Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lead exposure; cognitive; development

Academic literature on the topic 'Lead exposure; cognitive; development'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Lead exposure; cognitive; development"

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Massaro, E. J., and T. F. Massaro. "Low Level Lead Exposure During Neonatal Development Perturbs Cognitive Function." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 6, no. 4 (July 1987): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818709075689.

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Complex maze learning was investigated in male neonatal and adult rats using a latent learning task. The neonates received (intragastric administration) either lead acetate (50 mg Pb/kg) or equimolar sodium acetate on days 6, 9, 12, and 18 postpartum. The adult subjects were exposed to 100 ppm Pb acetate or equimolar sodium acetate in drinking water for 112 days beginning at weaning (day 21 postpartum). Training for the latent learning task began on day 31 postpartum for the neonates and on day 143 for the young adults. The training sequence included free exploration (under conditions of satiation) of a symmetrical latent learning maze or an open field of the same shape and area by the Pb-treated and control subjects (randomly distributed). Subsequently, all subjects were food deprived and appetitively tested in the latent learning maze. Neonatal lead exposure perturbed latent learning: the Pb-treated subjects showed no evidence of latent learning. However, pretest exploratory activity was similar for Pb-exposed and control neonates. Pb exposure had no effect on exploratory activity under normal (nonappetitive) conditions or latent learning performance of young adult subjects despite the increased body burden of Pb. The results suggest that latent learning may be a particularly sensitive measure of Pb exposure in the neonatal rat model.
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MENDELSOHN, ALAN L., BENARD P. DREYER, ARTHUR H. FIERMAN, CAROLYN M. ROSEN, LORI A. LEGANO, HILLARY A. KRUGER, SYLVIA W. LIM, SUSAN BARASCH, AU LORETTA, and CHERYL D. COURTLANDT. "Low-Level Lead Exposure and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 20, no. 6 (December 1999): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199912000-00004.

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TONG, S. "Lead exposure and cognitive development: Persistence and a dynamic pattern." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 34, no. 2 (April 1998): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.1998.00187.x.

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Tong, Shilu, Anthony J. McMichael, and Peter A. Baghurst. "Interactions between Environmental Lead Exposure and Sociodemographic Factors on Cognitive Development." Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 55, no. 5 (September 2000): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039890009604025.

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Lee, Haena, Mark Lee, and John Robert Warren. "Childhood Lead Exposure and Cognitive Functioning Among Older Adults: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1212.

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Abstract Many children born in the early 20th century were exposed to water-borne lead, a neurotoxin that negatively impacts brain development. While lead exposure has been linked to poor cognition among children and young adults, no population-level research has examined the long-term implications of lead exposure for cognitive functioning in later life. Our study is the first to address this gap by utilizing novel data linkages between the 1940 U.S. Census and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Our sample includes respondents who were under age 17 (born 1924-1940) by the time of the decennial enumeration on April 1, 1940. Given that the dominant source of lead exposure was water during this period, we assessed lead exposure by using water chemistry and piping material data for each HRS respondent’s city of residence in 1940. Late-life cognitive functioning for HRS participants (observed 1998-2016) was measured using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. We find that lead exposure during childhood is significantly and negatively associated with cognitive functioning in later life. HRS participants who lived in cities with lead pipes and acidic or alkaline water—the conditions required for lead to leech into municipal water—showed lower levels of cognitive functioning decades later as compared to other participants. This association persisted net of race, gender, childhood socioeconomic status and childhood health. However, the association was largely accounted for by adjusting for educational attainment. This implies that childhood lead exposure impacts later-life cognition via its effect on educational attainment.
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Marshall, Andrew T., Rob McConnell, Bruce P. Lanphear, Wesley K. Thompson, Megan M. Herting, and Elizabeth R. Sowell. "Risk of lead exposure, subcortical brain structure, and cognition in a large cohort of 9- to 10-year-old children." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): e0258469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258469.

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Background Lead, a toxic metal, affects cognitive development at the lowest measurable concentrations found in children, but little is known about its direct impact on brain development. Recently, we reported widespread decreases in cortical surface area and volume with increased risks of lead exposure, primarily in children of low-income families. Methods and findings We examined associations of neighborhood-level risk of lead exposure with cognitive test performance and subcortical brain volumes. We also examined whether subcortical structure mediated associations between lead risk and cognitive performance. Our analyses employed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the observational Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The multi-center ABCD Study used school-based enrollment to recruit a demographically diverse cohort of almost 11,900 9- and 10-year-old children from an initial 22 study sites. The analyzed sample included data from 8,524 typically developing child participants and their parents or caregivers. The primary outcomes and measures were subcortical brain structure, cognitive performance using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox, and geocoded risk of lead exposure. Children who lived in neighborhoods with greater risks of environmental lead exposure exhibited smaller volumes of the mid-anterior (partial correlation coefficient [rp] = -0.040), central (rp = -0.038), and mid-posterior corpus callosum (rp = -0.035). Smaller volumes of these three callosal regions were associated with poorer performance on cognitive tests measuring language and processing speed. The association of lead exposure risk with cognitive performance was partially mediated through callosal volume, particularly the mid-posterior corpus callosum. In contrast, neighborhood-level indicators of disadvantage were not associated with smaller volumes of these brain structures. Conclusions Environmental factors related to the risk of lead exposure may be associated with certain aspects of cognitive functioning via diminished subcortical brain structure, including the anterior splenium (i.e., mid-posterior corpus callosum).
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Min, Meeyoung, Lynn Singer, Sonia Minnes, H. Lester Kirchner, and Suchitra Nelson. "Cognitive development and low-level lead exposure in poly-drug exposed children." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 30, no. 3 (May 2008): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2008.03.025.

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Min, Meeyoung O., Lynn T. Singer, H. Lester Kirchner, Sonia Minnes, Elizabeth Short, Zehra Hussain, and Suchitra Nelson. "Cognitive development and low-level lead exposure in poly-drug exposed children." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 31, no. 4 (July 2009): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2009.03.002.

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Bellinger, David, Alan Leviton, Christine Waternaux, Herbert Needleman, and Michael Rabinowitz. "Longitudinal Analyses of Prenatal and Postnatal Lead Exposure and Early Cognitive Development." New England Journal of Medicine 316, no. 17 (April 23, 1987): 1037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198704233161701.

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Levitt, Miriam. "Toxic metals, preconception and early childhood development." Social Science Information 38, no. 2 (June 1999): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901899038002001.

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Exposure to lead and other heavy metals is now considered a risk factor in fetal and early childhood developmental deficits, premature birth, low cranial circumference, lower IQ, learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders (ADD) or hyperactivity (ADHD), and reduced impulse control. Studies suggest that blood lead levels as low as 10 micrograms per deciliter can result in detectable physical, cognitive, and psychobehavioral deficits in children. According to recent CDC findings, the major sources of lead exposure include deteriorated paint in older housing, and dust and soil that are contaminated with lead from old paint and from past emissions of leaded gasoline. Further, the direct effects of poor diet on children's behavior combined with exposure to toxic metals increase the likelihood of attention deficit disorder (ADD), hyperactivity, and other learning deficits. Poor urban populations and minorities are at increased risk for these effects of neurotoxicity, because the problems of poverty and broken families often co-vary with inadequate diet, housing that contains lead paint and water systems that release lead, inadequate prenatal health care, high rates of bottle feeding, and exposure to industrial pollution.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lead exposure; cognitive; development"

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McCabe, Marie E. "Lead Exposure, Attentional Outcomes, and Socioenvironmental Influences." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1218548568.

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Vollet, Martin Kaitlin A. "Pediatric Manganese Exposure and Cognitive Performance in Rural Appalachian Ohio." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1560867119903426.

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Donald, James M. "Chronic lead exposure : effects on behaviour and development in mice." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304102.

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Tutunji, Maha Sa'di. "Development of analytical methods for the differential diagnosis of exposure to lead." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1988. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10511.

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The modern comprehensive approach in problem solving was adopted in this study to resolve the analytical problems associated with the differential diagnosis of various degrees of exposure to lead. Thorough investigation of all the analytical steps was undertaken starting with the sampling procedure, through the proper choice of the analytical methods for the analysis of indicators of dose and indicators of effect, to the data reduction and evaluation. Reliable, selective and sensitive analytical techniques were developed for the direct analysis of lead, bismuth, antimony and the porphyrin carboxylic acids in body fluids. The sampling step was arbitrarily re-defined on the basis of the lead metabolic model to include two sampling conditions: the non-steady state and the steady state conditions. For diagnostic purposes the results obtained when sampling is done in the non-steady state proved to be more valuable. Analytical results obtained from the steady state condition were also quite revealing. A direct, sensitive, selective and reliable potentiometric stripping analysis method for the trace determination of lead as an indicator of dose in blood,plasma and urine was developed. The various parameters and experimental conditions were investigated. The signals obtained from dearated solutions of the samples using Hg(II) as the oxidant were compared with those obtained from nondearated solutions in which dissolved oxygen acted as the oxidant. The low detection limits of the former method ensured that during the analysis of control specimens in particular, the analyst ',\/ill not be working near the detection limits of the method. Freedom from organic and inorganic interferences coupled with enhancement of the sensitivity due to matrix effects rendered the method particularly useful. By slight modification of the pro- xcedure a wide working range can be attained. Good correlation coefficients bet'ofJeen added and measured Pb(Il) were obtained and method comparison with the thermal ionization stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry and the atomic absorption spectrometry gave a correlation of 0.9999. The adopted PSA in dilute dearated samples of body fluids was adapted for the determination of trace concentrations of Bi(!Il) and Sb(IlI) in body fluids. Slight modifications of the electrolyzing potential using the in situ plating procedure and longer deposition periods were necessary. The results indicated that in subjects highly exposed to lead, high concentrations of Si(lIl) and Sb(III) were detected. An ion pair reversed phase HPLC method coupled with fluorescence detection proved valuable for the analysis of blood and urinary porphyrin carboxylic acids. By optimization of the chromatographic conditions using either the fast RP-C18 Ultrasphere XL-DDS column or the Lichrosorb RP-C2 column and multinear gradient eiution with a mobile phase consisting of methanol/water, both containing 5 mMol/1 tetrabutylammonium phosphate as the counter ion, we were able to detect the earliest biochemical changes that occur in the haem biosynthetic pathway resulting from exposure to lead. The developed method permitted the detection of porphyrins in trace concentrations of 0.2 ng directly in urine samples without tedious sample pretreatment. A wide linear response curve was obtained. The method allows the differential diagnosis of the various diseases that produce derangements in the haem biosynthetic pathway.
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Beckwith, Travis J. "A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Developmental Consequences of Childhood Lead Exposure in Adulthood." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439309120.

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Mudge, Jane. "The effect of early exposure to environmental lead on the later development of girls and boys : a pilot study /." Adelaide, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsm944.pdf.

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Franklin, Milton. "A Case Study Investigation of the Impact of Early Aggression toward and Exposure to Violence on Children and Their Intellectual Development." Thesis, Saybrook University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10744227.

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This study explored educators’ perceptions of the impact of exposure to violence on children and their intellectual development. Substitute concepts such as corporal punishment, child maltreatment, and others were considered relevant to formation of an individual’s identity. The study also explored the psychological impact of trauma over time, and its effect on an individual’s cognitive development, identity formation, and relational development. Various aspects of exposure to violence were examined, as questions arose regarding how these multiple forms of exposure to violence impact an individual’s level of functionality. This study utilized a general qualitative approach informed by case study methodologies.

Four educators who worked with children previously exposed to violence were interviewed. Although both teachers and tutors were solicited, only tutors responded to the invitation to participate; therefore, the results are based upon interviews with four tutors. Four specific themes emerged from the participant interviews, namely: the realities of children exposed to violence, the impact of violence, academic performance, and the role of the tutor. Within some themes, subthemes emerged such as emotional violence, physical violence, limited family support, the impact of violence, resiliency, combativeness, and lack of friendships. A narrative of themes and subthemes was presented. Commensurate with the focus of the research, the predominant theme identified in this research was that of violence and aggression on the part of adults, seen through the prism of the experiences of the children in their care.

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Pershing, Michelle L. "Interactions Between Prenatal Kynurenic Acid Exposure and Adolescent Brain Development in the Emergence of Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417275379.

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Basu, Amitabha Spotila James R. "Development of a 'genetic signature of environmental lead exposure' in wild Peromyscus using combinatorial data from cDNA microarrays and blood metabolites /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/2796.

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Toomer, Tarla TaMia. "Development of Risk Based Treatability and Engineering Measures for Reducing Exposure to Lead Contaminated Media in the Miami Inner City, Florida." FIU Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/219.

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A major consequence of contamination at the local level’s population as it relates to environmental health and environmental engineering is childhood lead poisoning. Environmental contamination is one of the pressing environmental concerns facing the world today. Current approaches often focus on large contaminated industrial size sites that are designated by regulatory agencies for site remediation. Prior to this study, there were no known published studies conducted at the local and smaller scale, such as neighborhoods, where often much of the contamination is present to remediate. An environmental health study of local lead-poisoning data in Liberty City, Little Haiti and eastern Little Havana in Miami-Dade County, Florida accounted for a disproportionately high number of the county’s reported childhood lead poisoning cases. An engineering system was developed and designed for a comprehensive risk management methodology that is distinctively applicable to the geographical and environmental conditions of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Furthermore, a scientific approach for interpreting environmental health concerns, while involving detailed environmental engineering control measures and methods for site remediation in contained media was developed for implementation. Test samples were obtained from residents and sites in those specific communities in Miami-Dade County, Florida (Gasana and Chamorro 2002). Currently lead does not have an Oral Assessment, Inhalation Assessment, and Oral Slope Factor; variables that are required to run a quantitative risk assessment. However, various institutional controls from federal agencies’ standards and regulation for contaminated lead in media yield adequate maximum concentration limits (MCLs). For this study an MCL of .0015 (mg/L) was used. A risk management approach concerning contaminated media involving lead demonstrates that the linkage of environmental health and environmental engineering can yield a feasible solution.
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Books on the topic "Lead exposure; cognitive; development"

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Smith, M. A., L. D. Grant, and A. I. Sors, eds. Lead Exposure and Child Development. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5.

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A, Smith M., Grant Lester D, Sors A. I, Commission of the European Communities., and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Lead exposure and child development: An international assessment. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Environmental Oversight, Research and Development. Health effects of lead exposure: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Environmental Oversight, Research and Development of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, March 8, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Research, and Development. The Lead Exposure Reduction Act of 1993: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Research, and Development of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on S. 729, a bill to amend the Toxic Substances Control Act to reduce the levels of lead in the environment, and for other purposes, June 29, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Environmental Oversight, Research and Development. The Lead Ban Act of 1990 and the Lead Exposure Reduction Act of 1990: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Environmental Oversight, Research and Development of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 2593 ... and S. 2637 ... June 27, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Smith, M. Lead Exposure and Child Development: An International Assessment. Springer, 2011.

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(Editor), M. Smith, L. Grant (Editor), and A. I. Sors (Editor), eds. Lead Exposure and Child Development: An International Assessment. Springer, 1989.

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Sors, A. I., Smith M, and L. Grant. Lead Exposure and Child Development: An International Assessment. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Lopez-Arvizu, Carmen, Carmel Bogle, and Harolyn M. E. Belcher. Neurobiology of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0179.

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Prenatal exposure to ethanol can result in a wide range of clinical presentations that are grouped under the term “Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders” (FASD). The direct cellular teratogenic effects of ethanol on fetal neurodevelopment include damage to cell survival, proliferation, and migration mechanisms. Dysregulation of neurotransmission and alteration of genetic transcription have also been implicated in the neurotoxic effects of prenatal ethanol exposure. These deleterious events lead to brain volume reduction, corpus callosum dysgenesis, cerebellar, and other neuroanatomical anomalies that have been observed in individuals with FASD. Beyond direct ethanol-induced insults, the impact that ethanol has on maternal nutrition, metabolism, hormonal regulation, and placental physiology also adversely effects fetal development. The complex interactions between numerous neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms that hinder optimal fetal neurodevelopment are reflected by the heterogeneous clinical presentation of FASD, including impaired growth, dysmorphic facial features, and cognitive and behavioral disorders.
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Tutunji, Maha Sa'di. Development of analytical methods for the differential diagnosis of exposure to lead. 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lead exposure; cognitive; development"

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Otto, D. A. "Electrophysiological Assessment of Sensory and Cognitive Function in Children Exposed to Lead: A Review." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 279–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_16.

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Kazantzis, G. "Lead: Ancient Metal — Modern Menace?" In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 119–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_3.

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Harvey, P. G., M. W. Hamlin, R. Kumar, J. Morgan, A. Spurgeon, and T. Delves. "The Birmingham Blood Lead Studies." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 201–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_8.

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Raab, G. M., M. Fulton, G. O. B. Thomson, D. P. H. Laxen, R. Hunter, and W. Hepburn. "Blood Lead and Other Influences on Mental Abilities — Results from the Edinburgh Lead Study." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 183–200. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_7.

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Smith, M. "The Effects of Low-level Lead Exposure on Children." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 3–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_1.

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Vivoli, G., M. Bergomi, P. Borella, G. Fantuzzi, L. Simoni, D. Catelli, N. Sturloni, et al. "Evaluation of Different Biological Indicators of Lead Exposure Related to Neuropsychological Effects in Children." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 224–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_10.

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Hansen, O. N., A. Trillingsgaard, I. Beese, T. Lyngbye, and P. Grandjean. "Neuropsychological Profile of Children in Relation to Dentine Lead Level and Socioeconomic Group." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 240–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_11.

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Cluydts, R. J. G., and A. Steenhout. "A Regression Analysis Study of the Brussels Lead and IQ Data." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 251–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_12.

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McBride, W. G., C. J. Carter, J. R. Bratel, G. Cooney, and A. Bell. "The Sydney Study of Health Effects of Lead in Urban Children." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 255–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_13.

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Winneke, G., W. Collet, U. Krämer, A. Brockhaus, T. Ewert, and C. Krause. "Follow-up Studies in Lead-Exposed Children." In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 260–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lead exposure; cognitive; development"

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Biffi, Elisabetta, and Daniela Bianchi. "TEACHER TRAINING FOR THE PREVENTION, REPORTING AND ADDRESSING OF VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end015.

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Each year an estimated one billion children (one out of two children worldwide) suffer some form of physical, sexual or psychological violence or neglect (Hillis, Mercy, Amobi, & Kress, 2016). Being a victim of violence in childhood has lifelong impacts on education, health, and well-being. Exposure to violence can lead to poor academic performance due to cognitive, emotional, and social problems (WHO, 2019). The right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence is affirmed by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its General Comment No. 13 (UNCRC, 2011). Moreover, the Sustainable Development Goals contain a clear call to eliminate violence against children, most explicitly in Target 16.2 (UN, 2015). Many efforts have been made globally to achieve these goals. Schools have been identified as one of the crucial contexts for conducting violence prevention efforts. They offer an important space where children, teachers and educators can learn and adopt pro-social behaviors that can contribute to preventing violence (WHO, et al., 2016). Teachers can play a key role, helping to build a “violence-free world” (UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, End Violence Against Children, 2020), both by promoting positive relationships and by identifying signs of violence early. In fact, while international strategies provide a necessary framework for the promotion and protection of children's rights, it is the people who can make a difference in the prevention and detection of violence against children (Biffi, 2018). Based on these premises, the paper will focus on how teacher training can help prevent, report and address violence against children. Teachers are often not trained on this: some of them know the contents, but have doubts about how to deal with certain situations. Teachers should learn what to do with students who have gone through a traumatic experience because children choose someone who can see and recognize them (Miller, 1979, En. transl. 1995; Miller, 1980, En. transl. 1983). To be able to really recognize the child, a training course with teachers is necessary, to raise awareness and help them see the signals that children send (The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action, End Violence Against Children, UNICEF, WHO, 2020). This paper, through literature and presentation of a training course with teachers in Italy, will offer a pedagogical reflection on teacher training in the prevention, reporting and addressing of violence against children, in order to start building a common shared strategy.
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Kim, Ja hyeong, Ki Won Oh, Joon Sung Kim, Kyung Yeon Lee, Sang Kyu Park, Jin Young Jeong, Eun-Hee Ha, et al. "The Effect Of Prenatal Lead And Cadmium Exposure On Development Of Atopy." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a1410.

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Satija, Narendra Kumar, Har Bhajan Singh, Anjana Grover, and Ram Mohan Rai. "COAGULATION ABNORMALITIES IN LEAD EXPOSED RATS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643072.

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The accelerated rate of development of modern technology has greatly expanded the range of health hazards. Lead, a widely used industrial material, is a significant environmental pollutant that contaminates food, water, soil and air. Although much progress has been made in elucidating its adverse effects on various systems of the body like hepatic, CNS, renal etc., its effect on coagulation remains to be established. In view of this an experimental study was carried out in animals to understand how lead influences hemostasis.Male albino rats were exposed to lead either acutely by administering 20 mg lead acetate per kg body weight daily i.p. for 3 days or chronically by administering lead through drinking water containing 5 ppm lead for 150 days. Acute exposure to lead caused severe coagulopathy characterized by significant prolongation of plasma recalcification time, decrease in platelet count and decreased wall adherence of blood, decreased fibrinogen and euglobulin lysis time and significant increase in prothrombin time, thrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time. Similar observations were found in chronically exposed animals. It is concluded that exposure to heavy metals like lead may lead to a state of hypocoagulability.
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Fernandez-Suarez, Miryam, Eduardo Garcia-Egido, Mickael Montembault, Maria J. Chapela, and Stephanie Y. F. Wong-Hawkes. "The Development of Integrated Microfluidic Chemistry Platforms for Lead Optimisation in the Pharmaceutical Industry." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96058.

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During the last decade, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals (GSK) has carried out much of the seminal work in the area of micro fluidics and micro flow assay for lead optimisation. It has pioneered and built an in-house micro fluidic system for drug discovery. The huge and diverse advantages of this approach come from its miniaturised nature and its scale, which makes it easily automatable. As a result of its miniaturised nature it allows for greater control over heat and mass transfer, along with lower consumption of reagents (both chemical and biological) and solvents, less waste generation and decreased exposure to potentially toxic materials. But for a pharmaceutical company, the main advantage of this technology is the capability of coupling a fast microfluidic chemistry generator with a modern compatible miniaturised screening technique to generate instant biological information (i.e. the assay results) in “real time” that can be used to refine the chemistry (closing the feedback loop) and therefore allowing for a much faster lead optimisation. We will review some of the efforts within GSK towards this pioneering work in the development of miniaturised chemistry platforms capable of performing multiple functions such as synthesis, separation, quantification and screening.
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Supriatno, Supriatno, Chairunnisa Chairunnisa, and Hafnati Rahmatan. "Effects of Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) Exposure on Chlorophyll Content and Anatomic Structure of rice (Oryza sativa L.)." In Proceeding of the First International Graduate Conference (IGC) On Innovation, Creativity, Digital, & Technopreneurship for Sustainable Development in Conjunction with The 6th Roundtable for Indonesian Entrepreneurship Educators 2018 Universitas Syiah Kuala October, 3-5, 2018 Banda Aceh, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-10-2018.2284289.

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Wang, Xining, Catriona Hodgers, Conor McGuckin, and Jiayin Lv. "A Conceptual Learning Design in Virtual Reality–The Cognitive VR Classroom for Education After the Pandemic Era." In 17th Education and Development Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/edc.2022.001.

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ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has created extraordinary global crises and unprecedented disruption to education. The current situation has become changeable and unpredictable, which may lead to chronic cognitive issues for students who have no access to education. At the same time, the use of virtual reality (VR) technology has emerged as a powerful instrument for re-thinking and enhancing the current educational patterns during the post- pandemic era. However, although ample reviews have summarized developments in VR and education, few studies have synthesized these findings into an integrated learning design. In response to this insufficiency, this study discusses potential solutions for current educational challenges and presents a novel design – the cognitive VR classroom. It is a conceptual design that could enable students to access rich learning resources within an immersive VR system. The design of the cognitive VR Classroom is based on the amalgamation of brain- based learning theory (BBL) and the cognitive-affective model of immersive learning (CAMIL). Further, six extended dimensions of classroom learning were developed to structure the cognitive VR classroom. To examine their validity, a correlation analysis was conducted to present the correlation coefficient and the strength of the association. The result shows that the cognitive VR classroom is a promising theoretical framework to facilitate educational diversity and a powerful model to develop smart classroom learning. KEYWORDS: The Covid-19 Pandemic, Virtual Reality, Cognitive Education, Classroom Learning
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Ren, Weiju. "A Discussion of Strength Reduction Factor Development for Thermal Aging Effect on Nuclear Structural Alloys." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-61055.

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Abstract In consideration of structural alloy property deterioration during long-term exposure to elevated temperatures, the yield and ultimate tensile strength reduction factors are provided in the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III for nuclear reactor component design and operation analysis. Because the Gen IV reactor requirement of 40 ∼ 60 years of service life makes it difficult to acquire such long exposure test data for developing the reduction factors, they must be derived from test data with relatively short exposure by predictive methods considered to be reasonably reliable. A novel approach with a physically-based model has recently been proposed for application to development of reduction factors for 9Cr-1Mo-V. In the model, contributors to the tensile strength are first identified and related to definite microstructural features of the alloy, then some physically-based methods are employed to simulate the microstructural evolution, and finally the model is assembled with test-data-calibrated parameters to generate the yield and ultimate tensile strength reduction factors covering elevated temperature exposure for up to 57 years. The approach is undoubtedly a trailblazing development that will, if proven reliable, lead to a paradigm shift in predicting thermal aging behavior of many other alloys. Its debut application to Section III, however, concerns nuclear safety and naturally warrants objective, impartial, and thorough technical scrutiny. In the present paper, the novel and conventional approaches are discussed. Necessary improvements to the novel approach are recommended for its application to nuclear structural component design and analysis, and for its potential expanded use to other alloys.
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Cho, Choonho, Tae-Yung Song, and Chungho Cho. "Corrosion Resistance of Active Coating Materials Exposed to Lead-Alloy." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89486.

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A key problem in the development of heavy liquid metal cooled reactors is a corrosion of the structural and fuel cladding materials by the coolants. Thus, the problem has been considered as an important design-factor that limits the operational temperature and flow velocity of the next generation nuclear reactors using lead-alloys. Corrosion data has been obtained on as-received and active coating materials of HT9 and 316L in a stagnant lead-alloy containing a reduced atmosphere of oxygen with an exposure time of 1500 hours at 600°C. After each test, the specimens were analyzed metallurgically by using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) for the cross sections of the specimens. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to evaluate the phase composition of the steels.
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Teraura, Nobuyuki, Kunio Ito, Naoki Takahashi, and Kouichi Sakurai. "The Development of Radiation-Resistant RF Tags for Use at Nuclear Power Plants." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16605.

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RF tags based on RFID (Radio-frequency Identification) technology have been widely used in various fields including power plant construction and maintenance for the purpose of improving the identification and traceability of the many components in the facility. To date, various types of tags have been developed, including tags that are resistant to chemicals or high-temperature environments, which are used in specialized fields. When considering widespread use of RF tags in nuclear power plants, there is a concern about the effects of radiation on the RF tags, because the data stored in the tag may receive radiation damage, resulting in corruption of data. Here, we describe a newly designed RF tag that achieves resistance to radiation damage by attaching a radiation shield layer and incorporating automatic data-correction software. This radiation-resistant RF tag has been tested under real radiation exposure fields to verify the intended radiation-resistant functions. It is expected that the use of these radiation-resistant RF tags with a data reader and database system will increase the capabilities of RF tags applied to nuclear power plants and it is also expected to lead to reductions in worker radiation exposure doses.
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Weisenburger, Alfons, Georg Mu¨ller, Annette Heinzel, Adrian Jianu, Heinrich Muscher, and Martin Kieser. "Corrosion, Corrosion Barrier Development and Mechanical Properties of Steels Foreseen as Structural Materials in Liquid Lead Alloy Cooled Nuclear Systems." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75773.

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A key problem in development of heavy liquid metal cooled nuclear energy and transmutation reactors is the corrosion of structural and fuel cladding materials in contact with the liquid metal. Lead and lead bismuth attack unprotected steel surfaces by dissolution of the metallic components into the liquid metal. It is common understanding that oxide scales on the surface provide the best protection against dissolution attack. However, at temperatures above 500°C austenitic steels suffer from severe dissolution attack, while martensitic steels form thick oxide scales, which hinder heat transfer from the fuel pins and which may break off and eventually lead to a blocking of the coolant channel. Above 500°C steels have to be protected by stable, thin oxide scales. A well understood measure is alloying of stable oxide formers into the surface. Al has shown its ability to form such oxide scales. In the range of 4–10 wt% Al on the surface a stable thin alumina scale is formed by Al diffusion to the surface and selective oxidation. The alumina scale grows only very slowly and prevents migration of oxygen into the steel as well as migration of steel components onto the surface. A number of corrosion experiments showed the good protective behaviour of Al scales in LBE with 10−6 wt% oxygen up to 650°C and for exposure times up to 10000 h. Alloying Al into the surface was done by diffusion processes and also by pulsed electron beam (GESA) melting of a thin surface layer on which Al or an Al containing alloy was precipitated before. This presentation gives an overview on investigations of the steel behaviour in HLM environment carried out to explore their suitability for systems with Pb/LBE coolants. Results of experiments with static and flowing LBE are discussed. The behaviour of steels examined and their respective application ranges are described. Part of the presentation deals with protective barrier development on the steel surface by alloying of Al and its effect on the corrosion resistance. Furthermore the influence of parameters like stresses in the cladding wall, creep behaviour, different flow velocities of the LBE and changing temperatures and oxygen concentrations in LBE is discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Lead exposure; cognitive; development"

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Ferrie, Joseph, Karen Rolf, and Werner Troesken. Cognitive Disparities, Lead Plumbing, and Water Chemistry: Intelligence Test Scores and Exposure to Water-Borne Lead Among World War Two U.S. Army Enlistees. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17161.

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Halevy, Orna, Sandra Velleman, and Shlomo Yahav. Early post-hatch thermal stress effects on broiler muscle development and performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597933.bard.

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In broilers, the immediate post-hatch handling period exposes chicks to cold or hot thermal stress, with potentially harmful consequences to product quantity and quality that could threaten poultry meat marketability as a healthy, low-fat food. This lower performance includes adverse effects on muscle growth and damage to muscle structure (e.g., less protein and more fat deposition). A leading candidate for mediating the effects of thermal stress on muscle growth and development is a unique group of skeletal muscle cells known as adult myoblasts (satellite cells). Satellite cells are multipotential stem cells that can be stimulated to follow other developmental pathways, especially adipogenesis in lieu of muscle formation. They are most active during the first week of age in broilers and have been shown to be sensitive to environmental conditions and nutritional status. The hypothesis of the present study was that immediate post-hatch thermal stress would harm broiler growth and performance. In particular, growth characteristics and gene expression of muscle progenitor cells (i.e., satellite cells) will be affected, leading to increased fat deposition, resulting in long-term changes in muscle structure and a reduction in meat yield. The in vitro studies on cultured satellite cells derived from different muscle, have demonstrated that, anaerobic pectoralis major satellite cells are more predisposed to adipogenic conversion and more sensitive during myogenic proliferation and differentiation than aerobic biceps femoris cells when challenged to both hot and cold thermal stress. These results corroborated the in vivo studies, establishing that chronic heat exposure of broiler chicks at their first two week of life leads to impaired myogenicity of the satellite cells, and increased fat deposition in the muscle. Moreover, chronic exposure of chicks to inaccurate temperature, in particular to heat vs. cold, during their early posthatch periods has long-term effects of BW, absolute muscle growth and muscle morphology and meat quality. The latter is manifested by higher lipid and collagen deposition and may lead to the white striping occurrence. The results of this study emphasize the high sensitivity of muscle progenitor cells in the early posthatch period at a time when they are highly active and therefore the importance of rearing broiler chicks under accurate ambient temperatures. From an agricultural point of view, this research clearly demonstrates the immediate and long-term adverse effects on broiler muscling and fat formation due to chronic exposure to hot stress vs. cold temperatures at early age posthatch. These findings will aid in developing management strategies to improve broiler performance in Israel and the USA. BARD Report - Project4592 Page 2 of 29
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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake, and Noam Meiri. Development of Strategic Pre-Natal Cycling Thermal Treatments to Improve Livability and Productivity of Heavy Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593395.bard.

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The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and live performance led to the following hypothesis: Appropriate comprehensive incubation treatments that include significant temperature management changes will promote angiogenesis and will improve acquisition of thermotolerance and carcass quality of heavy broilers through epigenetic adaptation. It was based on the following questions: 1. Can TM during embryogenesis of broilers induce a longer-lasting thermoregulatory memory (up to marketing age of 10 wk) that will improve acquisition of thermotolerance as well as increased breast meat yield in heavy broilers? 2. The improved sensible heat loss (SHL) suggests an improved peripheral vasodilation process. Does elevated temperature during incubation affect vasculogenesis and angiogenesis processes in the chick embryo? Will such create subsequent advantages for heavy broilers coping with adverse hot conditions? 3. What are the changes that occur in the PO/AH that induce the changes in the threshold response for heat production/heat loss based on the concept of epigenetic temperature adaptation? The original objectives of this study were as follow: a. to assess the improvement of thermotolerance efficiency and carcass quality of heavy broilers (~4 kg); b. toimproveperipheral vascularization and angiogenesis that improve sensible heat loss (SHL); c. to study the changes in the PO/AH thermoregulatory response for heat production/losscaused by modulating incubation temperature. To reach the goals: a. the effect of TM on performance and thermotolerance of broilers reared to 10 wk of age was studied. b. the effect of preincubation heating with an elevated temperature during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation in the presence of modified fresh air flow coupled with changes in turning frequency was elucidated; c.the effect of elevated temperature on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis was determined using in ovo and whole embryo chick culture as well as HIF-1α VEGF-α2 VEGF-R, FGF-2, and Gelatinase A (MMP2) gene expression. The effects on peripheral blood system of post-hatch chicks was determined with an infrared thermal imaging technique; c. the expression of BDNF was determined during the development of the thermal control set-point in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH). Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” Recently, Piestunet al. (2008) demonstrated for the first time that TM (an elevated incubation temperature of 39.5°C for 12 h/d from E7 to E16) during the development/maturation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-thyroid axis (thermoregulation) and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis (stress) significantly improved the thermotolerance and performance of broilers at 35 d of age. These phenomena raised two questions that were addressed in this project: 1. was it possible to detect changes leading to the determination of the “set point”; 2. Did TM have a similar long lasting effect (up to 70 d of age)? 3. Did other TM combinations (pre-heating and heating during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation) coupled with changes in turning frequency have any performance effect? The improved thermotolerance resulted mainly from an efficient capacity to reduce heat production and the level of stress that coincided with an increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2008; 2009). The increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2009) suggested an additional positive effect of TM on vasculogenesis and angiogensis. 4. In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of the chorioallantoic membrane development was thought to increase vasculogenesis and angiogenesis providing better vasodilatation and by that SHL post-hatch.
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Adelekan, Ibidun, Anton Cartwright, Winston Chow, Sarah Colenbrander, Richard Dawson, Matthias Garschagen, Marjolijn Haasnoot, et al. Climate Change in Cities and Urban Areas: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/supsv209.2022.

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The second volume in the Summary for Urban Policymakers (SUP) series, Climate Change in Cities and Urban Areas: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, offers a concise and accessible distillation of the IPCC Working Group II Report. Cities are places of high risks from climate change, resulting from the interaction of climate change hazards, the exposure of infrastructure, people and ecosystems, the vulnerability of exposed elements and communities, and the negative or unintended effects of responses to climate change to people and ecosystems. This report assesses the feasibility and effectiveness of different adaptation options but highlights that adaptation has limits and can even lead to maladaptation, triggering unintended effects which increase risk, emissions and lock-ins. It synthesises the latest evidence on the necessary urban-led transformation, as well as evidence on operationalizing the five simultaneous system transitions across land, coastal, ocean and freshwater ecosystems; cities, regions, and infrastructure; energy and industrial systems, accelerated by societal choices. Cities and urban areas have a critical role to play in the climate resilient development needed to meet goals of climate change, human wellbeing, and ecosystem health challenges.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake, and Orna Halevy. Pre-natal Epigenetic Adaptation to Improve Thermotolerance Acquisition and Performance of Fast-growing Meat-type Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592120.bard.

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: The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and performance led to the following hypothesis: (a) thethermoregulatory-response threshold for heat production can be altered by thermal manipulation (TM) during incubation so as to improve the acquisition of thermotolerance in the post-hatch broiler;and (b) TM during embryogenesis will improve myoblast proliferation during the embryonic and post-hatch periods with subsequent enhanced muscle growth and meat production. The original objectives of this study were as follow: 1. to assess the timing, temperature, duration, and turning frequency required for optimal TM during embryogenesis; 2. to evaluate the effect of TM during embryogenesis on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during four phases: (1) embryogenesis, (2) at hatch, (3) during growth, and (4) during heat challenge near marketing age; 3. to investigate the stimulatory effect of thermotolerance on hormones that regulate thermogenesis and stress (T₄, T₃, corticosterone, glucagon); 4. to determine the effect of TM on performance (BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass yield, breast muscle yield) of broiler chickens; and 5. to study the effect of TM during embryogenesis on skeletal muscle growth, including myoblast proliferation and fiber development, in the embryo and post-hatch chicks.This study has achieved all the original objectives. Only the plasma glucagon concentration (objective 3) was not measured as a result of technical obstacles. Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of embryogenesis when satellite cell population normally expand should increase absolute pectoralis muscle weight in broilers post-hatch. Major conclusions: Intermittent TM (39.5°C for 12 h/day) during embryogenesis when the thyroid and adrenal axis was developing and maturing (E7 to E16 inclusive) had a long lasting thermoregulatory effect that improved thermotolerance of broiler chickens exposed to acute thermal stress at market age by lowering their functional Tb set point, thus lowering metabolic rate at hatch, improving sensible heat loss, and significantly decreasing the level of stress. Increased machine ventilation rate was required during TM so as to supply the oxygen required for the periods of increased embryonic development. Enhancing embryonic development was found to be accomplished by a combination of pre-incubation heating of embryos for 12 h at 30°C, followed by increasing incubation temperature to 38°C during the first 3 days of incubation. It was further facilitated by increasing turning frequency of the eggs to 48 or 96 times daily. TM during critical phases of muscle development in the late-term chick embryo (E16 to E18) for 3 or 6 hours (39.5°C) had an immediate stimulatory effect on myoblast proliferation that lasted for up to two weeks post-hatch; this was followed by increased hypertrophy at later ages. The various incubation temperatures and TM durations focused on the fine-tuning of muscle development and growth processes during late-term embryogenesis as well as in post-hatch chickens.
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Haynes, Dr Edward, Chris Conyers, Dr Marc Kennedy, Roy Macarthur, Sam McGreig, and Dr John Walshaw. What is the Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Selected Ready-to-Eat Foods? Food Standards Agency, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bsv485.

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This study was designed to get a broad estimate of the presence and the types of antimicrobial resistance genes across 52 simple ready-to-eat foods. It was also carried out to understand the benefits and drawbacks of using metagenomic sequencing, a fairly new technology, to study AMR genes. An antimicrobial is any substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. It includes antibiotics which are used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. Given the relevant selective pressures, the bacteria itself can change and find ways to survive the effects of an antimicrobials. This results in the bacteria becoming resistant to the ‘killing’ effects of antimicrobials and is known as ‘antimicrobial resistance’. The more we use antimicrobials and antibiotics and the way that we use them can increase the chance that bacteria will become resistant to antimicrobials. This is important as it can lead to infections that become more difficult to treat with drugs and poses a risk to the public health. T Addressing AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK Government which has led to the development of a new 20-year Vision for AMR and the 5-year National Action Plan (NAP), which runs until 2024. The NAP lays out how the UK will address the AMR challenge and takes a ‘One-Health’ approach which spans people, animals, agriculture, food and the environment. The NAP includes a specific section on the importance of better food safety to limit the contamination of foods and spread of AMR. This section emphasises the need to strengthen the evidence base for AMR and food safety through research, surveillance and promoting good practice across the food chain. The FSA is playing its part by continuing to fill evidence gaps on the role that food plays in AMR through the commissioning of research and surveillance. We are also promoting and improving UK food hygiene (‘4Cs’ messages) across the food chain that will help reduce exposure to AMR bacteria.
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Elmann, Anat, Orly Lazarov, Joel Kashman, and Rivka Ofir. therapeutic potential of a desert plant and its active compounds for Alzheimer's Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597913.bard.

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We chose to focus our investigations on the effect of the active forms, TTF and AcA, rather than the whole (crude) extract. 1. To establish cultivation program designed to develop lead cultivar/s (which will be selected from the different Af accessions) with the highest yield of the active compounds TTF and/or achillolide A (AcA). These cultivar/s will be the source for the purification of large amounts of the active compounds when needed in the future for functional foods/drug development. This task was completed. 2. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants.Compounds were tested in N2a neuroblastoma cell line. In addition, we have tested the effects of TTF and AcA on signaling events promoted by H₂O₂ in astrocytes and by β-amyloid in neuronal N2a cells. 3. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuropathology (amyloidosis and tau phosphorylation) in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants. 4. To determine the effect of A¦ extract, AcA and TTF on FAD-linked neuropathology (amyloidosis, tau phosphorylation and inflammation) in transgenic mice. 5. To examine whether A¦ extract, TTF and AcA can reverse behavioral deficits in APPswe/PS1DE9 mice, and affect learning and memory and cognitive performance in these FAD-linked transgenic mice. Background to the topic.Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity and amyloid beta (Ab) toxicity are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases. We have previously purified from Achilleafragrantissimatwo active compounds: a protective flavonoid named 3,5,4’-trihydroxy-6,7,3’-trimethoxyflavone (TTF, Fl-72/2) and an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenelactone named achillolide A (AcA). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. In this study we could show that TTF and AcA protected cultured astrocytes from H₂O₂ –induced cell death via interference with cell signaling events. TTF inhibited SAPK/JNK, ERK1/2, MEK1 and CREBphosphorylation, while AcA inhibited only ERK1/2 and MEK1 phosphorylation. In addition to its protective activities, TTF had also anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibited the LPS-elicited secretion of the proinflammatorycytokinesInterleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1b from cultured microglial cells. Moreover, TTF and AcA protected neuronal cells from glutamate and Abcytotoxicity by reducing the glutamate and amyloid beta induced levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and via interference with cell signaling events induced by Ab. These compounds also reduced amyloid precursor protein net processing in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease and improvedperformance in the novel object recognition learning and memory task. Conclusion: TTF and AcA are potential candidates to be developed as drugs or food additives to prevent, postpone or ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease. Implications, both scientific and agricultural.The synthesis ofAcA and TTF is very complicated. Thus, the plant itself will be the source for the isolation of these compounds or their precursors for synthesis. Therefore, Achilleafragrantissima could be developed into a new crop with industrial potential for the Arava-Negev area in Israel, and will generate more working places in this region.
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Wideman, Jr., Robert F., Nicholas B. Anthony, Avigdor Cahaner, Alan Shlosberg, Michel Bellaiche, and William B. Roush. Integrated Approach to Evaluating Inherited Predictors of Resistance to Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (Ascites) in Fast Growing Broiler Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575287.bard.

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Background PHS (pulmonary hypertension syndrome, ascites syndrome) is a serious cause of loss in the broiler industry, and is a prime example of an undesirable side effect of successful genetic development that may be deleteriously manifested by factors in the environment of growing broilers. Basically, continuous and pinpointed selection for rapid growth in broilers has led to higher oxygen demand and consequently to more frequent manifestation of an inherent potential cardiopulmonary incapability to sufficiently oxygenate the arterial blood. The multifaceted causes and modifiers of PHS make research into finding solutions to the syndrome a complex and multi threaded challenge. This research used several directions to better understand the development of PHS and to probe possible means of achieving a goal of monitoring and increasing resistance to the syndrome. Research Objectives (1) To evaluate the growth dynamics of individuals within breeding stocks and their correlation with individual susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (2) To compile data on diagnostic indices found in this work to be predictive for PHS, during exposure to experimental protocols known to trigger PHS; (3) To conduct detailed physiological evaluations of cardiopulmonary function in broilers; (4) To compile data on growth dynamics and other diagnostic indices in existing lines selected for susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (5) To integrate growth dynamics and other diagnostic data within appropriate statistical procedures to provide geneticists with predictive indices that characterize resistance or susceptibility to PHS. Revisions In the first year, the US team acquired the costly Peckode weigh platform / individual bird I.D. system that was to provide the continuous (several times each day), automated weighing of birds, for a comprehensive monitoring of growth dynamics. However, data generated were found to be inaccurate and irreproducible, so making its use implausible. Henceforth, weighing was manual, this highly labor intensive work precluding some of the original objectives of using such a strategy of growth dynamics in selection procedures involving thousands of birds. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. Healthy broilers were found to have greater oscillations in growth velocity and acceleration than PHS susceptible birds. This proved the scientific validity of our original hypothesis that such differences occur. 2. Growth rate in the first week is higher in PHS-susceptible than in PHS-resistant chicks. Artificial neural network accurately distinguished differences between the two groups based on growth patterns in this period. 3. In the US, the unilateral pulmonary occlusion technique was used in collaboration with a major broiler breeding company to create a commercial broiler line that is highly resistant to PHS induced by fast growth and low ambient temperatures. 4. In Israel, lines were obtained by genetic selection on PHS mortality after cold exposure in a dam-line population comprising of 85 sire families. The wide range of PHS incidence per family (0-50%), high heritability (about 0.6), and the results in cold challenged progeny, suggested a highly effective and relatively easy means for selection for PHS resistance 5. The best minimally-invasive diagnostic indices for prediction of PHS resistance were found to be oximetry, hematocrit values, heart rate and electrocardiographic (ECG) lead II waves. Some differences in results were found between the US and Israeli teams, probably reflecting genetic differences in the broiler strains used in the two countries. For instance the US team found the S wave amplitude to predict PHS susceptibility well, whereas the Israeli team found the P wave amplitude to be a better valid predictor. 6. Comprehensive physiological studies further increased knowledge on the development of PHS cardiopulmonary characteristics of pre-ascitic birds, pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, hypotension/kidney response, pulmonary hemodynamic responses to vasoactive mediators were all examined in depth. Implications, scientific and agricultural Substantial progress has been made in understanding the genetic and environmental factors involved in PHS, and their interaction. The two teams each successfully developed different selection programs, by surgical means and by divergent selection under cold challenge. Monitoring of the progress and success of the programs was done be using the in-depth estimations that this research engendered on the reliability and value of non-invasive predictive parameters. These findings helped corroborate the validity of practical means to improve PHT resistance by research-based programs of selection.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Sacit F. Bilgili, Orna Halevy, Roger J. Lien, and Kellye S. Joiner. effects of enhanced hypertrophy, reduced oxygen supply and heat load on breast meat yield and quality in broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699855.bard.

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Abstract:
Original objectivesThe objectives of this project were to evaluate the growth performance, meat yield and quality attributes of broiler strains widely differing in their genetic potential under normal temperature vs. warm temperature (short and long-term) conditions. Strain differences in breast muscle accretion rate, metabolic responses under heat load and, gross and histopathological changes in breast muscle under thermal load was also to be characterized. BackgroundTremendous genetic progress has been made in broiler chicken growth rate and meat yield since the 1950s. Higher growth rate is driven by higher rates of feed intake and metabolism, resulting in elevated internal heat production. Hot rearing conditions negatively affect broiler growth by hindering dissipation of heat and may lead to a lethal elevation in body temperature. To avoid heat-induced mortality, broilers reduce feed intake, leading to depressed growth rate, lower weight gain, reduce breast meat yield and quality. Thus, the genetic potential of contemporary commercial broilers (CCB) is not fully expressed under hot conditions. Major conclusions, solutions, and achievementsResearch conducted in Israel focused on three broiler strains – CCB, Featherless, Feathered sibs (i.e., sharing similar genetic background). Complimentary research trials conducted at Auburn utilized CCB (Cobb 500, Cobb 700, Ross 308, Ross 708), contrasting their performance to slow growing strains. Warm rearing conditions consistently reduced feed intake, growth rate, feed efficiency, body weight uniformity and breast muscle yield, especially pronounced with CCB and magnified with age. Breast meat quality was also negatively affected, as measured by higher drip loss and paler meat color. Exposure to continuous or short-term heat stress induced respiratory alkalosis. Breast muscle histomorphometrics confirmed enhanced myofiber hypertrophy in CCB. Featherless broilers exhibited a significant increase in blood-vessel density under warm conditions. Rapid growth and muscle accretion rate was correlated to various myopathies (white striping, woody and necrotic) as well as to increases in plasma creatinekinase levels. Whether the trigger(s) of muscle damage is loss of cellular membrane integrity due to oxidative damage or tissue lactate accumulation, or to loss of inter-compartmental cation homeostasis is yet to be determined. Based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism array genotyping, identification of the gene with the recessive mutation Scaleless (sc) facilitated the development a dCAPS assay to discriminate between sc carrier (sc/+) and non-carrier (+/+) individuals. ImplicationsThis project confirmed that featherless broiler strains grow efficiently with high yield and quality of breast meat, even under warm rearing conditions that significantly depress the overall performance of CCB. Therefore, broiler meat production in hot regions and climates can be substantially improved by introducing the featherless gene into contemporary commercial broiler stocks. This approach has become more feasible with the development of dCAPS assay. A novel modification of the PCR protocol (using whole blood samples instead of extracted DNA) may contribute to the efficient development of commercial featherless broiler strains. Such strains will allow expansion of the broiler meat production in developing countries in warm climates, where energy intensive environmental control of rearing facilities are not economical and easily achievable.
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10

Sett, Dominic, Florian Waldschmidt, Alvaro Rojas-Ferreira, Saut Sagala, Teresa Arce Mojica, Preeti Koirala, Patrick Sanady, et al. Climate and disaster risk analytics tool for adaptive social protection. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/wnsg2302.

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Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) as discussed in this report is an approach to enhance the well-being of communities at risk. As an integrated approach, ASP builds on the interface of Disaster Risk Management (DRM), Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Social Protection (SP) to address interconnected risks by building resilience, thereby overcoming the shortcomings of traditionally sectoral approaches. The design of meaningful ASP measures needs to be informed by specific information on risk, risk drivers and impacts on communities at risk. In contrast, a limited understanding of risk and its drivers can potentially lead to maladaptation practices. Therefore, multidimensional risk assessments are vital for the successful implementation of ASP. Although many sectoral tools to assess risks exist, available integrated risk assessment methods across sectors are still inadequate in the context of ASP, presenting an important research and implementation gap. ASP is now gaining international momentum, making the timely development of a comprehensive risk analytics tool even more important, including in Indonesia, where nationwide implementation of ASP is currently under way. OBJECTIVE: To address this gap, this study explores the feasibility of a climate and disaster risk analytics tool for ASP (CADRAT-ASP), combining sectoral risk assessment in the context of ASP with a more comprehensive risk analytics approach. Risk analytics improve the understanding of risks by locating and quantifying the potential impacts of disasters. For example, the Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) framework quantifies probable current and expected future impacts of extreme events and determines the monetary cost and benefits of specific risk management and adaptation measures. Using the ECA framework, this report examines the viability and practicality of applying a quantitative risk analytics approach for non-financial and non-tangible assets that were identified as central to ASP. This quantitative approach helps to identify cost-effective interventions to support risk-informed decision making for ASP. Therefore, we used Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, as a case study, to identify potential entry points and examples for the further development and application of such an approach. METHODS & RESULTS: The report presents an analysis of central risks and related impacts on communities in the context of ASP. In addition, central social protection dimensions (SPD) necessary for the successful implementation of ASP and respective data needs from a theoretical perspective are identified. The application of the quantitative ECA framework is tested for tropical storms in the context of ASP, providing an operational perspective on technical feasibility. Finally, recommendations on further research for the potential application of a suitable ASP risk analytics tool in Indonesia are proposed. Results show that the ECA framework and its quantitative modelling platform CLIMADA successfully quantified the impact of tropical storms on four SPDs. These SPDs (income, access to health, access to education and mobility) were selected based on the results from the Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment (HEVA) conducted to support the development of an ASP roadmap for the Republic of Indonesia (UNU-EHS 2022, forthcoming). The SPDs were modelled using remote sensing, gridded data and available global indices. The results illustrate the value of the outcome to inform decision making and a better allocation of resources to deliver ASP to the case study area. RECOMMENDATIONS: This report highlights strong potential for the application of the ECA framework in the ASP context. The impact of extreme weather events on four social protection dimensions, ranging from access to health care and income to education and mobility, were successfully quantified. In addition, further developments of CADRAT-ASP can be envisaged to improve modelling results and uptake of this tool in ASP implementation. Recommendations are provided for four central themes: mainstreaming the CADRAT approach into ASP, data and information needs for the application of CADRAT-ASP, methodological advancements of the ECA framework to support ASP and use of CADRAT-ASP for improved resilience-building. Specific recommendations are given, including the integration of additional hazards, such as flood, drought or heatwaves, for a more comprehensive outlook on potential risks. This would provide a broader overview and allow for multi-hazard risk planning. In addition, high-resolution local data and stakeholder involvement can increase both ownership and the relevance of SPDs. Further recommendations include the development of a database and the inclusion of climate and socioeconomic scenarios in analyses.
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