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1
Al Gore Jr.: Born to lead. Nashville, TN: Pine Hall Press, 1988.
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2
Tom, Carhart, ed. A time to lead: For duty, honor and country. New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
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3
ill, Pham LeUyen, ed. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Some girls are born to lead. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2016.
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4
Boatright, Robert G., and Valerie Sperling. Trumping Politics as Usual. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190065829.001.0001.
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Who is tougher? In many elections, candidates frame their appeals in gendered ways—they compete, for instance, over who is more “masculine.” This is the case for male and female candidates alike. In the 2016 presidential election, however, the stark choice between the first major-party female candidate and a man who exhibited a persistent pattern of misogyny made the use of gender—ideas about femininity and masculinity—more prominent than ever before. This book explores the Trump and Clinton campaigns’ use of gender as a political weapon, and how the presidential race changed the ways in which House and Senate campaigns were waged in 2016. The thesis of this book is that Donald Trump’s candidacy radically altered the nature of the 2016 congressional campaigns in two ways. First, it changed the issues of contention in many of these races by making gender more central to the general election campaigns of both Democrats and Republicans. Second, expectations that Trump would lose the election influenced how candidates for lower office campaigned and how willing they were to connect their fortunes to those of their party’s nominee. The fact that Trump was expected to lose—and was expected to lose in large part because of his sexist and other bigoted comments—caused both major parties to direct more of their resources toward congressional races, and led many Republican candidates—especially women—to distance themselves from Trump.
5
Doherty, David, Conor M. Dowling, and Michael G. Miller. Small Power. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197605004.001.0001.
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This book examines the role local party organizations play in the electoral process. It draws on dozens of in-person interviews with local party chairpersons, as well as findings from a national survey of these local elites. Part I of the book explores who leads local party organizations and what these organizations do. The findings demonstrate that these organizations play a critical role in converting citizens into politicians and supporting them as they navigate the campaign process. These efforts appear to pay dividends as candidates from a party tend to perform better in areas where the local party organization is active. Part II considers what local party chairpersons look for in a candidate, drawing on findings from an experiment included in the national survey of party chairs. The experiment asked chairs which of a pair of candidates they thought would be most likely to prevail in a primary in their area and varied an array of candidate characteristics, including their policy positions, family structures, and their purported ethno-racial identity and gender. The results offer novel insights into the attributes elites who play a critical role in candidate recruitment see as enhancing (or degrading) an individual’s electoral prospects. Throughout, the experimental evidence is bolstered by findings from the in-depth interviews with chairs.
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Powell, Larry, James T. Kitchens, and Kitchens POWELL. Four Pillars of Politics: Why Some Candidates Don't Win and Others Can't Lead. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2017.
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7
Arnold, Paul. Genetics of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0019.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often runs in families and has been shown to have significant heritability. It is genetically complex, and two decades of genetic work have not converged on a clear understanding of genetic risk factors. However, accelerating progress in recent years has begun to generate some insights into the genetic architecture of the disorder, and greater clarity is likely to emerge in the coming decade. This chapter summarizes several lines of genetic work, including genome-wide genetic and linkage studies; candidate gene studies; and investigations of gene-environment interactions and of pharmacogenetics. One developing theme is that genetic variance in components of the brain’s glutamate signaling system may contribute to the development of OCD. Advancing understanding of the genetics of OCD may lead to new insights into pathobiology and to new tools to optimize individual treatment.
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Ragsdale, Lyn, and Jerrold G. Rusk. A Theory of Uncertainty in Nonvoting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190670702.003.0002.
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Abstract: This chapter sets out the theory of uncertainty in nonvoting. It rests on five premises: (1) uncertainty prohibits candidates and the eligible electorate from accurately predicting the future. (2) Uncertainty arises from novelty or surprise—how drastically elements of the national scene change in the months prior to the election. (3) This uncertainty produces risk—the likelihood of making a decision that leads to a negative outcome—electing the candidate who is least likely to reduce uncertainty. (4) People choose to vote to reduce uncertainty in response to the novelty of political occurrences. (5) The higher (lower) the level of uncertainty, the more (less) likely eligible voters will go to the polls.
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author, Powell Larry 1948, ed. The four pillars of politics: Why some candidates don't win and others can't lead. 2015.
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10
Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043.
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Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now an additional 12 JIA susceptibility loci with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
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Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043_update_002.
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Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and large-scale genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now 17 JIA susceptibility loci which reach the genome-wide significance threshold for association and a further 7 regions with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
12
Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043_update_003.
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Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and large-scale genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now 17 JIA susceptibility loci which reach the genome-wide significance threshold for association and a further 7 regions with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
13
Clark, Wesley K. A Time to Lead: For Duty, Honor and Country. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
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14
Clark, Wesley K. A Time to Lead: For Duty, Honor and Country. Audio Renaissance, 2007.
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15
Carhart, Tom, and Wesley K. Clark. Time to Lead: For Duty, Honor and Country. St. Martin's Press, 2007.
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16
Clark, Wesley K. Time to Lead: For Duty, Honor and Country. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
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17
Shes Out There The Next Generation Of Presidential Candidates 35 Women Under 35 Who Aspire To Lead The Nation. Lifetime Media, 2009.
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18
Bullock, III, Charles S., Susan A. MacManus, Jeremy D. Mayer, and Mark J. Rozell. African American Statewide Candidates in the New South. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197607428.001.0001.
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African American candidates for statewide office in the United States face unique challenges given the nation’s complicated racial dynamics. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, the United States had elected only one African American as governor in its history—L. Douglas Wilder, a grandson of slaves who achieved this historic goal in 1989 in Virginia, once the capital of the Confederacy. Numerous media accounts at the time declared a major breakthrough in racial politics in the United States with one national news magazine actually featuring in bold type on its cover “The End of the Civil War.” More than thirty years since Wilder’s election, while Black candidates have risen to office in states such as Illinois, Massachusetts, and California, there are not many successes for African American candidates seeking statewide office in the South. This is particularly puzzling because Blacks are most numerous in the South, as a percentage of the population. This book includes analyses of the campaigns of mostly unsuccessful and some successful Black statewide candidates in the South. The purpose is to untangle the factors that lead to electoral success for these candidates, and those that continue to hold them back, from the vantage of recent election cycles with some historically close races in the South featuring African American candidates for governor of Florida and Georgia (2018), for lieutenant governor in Virginia (2017), and for the US Senate in South Carolina and Georgia (2020). But statewide contests are not limited to state offices; some of the most important southern campaigns in the twenty-first century have featured Black candidates running in the southern presidential primaries. Most notably, Barack Obama’s 2008 nomination campaign blazed a trail in the South that many believed was a template for a new style of black politics. Examining broader regional demographic and political trends, the authors project that the South is on the threshold of a major breakthrough for African American statewide candidates, which will have a substantial role in not only fundamentally changing the political dynamics of the region, but nationally as well. This change will be driven by not only African American candidates and voters but a rising coalition regionally of minorities and also White voters increasingly willing to vote for Black candidates.
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Horder, Jeremy. Criminal Fraud and Election Disinformation. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844545.001.0001.
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Criminal Fraud and Election Disinformation is about the state’s approach to fraud and distortion of the truth in politics, especially during election campaigns. Deliberate mischaracterization of political opponents and their policies has always been a part of politics; however, lying, dishonesty, and distortion of the facts remain morally wrong and have the potential to obstruct important political interests. For example, a false or misleading claim publicized about an election candidate may lead someone to lose an election that they might otherwise have won. So, does—and should—the law seek to provide protection from the risk of this happening, by directly prohibiting the making of false or misleading political claims, or by obliging internet platforms to censor such content? In attempting to answer this question, Jeremy Horder draws a key distinction between what is called ‘political viewpoint’ fraud and ‘electoral participation’ fraud. In the interests of protecting freedom of speech, false or misleading claims (disinformation) involving political viewpoint content should be tolerated, not only by the criminal law but also by the internet platforms which host political content. By contrast, in the interests of preserving the integrity of democratic electoral processes, disinformation involving electoral participation information should be prohibited by the criminal law and censored by internet platforms. This book provides explanations of how the criminal law in various jurisdictions frequently prohibits false or misleading political claims falling into both categories of disinformation.
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Vairappan, Charles S. Ecological Chemicals as Ecosystem Function Mediaters and Potential Lead Pharmaceuticals. UMS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/ecologicalchemicalsumspress2021-978-967-2962-94-6.
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Relationship between functioning ecosystem services and human wellbeing has been established as a bridge connecting nature and society. It has also become central pillar of sustainability science and dictates the paradigms of sustainable development. But, conceptual frameworks that systematically integrates the important roles played by natural ecological chemicals by establishing empirical links between the nature and ecology not only varies, but lacks clear support. The value of ecological chemicals as ecosystem derived natural products warrants explicit acknowledgement, only then trade-offs between services and prioritization of policy can be realised. In the last 20 years, important roles played by the ecological chemicals in Bornean terrestrial and marine ecosystems were investigated and reported. Terrestrial plants produce Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) and structurally interesting secondary metabolites that facilitate their ecological processes that are aimed to establish communication such as defence, attraction, deterrent and territorial marking. Some of the most commonly utilized herbs and plants of traditional medicine importance showed very interesting chemical constituents, that justify their traditional utilization for human wellbeing. The role of VOCs that originated from animal diet and emitted through decomposition of faeces, was traced back to their important role as attractants of insects, particularly dung beetles that facilitates the remineralization of faeces and returns C and N to soil as to replenish global C and N-sink. Marine flora and fauna are perhaps the most vivid producers of structurally interesting secondary metabolites with more than one ecological functions. Halogenated secondary metabolites produced by red algae Laurencia are unique in their structural design and exhibited multiple biological potentials. Similarly, soft corals in the Sulu-Sulawesi Coral Triangle produced a huge diversity of terpenoids and functions as feeding deterrents of these soft bodied invertebrates. Ecological chemicals obtained from the Bornean biodiversity also exhibited a wide array of medically important biological activities such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammation, anti-anticancer and serves an important array of lead pharmaceuticals. Some of these compounds are very potent and have been patented as lead-pharmaceutical candidates from Bornean natural products. Hence, ecological chemicals are important natural products that regulate ecological processes that ensures ecological balance in tropical ecosystems. Humans who are the custodians of natural ecosystem, stand to benefit directly and indirectly when we practice sustainable utilization and regulation of our natural resources.
21
Krug, Rebecca. Margery Kempe and the Lonely Reader. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501705335.001.0001.
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Since its rediscovery in 1934, the fifteenth-century Book of Margery Kempe has become a canonical text for students of medieval Christian mysticism and spirituality. Its author was a fifteenth-century English laywoman who, after the birth of her first child, experienced vivid religious visions and vowed to lead a deeply religious life while remaining part of the secular world. After twenty years, Kempe began to compose with the help of scribes a book of consolation, a type of devotional writing found in late medieval religious culture that taught readers how to find spiritual comfort and how to feel about one's spiritual life. This book shows how and why Kempe wrote her Book, arguing that in her engagement with written culture she discovered a desire to experience spiritual comfort and to interact with fellow believers who also sought to live lives of intense emotional engagement. An unlikely candidate for authorship in the late medieval period given her gender and lack of formal education, Kempe wrote her Book as a revisionary act. This book shows how the Book reinterprets concepts from late medieval devotional writing (comfort, despair, shame, fear, and loneliness) in its search to create a spiritual community that reaches out to and includes Kempe, her friends, family, advisers, and potential readers. It offers a fresh analysis of the Book as a written work and draws attention to the importance of reading, revision, and collaboration for understanding both Kempe's particular decision to write and the social conditions of late medieval women's authorship.
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Women in the lead: A national directory of Canadian women whose professional expertise and experience recommend them as candidates for corporate board appointment. London: Ivey, 2002.
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23
Doreen, McKenzie-Sanders, Richard Ivey School of Business., HSBC Bank Canada, and Women in the Lead Inc., eds. Women in the lead: A national directory of Canadian women whose professional expertise and experience recommend them as candidates for corporate board appointment. 2nd ed. Vancouver: Women in the Lead Inc., 2004.
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24
Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. Going the Market One Better. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.003.0009.
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Implications of the various candidate models of information led to various problems in reconciliation with the previous microeconomic model; this chapter describes how the history took an unexpected swerve toward mechanism design. We identify Leonid Hurwicz as the Cowles figure at the center of this change. Mechanism design in turn transmuted into market design, particularly at the hands of the experimentalist movement, members of which took responsibility for the first attempt to “go the market one better,” the design of airport slot auctions.
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Nielsen, David A., Dmitri Proudnikov, and Mary Jeanne Kreek. The Genetics of Impulsivity. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0080.
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Impulsivity is a complex trait that varies across healthy individuals, although when excessive, it is generally regarded as dysfunctional. Impulsive behavior may lead to initiation of drug addiction that interferes with inhibitory controls, which may in turn result in facilitation of the individual’s impulsive acts. Although environmental factors play a considerable role in impulsive behavior, a body of evidence collected in twin studies suggests that about 45% of the variance in impulsivity is accounted for by genetic factors. Genetic variants studied in association with impulsivity include those fortryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 (TPH1 and TPH2), the serotonintransporter (SERT), serotonin receptors, and genes of the monoamine metabolism pathway (e.g., monoamine oxidase A, MAOA). Other systems may also play a role in these behaviors, such as the dopaminergic system (the dopamine receptors DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4, and the dopamine transporter, DAT), the catecholaminergic system (catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT), and the GABAergic system (GABAreceptor subunit alpha-1, GABRA1; GABA receptor subunit alpha-6, GABRA6; and GABA receptor subunit beta-1, GABRB1). Taking into account involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the number of candidate genes implicated in impulsivity may be increased significantly and, therefore, may go far beyond those of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. For a number of years, our group has conducted studies of the association of genes involved in the modulation of the stress-responsive HPA axis and several neurotransmitter systems, all involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depressive disorders, impulse control and compulsive disorders, with drug addiction. These genes include those of the opioid system: the mu- and kappa-opioid receptors (OPRM1 and OPRK1) and the nociceptin/orphaninFQ receptor (OPRL1); the serotonergic system: TPH1 and TPH2 and the serotonin receptor 1B (5THR1B); the catecholamine system: COMT; the HPA axis: themelanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R or adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTHR); and the cannabinoid system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1). In this chapter we will focus on these findings.
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Steichen, James. 1935. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607418.003.0005.
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This chapter revisits the circumstances by which the American Ballet became the resident dance company at the Metropolitan Opera in 1935. Many accounts have construed this engagement as a surprise development, but in fact the company lobbied heavily to secure it, and were successful thanks to Edward Warburg’s close ties with the management of the opera and the Juilliard organization. Evidence reveals that choreographer Ruth Page had been a leading candidate before internal dynamics at the opera led to the selection of Balanchine. During these negotiations the American Ballet had the opportunity to perform again for the public, in part in the course of a short-lived cross-country tour. This ambitious tour was cut short as a result of mismanagement on the part of Warburg and led to questions about whether the American Ballet was in fact ready to assume their new role at the opera.
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Lloyd, Howell A. Getting and Spending. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800149.003.0005.
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An assessment of Bodin’s financial prospects as a writer and career prospects as an avocat and administrator leads to an account of practical and ethical considerations informing contemporary understanding of the nature and functions of money. This introduces a critical examination of the basis and validity of Bodin’s contribution in his debate with the Seigneur de Malestroit over the question of the reality or otherwise of price inflation in France An assessment of his work as a translator in the course of diplomatic exchanges concerning Henry III’s candidature for the Polish crown leads to comment on the ideas of the so-called monarchomachs, expounded amid the political and constitutional controversies that followed the 1572 Massacre of St Bartholomew.
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Burdick, Katherine E., Luz H. Ospina, Stephen J. Haggarty, and Roy H. Perlis. The Neurobiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0020.
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Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe mood disorder that often has psychotic features. Its most severe forms are more common and significantly more likely to cause disability than originally thought. Studies of high-risk children have found them to be at increased risk for a variety of symptoms and neurobiological abnormalities. In contrast to schizophrenia, there is no formal prodromal syndrome that has been identified, and cognitive abnormalities do not precede the onset of the disorder. Abnormal sleep and circadian rhythms are prominent and have led to intriguing biological models. Neurobiological experiments have primarily focused on candidate pathways and include circadian abnormalities, epigenetic processes including histone modification, WNT/GSK3 signaling, other modulators of neuroplasticity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent data suggest that BPD is a highly polygenic disease and that integration of prior modeling and data with the wide variety of new genetic risk loci will be productive in the future.
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Horowitz, Jeremy. Multiethnic Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852735.001.0001.
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Who are the swing voters in multiethnic democracies? How much effort do parties invest in courting the swing relative to mobilizing supporters in their core ethnic bases? And how does this balance affect the policies leaders propose—and implement—if elected? This book examines the logic of electoral competition and policymaking in Kenya’s emerging multiparty democracy. Using data on voters, campaigns, and policy outcomes, it shows that the pursuit of the swing encourages presidential candidates to offer broad, inclusive promises and for election winners to opt for universal policies that share benefits widely. In doing so, it challenges the view—common to both popular accounts and scholarly work—that where ethnicity is politically salient, multiparty competition inevitably leads parties to focus their electoral efforts on mobilizing narrow ethnic factions and to concentrate rewards on ethnic clientele.
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Justaniah, Almamoon I. Permanent Ureteral Occlusion. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0090.
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Distal ureteral injuries are uncommon. When present, urine leakage may ensue. Common etiologies are gynecologic surgeries (75%), trauma, pelvic malignancy, and radiation therapy. Clinical presentation varies according to the location of leakage or fistula. For example, patients with ureterovaginal fistula may present with vaginal discharge. Patients with intra-abdominal leakage may develop urinoma or abscess. Unfortunately, most of these patients are poor surgical candidates due to prior surgery and/or radiation. Therefore, operative repair can be challenging and at times not a valid option. Transrenal ureteral occlusion may provide the best available option for such patients. A trial of urine diversion via percutaneous nephrostomy tube may allow spontaneous healing. If this fails, ureteral occlusion proximal to the leak/fistula can be attempted with a success rate up to 100%. Occlusion techniques include ureteral clipping, radiofrequency cauterization, embolization coils, Amplatzer vascular plugs, detachable balloons, absolute alcohol, and isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (glue).
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Meyer, Sabine N. “Putting on the Lid”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039355.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the Anti-Saloon League's (ASL) impact on the temperance movement in Minnesota during the period 1898–1915. The turn of the century witnessed a nationwide expansion of temperance activism. The election in 1898 of the Democratic gubernatorial candidate John Lind, a Swedish immigrant, inaugurated the Progressive era in Minnesota and marked a turning point in the state's temperance history. This chapter considers how the tenets of Progressivism combined with the work of the ASL boosted the passage of County Option Laws not only in Minnesota but also throughout the country. It shows that the ASL's activism and its intense collaboration with the Prohibition Party, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and other reformers led to liquor law enforcement campaigns and slowly increased the general sentiment in favor of County Option. Due to severe resistance to County Option, particularly by the politically powerful liquor interests, but also by German Americans, workers, and other opponents of temperance reform, it took until 1915 until the reformers' combined efforts showed the promised effect.
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Fye, W. Bruce. The Development of an Academic Medical Center in Rochester. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199982356.003.0003.
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In 1915 the Mayo brothers created the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research and established a formal relationship with the University of Minnesota, located ninety miles away in Minneapolis. Louis Wilson, a pathologist the Mayo brothers had hired in 1905, championed a more rigorous system of specialty training. An educational reformer, Wilson focused on the need to improve postgraduate training at a time when the emphasis in the United States was on closing or reforming substandard medical schools. The fellowship program established in Rochester, Minnesota, was unique in that it required candidates to have graduated from an acceptable medical school and to have completed an internship. Mayo fellows spent three years preparing for careers as medical or surgical specialists. Fear of competition led several physicians in the Twin Cities to attempt to end the affiliation between the Mayo Foundation and the University of Minnesota. Their efforts failed.
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Ana Sofia, Barros. 1 Legal Status (Personality), 1.6 Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 ( The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v Greece ), Judgment, [2011] ICJ Rep 644. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743620.003.0008.
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The present case addresses the responsibility of states for their own conduct performed in the framework of international organizations. The matter at stake concerned the responsibility of Greece for its objection to FYROM’s candidacy for membership in NATO, which eventually led to latter’s decision to refuse FYROM’s admission. Contrary to Greece’s contention that the decision had been taken by NATO as a whole, and that it was thus solely attributable to it, the ICJ lifted the institutional veil and rather concentrated on the legality of the individual conduct of Greece. In this decision, the Court confirmed that member state participation in institutional decision-making processes can, in its own right, constitute legally relevant conduct against which state compliance with earlier international law obligations may be judged.
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Skocpol, Theda, and Caroline Tervo, eds. Upending American Politics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190083526.001.0001.
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Analysts and citizens alike struggle to comprehend recent gyrations in US politics. The country did an apparent U-turn in just eight short years, from the election of Barack Obama and an all-Democratic Congress in 2008 to the election of Donald Trump and confirmation of GOP control of Congress in 2016. Twice in under a decade, ordinary citizens reacted by organizing local grassroots groups all over the country—with Tea Parties starting in 2009 and anti-Trump resistance groups starting in late 2016. Upending American Politics offers a fresh perspective on these developments by focusing on recent and newly changing organizational configurations, such as voluntary local citizens’ groups, elite advocacy organizations, consortia of wealthy donors, and candidate-led political campaigns. Contributors have collected many new kinds of data to document and probe changing organizational configurations at the national level and in the pivotal states of Wisconsin, North Carolina, Michigan, Florida, Texas, and Pennsylvania. The volume offers insightful answers to key questions: Why has partisan polarization unfolded in a heavily rightward-tilted manner that sees Republicans embracing ever-more extreme positions? Why have widespread grassroots citizens movements erupted twice just eight years, and what impact have these movements had on the major political parties?
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Clark, Heather L., and Eric Pearlman. Fungal eye infections. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0028.
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Mycotic keratitis is a fungal infection of the cornea that leads to severe, painful ulceration and loss of vision, and is a major cause of blindness worldwide, particularly in the developing world. Major risk factors for mycotic keratitis include ocular trauma and contact lens use. Both yeasts and moulds can cause mycotic keratitis, with the filamentous moulds of the Fusarium and Aspergillus genera the most common aetiological agents worldwide. Fungi, particularly Candida spp. yeasts, can also cause endophthalmitis—a painful, blinding infection of the posterior eye. Treatment of these infections is challenging owing to a limited arsenal of antifungal agents and highly variable susceptibility among causative fungi. Furthermore, associated inflammation contributes greatly to tissue damage and permanent blindness. Studies using experimental models of mycotic keratitis have revealed new targets for novel antifungal agents and anti-inflammatory therapies that have the potential to reduce the impact of these devastating infections.
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Bannwarth, Bernard, and Francis Berenbaum. Systemic analgesics (including paracetamol and opioids). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0029.
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Apart from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), there are only two categories of systemic analgesics, namely paracetamol (acetaminophen) and opioids, that are currently available worldwide for clinical use. Paracetamol is poorly effective in relieving pain and improving function in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA). Furthermore, its safety profile is less favourable than classically thought. In fact, there is evidence paracetamol acts as a weak inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase enzymes. Given that paracetamol poses a lower risk of severe adverse events than NSAIDs while being better tolerated than opioids, it is usually considered as the first-line systemic analgesic for OA. Commonly prescribed opioids are primarily agonists of the mu receptors, thereby producing similar desirable (analgesia) and untoward effects. Meta-analyses of short-term clinical trials showed that, on average, the modest clinical benefits of opioids did not outweigh the side effects in patients with knee or hip OA. Accordingly, most current guidelines support the use of opioids for selected OA patients only (e.g. patients who have not had an adequate response to other treatment modalities and are not candidates for total joint arthroplasty). In view of the limited efficacy and/or potential harms of available analgesics, particular attention was paid to novel painkillers, especially nerve growth factor (NGF) antagonists. Although these agents provided clinically meaningful improvements in pain and physical function in patients with hip or knee OA, they lead to severe side effects, including rapidly destructive arthropathies and neuropathies. Thus, if approved for marketing, NGF antagonists would be reserved for selected and well-defined patients with OA.
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Hibbing, John R. The Securitarian Personality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190096489.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book identifies the core motivations of Donald Trump’s strongest supporters. Previous research suggests that Trump’s followers are authoritarians or even fascists—individuals who are comfortable only when a powerful person is controlling their lives and providing direction and certainty in the process. This book advances and empirically supports the thesis that what Trump’s base craves is not authority but rather a specific form of security. The disposition of Trump’s strongest supporters leads them to strive for security in the face of threats from members of out-groups, and they define out-groups broadly to include welfare cheats, unpatriotic athletes, norm violators, non-English speakers, people who subscribe to a non-majority religion, people not of the majority racial group, people who do not follow prevalent national customs, and certainly people from other countries. Fervent Trump supporters’ primary purpose in life is to protect themselves, their families, and their larger cultural group from these outsider threats. A similar motivation is present in subpopulations around the world as can be seen in the Brexit vote in the United Kingdom as well as the success of nativist candidates around the globe. By detailing these desires, this book makes it possible to understand a political movement that many people find baffling and frustrating, which in turn could make it easier for Trump’s base and those who stridently oppose Trump to communicate with each other.
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Caudill, Edward. Into the Mainstream. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038013.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines how creationists were able to work their way into the political mainstream that allowed them to carve a prominent place on the national agenda from the mid-1990s to about 2005. Although the creationists lost in Dover and Kansas, the events reflected a movement that had crept from an intellectual backwater to the center of U.S, politics. Before 2005, the teaching of evolution already was designated marginal to failing in half of the states, as various legislatures and local school boards avoided, disclaimed, and renounced evolution. This chapter first considers the creationists' participation in a May 2000 congressional briefing on intelligent design before discussing how creationism became an issue in the 1996 and 2008 presidential elections and in the Republicans' presidential candidacy in 2012. It also looks at President George W. Bush's endorsement of creationism via “teach the controversy” in 2005 and the backlash against creationism in less conventional mass media. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the institutionalization of creationism led by the Discovery Institute.
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van der Vlag, Johan, and Jo H. M. Berden. The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0161.
Full textAbstract:
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with various clinical manifestations. The hallmark of SLE is the presence of antibodies against nuclear constituents, such as double-stranded (ds)DNA, histones, and nucleosomes. Local deposition of antinuclear antibodies in complex with nuclear autoantigens induces serious inflammatory conditions that can affect several tissues and organs, including the kidney.The levels of antinucleosome and anti-dsDNA antibodies seem to correlate with glomerulonephritis and these autoantibodies can often be detected years before the patient is diagnosed with SLE. Apoptotic debris is present in the extracellular matrix and circulation of patients with SLE due to an aberrant process of apoptosis and/or insufficient clearance of apoptotic cells and apoptotic debris. The non-cleared apoptotic debris in patients with SLE may lead to activation of both the innate (myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and adaptive (T and B cells) immune system. In addition to the activation by apoptotic debris and immune complexes, the immune system in SLE may be deregulated at the level of (a) presentation of self-peptides by antigen-presenting cells, (b) selection processes for both B and T cells, and (c) regulatory processes of B- and T-cell responses. Lupus nephritis may be classified in different classes based on histological findings in renal biopsies. The chromatin-containing immune complexes deposit in the capillary filter, most likely due to the interaction of chromatin with the polysaccharide heparan sulphate. A decreased renal expression of the endonuclease DNaseI further contributes to the glomerular persistence of chromatin and the development of glomerulonephritis.Current treatment of lupus nephritis is not specific and aims to reduce the inflammatory response with general immunosuppressive therapies. However, research has revealed novel potential therapeutic candidates at the level of dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells.
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Schmitt-Beck, Rüdiger, Sigrid Roßteutscher, Harald Schoen, Bernhard Weßels, and Christof Wolf, eds. The Changing German Voter. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847519.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past half century, the behavior of German voters has changed profoundly—at first rather gradually but during the last decade at accelerated speed. Electoral decision-making has become much more volatile, rendering election outcomes less predictable. Party system fragmentation intensified sharply. The success of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) put an end to Germany’s exceptionality as one of the few European countries without a strong right-wing populist party. Utilizing a wide range of data compiled by the German Longitudinal Election Study, the book examines changing voters’ behavior in the context of changing parties, campaigns, and media during the period of its hitherto most dramatically increased fluidity at the 2009, 2013, and 2017 federal elections. Guided by the notions of realignment and dealignment, the study addresses three questions: How did the turbulences that increasingly characterize German electoral politics come about? How did they in turn condition voters’ decision-making? How were voters’ attitudes and choices affected by situational factors that pertained to the specifics of particular elections? The book demonstrates how traditional cleavages lost their grip on voters and a new socio-cultural line of conflict became the dominant axis of party competition. A series of major crises, but also programmatic shifts of the established parties promoted this development. It led to a segmentation of the party system that pits the right-wing populist AfD against the traditional parties. The book also demonstrates the relevance of coalition preferences, candidate images as well as media and campaign effects for voters’ attitudes, beliefs, and preferences.
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Hwang, Young-Hwan, and York Pei. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease management. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0309_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Management of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) currently comprises non-specific measures including promotion of healthy lifestyle, optimization of blood pressure control, and modification of cardiovascular risk factors. A high water intake of 3–4 L per day in patients with glomerular filtration rate greater than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 may decrease the risk of kidney stones, but its potential benefit in reducing renal cyst growth is presently unproven. Maintenance of a target blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg is recommended by expert clinical guidelines though this is unlikely to slow cyst growth. It is unclear whether pharmacological blockade of the renin–angiotensin axis confers an extrarenal protective effect. Recognition of the variable clinical presentations of cyst infection, cyst haemorrhage, or nephrolithiasis is important for early diagnosis and optimal management of these complications. Most patients with ADPKD do well on dialysis and after transplantation. Nephrectomy may be needed to make space for a donor kidney, or if kidney size or infection is an issue after end-stage renal failure is reached. Recent advances in ADPKD have led to the identification of multiple potential therapeutic targets with more than 10 clinical trials completed or currently in progress. Given the promising results of the TEMPO trial, tolvaptan may well be the first disease-modifying drug to be approved for clinical use. Several other classes of drugs (e.g. somatostatin analogues, triptolide, metformin, and glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors) with good long-term safety profiles are promising candidates which may be repurposed for this disease. In the future, identifying patients with different risks of renal disease progression by their genotype and/or kidney volume will likely assume an important role for the clinical management of ADPKD.
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Gleń-Karolczyk, Katarzyna. Zabiegi ochronne kształtujące plonowanie zdrowotność oraz różnorodność mikroorganizmów związanych z czernieniem pierścieniowym korzeni chrzanu (Atmoracia rusticana Gaertn.). Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-39-7.
Full textAbstract:
Horseradish roots, due to the content of many valuable nutrients and substances with healing and pro-health properties, are used more and more in medicine, food industry and cosmetics. In Poland, the cultivation of horseradish is considered minor crops. In addition, its limited size causes horseradish producers to encounter a number of unresolved agrotechnical problems. Infectious diseases developing on the leaves and roots during the long growing season reduce the size and quality of root crops. The small range of protection products intended for use in the cultivation of horseradish generates further serious environmental problems (immunization of pathogens, low effectiveness, deterioration of the quality of raw materials intended for industry, destruction of beneficial organisms and biodiversity). In order to meet the problems encountered by horseradish producers and taking into account the lack of data on: yielding, occurrence of infectious diseases and the possibility of combating them with methods alternative to chemical ones in the years 2012–2015, rigorous experiments have been carried out. The paper compares the impact of chemical protection and its reduced variants with biological protection on: total yield of horseradish roots and its structure. The intensification of infectious diseases on horseradish leaves and roots was analyzed extensively. Correlations were examined between individual disease entities and total yield and separated root fractions. A very important and innovative part of the work was to learn about the microbial communities involved in the epidemiology of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The effect was examined of treatment of horseradish cuttings with a biological preparation (Pythium oligandrum), a chemical preparation (thiophanate-methyl), and the Kelpak SL biostimulator (auxins and cytokinins from the Ecklonia maxima algae) on the quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the communities of these microorganisms. The affiliation of species to groups of frequencies was arranged hierarchically, and the biodiversity of these communities was expressed by the following indicators: Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, Shannon evenness index and species richness index. Correlations were assessed between the number of communities, indicators of their biodiversity and intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. It was shown that the total yield of horseradish roots was on average 126 dt · ha–1. Within its structure, the main root was 56%, whereas the fraction of lateral roots (cuttings) with a length of more than 20 cm accounted for 26%, and those shorter than 20 cm for 12%, with unprofitable yield (waste) of 6%. In the years with higher humidity, the total root yield was higher than in the dry seasons by around 51 dt · ha–1 on average. On the other hand, the applied protection treatments significantly increased the total yield of horseradish roots from 4,6 to 45,3 dt · ha–1 and the share of fractions of more than 30 cm therein. Higher yielding effects were obtained in variants with a reduced amount of foliar application of fungicides at the expense of introducing biopreparations and biostimulators (R1, R2, R3) and in chemical protection (Ch) than in biological protection (B1, B2) and with the limitation of treatments only to the treatment of cuttings. The largest increments can be expected after treating the seedlings with Topsin M 500 SC and spraying the leaves: 1 × Amistar Opti 480 SC, 1 × Polyversum WP, 1 × Timorex Gold 24 EC and three times with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL + 1 × Tytanit). In the perspective of the increasing water deficit, among the biological protection methods, the (B2) variant with the treatment of seedlings with auxins and cytokinins contained in the E. maxima algae extract is more recommended than (B1) involving the use of P. oligandrum spores. White rust was the biggest threat on horseradish plantations, whereas the following occurred to a lesser extent: Phoma leaf spot, Cylindrosporium disease, Alternaria black spot and Verticillium wilt. In turn, on the surface of the roots it was dry root rot and inside – Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The best health of the leaves and roots was ensured by full chemical protection (cuttings treatment + 6 foliar applications). A similar effect of protection against Albugo candida and Pyrenopeziza brassicae was achieved in the case of reduced chemical protection to one foliar treatment with synthetic fungicide, two treatments with biological preparations (Polyversum WP and Timorex Gold 24 EC) and three treatments with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL, 1 × Tytanit). On the other hand, the level of limitation of root diseases comparable with chemical protection was ensured by its reduced variants R3 and R2, and in the case of dry root rot, also both variants of biological protection. In the dry years, over 60% of the roots showed symptoms of Verticillium wilt, and its main culprits are Verticillium dahliae (37.4%), Globisporangium irregulare (7.2%), Ilyonectria destructans (7.0%), Fusarium acuminatum (6.7%), Rhizoctonia solani (6.0%), Epicoccum nigrum (5.4%), Alternaria brassicae (5.17%). The Kelpak SL biostimulator and the Polyversum WP biological preparation contributed to the increased biodiversity of microbial communities associated with Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. In turn, along with its increase, the intensification of the disease symptoms decreased. There was a significant correlation between the richness of species in the communities of microbial isolates and the intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. Each additional species of microorganism contributed to the reduction of disease intensification by 1,19%.