 49, no. 10 (2009): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08280.

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Agricultural production systems that also provide opportunities to conserve biodiversity will be a crucial component of integrated and sustainable land use in mixed farming landscapes and should be considered and evaluated. Alley farming is an innovative farming system that aims to increase farm profitability while also enhancing environmental outcomes. Alley farming incorporates belts of woody perennial plants such as trees or shrubs, interspersed with alleys of conventionally rotated cropping and livestock grazing land. In the present study, we assessed the impacts on terrestrial biodiversity of alley farming with the native perennial chenopod shrub old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) in central western New South Wales. Terrestrial biodiversity conservation status was assessed by site surveys conducted in spring 2005, 2006 and 2007 at 15 old man salt bush alley farming sites (OMSB), 15 conventionally managed sites and three native woodland remnants in and around the Condobolin Agricultural Research and Advisory Station in the central western plains of New South Wales. Biodiversity surveys included an assessment of ‘site condition’ – a metric of biodiversity conservation status at the site scale based on measurement of 10 habitat and vegetation condition attributes, compared against benchmark values for the appropriate native ecosystems with relatively little recent anthropogenic modification. Bird surveys were also conducted to assess the diversity and abundance of birds in OMSB, conventional and remnant woodland sites in four functional response groups. Site condition was significantly higher at remnant woodland sites than at conventional farming and OMSB alley farming sites. Remnant woodland sites had greater native overstorey cover and native ground cover of forbs, more trees with hollows, presence of at least some overstorey regeneration and the presence of fallen logs. Site condition was also significantly higher at OMSB sites than at conventional sites and increased significantly across 3 years. By the third year after establishment, OMSB sites had higher native plant species richness and native mid-storey cover than did conventionally farmed sites. These attributes increased markedly over time at the OMSB sites whereas they did not increase at conventional or remnant woodland sites. Native grasses and forbs established under and around the saltbush plants, indicating that OMSB alley plantings can provide habitat for a wide range of native plant species, enhancing biodiversity values of these areas through improved structure and composition. Improved habitat condition at the OMSB sites after 3 years did not lead to a significantly higher diversity or to a higher overall abundance of birds at the OMSB than at conventional sites. Furthermore, diversity and abundance of birds at both OMSB and conventional sites remained significantly below those of remnant woodland sites. Some decliner bird species were observed using OMSB sites, but not conventional sites. Old man saltbush alley farming can provide direct on-site benefits for native biodiversity by improving the structure, function and composition of vegetation at the site or paddock scale. If proposed as a replacement to conventional crop–pasture rotation, OMSB alley farming can enhance biodiversity conservation values, and where production benefits are likely, could play an important role in the integration of production and conservation as a synergistic ‘win–win’ system in mixed farming enterprises.

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Rattray, K. J., M. R. Taylor, D. J. M. Bevan, and A. Pring. "Compositional segregation and solid solution in the lead-dominant alunite-type minerals from Broken Hill, N.S.W." Mineralogical Magazine 60, no. 402 (October 1996): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.07.

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AbstractA study of the composition and unit cell data of a suite of lead-rich minerals of the alunite-jarosite group from the oxidized zone of the ore body at Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, has revealed almost complete XO4 (X = As, P, S) solid solution in these minerals at this deposit. The species in the group noted are hidalgoite, hinsdalite, beudantite, segnitite and plumbogummite. These minerals at Broken Hill exhibit a number of growth textures, including oscillatory zoning, colloform banding and replacements. Zoning in these minerals is due to the segregation of Al- and Fe-rich members, and compositions indicate a strong coupling of Fe3+ with and Al with

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Green, Melissa J., Stacy Tzoumakis, Kristin R. Laurens, Kimberlie Dean, Maina Kariuki, Felicity Harris, Nicole O’Reilly, Marilyn Chilvers, Sally A. Brinkman, and Vaughan J. Carr. "Latent profiles of early developmental vulnerabilities in a New South Wales child population at age 5 years." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417740208.

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Objective: Detecting the early emergence of childhood risk for adult mental disorders may lead to interventions for reducing subsequent burden of these disorders. We set out to determine classes of children who may be at risk for later mental disorder on the basis of early patterns of development in a population cohort, and associated exposures gleaned from linked administrative records obtained within the New South Wales Child Development Study. Methods: Intergenerational records from government departments of health, education, justice and child protection were linked with the Australian Early Development Census for a state population cohort of 67,353 children approximately 5 years of age. We used binary data from 16 subdomains of the Australian Early Development Census to determine classes of children with shared patterns of Australian Early Development Census–defined vulnerability using latent class analysis. Covariates, which included demographic features (sex, socioeconomic status) and exposure to child maltreatment, parental mental illness, parental criminal offending and perinatal adversities (i.e. birth complications, smoking during pregnancy, low birth weight), were examined hierarchically within latent class analysis models. Results: Four classes were identified, reflecting putative risk states for mental disorders: (1) disrespectful and aggressive/hyperactive behaviour, labelled ‘misconduct risk’ ( N = 4368; 6.5%); (2) ‘pervasive risk’ ( N = 2668; 4.0%); (3) ‘mild generalised risk’ ( N = 7822; 11.6%); and (4) ‘no risk’ ( N = 52,495; 77.9%). The odds of membership in putative risk groups (relative to the no risk group) were greater among children from backgrounds of child maltreatment, parental history of mental illness, parental history of criminal offending, socioeconomic disadvantage and perinatal adversities, with distinguishable patterns of association for some covariates. Conclusion: Patterns of early childhood developmental vulnerabilities may provide useful indicators for particular mental disorder outcomes in later life, although their predictive utility in this respect remains to be established in longitudinal follow-up of the cohort.

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Southwell, CJ, KE Weaver, SC Cairns, AR Pople, AN Gordon, NW Sheppard, and R. Broers. "Abundane of macropods in north-eastern New South Wales, and the logistics of broad-scale ground surveys." Wildlife Research 22, no. 6 (1995): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950757.

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A broad-scale ground survey of macropod abundance in north-eastern New South Wales was undertaken in 1989-90. The survey area was stratified into an eastern and western region, and within regions by habitat on the basis of vegetation and topographic criteria. Macropod density in each stratum was estimated from walked line transect counts for five species: Macropus giganteus, Macropus robustus, Macropus parryi, Macropus rufogriseus and Wallabia bicolor. Within sampled strata, macropod density was substantially higher in the western region than in the eastern region. Macropus parryi occurred in only trace numbers in the eastern region, with the number of sightings too small for reliable density estimation. No M. parryi were sighted in the western region. Macropus giganteus and M. rufogriseus were the dominant species in sampled strata in the eastern region, while M. giganteus and M. robustus were dominant in the west. Overall, pre-survey activities of habitat digitising and liaison with landholders required approximately the same effort as actual survey work. Liaison with landholders required relatively more time in the eastern region, where human population was higher, than in the western region. Incomplete coverage of planned transect routes, due mainly to impenetrable vegetation, lead to a positive bias of no more than 10-20% in population estimation for M. giganteus and M. robustus, and an unknown bias for the other species. The use of broad vegetation information on 1 : 100 000 map sheets for habitat stratification limited the scale at which analysis of sightability could be undertaken. Macropus giganteus and M. robustus are commercially harvested in the western region. Annual commercial harvest rates in the three years prior to the survey were conservatively estimated to be less than 0.9% for M. robustus and less than 5.4% for M. giganteus.

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Downes, P. M., P. K. Seccombe, and G. R. Carr. "Sulfur- and lead-isotope signatures of orogenic gold mineralisation associated with the Hill End Trough, Lachlan Orogen, New South Wales, Australia." Mineralogy and Petrology 94, no. 3-4 (May 15, 2008): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-008-0012-7.

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Lindert, Peter H., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. "American Incomes Before and After the Revolution." Journal of Economic History 73, no. 3 (August 9, 2013): 725–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050713000594.

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Building social tables in the tradition of Gregory King, we develop new estimates suggesting that between 1774 and 1800 American incomes fell in real per capita terms. The colonial South was richer than the North at the start, but was already beginning to lose its income lead by 1800. We also find that free American colonists had much more equal incomes than did households in England and Wales. The colonists had greater purchasing power than their English counterparts over all of the income ranks except in the top percent.

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Magcale-Macandog, DB, and RDB Whalley. "Factors Affecting the Distribution and Abundance of Microlaena Stipoides (Labill.) R.br. On the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 16, no. 1 (1994): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9940026.

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The distribution of Microlaena stipoides on the Northern Tablelands of NSW was examined in a survey of 101 paddocks on 33 properties. Relationships among the abundance of M. stipoides and spatial, climatic, soil and pasture management factors were determined using X2, regression and cluster analyses. Paddocks with more abundant M. stipoides were observed in the eastern and southern parts of the Tablelands where altitude (>750 m) and rainfall (>750 mm) are higher. Higher tree density was associated with more abundant M, stipoides as were native and natural compared with highly improved pastures. Frequent cultivation (regular and intermittent) was associated with absence or very low abundance of M. stipoides. On the other hand, paddocks which had not been cultivated for along time tended to have more M. stipoides than those that had been cultivated in the last five years. Total amount of superphosphate applied, type of grazing animal and grazing method were not associated with the abundance of M. stipoides. Acidic soils had more M, stipoides than soils of higher pH (up to 6.5). Combinations of site factors such as high elevation and rainfall, high tree density, minimum soil disturbance and acidic soil lead to abundant M. stipoides in pastures. Pasture communities in the north and west of the study area had a greater abundance of native warm season perennial grasses and less M. stipoides.

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Priddel, D., and R. Wheeler. "MOrtality of captive-raised malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata, released into a mallee remnant within the wheat-belt of New South Wales." Wildlife Research 21, no. 5 (1994): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940543.

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Loss, fragmentation and degradation of mallee habitat within the New South Wales wheat-belt have caused a marked decline in the range and local abundance of malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata. Small disjunct populations of malleefowl now occupy small isolated remnants of suitable habitat. and several of these populations have become locally extinct in recent times. Young captive-reared malleefowl(8-184 days old) were experimentally released in March and June 1988 into a 558-ha remnant of mallee vegetation. The remnant contained a small but declining population of rnalleefowl. From the first day after release, malleefowl were found dead, and mortality continued at a rapid rate until none remained alive. Of the 31 released, 16 (52%) were dead after 7 days, at least 22 (71%) were dead after 11 days, and none survived longer than 107 days. In all, 94% of malleefowl were killed by predators: 26-39% by raptors, and 55-68% by introduced predators, principally foxes, Vulpes vulpes. No improvement in survival was evident when malleefowl were given supplementary food. Relying principally on camouflage, young malleefowl have no effective defence or escape behaviour to evade ground-dwelling predators such as the fox. By imposing severe predation pressure on young malleefowl, foxes are likely to be curtailing recruitment into the breeding population. Such a situation must inevitably lead to the further localised extinction of small disjunct populations of malleefowl. Foxes are thus a major threat to the continuance of remnant populations of malleefowl within the wheat-belt of New South Wales.

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Sinden, J. A. "Do the public gains from vegetation protection in north-western New South Wales exceed the landholders' loss of land value?" Rangeland Journal 26, no. 2 (2004): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj04014.

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Protection of native vegetation on farms provides many gains for the public as a whole, but may also lead to losses in property value for the landholders. At least 41% of Moree Plains Shire remains in native vegetation, most of which is grazed extensively and all of which must now be protected under recent laws. A benefit-cost analysis was combined with a risk simulation to estimate these gains and losses. The data collection stage of the analysis included a synthesis of the literature on the relationship between protection and land values. The analysis showed that protection of native vegetation leads to substantial public gains and to considerable losses in land value in this region. The public gains and the private losses are of the same magnitude, so there may be an economic case for protection. But the size of the landholders' losses demonstrates the need to better balance the gains and losses through policies to target protection and to redistribute the costs between the landholder and the community.

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Jin, Yu, Honggang Guo, Jianzhou Wang, and Aiyi Song. "A Hybrid System Based on LSTM for Short-Term Power Load Forecasting." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 6241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236241.

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As the basic guarantee for the reliability and economic operations of state grid corporations, power load prediction plays a vital role in power system management. To achieve the highest possible prediction accuracy, many scholars have been committed to building reliable load forecasting models. However, most studies ignore the necessity and importance of data preprocessing strategies, which may lead to poor prediction performance. Thus, to overcome the limitations in previous studies and further strengthen prediction performance, a novel short-term power load prediction system, VMD-BEGA-LSTM (VLG), integrating a data pretreatment strategy, advanced optimization technique, and deep learning structure, is developed in this paper. The prediction capability of the new system is evaluated through simulation experiments that employ the real power data of Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia. The experimental results indicate that the developed system is significantly better than other comparative systems and shows excellent application potential.

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Humphreys, E., R. J. G. White, D. J. Smith, and D. C. Godwin. "Evaluation of strategies for increasing irrigation water productivity of maize in southern New South Wales using the MaizeMan model." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06092.

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MaizeMan is Windows-based decision support software, derived from CERES Maize and SWAGMAN Destiny, which can be used for real-time irrigation scheduling or strategic analysis. Evaluation of MaizeMan for sprinkler and furrow-irrigated maize (Pioneer 3153) showed good predictive ability for yield, biomass, runoff and soil water depletion between sowing and harvest. MaizeMan simulations using 43 years of weather data from Griffith, New South Wales, suggested that the biggest influence on yield, irrigation requirement and irrigation water productivity is seasonal weather conditions. For example, yield of October-sown 3153 irrigated frequently to avoid soil water deficit varied from about 8 to 16 t/ha, while net irrigation and net irrigation water productivity varied from 7 to 11 ML/ha and 0.8 to 1.6 t/ML, respectively. The optimum sowing window for maximising yield and irrigation water productivity is wide, from late September to mid November. Delaying sowing beyond this may result in higher yield and irrigation water productivity; however, delayed maturity would lead to problems for grain drying and harvesting in winter and increased insect pressure. The simplest management strategy for maximising yield and irrigation water productivity is irrigation scheduling tailored to soil type. Irrigation scheduling can be assisted by real-time scheduling using MaizeMan, provided soil hydraulic properties are accurately characterised. One to two irrigations can also be saved by growing shorter duration hybrids, but the tradeoff is lower yield, while irrigation water productivity is maintained. Simulated sprinkler irrigation increased yield and net irrigation water productivity by small amounts (averages of 0.5 t/ha and 0.2 t/ML, respectively) relative to well-scheduled flood irrigation, through improved soil water and aeration status and reduced deep drainage loss.

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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "Group Homes for Children and Young People: The Problem Not the Solution." Children Australia 43, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.4.

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In every state and territory in Australia, child welfare departments, under various names, maintain or, alternatively, fund group homes for children and young people in the non-government sector. Increasingly, these group homes offer only four places with no integrated treatment or educational services. In that respect they can best be viewed as providing care and accommodation only. Since 2010, following the release of a definition of therapeutic residential care by the National Therapeutic Residential Care Work Group, there has been debate about how to make group homes therapeutic. In 2017, as part of a wider reform effort, New South Wales renamed all their out-of-home care (foster care and residential care) as intensive therapeutic care and ceased using the term residential. The net result is that the group homes in New South Wales will from now on be referred to as intensive therapeutic care homes. This article raises questions about the utility of this renaming and explores whether or not group homes can be therapeutic given the characteristics of the population of children and young people they accommodate, their small size, the staffing complement and the limited job satisfaction with high staff turnover as a consequence of this smallness. All of these factors lead to the well-documented, anti-therapeutic instability of the group home life space.

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Carr, Graham R., Judith A. Dean, David W. Suppel, and Paul S. Heithersay. "Precise lead isotope fingerprinting of hydrothermal activity associated with Ordovician to Carboniferous metallogenic events in the Lachlan fold belt of New South Wales." Economic Geology 90, no. 6 (October 1, 1995): 1467–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.6.1467.

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Raveggi, Massimo, David Giles, John Foden, Sebastien Meffre, Ian Nicholls, and Mike Raetz. "Lead and Nd isotopic evidence for a crustal Pb source of the giant Broken Hill Pb–Zn–Ag deposit, New South Wales, Australia." Ore Geology Reviews 65 (March 2015): 228–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.09.012.

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Brown, K. R., and R. G. McPherson. "Concentrations of copper, zinc and lead in the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) from the Georges River, New South Wales." Science of The Total Environment 126, no. 1-2 (September 1992): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90481-7.

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Stanley, Gordon, and Robert G. MacCann. "Removing Incentives for "Dumbing Down" Through Curriculum Re-structure and Additional Study Time." education policy analysis archives 13 (January 6, 2005): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v13n2.2005.

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Offering differentiated courses to cater for a wide range of ability can lead to "dumbing down" when brighter students choose easier courses, which they can handle well without undue effort. This occurred when differentiated English courses were introduced in the senior secondary certificate in the state of New South Wales (NSW) in Australia. To avoid this trend continuing, new differentiated courses reported on a common scale were developed. At the same time a new preparatory course was provided to support weaker students to achieve the minimal standard in English. The resulting reform has led to stronger outcomes in English and increasing numbers of students taking more demanding courses. Defining clear standards on a common scale has led to better achievement for all students without having an adverse effect on participation in the senior secondary certificate.

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Jayasuriya, Rohan. "Information systems for community health: are we addressing the right strategy?" Australian Health Review 18, no. 4 (1995): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah950043.

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Computerised information systems for community health services have evolved withadvances in information technology (IT) in Australia and overseas. However, thereis evidence from other sectors for the need to distinguish between an informationsystems (IS) strategy and an IT strategy. This paper uses case studies of computerisedinformation systems developed in New South Wales to identify issues that lead tosuccess and failure. These issues show that many of the shortcomings can beattributed to a poor IS strategy. The paper discusses the shortcomings of an IT-drivenstrategy. It argues that an IS strategy needs to be congruent with the organisationalstrategy for community health and that the system design should satisfy theinformation needs of service personnel if the information is to be used.

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Mactaggart, Barbara, Johannes Bauer, and David Goldney. "When History May Lead us Astray: using historical documents to reconstruct swampy meadows/chains of ponds in the New South Wales Central Tablelands, Australia." Australian Geographer 38, no. 2 (July 2007): 233–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049180701392782.

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Stuart, Robyn M., Romesh G. Abeysuriya, Cliff C. Kerr, Dina Mistry, Dan J. Klein, Richard T. Gray, Margaret Hellard, and Nick Scott. "Role of masks, testing and contact tracing in preventing COVID-19 resurgences: a case study from New South Wales, Australia." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e045941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045941.

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ObjectivesThe early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic illustrated that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease, has the potential to spread exponentially. Therefore, as long as a substantial proportion of the population remains susceptible to infection, the potential for new epidemic waves persists even in settings with low numbers of active COVID-19 infections, unless sufficient countermeasures are in place. We aim to quantify vulnerability to resurgences in COVID-19 transmission under variations in the levels of testing, tracing and mask usage.SettingThe Australian state of New South Wales (NSW), a setting with prolonged low transmission, high mobility, non-universal mask usage and a well-functioning test-and-trace system.ParticipantsNone (simulation study).ResultsWe find that the relative impact of masks is greatest when testing and tracing rates are lower and vice versa. Scenarios with very high testing rates (90% of people with symptoms, plus 90% of people with a known history of contact with a confirmed case) were estimated to lead to a robustly controlled epidemic. However, across comparable levels of mask uptake and contact tracing, the number of infections over this period was projected to be 2–3 times higher if the testing rate was 80% instead of 90%, 8–12 times higher if the testing rate was 65% or 30–50 times higher with a 50% testing rate. In reality, NSW diagnosed 254 locally acquired cases over this period, an outcome that had a moderate probability in the model (10%–18%) assuming low mask uptake (0%–25%), even in the presence of extremely high testing (90%) and near-perfect community contact tracing (75%–100%), and a considerably higher probability if testing or tracing were at lower levels.ConclusionsOur work suggests that testing, tracing and masks can all be effective means of controlling transmission. A multifaceted strategy that combines all three, alongside continued hygiene and distancing protocols, is likely to be the most robust means of controlling transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lead ores New South Wales'

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