Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lead levels

Academic literature on the topic 'Lead levels'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Lead levels"

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Bell, Alan. "Blood lead levels." Medical Journal of Australia 145, no. 6 (September 1986): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb101134.x.

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Calder, Ian. "Blood lead levels." Medical Journal of Australia 145, no. 6 (September 1986): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb101135.x.

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Robertson, W. O., D. Kim, H. J. Binns, and C. Campbell. "Blood Lead Levels." PEDIATRICS 110, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.1.196-a.

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Robertson, William O. "Blood Lead Levels." Pediatrics 110, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.1.196b.

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Showstack, Randy. "Lead levels reduced." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 78, no. 37 (1997): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo078i037p00390-02.

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Graef, John W. "Blood Lead Levels." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 257, no. 8 (February 27, 1987): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390080040018.

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Friedrich, M. J. "Blood Lead Levels." JAMA 306, no. 15 (October 19, 2011): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1484.

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Graef, J. W. "Blood lead levels." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 257, no. 8 (February 27, 1987): 1050c—1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.257.8.1050c.

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Matte, Thomas D. "Reducing Blood Lead Levels." JAMA 281, no. 24 (June 23, 1999): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.24.2340.

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OMOKHODION, F., and J. HOWARD. "Sweat lead levels in persons with high blood lead levels: lead in sweat of lead workers in the tropics." Science of The Total Environment 103, no. 2-3 (April 15, 1991): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(91)90138-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lead levels"

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Manmee, Charuwan. "Lead levels in teeth as a measure of life-time lead exposure in children." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2177.

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Background and aims Lead exposure has irreversible health effects in children who are susceptible even at very low levels of exposure. The usual test for lead exposure is blood lead level (BLL), but this indicates only recent exposure. This study aimed to ascertain the suitability of milk teeth as biomarker of the history of lead exposure and to develop a methodology for this novel biomarker. Methods My study comprised three stages: Firstly, I explored potential determinants of dentine lead levels (DLLs) in children living in Newcastle upon Tyne (the Tooth Fairy Study). Secondly, I developed a methodology for assessing the history of early life lead exposure using dentine, and thirdly I applied my methodology to newly extracted teeth from children in Teesside. The Tooth Fairy study cohort consisted of 69 children aged 5-8 years. DLLs were measured in primary dentine using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). To identify determinants of early life exposure, a questionnaire was used. I assessed associations between lifestyle characteristics and DLLs. As teeth develop chronologically they offer the opportunity to study histories of exposure in detail. I collected two deciduous molars each from 15 children aged 6-8 years living in Northeast England. By combining high spatial resolution LA-ICP-MS with dental histology, I acquired information on the age specific concentrations of lead in dentine from in utero to several years after birth. Results Dentine lead levels in the Tooth Fairy cohort ranged from 0.06 to 0.77μg/g, median 0.21μg/g. Unlike other studies, I did not find significant associations between socio-economic status or other possible determinants and lead exposure. In developing the biomarker I found that the 100 micron ablation pit represented 42 days of dentine growth, enabling me to assign an age interval to each ablation pit. I found lead ratios in primary dentine to be consistent between teeth from the same child, and at the same age within each tooth. This indicated that the history of exposure can be determined using a single, multi-point ablation transect on high quality longitudinal sections of individual teeth. Conclusions  I found no association between socio-economic status and dentine lead levels in a cohort of children from Newcastle upon Tyne.  I developed a novel technique to date ablation points in dentine in milk teeth, and, using this technique have demonstrated that primary dentine is a potential biomarker for characterising the early life history of lead exposure in children.
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Luke, Colin G. "A study of factors associated with trends in blood lead levels in Port Pirie children exposed to home-based interventions /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpml954.pdf.

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Mbongwe, Bontle. "Developing a clinical assessment tool for screening lead exposure levels during pregnancy and after delivery." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25722.

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Lead is a toxic heavy metal associated with adverse health effects ranging from developmental neurotoxicity to reproductive effects. While lead affects people of all ages, infants and children are the most vulnerable and susceptible to the neuro-developmental effects of lead exposure. Maternal blood lead concentrations that do not produce clinical toxicity on pregnant women have been linked to adverse offspring development. Observed reproductive effects to low lead levels during pregnancy include the risk of spontaneous abortions, effects on birth weight and preterm birth. There are particular concerns with regard to reductions in IQ scores. Research evidence suggests that an incremental increase in blood lead levels of 1 µg/dL is associated with approximately 1 IQ point deficit. Of particular concern is that currently no threshold has been observed or exists for developmental neurotoxicity to the chronic low lead exposures levels. While the developed countries have built evidence for lead exposure sources, have identified the most vulnerable groups to lead exposure, and have instituted control actions for lead exposure, it is not the case in developing countries such as Botswana. Currently, there is very little knowledge about the potential sources of lead exposure among different population groups not only in Botswana but also in most developing nations. There is also an evident limited knowledge on the behaviours and practices of different population groups that could potentially expose them to lead in developing countries. This thesis explores the following questions: i) Are there specific risk behaviours and practices peculiar to pregnant women in Botswana that could potentially expose them to lead? ii) What are the environmental lead concentration levels and their potential to expose pregnant women? iii)What are the blood lead concentrations at each stage of pregnancy and after delivery in Botswana and, iv) Can we use the information from these three questions to predict lead exposure levels during pregnancy and after delivery? v) Can we use the new information to a develop a policy dissemination brief to inform policy on lead exposure sources in Botswana, develop guidelines for health professionals for assessing and screening lead exposure levels during pregnancy and after delivery, develop an awareness leaflet for lead education? To address the specific risk behaviour and practices of pregnant women, a comprehensive validated risk assessment questionnaire was administered among 142 pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy (defined as 8-12 weeks) in four villages of different geographical settings and nomenclature (small/rural, major and semi urban). For purposes of this work the validation process involved obtaining information (from experts in the field and communities) relevant to the purposes of the study and to confirm that the tools employed for collection of data in all trimesters were suitable in terms of both construct and content. Data was collected between September 2009 and February 2010. To address potential environmental sources of lead exposure during pregnancy soil (n=28), water (n=28) and traditional cosmetic clay - letsoku (n=3) samples were collected in November 2010, February 2011 and May 2011 from the homes and in the vicinity of the study population to determine lead concentrations. To know baseline blood lead levels at each stage of pregnancy, blood samples were collected from September 2009 to February 2011 from pregnant women between weeks 8-12 (first trimester, n=137), 20-24 (second trimester n=126) and weeks 34-36 (third trimester n=106). Blood lead levels of women who completed the entire study from trimester on until after delivery (n=63) were then used to construct blood lead prediction models using statistical models. Pregnant women in the study area ingested non-food items such as soil, match sticks, pencil, chalk and animal feed such as bone meal (86%). Women applied used and unused car oils (in particular brake fluid) and other harmful substances for “treatment of skin conditions and for beautification purposes (74%). Older women (defined as 35 years in this study) were at a significantly higher risk to ingest soils (p<0.01). Mean (±SEM) lead concentrations in water exceeded the WHO drinking water quality standards nineteen fold (0.19±0.019 ppm (n=28) Major villages, had significantly higher Pb concentrations (p<0.05) in soils and water compared to small villages. Mean blood lead levels (±SEM) for the first, second and third trimesters were 1.96(±0.14)µg/dL, 2.49(±0.17) µg/dL, 2.66(±0.19) µg/dL respectively. Blood lead levels increases from the first to third trimester ranged from 1.6-5%. Blood lead concentrations significantly differed among locations (p<0.01). The highest concentrations were observed in women from smaller villages that were poorer (p<0.02). Pica, multiple risk behaviours/practices (engaging in two or more risk behaviours/practices), trimester of pregnancy, poor food supplementation and diet were predictors of blood lead levels ≥ 2µg/dL. There was a dose response relationship between supplement intake and an increase in blood lead levels. These findings suggest that pregnant women and their unborn babies could potentially be exposed to lead because of the environment in which they live, their economic status, lifestyle, behaviors and practices. Drinking water is a potential threat for lead exposure, not only among pregnant women, but other vulnerable groups such as infants and children. This study is the first in Botswana and one of the few in Africa to investigate lead exposure sources at each stage of pregnancy and after delivery. It is also the first to identify new potential lead exposure behaviors and practices such as the application of auto oils by pregnant women for treatment of skin diseases. The findings suggest the need to train health workers and equip them with the skills and knowledge to assess and screen women who could potentially be exposed to lead. Further, pregnant women need to be sensitized on potential lead exposure sources, to prevent lead poisoning. This study has been able to use the results to develop a policy brief for disseminating the results to decision makers, guidelines for utilization by health workers to screen lead exposure levels and an awareness leaflet for pregnant women. These have been validated and pretested at community and Government levels.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
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Stevenson, Amy L. "Lead levels and sources of exposure in migratory game birds after the implementation of lead-free shot in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79137.

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In Canada, regulations against the use of lead (Pb) shot for waterfowl hunting were first established in the early 1990s with the creation of a few non-toxic shot zones, and culminated with a national ban in 1997. Prior to establishment of the first non-toxic shot zones in Canada, a nation-wide survey of Pb accumulation in wing bones of young-of-the-year (YY) dabbling and diving ducks determined the incidence of elevated Pb exposure in different parts of the country (Scheuhammer & Dickson, 1996). The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence of elevated Pb accumulation in the same species several years after the national ban on Pb shot; to survey waterfowl hunters to determine approximate levels of compliance with the Pb shot ban; and to use stable Pb isotope analysis to help determine the relative importance of different sources of Pb exposure.
Wing bones from 721 YY black, mallard, and ring necked ducks, and 579 YY woodcock from selected zones in Ontario, Quebec, BC, and the Maritimes, Canada were analyzed for Pb using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Consoir, Linda [Verfasser]. "Blood Lead Levels of the Southern Ghanaian Population : Ghana: Elaboration of Reference Values for Lead in Blood / Linda Consoir." Düren : Shaker, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233548352/34.

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Kadakia, Rachna P. "The effect of window repairs and window replacement on lead dust levels." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12130.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University
BACKGROUND: Lead dust in homes is the primary route of lead ingestion for children. More and more evidence concludes that levels of lead <10 !g/dl, which once was thought to be safe, can cause permanant neurological effects and damage. Lead exposure and toxicity is hard to treat because of the negative side effects of the chelating agents. The focus should be on prevention. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to conduct a study to see if window replacements and/or window repairs will significantly decrease the lead levels in low income housing homes. This study is collaboration between HUD, weatherization groups, and public health departments. DESIGN/METHODS: We performed statistical analyses of lead loading result data that was collected on the field. Compared the lead loading results for each sample location in each unit before and after window repair (Cohort 2), window replacement (Cohort 1), and no treatment for the control group (Cohort 3). The analyses were completed using a two sample matched pair z test and a significance level of 0.05. The control group was used to measure variance and to see if the difference is statistically significant. RESULTS: There appears to be a statistically significant reduction in the mean loading results in the Window Repair Cohort 2 across both Phase 1 to 2 (z=-2.63) and Phase 1 to 3 (z= -3.10). There was not a statitistically significant reduction in the mean loading result of the samples in the Window Replacement Cohort 1 across Phase 1 to 3 (z=-1.3), and there surprisingly appears to be an increase in mean loading result of the samples across Phase 1 to Phase 2 (z= 1.65). There was a significant decrease in loading results throughout Phase 1 to 2 and Phase 1 to 3 for the Control Group Cohort 3. CONCLUSIONS: There is sufficient evidence to suggest that window repair will decrease lead dust levels in homes. According to our preliminary results window replacement decreases the average lead loading results by 43.6%, while window repairs decreased the average lead loading result by 97.4%. While this supports our hypothesis, the increase in lead loading results after a short time window replacement is unexpected. Further studies should be implemented to prevent high lead levels directly after weatherization and provide regulations.
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Ethington, Robert A. "Learning to lead modifying members' psychological and job readiness levels to lead new and existing ministries through situational leadership training /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.

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Nsheiwat, Zein. "Blood and hair lead levels in highly exposed populations in Israel and Jordan : lead smelter and battery factory as hot spots /." [Sede-Boker] : Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 2007. http://aranne5.lib.ad.bgu.ac.il/others/NsheiwatZein.pdf.

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McLaine, Patricia Louise. "The Association between Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Reading Readiness in Kindergarten Children." Thesis, The Johns Hopkins University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3579521.

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Background and Objective: Lead exposure effects on IQ are well known, and detrimental impact of lead exposure on reading, math and school progress have been described. We evaluated the relationship between blood lead levels (BLLs) and kindergarten reading readiness in a diverse urban school population.

Methods: School administrative data and Phonological Awareness and Literacy Screening Kindergarten (PALS-K) test scores, measures of kindergarten reading readiness, for children attending public school kindergarten in Providence, Rhode Island were linked to Department of Health BLLs. Children with at least one BLL and reading readiness scores in both the fall and spring were included in the study (N=3,406). Fifty-nine percent (59%) were Hispanic. Data were analyzed using multiple linear and logistic regression with progressive levels of adjustment.

Results: The median geometric mean (GM) BLL was 4.2 (IQR 2.9-6.0)μg/dL. In the fall, children whose BLLs were 5-9 and ≥10μg/dL were 1.44 and 2.51 times more likely to fail to achieve fall benchmark for reading readiness [OR 1.44 (95%CI 1.23, 1.69) and OR 2.51 (95%CI 1.86, 3.40)] compared to children whose BLLs were 0-4μg/dL. Fall reading readiness scores were decreased by 4.5 and 10 points for children with BLLs in the 5-9 and 10+μg/dL categories, respectively, compared to children with BLLs 0-4μg/dL [-4.5 points (95%CI -6.2, -2.9) and -10.1 points (95%CI -13.3, -7.0)]. In the spring, children who had scored below the fall benchmark and who had GM BLLs ≥5μg/dL were approximately 1.5 times more likely to fail to achieve the benchmark compared to children with BLLs <5μg/dL. For children who achieved the fall benchmark, BLLs were not associated with an increased risk of failure in the spring.

Conclusions: Children who enter kindergarten with low levels of reading readiness and GM BLLs of >5μg/dL are at increased risk for failure to make adequate progress.

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Walker, Scott. "Does Cultural Heterogeneity Lead to Lower Levels of Regime Respect for Basic Human Rights?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3303/.

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This dissertation is a cross-national investigation of the relationship between cultural heterogeneity and regimes' respect for basic human rights. The quantitative human rights literature has not yet addressed the question of whether high levels of cultural diversity are beneficial or harmful. My research addresses this gap. I address the debate between those who argue that diversity is negatively related to basic human rights protection and those who argue it is likely to improve respect for these rights. Ultimately, I propose that regimes in diverse countries will be less likely to provide an adequate level of subsistence (otherwise known as basic human needs) and security rights (also known as integrity of the person rights) to their citizens than regimes in more homogeneous countries. Using a data set of 106 non-OECD countries for the years 1983 and 1993, I employ bivariate, linear multivariate regression, and causal modeling techniques to test whether higher levels of ethnolinguistic and religious diversity are associated with less regime respect for subsistence and security rights. The analysis reveals that higher levels of cultural diversity do appear to lead to lower respect for subsistence rights. However, counter to the hypothesized relationship, high levels of diversity appear to be compatible with high levels of respect for security rights.
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Books on the topic "Lead levels"

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Illinois. Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. Get the lead out: Intervention : how to lower lead levels in children. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Public Health, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, 1992.

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Rabin, Richard. Lead at work: Elevated blood lead levels in Massachusetts workers, April-October 1991. Boston, MA (150 Tremont St., Boston 02111): Occupational Health Surveillance Program, Bureau of Health Statistics, Research and Evaluation, Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health, 1992.

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Illinois. Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. Get the lead out: Intervention : how to lower blood lead levels in children. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Public Health, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, 2000.

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Tumpowsky, Catharine. Lead at work: Elevated blood lead levels in Massachusetts workers, April 1991-December 1995. Boston, MA: Occupational Health Surveillance Program, Bureau of Health Statistics, Research and Evaluation, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 1998.

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New York (N.Y.). Department of Health. Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. Surveillance of childhood blood lead levels in New York City. New York, N.Y: New York City Department of Health, Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, 2002.

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Truman, Susan Bagnoli. Variability of blood lead levels in occupationally exposed construction workers. [New Haven, Conn: s.n.], 1996.

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Craig, Erica H. Lead and mercury levels in golden and bald eagles and annual movements of golden eagles wintering in east central Idaho, 1990-1997. Boise, Idaho: The Office, 1998.

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Institute, Sustainable Development Policy, ed. Lead exposure and children: Blood lead levels in school children resulting from leaded petrol use and increasing road traffic in Pakistan. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 2003.

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Massachusetts. Dept. of Public Health. State Laboratory Institute. A statewide survey of lead in school drinking water: An estimate of the prevalence of elevated lead levels in drinking water and recommendations for remedial action to reduce exposure to lead : executive summary. Boston (305 South St., Jamaica Plain, MA 02130): Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health, 1988.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Research, and Development. The Lead Exposure Reduction Act of 1993: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Research, and Development of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on S. 729, a bill to amend the Toxic Substances Control Act to reduce the levels of lead in the environment, and for other purposes, June 29, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lead levels"

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Energy levels for Pb-182 (Lead-182)." In Tables of Excitations of Proton- and Neutron-Rich Unstable Nuclei, 2504. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75278-3_884.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Energy levels for Pb-183 (Lead-183)." In Tables of Excitations of Proton- and Neutron-Rich Unstable Nuclei, 2505. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75278-3_885.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Energy levels for Pb-185 (Lead-185)." In Tables of Excitations of Proton- and Neutron-Rich Unstable Nuclei, 2507. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75278-3_887.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Energy levels for Pb-191 (Lead-191)." In Tables of Excitations of Proton- and Neutron-Rich Unstable Nuclei, 2518. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75278-3_893.

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Yule, W., R. Lansdown, M. Urbanowicz, D. Muddiman, and J. Hunter. "Automated Assessment of Attention, Vigilance and Learning in Relation to Children’s Lead Levels." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 271–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_15.

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Dos Santos, Claudia Marques, Maria M. P. M. Neto, and Amarilis De Varennes. "Some effects of different levels of lead on berseem." In Optimization of Plant Nutrition, 517–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2496-8_81.

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Kochubovski, Mihail. "Blood-Lead Levels in Schoolchildren from Veles, Related to the Ambient Air Pollution by Lead." In Exposure and Risk Assessment of Chemical Pollution — Contemporary Methodology, 371–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2335-3_27.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Energy levels and branching ratios for Pb-184 (Lead-184)." In Tables of Excitations of Proton- and Neutron-Rich Unstable Nuclei, 2506. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75278-3_886.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Energy levels and branching ratios for Pb-186 (Lead-186)." In Tables of Excitations of Proton- and Neutron-Rich Unstable Nuclei, 2508–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75278-3_888.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Energy levels and branching ratios for Pb-187 (Lead-187)." In Tables of Excitations of Proton- and Neutron-Rich Unstable Nuclei, 2510. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75278-3_889.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lead levels"

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Safar, Z., and W. Lotfi. "Screening epidemiological study: blood lead levels in the vicinity of a lead smelter." In AIR POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air06075.

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Jacobs, D., and B. Lanphear. "143. Analysis of Lead-Contaminated House Dust and Blood Lead Levels in Urban Children." In AIHce 1996 - Health Care Industries Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2764802.

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Park, Joo Hun, Seung Soo Sheen, Keu Sung Lee, Eunyoung Lee, and Bumhee Park. "Blood lead levels based on smoking status and COPD." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa2840.

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Martinuzzi, Susanne. "271 The decrease of biological blood lead levels at a lead nitrate plant in south africa." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.1145.

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Domenech, Robert. "Blood-lead Levels of Fall Migrant Golden Eagles in West-central Montana." In Ingestion of Spent Lead Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans. The Peregrine Fund, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4080/ilsa.2009.0210.

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Rodriguez-Ramos, Julia. "Lead in Griffon and Cinereous Vultures in Central Spain: Correlations Between Clinical Signs and Blood Lead Levels." In Ingestion of Spent Lead Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans. The Peregrine Fund, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4080/ilsa.2009.0213.

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Jacobs, D. E., B. Lanphear, T. Matte, S. Dixon, R. Clickner, B. Dietz, W. Hartley, et al. "274. Synthesis of Epidemiogical Studies on the Relationship Between Dust Lead and Blood Lead Levels in Children." In AIHce 1998. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2762667.

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Dixon, S., J. Wilson, W. Galke, P. McLaine, and E. Dobson. "73. Validation of U.S. HUD‘S Lead Risk Assessment and Lead Hazard Screen Protocols (1995 Version): Overall Results and Possible Alt. Dust Lead Levels." In AIHce 2000. AIHA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763833.

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Annashr, Nissa Noor, and I. Made Djaja. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BLOOD LEAD LEVELS AND BASOPHILIC STIPPLING ERYTHROCYTES IN CHILDREN." In International Conference on Public Health. The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/icoph.2017.3221.

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Akers, D. B., J. A. Cunningham, M. F. MacCarthy, J. Annis, and J. R. Mihelcic. "Lead (Pb) Contamination of Self-Supply Groundwater Systems in Coastal Madagascar: Estimates of Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) in Children." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479865.032.

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Reports on the topic "Lead levels"

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Aizer, Anna, Janet Currie, Peter Simon, and Patrick Vivier. Do Low Levels of Blood Lead Reduce Children's Future Test Scores? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22558.

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Hoke, Steven H., Andrea S. Beard, Ernst E. Brueggemann, and Alan B. Rosencrance. Comparison of Particulate Lead Levels for Different Ammunition Types Used with the M16 Rifle. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada198478.

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Frisancho, Verónica, Alejandro Herrera, and Eduardo Nakasone. Does Gender and Sexual Diversity Lead to Greater Conflict in the School? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004609.

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Diversity in gender identity and sexual orientation challenges traditional institutions, social norms, and gendered stereotypes. This may translate into greater levels of conflict in society. Using data from 95 middle and high schools in Uruguay, we exploit plausibly exogenous variation in the share of LGBT students across classrooms and estimate its impact on the prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence in the school. On average, we do not find support for a strong link between the share of LGBT students in the classroom and the prevalence of violence, yet we show that there are gendered effects of greater diversity: a larger share of LGBT students in the classroom is associated with greater levels of psychological and physical violence among LGBT girls.
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Barash, Itamar, and Robert Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms Governing Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696526.bard.

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Original objectives: The long-term goal of the research is to achieve higher protein content in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational apparatus of the mammary gland genetically, nutritionally, or pharmacologically. The short-term objectives are to obtain a better understanding of 1) the role of amino acids (AA) as regulators of translation in bovine and mouse mammary epithelial cells and 2) the mechanism responsible for the synergistic enhancement of milk-protein mRNA polyadenylation by insulin and prolactin. Background of the topic: In many cell types and tissues, individual AA affect a signaling pathway which parallels the insulin pathway to modulate rates and levels of protein synthesis. Diverse nutritional and hormonal conditions are funneled to mTOR, a multidomain serine/threonine kinase that regulates a number of components in the initiation and elongation stages of translation. The mechanism by which AA signal mTOR is largely unknown. During the current grant period, we have studied the effect of essential AA on mechanisms involved in protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells cultured under lactogenic conditions. We also studied lactogenic hormone regulation of milk protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells. In the first BARD grant (2000-03), we discovered a novel mechanism for mRNA-specific hormone-regulated translation, namely, that the combination of insulin plus prolactin causes cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, which leads to their efficient translation. In the current BARD grant, we have pursued the signaling pathways of this novel hormone action. Major conclusions/solutions/achievements: The positive and negative signaling from AA to the mTOR pathway, combined with modulation of insulin sensitization, mediates the synthesis rates of total and specific milk proteins in mammary epithelial cells. The current in vitro study revealed cryptic negative effects of Lys, His, and Thr on cellular mechanisms regulating translation initiation and protein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells that could not be detected by conventional in vivo analyses. We also showed that a signaling pathway involving Jak2 and Stat5, previously shown to lead from the prolactin receptor to transcription of milk protein genes, is also used for cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, thereby stabilizing these mRNAs and activating them for translation. Implications: In vivo, plasma AA levels are affected by nutritional and hormonal effects as well as by conditions of exercise and stress. The amplitude in plasma AA levels resembles that applied in the current in vitro study. Thus, by changing plasma AA levels in the epithelial cell microenvironment or by sensitizing the mTOR pathway to their presence, it should be possible to modulate the rate of milk protein synthesis. Furthermore, knowledge that phosphorylation of Stat5 is required for enhanced milk protein synthesis in response to lactogenic opens the possibility for pharmacologic approaches to increase the phosphorylation of Stat5 and, thereby, milk protein production.
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Ghanim, Murad, Joe Cicero, Judith K. Brown, and Henryk Czosnek. Dissection of Whitefly-geminivirus Interactions at the Transcriptomic, Proteomic and Cellular Levels. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592654.bard.

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Our project focuses on gene expression and proteomics of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species complex in relation to the internal anatomy and localization of expressed genes and virions in the whitefly vector, which poses a major constraint to vegetable and fiber production in Israel and the USA. While many biological parameters are known for begomovirus transmission, nothing is known about vector proteins involved in the specific interactions between begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors. Identifying such proteins is expected to lead to the design of novel control methods that interfere with whitefly-mediated begomovirus transmission. The project objectives were to: 1) Perform gene expression analyses using microarrays to study the response of whiteflies (B, Q and A biotypes) to the acquisition of begomoviruses (Tomato yellow leaf curl (TYLCV) and Squash leaf curl (SLCV). 2) Construct a whitefly proteome from whole whiteflies and dissected organs after begomovirus acquisition. 3) Validate gene expression by q-RTPCR and sub-cellular localization of candidate ESTs identified in microarray and proteomic analyses. 4) Verify functionality of candidate ESTs using an RNAi approach, and to link these datasets to overall functional whitefly anatomical studies. During the first and second years biological experiments with TYLCV and SLCV acquisition and transmission were completed to verify the suitable parameters for sample collection for microarray experiments. The parameters were generally found to be similar to previously published results by our groups and others. Samples from whole whiteflies and midguts of the B, A and Q biotypes that acquired TYLCV and SLCV were collected in both the US and Israel and hybridized to B. tabaci microarray. The data we analyzed, candidate genes that respond to both viruses in the three tested biotypes were identified and their expression that included quantitative real-time PCR and co-localization was verified for HSP70 by the Israeli group. In addition, experiments were undertaken to employ in situ hybridization to localize several candidate genes (in progress) using an oligonucleotide probe to the primary endosymbiont as a positive control. A proteome and corresponding transcriptome to enable more effective protein identification of adult whiteflies was constructed by the US group. Further validation of the transmission route of begomoviruses, mainly SLCV and the involvement of the digestive and salivary systems was investigated (Cicero and Brown). Due to time and budget constraints the RNAi-mediated silencing objective to verify gene function was not accomplished as anticipated. HSP70, a strong candidate protein that showed over-expression after TYLCV and SLCV acquisition and retention by B. tabaci, and co-localization with TYLCV in the midgut, was further studies. Besides this protein, our joint research resulted in the identification of many intriguing candidate genes and proteins that will be followed up by additional experiments during our future research. To identify these proteins it was necessary to increase the number and breadth of whitefly ESTs substantially and so whitefly cDNAs from various libraries made during the project were sequenced (Sanger, 454). As a result, the proteome annotation (ID) was far more successful than in the initial attempt to identify proteins using Uniprot or translated insect ESTs from public databases. The extent of homology shared by insects in different orders was surprisingly low, underscoring the imperative need for genome and transcriptome sequencing of homopteran insects. Having increased the number of EST from the original usable 5500 generated several years ago to >600,000 (this project+NCBI data mining), we have identified about one fifth of the whitefly proteome using these new resources. Also we have created a database that links all identified whitefly proteins to the PAVEdb-ESTs in the database, resulting in a useful dataset to which additional ESTS will be added. We are optimistic about the prospect of linking the proteome ID results to the transcriptome database to enable our own and other labs the opportunity to functionally annotate not only genes and proteins involved in our area of interest (whitefly mediated transmission) but for the plethora of other functionalities that will emerge from mining and functionally annotating other key genes and gene families in whitefly metabolism, development, among others. This joint grant has resulted in the identification of numerous candidate proteins involved in begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci. A next major step will be to capitalize on validated genes/proteins to develop approaches to interfere with the virus transmission.
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Nafakh, Abdullah Jalal, Franklin Vargas Davila, Yunchang Zhang, Jon D. Fricker, and Dulcy M. Abraham. Workzone Lighting and Glare on Nighttime Construction and Maintenance Activities. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317379.

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Over the last two decades, an increasing number of highway construction and maintenance projects in the United States have been completed at night to avoid or alleviate traffic congestion delays. Working at night entails several advantages, including lower traffic volumes, less impact on local businesses, cooler temperatures for equipment and material, and fewer overall crashes. Although nighttime roadway operations may minimize traffic disruptions, there are several safety concerns about passing motorists and workers in the nighttime work zone. For instance, improper lighting arrangements or excessive lighting levels at the job site could cause harmful levels of glare for the traveling public and workers, which can lead to an increased level of hazards and crashes in the vicinity of the work zone. To address the issue of glare, the current report focuses on determining and evaluating disability glare on nighttime work zones in order to develop appropriate strategies for improving the safety of workers and motorists during nighttime highway construction and maintenance projects. Disability glare is the glare that impairs our vision of objects without necessarily causing discomfort, and it can be evaluated using the veiling luminance ratio (VL ratio). In this study, disability glare values were determined by using lighting data (vertical illuminance and pavement luminance measurements) from the testing of 49 lighting arrangements. Two LED balloon lights, a metal-halide light tower, and an LED light tower were utilized for the field lighting experiments. The glare assessment analyzed the effects of the lighting system setup’s parameters, such as the mounting height, power output, rotation angle, and aiming angle of luminaires on the veiling luminance ratio values (which is a criterion for limiting disability glare). The study revealed the following key findings: (1) an increase in mounting heights of both balloon lights and light towers resulted in lower disability glare levels; (2) compared to the "perpendicular" and "away" orientations, orienting the light towers "towards" the traffic (45 degrees) significantly increases the disability glare levels of the lighting arrangement; and (3) increasing the tilt angles of portable light tower luminaries resulted in an increase in disability glare levels.
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Filmer, Deon, James Habyarimana, and Shwetlena Sabarwal. Teacher Performance-Based Incentives and Learning Inequality. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/047.

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This study evaluates the impacts of low-cost, performance-based incentives in Tanzanian secondary schools. Results from a two-phase randomized trial show that incentives for teachers led to modest average improvements in student achievement across different subjects. Further, withdrawing incentives did not lead to a “discouragement effect” (once incentives were withdrawn, student performance did not fall below pre-baseline levels). Rather, impacts on learning were sustained beyond the intervention period. However, these incentives may have exacerbated learning inequality within and across schools. Increases in learning were concentrated among initially better-performing schools and students. At the same time, learning outcomes may have decreased for schools and students that were lower performing at baseline. Finally, the study finds that incentivizing students without simultaneously incentivizing teachers did not produce observable learning gains.
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for Development Programme, Knowledge. Using Indices to Capture Vulnerability for Development Finance in SIDS. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.066.

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This rapid review examines evidence on indices to capture vulnerability for development finance in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). A key issue when it comes to aid allocation to Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is whether current measures of development – such as income per capita - are truly able to reflect the unique set of challenges that these countries face. Inability to accurately measure development in SIDS can lead to substantial risk. On the one hand, aid allocation that solely relies on income levels may result in an unsustainable reduction in external support to SIDS, leaving them to face high levels of economic, environmental, and social vulnerability. On the other hand, an inadequate measure of vulnerability can lead to no clear pathway to the reduction in aid, making it very improbable for SIDS to become self-reliant, no matter how far they develop or climb the income ladder. This aim of this paper is twofold. The first is to look at whether vulnerability indices can help determine the levels of external support SIDS need. The second is to consider how this can help in determining when support can be reduced or terminated. This is achieved by considering the different indices that international organisations and multilateral development banks use to capture the vulnerability of SIDS, how they use these indices to determine thresholds for aid allocation, and the advantages and disadvantages of applying each.
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Khanal, Subrat, and Hassan Al-Khalisy. A Window in the Heart Is Sometimes a Good Start: It’s Not Always Sepsis. Science Repository, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.jicoa.2021.03.03.

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Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening compression of the heart caused by abnormal accumulation of pericardial fluid. Important elements affecting its disposition and treatment are the rate of fluid accumulation relative to pericardial stretch and the effectiveness of compensatory mechanisms before critical hemodynamic compromise occurs. It is a clinical diagnosis and waiting for the threshold of steep rise in cardiac transmural pressure to critical levels may lead to catastrophic outcomes which is why early drainage has to be strongly considered in suspected cases.
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Winters, Paul, Benjamin Wakefield, Irene Toma, Anneke Schmider, Frini Chantzi, and Osman Dar. Facilitating progress towards SDG2: Zero Hunger. Royal Institute of International Affairs, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135072.

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Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger (SDG2) remains out of reach. SDG2 progress has slowed over the last few years, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to exacerbate the problem. Improving the leadership, governance and coordination of the three UN Rome-based agencies (RBAs) – the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the World Food Programme (WFP) – is crucial to achieving this objective. Lessons from comparable institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group and the World Health Organization may prove vital in realizing SDG2. While there are many actors that will influence progress towards this goal, the RBAs are best placed to lead on this initiative through improved transparency and leadership selection processes; the consolidation of RBA meetings and higher-level dialogue at those events; and enhanced collaboration at the regional, country and global levels.
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