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Journal articles on the topic 'Lead Candidate'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Streng, William H., and Andrew W. Lloyd. "Lead identification to candidate selection." Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today 1, no. 6 (September 1998): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1461-5347(98)00065-0.

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2

Brewer, Paul R., Michael Habegger, Ruby Harrington, Lindsay H. Hoffman, Philip Edward Jones, and Jennifer L. Lambe. "Interactivity between Candidates and Citizens on a Social Networking Site: Effects on Perceptions and Vote Intentions." Journal of Experimental Political Science 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2014.29.

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AbstractVoters and political candidates increasingly use social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook. This study uses data from an online posttest-only experiment (N = 183) in analyzing how exposure to supportive or challenging user comments on a fictional candidate's Facebook page influenced participants’ perceptions of and willingness to vote for the candidate, as well as whether candidate replies to each type of user comments affected these outcomes. Participants who viewed a page with supportive comments and “likes” reported more favorable perceptions of and greater support for the candidate, relative to participants who viewed a page with challenging comments. Thus, the appearance of interactivity between a candidate and other users on the candidate's Facebook page can shape the responses of those viewing the page. However, exposure to candidate replies to either supportive or challenging comments did not lead to significantly more favorable perceptions or a greater likelihood of voting for the candidate.

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3

Peng, Xubiao, Ebrima Gibbs, Judith M. Silverman, Neil R. Cashman, and Steven S. Plotkin. "A method for systematically ranking therapeutic drug candidates using multiple uncertain screening criteria." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 30, no. 6 (April 13, 2021): 1502–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09622802211002861.

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Multiple different screening tests for candidate leads in drug development may often yield conflicting or ambiguous results, sometimes making the selection of leads a nontrivial maximum-likelihood ranking problem. Here, we employ methods from the field of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) to the problem of screening candidate antibody therapeutics. We employ the SMAA-TOPSIS method to rank a large cohort of antibodies using up to eight weighted screening criteria, in order to find lead candidate therapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease, and determine their robustness to both uncertainty in screening measurements, as well as uncertainty in the user-defined weights of importance attributed to each screening criterion. To choose lead candidates and measure the confidence in their ranking, we propose two new quantities, the Retention Probability and the Topness, as robust measures for ranking. This method may enable more systematic screening of candidate therapeutics when it becomes difficult intuitively to process multi-variate screening data that distinguishes candidates, so that additional candidates may be exposed as potential leads, increasing the likelihood of success in downstream clinical trials. The method properly identifies true positives and true negatives from synthetic data, its predictions correlate well with known clinically approved antibodies vs. those still in trials, and it allows for ranking analyses using antibody developability profiles in the literature. We provide a webserver where users can apply the method to their own data: http://bjork.phas.ubc.ca .

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4

Neitz, R. Jeffrey, Steven Chen, Frantisek Supek, Vince Yeh, Danielle Kellar, Jiri Gut, Clifford Bryant, et al. "Lead Identification to Clinical Candidate Selection." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 20, no. 1 (October 3, 2014): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057114553103.

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Chagas disease affects 8 million people worldwide and remains a main cause of death due to heart failure in Latin America. The number of cases in the United States is now estimated to be 300,000, but there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drugs available for patients with Chagas disease. To fill this gap, we have established a public-private partnership between the University of California, San Francisco and the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF) with the goal of delivering clinical candidates to treat Chagas disease. The discovery phase, based on the screening of more than 160,000 compounds from the GNF Academic Collaboration Library, led to the identification of new anti-Chagas scaffolds. Part of the screening campaign used and compared two screening methods, including a colorimetric-based assay using Trypanosoma cruzi expressing β-galactosidase and an image-based, high-content screening (HCS) assay using the CA-I/72 strain of T. cruzi. Comparing molecules tested in both assays, we found that ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors had greater potency in the colorimetric assay than in the HCS assay. Both assays were used to inform structure-activity relationships for antiparasitic efficacy and pharmacokinetics. A new anti– T. cruzi scaffold derived from xanthine was identified, and we describe its development as lead series.

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5

Amira, Karyn. "Do People Contrast and Assimilate Candidate Ideology? An Experimental Test of the Projection Hypothesis." Journal of Experimental Political Science 5, no. 3 (2018): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2018.6.

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AbstractIn political psychology, positive projection happens when we perceive the positions of liked candidates as closer to our own positions while negative projection means we perceive the positions of disliked candidates as further from our own positions. To date, there is still confusion about whether affective feelings lead to perceptions of candidate positions or perceptions of candidate positions lead to affective feelings. This paper pins down one of these causal directions. I manipulate positive and negative feelings towards a fictitious candidate in a survey experiment to introduce them exogenously and examine whether they affect perceptions of candidate ideology. In line with some previous findings, the results indicate modest positive projection effects but no negative projection effects. Explanations for this asymmetry are discussed.

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6

Rick Mullin. "Shuttle taps TCG for lead drug candidate." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 34 (September 26, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10034-buscon14.

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7

Alguliyev, Rasim, Ramiz Aliguliyev, and Farhad Yusifov. "MCDM for Candidate Selection in E-Voting." International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 6, no. 2 (April 2019): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.2019040103.

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E-voting is one of the most important components of e-democracy and forms the basis of a democratic governance system. Voting results always lead to a broad debate in terms of candidate selection and whether the candidate elected to a position is suitable for that position. At present, the selection of qualified personnel and their appointment to responsible positions in public administration is one of the topical issues. In this article is proposed an MCDM for selection of candidates in e-voting. Criteria for the candidates' selection are determined and the relation of each candidate to other candidates is assessed using a binary matrix. Candidate rating is calculated according to all criteria. A numerical experiment is provided for candidate evaluation on the base of the selected criteria and ranked according to the importance of the criteria. The proposed model allows selecting a candidate with competencies based on the criteria set out in the e-voting process and making more effective decisions.

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8

Tumban, Ebenezer. "Lead SARS-CoV-2 Candidate Vaccines: Expectations from Phase III Trials and Recommendations Post-Vaccine Approval." Viruses 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010054.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets/aerosols and it causes COVID-19. The virus infects epithelial cells by using the spike protein on its surface to bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor on the cells. Thus, candidate vaccines targeting the spike protein are currently being developed to prevent against infections. Approximately 44 SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines are in clinical trials (phase I–III) and an additional 164 candidates are in preclinical stages. The efficacy data from phase I/II trials of lead candidate vaccines look very promising with virus-neutralizing geometric mean antibody titers in the range of 16.6–3906. Most recently, two SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, have been granted the first emergency use authorization (EUA) in the U.S.; BNT162b2 has also been granted an EUA in the United Kingdom, Canada, and in the European Union. This review assesses whether SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines (with approved EUA or in phase III trials) meet the criteria for an ideal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The review concludes with expectations from phase III trials and recommendations for phase IV studies (post-vaccine approval).

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9

Fraga, Bernard L., Paru Shah, and Eric Gonzalez Juenke. "Did Women and Candidates of Color Lead or Ride the Democratic Wave in 2018?" PS: Political Science & Politics 53, no. 3 (July 2020): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096520000268.

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Headlines touted a “wave” of women and minority candidates running in the 2018 elections, leading some to conclude that 2018 was the new “year of the woman” and perhaps “year of the candidate of color” (Lai et al. 2018). In fact, the number of women and candidates of color contesting US House elections was so high in 2018 that for the first time on record, White men were the minority of Democratic House nominees (Schneider 2018). Surveys taken immediately before the 2018 midterm elections indicated that women of color were the “ideal candidates” for Democrats, suggesting a changing voter demand for a more diverse field of candidates (Easley 2018).

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10

Sievert, Jacqueline M., Michael K. McDonald, Charles J. Fagan, and Niall Michelsen. "Yes, But Did They Learn Anything? An Experimental Investigation of Voter Decision Making on Foreign Policy Issues." PS: Political Science & Politics 49, no. 04 (October 2016): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104909651600158x.

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ABSTRACTDo non-graded, one-time, short presentations by a panel of professors on foreign policy issues affect voting behavior among students? Did the panel itself contribute to students’ understanding of the importance of foreign policy in evaluating candidates? Did presentations lead to changes in students’ candidate preferences? And, finally, did the event lead to sustained changes in students’ preferences? We find that even though issues of foreign policy tend not to be front and center in American elections, when young voters are presented with information about candidate’s foreign policy positions, as we did in this study, it does seem to have an impact on which candidate they plan on voting for.

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11

Boleslavsky, Raphael, and Christopher Cotton. "Information and Extremism in Elections." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 165–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20130006.

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We model an election in which parties nominate candidates with observable policy preferences prior to a campaign that produces information about candidate quality, a characteristic independent of policy. Informative campaigns lead to greater differentiation in expected candidate quality, which undermines policy competition. In equilibrium, as campaigns become more informative, candidates become more extreme. We identify conditions under which the costs associated with extremism dominate the benefits of campaign information. Informative political campaigns increase political extremism and can decrease voter welfare. Our results have implications for media coverage, the number of debates, and campaign finance reform. (JEL D72, D83)

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12

Santos, Leandro L., Eva L. Wu, Kaitlin M. Grinias, Michael C. Koetting, and Piyush Jain. "Developability profile framework for lead candidate selection in topical dermatology." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 604 (July 2021): 120750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120750.

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13

Broccatelli, Fabio, Cornelis E.C.A Hop, and Matthew Wright. "Strategies to optimize drug half-life in lead candidate identification." Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 14, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2019.1569625.

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14

Han, Seungil. "Advancing a clinical candidate targeting IRAK4 from a fragment lead." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 75, a1 (July 20, 2019): a16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767319099835.

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15

Utili, M., M. Agostini, G. Coccoluto, and E. Lorenzini. "Ti3SiC2 as a candidate material for lead cooled fast reactor." Nuclear Engineering and Design 241, no. 5 (May 2011): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.07.038.

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16

Chaubal, Mahesh V. "Application of formulation technologies in lead candidate selection and optimization." Drug Discovery Today 9, no. 14 (July 2004): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03171-x.

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17

Fadnavis, S. A., and A. G. Katpatal. "Nd+3doped lead germanate — a good candidate for pyroelectric detector." Ferroelectrics 211, no. 1 (January 1998): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199808232335.

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18

Gabriel, Joshua J., Stephen Xie, Kamal Choudhary, Michael Sexton, Simon R. Phillpot, Jiangeng Xue, and Richard G. Hennig. "Candidate replacements for lead in CH3NH3PbI3 from first principles calculations." Computational Materials Science 155 (December 2018): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.08.015.

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19

Richter, Simon, and Sebastian Stier. "Learning about the unknown Spitzenkandidaten: The role of media exposure during the 2019 European Parliament elections." European Union Politics 23, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165211051171.

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The Spitzenkandidaten were meant to personalize European Parliament elections. This paper asks whether and through which channels the lead candidates were actually able to make themselves known among voters – a necessary precondition for any electoral effect. Combining panel surveys and online tracking data, the study explores candidate learning during the German 2019 European Parliament election campaign and relates learning to different types of news exposure, with a special focus on online news. The results show that learning was limited and unevenly distributed across candidates. However exposure to candidate-specific online news and most types of offline news helped to acquire knowledge. The findings imply that Spitzenkandidaten stick to voters’ minds when they get exposed to them, but that exposure is infrequent in high-choice media environments.

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20

Reinke, Ashley A., Shih-Hon Li, Mark Warnock, Maxim E. Shaydakov, Naga Sandhya Guntaka, Enming J. Su, Jose A. Diaz, Cory D. Emal, and Daniel A. Lawrence. "Dual-reporter high-throughput screen for small-molecule in vivo inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 yields a clinical lead candidate." Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, no. 5 (December 3, 2018): 1464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.004885.

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Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) implicated in numerous pathological processes, including coronary heart disease, arterial and venous thrombosis, and chronic fibrotic diseases. These associations have made PAI-1 an attractive pharmaceutical target. However, the complexity of the serpin inhibitory mechanism, the inherent metastability of serpins, and the high-affinity association of PAI-1 with vitronectin in vivo have made it difficult to identify pharmacologically effective small-molecule inhibitors. Moreover, the majority of current small-molecule PAI-1 inhibitors are poor pharmaceutical candidates. To this end and to find leads that can be efficiently applied to in vivo settings, we developed a dual-reporter high-throughput screen (HTS) that reduced the rate of nonspecific and promiscuous hits and identified leads that inhibit human PAI-1 in the high-protein environments present in vivo. Using this system, we screened >152,000 pure compounds and 27,000 natural product extracts (NPEs), reducing the apparent hit rate by almost 10-fold compared with previous screening approaches. Furthermore, screening in a high-protein environment permitted the identification of compounds that retained activity in both ex vivo plasma and in vivo. Following lead identification, subsequent medicinal chemistry and structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies identified a lead clinical candidate, MDI-2268, having excellent pharmacokinetics, potent activity against vitronectin-bound PAI-1 in vivo, and efficacy in a murine model of venous thrombosis. This rigorous HTS approach eliminates promiscuous candidate leads, significantly accelerates the process of identifying PAI-1 inhibitors that can be rapidly deployed in vivo, and has enabled identification of a potent lead compound.

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21

Bauer, Nichole M., and Colleen Carpinella. "Visual Information and Candidate Evaluations: The Influence of Feminine and Masculine Images on Support for Female Candidates." Political Research Quarterly 71, no. 2 (November 14, 2017): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912917738579.

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Existing research debates the extent to which feminine and masculine stereotypes affect voters’ impressions of female candidates. Current approaches identify how descriptions of female candidates as having feminine or masculine qualities lead voters to rely on stereotypes. We argue that extant scholarship overlooks a critical source of stereotypic information about female candidates—the role of visual information. This manuscript explores the conditions under which voters use feminine and masculine visuals to evaluate female candidates. Drawing on theories of information processing and stereotype reliance, we develop a framework that explains when visual information will affect how voters evaluate female and male candidates. We argue that visual information that is incongruent with stereotypes about a candidate’s sex will affect candidate evaluations while visuals congruent with stereotypes about candidate sex will not. We test these dynamics with an original survey experiment. We find that gender incongruent masculine visuals negatively affect evaluations of a female candidate’s issue competencies and electoral viability.

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22

Collier, N., M. Harrison, M. Brogden, and B. Hanson. "Release of uranium from candidate wasteforms." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 8 (December 2012): 2939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.8.09.

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AbstractLarge volumes of depleted natural and low-enriched uranium exist in the UK waste inventory. This work reports on initial investigations of the leaching performance of candidate glass and cement encapsulation matrices containing UO3 powder as well as that of uranium oxide powders. The surface areas of UO3 powder and the monolith samples of UO3 conditioned in the glass and cement matrices were very different making leaching comparisons difficult. The results showed that for both types of monolith conditioned samples a steady increase of uranium concentration in solution with time was generally not observed. The wt.% of uranium leached from UO3 conditioned in the lead borosilicate glass wasteform was approximately five orders of magnitude less than that leached from UO3 powder. Similarly, the quantities of uranium leached from UO3 conditioned in composite cement made with ordinary Portland cement, and from magnesium phosphate cement, were approximately four and three orders of magnitude, respectively, less than that leached from UO3 powder. The performance of a mixed oxide borosilicate glass wasteform was only slightly better than that of UO3 powder. This work shows that wasteforms based on encapsulation in lead borosilicate glass and cement matrices have the greatest potential for further development.

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23

Yonchev, Dimitar, and Jürgen Bajorath. "Integrating computational lead optimization diagnostics with analog design and candidate selection." Future Science OA 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): FSO451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2019-0131.

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Aim: Combining computational lead optimization diagnostics with analog design and computational approaches for assessing optimization efforts are discussed and the compound optimization monitor is introduced. Methods: Approaches for compound potency prediction are described and a new analog design algorithm is introduced. Calculation protocols are detailed. Results & discussion: The study rationale is explained. Compound optimization monitor diagnostics are combined with a thoroughly evaluated approach for compound design and candidate prioritization. The diagnostic scoring scheme is further extended. Future perspective: Opportunities for practical applications of the integrated computational methodology are described and further development perspectives are discussed.

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24

Herman, J. L. "Generic approach to high throughput ADME screening for lead candidate optimization." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 238, no. 2 (November 2004): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2003.12.040.

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25

Alghamdi, Saad, Shaheed Ur Rehman, Nashwa Talaat Shesha, Hani Faidah, Muhammad Khurram, and Sabi Ur Rehman. "Promising Lead Compounds in the Development of Potential Clinical Drug Candidate for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis." Molecules 25, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 5685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235685.

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According to WHO report, globally about 10 million active tuberculosis cases, resulting in about 1.6 million deaths, further aggravated by drug-resistant tuberculosis and/or comorbidities with HIV and diabetes are present. Incomplete therapeutic regimen, meager dosing, and the capability of the latent and/or active state tubercular bacilli to abide and do survive against contemporary first-line and second line antitubercular drugs escalate the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. As a better understanding of tuberculosis, microanatomy has discovered an extended range of new promising antitubercular targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, there are still no new approved antitubercular drugs of routine therapy for several decades, except for bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid approved tentatively. Despite this, innovative methods are also urgently needed to find potential new antitubercular drug candidates, which potentially decimate both latent state and active state mycobacterium tuberculosis. To explore and identify the most potential antitubercular drug candidate among various reported compounds, we focused to highlight the promising lead derivatives of isoniazid, coumarin, griselimycin, and the antimicrobial peptides. The aim of the present review is to fascinate significant lead compounds in the development of potential clinical drug candidates that might be more precise and effective against drug-resistant tuberculosis, the world research looking for a long time.

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26

Luisi, Kate, Kaitlyn M. Morabito, Katherine E. Burgomaster, Mayuri Sharma, Wing-Pui Kong, Bryant M. Foreman, Sonal Patel, et al. "Development of a potent Zika virus vaccine using self-amplifying messenger RNA." Science Advances 6, no. 32 (August 2020): eaba5068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba5068.

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is the cause of a pandemic associated with microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Currently, there are no available treatments or vaccines for ZIKV, and the development of a safe and effective vaccine is a high priority for many global health organizations. We describe the development of ZIKV vaccine candidates using the self-amplifying messenger RNA (SAM) platform technology delivered by cationic nanoemulsion (CNE) that allows bedside mixing and is particularly useful for rapid responses to pandemic outbreaks. Two immunizations of either of the two lead SAM (CNE) vaccine candidates elicited potent neutralizing antibody responses to ZIKV in mice and nonhuman primates. Both SAM (CNE) vaccines protected these animals from ZIKV challenge, with one candidate providing complete protection against ZIKV infection in nonhuman primates. The data provide a preclinical proof of concept that a SAM (CNE) vaccine candidate can rapidly elicit protective immunity against ZIKV.

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27

Vincent, Andrea M., and Eva L. Feldman. "Can Drug Screening Lead to Candidate Therapies for Testing in Diabetic Neuropathy?" Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 10, no. 2 (February 2008): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2007.1815.

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28

Dambach, Donna M., Dinah Misner, Mathew Brock, Aaron Fullerton, William Proctor, Jonathan Maher, Dong Lee, Kevin Ford, and Dolores Diaz. "Safety Lead Optimization and Candidate Identification: Integrating New Technologies into Decision-Making." Chemical Research in Toxicology 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2015): 452–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00396.

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29

Ikai, Akio, Junichi Koizumi, Kazuyoshi Kanno, Tomoyuki Iwase, Tatsuya Furutake, and Hitoshi Okabayashi. "Permanent Epicardial Pacing Lead Implantation for Scheduled Multistage Operations in Fontan Candidate." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 98, no. 1 (July 2014): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.11.062.

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30

Hetter, Katherine M., David J. Bellis, Ciaran Geraghty, Andrew C. Todd, and Patrick J. Parsons. "Development of candidate reference materials for the measurement of lead in bone." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 391, no. 6 (April 18, 2008): 2011–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2085-x.

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31

Gong, Edwin, Barry Matthews, Tom McCarthy, Jianhua Chu, George Holan, John Raff, and Stephen Sacks. "Evaluation of dendrimer SPL7013, a lead microbicide candidate against herpes simplex viruses." Antiviral Research 68, no. 3 (December 2005): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.08.004.

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32

Mattock, James D., Alfredo Vargas, and Rian D. Dewhurst. "Identification of a Lead Candidate in the Search for Carbene-Stabilised Homoaromatics." Chemistry - A European Journal 21, no. 47 (October 2, 2015): 16968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201501948.

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PETRESCU, Daniel, and Lucian VELCIU. "CHEMICAL CLEANING OF SOLIDIFIED LEAD FROM 316 AUSTENITIC STEEL A STRUCTURE CANDIDATE MATERIAL FOR LEAD-COOLED FAST REACTORS." EMERG - Energy. Environment. Efficiency. Resources. Globalization 5, no. 12 (2019): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37410/emerg.2019.12.07.

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34

Siavelis, Peter M., and Scott Morgenstern. "Candidate Recruitment and Selection in Latin America: A Framework for Analysis." Latin American Politics and Society 50, no. 4 (2008): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00029.x.

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AbstractThis article provides a theoretical framework for analyzing the recruitment and selection of legislative candidates in Latin America. It argues that political recruitment and candidate selection are undertheorized for Latin America yet have determinative impacts on political systems, often overriding the influence of more commonly studied institutional variables. The article elucidates a typology of legislative candidates based on the legal and party variables that lead to the emergence of particular selection methods, as well as the patterns of loyalty generated by those methods. It analyzes the recruitment and selection processes as independent and dependent variables, underscoring the significant effect these procedures have on the incentive structure and subsequent behavior of legislators. Those factors, in turn, have important consequences for democratic governability and the performance of presidentialism.

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35

NORRANDER, BARBARA. "The Attrition Game: Initial Resources, Initial Contests and the Exit of Candidates During the US Presidential Primary Season." British Journal of Political Science 36, no. 3 (May 17, 2006): 487–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123406000251.

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In contests for the presidential nominations from the Democratic and Republican parties in the United States, the duration of candidacies determines both the winning candidate (i.e., the one who outlasts his or her opponents) and the amount of intraparty conflict before the nomination is bestowed. This article analyses how strategic considerations lead some candidates to exit the race more quickly than others. Factors which could shape such strategic considerations include initial candidate assets and characteristics (national poll standings, fund-raising totals and occupational background), initial contest outcomes (Iowa and New Hampshire) and structural variables (proportional representation delegate distribution rules, party, front-loaded calendar). Results from a duration model indicate that poll standings, money (in a curvilinear pattern), New Hampshire and Iowa results, occupational backgrounds and the front-loading of the primary calendar shaped the length of candidacies for presidential contestants from 1980 to 2004. Candidates lacking in initial assets or early victories leave the nomination race in a process most resembling a game of attrition.

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Esquivel-Gaon, Margarita, Sergio Anguissola, David Garry, Adriana del C. Gallegos-Melgar, Juan Muñoz Saldaña, Kenneth A. Dawson, Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz, and Luz M. Del Razo. "Bismuth-based nanoparticles as the environmentally friendly replacement for lead-based piezoelectrics." RSC Advances 5, no. 35 (2015): 27295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02151k.

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37

Ferguson, Maria. "Washington View: Must we stay divided over education?" Phi Delta Kappan 103, no. 5 (February 2022): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00317217221079983.

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Education became a major issue in the 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election, when Democratic candidate Terry McAuliffe and Republican Glenn Youngkin clashed over how much say parents should have in their children’s education. Youngkin’s victory, fueled in part by parent outrage over school curricula, could lead other candidates to stoke fear and outrage over schools to score political points. Maria Ferguson discusses the power of schools to divide society and considers what lessons schools should take from the COVID-19 crisis.

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38

Hassan, Nashmeel Ali. "Plants Differ in their Ability to Treat Lead-Contaminated Water in Different Concentrations." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1109.001.

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Aquatic macrophytes play an important role in the structural and functional aspects of aquatic ecosystems by altering water movement regimes, providing shelter to fish and aquatic invertebrates, serving as a food source, and altering water quality by regulating oxygen balance, nutrient cycles, and accumulating heavy metals (Bradl, 2005). The ability to hyper accumulate heavy metals makes them interesting research candidates, especially for the treatment of industrial effluents and sewage waste water (Pumple et al., 2013). The use of aquatic macrophytes, such as Eichhornia Crassipes with hyper accumulating ability is known to be an environmentally friendly option to restore polluted aquatic resources. The present review highlights the phytoaccumulation potential of macrophytes with emphasis on utilization of Eichhornia Crassipes as a promising candidate for phytoremediation. The impact of uptake of heavy metals on morphology and metabolic processes of Eichhornia Crassipes has also been discussed for a better understanding and utilization of this symbiotic association in the field of phytoremediation.

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Geras, Matthew J. "The Implications of Apportionment on Quality Candidate Emergence and Electoral Competition." Political Research Quarterly 71, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912917744896.

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The U.S. apportions congressional districts both across states and within states based upon population. Scholars have long focused on the electoral implications of redistricting within states, but there has been less consideration of the electoral implications of apportionment across states. In this paper, I analyze congressional elections from 2002 to 2014 and theorize that the limited number of political opportunities in states with few congressional districts will lead to higher levels of quality candidate emergence and electoral competition in these states. I find support for this theory; specifically, as the number of political opportunities in a state increases, the number of quality candidates running for office decreases.

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Gattermann, Katjana, and Claes de Vreese. "Awareness of Spitzenkandidaten in the 2019 European elections: The effects of news exposure in domestic campaign contexts." Research & Politics 7, no. 2 (April 2020): 205316802091533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168020915332.

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With the introduction of the so-called Spitzenkandidaten procedure, by which European party families nominate lead candidates for the post of President of the European Commission for European elections, the European Parliament (EP) sought to raise voter awareness and engagement by personalizing the campaigns. This article studies candidate recognition with respect to Spitzenkandidaten, which is an important prerequisite in the study of personalization effects on voter behaviour. We use novel survey data collected in 10 European countries in the 2019 EP election campaign ( n = 17,027). The article focuses on the role of voters’ news exposure in various media and argues that news exposure is crucial for candidate recognition, but its effect is contingent upon the domestic campaign context. The article is the first to show that the campaign context matters to the extent that news exposure is particularly relevant in those domestic contexts in which Spitzenkandidaten were not previously present. In other campaign contexts additional news exposure adds little to the effect of news exposure on candidate recognition. The results have important implications for understanding EP election campaigns.

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Couto, Marcos, Catalina Alamón, Carina Sánchez, Belén Dávila, Marcelo Fernández, Nicole Lecot, Pablo Cabral, Francesc Teixidor, Clara Viñas, and Hugo Cerecetto. "Carboranylanilinoquinazoline EGFR-inhibitors: toward ‘lead-to-candidate’ stage in the drug-development pipeline." Future Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 17 (September 2019): 2273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2019-0060.

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Background: Carboranylanilinoquinazoline-hybrids, developed for boron neutron capture therapy, have demonstrated cytotoxicity against murine-glioma cells with EGFR-inhibition ability. In addition, their adequate aqueous/metabolic stabilities and ability to cross blood–brain barrier make them good leads as to become antiglioma drugs. Aim: Analyze drug-like properties of representative carboranylanilinoquinazolines. Materials & methods: To expand carboranylanilinoquinazolines therapeutic spectrum, we studied their ability to act against glioma-mammal cells, U-87 MG and other tyrosine kinase-overexpress cells, HT-29. Additionally, we predicted theoretically and studied experimentally drug-like properties, in other words, organization for economic cooperation and development-recommended toxicity-studies and, due to some aqueous-solubility problems, and vehicularization for oral and intravenous administrations. Conclusion: We have identified a promising drug-candidate with broad activity spectrum, appropriate drug-like properties, adequate toxicological behavior and able ability to be loaded in suitable vehicles.

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Neves, Bruno Junior, Rafael Ferreira Dantas, Mario Roberto Senger, Walter César Góes Valente, João de Mello Rezende-Neto, Willian Távora Chaves, Lee Kamentsky, Anne Carpenter, Floriano Paes Silva-Junior, and Carolina Horta Andrade. "The antidepressant drug paroxetine as a new lead candidate in schistosome drug discovery." MedChemComm 7, no. 6 (2016): 1176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5md00596e.

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Kim, Sangwook, Gopal Prasad Khanal, Hyun-Wook Nam, Ichiro Fujii, Shintaro Ueno, Chikako Moriyoshi, Yoshihiro Kuroiwa, and Satoshi Wada. "Structural and electrical characteristics of potential candidate lead-free BiFeO3-BaTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics." Journal of Applied Physics 122, no. 16 (October 28, 2017): 164105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4999375.

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Weeks, Jason A., Max J. Zuiker, Hrishikesh S. Srinivasan, Ho-Hyun Sun, James N. Burrow, Peter Beccar, Adam Heller, and C. Buddie Mullins. "A Stable Lead (II) Oxide-Carbon Composite Anode Candidate for Secondary Lithium Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 167, no. 6 (March 31, 2020): 060509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab8116.

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Bulman, Christina A., Chelsea M. Bidlow, Sara Lustigman, Fidelis Cho-Ngwa, David Williams, Alberto A. Rascón, Jr, Nancy Tricoche, et al. "Repurposing Auranofin as a Lead Candidate for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2015): e0003534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003534.

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Trappe, Anne, Florian Füssl, Sara Carillo, Izabela Zaborowska, Paula Meleady, and Jonathan Bones. "Rapid charge variant analysis of monoclonal antibodies to support lead candidate biopharmaceutical development." Journal of Chromatography B 1095 (September 2018): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.037.

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Sun, Ping-Ping, Quan-Song Li, Li-Na Yang, and Ze-Sheng Li. "Theoretical insights into a potential lead-free hybrid perovskite: substituting Pb2+with Ge2+." Nanoscale 8, no. 3 (2016): 1503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr05337d.

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Bucevska, Vesna. "Determinants of Income Inequality in EU Candidate Countries: A Panel Analysis." Economic Themes 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2019-0023.

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AbstractDespite increasing income per capita, the EU candidate and potential candidate countries remain confronted with high levels of income inequality. The purpose of our paper is to identify the main determinants of income inequality among the EU candidate countries. In addition to macroeconomic factors, we also analyze the impact of demographic variables to provide more reliable estimates. Using panel data analysis with fixed effects in the period 2005-2017 for three EU candidate countries (North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey) we find that the unemployment rate, the level of economic development and the investment rate are the main determinants whose increase leads to a bigger income differentiation in the analyzed countries. The government indebtedness has also a statistically significant, but a negative impact on income inequality. The other two macroeconomic variables in the model – the terms of trade and inflation are statistically insignificant. Among the demographic factors, population growth and education significantly affect income inequality among the EU candidate countries. The obtained results suggest that a sustainable economic growth combined with active measures in the labor market and the improvement of education level of the population could lead to more equal income distribution.

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Twittenhoff, Christian, Vivian B. Brandenburg, Francesco Righetti, Aaron M. Nuss, Axel Mosig, Petra Dersch, and Franz Narberhaus. "Lead-seq: transcriptome-wide structure probing in vivo using lead(II) ions." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 12 (May 28, 2020): e71-e71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa404.

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Abstract The dynamic conformation of RNA molecules within living cells is key to their function. Recent advances in probing the RNA structurome in vivo, including the use of SHAPE (Selective 2′-Hydroxyl Acylation analyzed by Primer Extension) or kethoxal reagents or DMS (dimethyl sulfate), provided unprecedented insights into the architecture of RNA molecules in the living cell. Here, we report the establishment of lead probing in a global RNA structuromics approach. In order to elucidate the transcriptome-wide RNA landscape in the enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, we combined lead(II) acetate-mediated cleavage of single-stranded RNA regions with high-throughput sequencing. This new approach, termed ‘Lead-seq’, provides structural information independent of base identity. We show that the method recapitulates secondary structures of tRNAs, RNase P RNA, tmRNA, 16S rRNA and the rpsT 5′-untranslated region, and that it reveals global structural features of mRNAs. The application of Lead-seq to Y. pseudotuberculosis cells grown at two different temperatures unveiled the first temperature-responsive in vivo RNA structurome of a bacterial pathogen. The translation of candidate genes derived from this approach was confirmed to be temperature regulated. Overall, this study establishes Lead-seq as complementary approach to interrogate intracellular RNA structures on a global scale.

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Uscinski, Joseph. "Smith (and Jones) Go to Washington: Democracy and Vice-Presidential Selection." PS: Political Science & Politics 45, no. 01 (January 2012): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096511001715.

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AbstractThe American vice president's most notable constitutional function is that of succession: if the president unexpectedly leaves office, the vice president becomes president. The process of selecting vice-presidential running mates has fallen into fewer hands over time, moving from the electorate, to party bosses and delegates, to a single person: the presidential candidate. The selection process presents challenges for democratic governance: electoral considerations may provide presidential candidates with incentive to choose vice-presidential running mates who differ from themselves politically. In cases of succession, this can lead to undemocratic outcomes and unstable policy.

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