Academic literature on the topic 'Lead Candidate'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Lead Candidate.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Lead Candidate"
1
Streng, William H., and Andrew W. Lloyd. "Lead identification to candidate selection." Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today 1, no. 6 (September 1998): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1461-5347(98)00065-0.
Full text
2
Brewer, Paul R., Michael Habegger, Ruby Harrington, Lindsay H. Hoffman, Philip Edward Jones, and Jennifer L. Lambe. "Interactivity between Candidates and Citizens on a Social Networking Site: Effects on Perceptions and Vote Intentions." Journal of Experimental Political Science 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2014.29.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractVoters and political candidates increasingly use social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook. This study uses data from an online posttest-only experiment (N = 183) in analyzing how exposure to supportive or challenging user comments on a fictional candidate's Facebook page influenced participants’ perceptions of and willingness to vote for the candidate, as well as whether candidate replies to each type of user comments affected these outcomes. Participants who viewed a page with supportive comments and “likes” reported more favorable perceptions of and greater support for the candidate, relative to participants who viewed a page with challenging comments. Thus, the appearance of interactivity between a candidate and other users on the candidate's Facebook page can shape the responses of those viewing the page. However, exposure to candidate replies to either supportive or challenging comments did not lead to significantly more favorable perceptions or a greater likelihood of voting for the candidate.
3
Peng, Xubiao, Ebrima Gibbs, Judith M. Silverman, Neil R. Cashman, and Steven S. Plotkin. "A method for systematically ranking therapeutic drug candidates using multiple uncertain screening criteria." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 30, no. 6 (April 13, 2021): 1502–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09622802211002861.
Full textAbstract:
Multiple different screening tests for candidate leads in drug development may often yield conflicting or ambiguous results, sometimes making the selection of leads a nontrivial maximum-likelihood ranking problem. Here, we employ methods from the field of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) to the problem of screening candidate antibody therapeutics. We employ the SMAA-TOPSIS method to rank a large cohort of antibodies using up to eight weighted screening criteria, in order to find lead candidate therapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease, and determine their robustness to both uncertainty in screening measurements, as well as uncertainty in the user-defined weights of importance attributed to each screening criterion. To choose lead candidates and measure the confidence in their ranking, we propose two new quantities, the Retention Probability and the Topness, as robust measures for ranking. This method may enable more systematic screening of candidate therapeutics when it becomes difficult intuitively to process multi-variate screening data that distinguishes candidates, so that additional candidates may be exposed as potential leads, increasing the likelihood of success in downstream clinical trials. The method properly identifies true positives and true negatives from synthetic data, its predictions correlate well with known clinically approved antibodies vs. those still in trials, and it allows for ranking analyses using antibody developability profiles in the literature. We provide a webserver where users can apply the method to their own data: http://bjork.phas.ubc.ca .
4
Neitz, R. Jeffrey, Steven Chen, Frantisek Supek, Vince Yeh, Danielle Kellar, Jiri Gut, Clifford Bryant, et al. "Lead Identification to Clinical Candidate Selection." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 20, no. 1 (October 3, 2014): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057114553103.
Full textAbstract:
Chagas disease affects 8 million people worldwide and remains a main cause of death due to heart failure in Latin America. The number of cases in the United States is now estimated to be 300,000, but there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drugs available for patients with Chagas disease. To fill this gap, we have established a public-private partnership between the University of California, San Francisco and the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF) with the goal of delivering clinical candidates to treat Chagas disease. The discovery phase, based on the screening of more than 160,000 compounds from the GNF Academic Collaboration Library, led to the identification of new anti-Chagas scaffolds. Part of the screening campaign used and compared two screening methods, including a colorimetric-based assay using Trypanosoma cruzi expressing β-galactosidase and an image-based, high-content screening (HCS) assay using the CA-I/72 strain of T. cruzi. Comparing molecules tested in both assays, we found that ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors had greater potency in the colorimetric assay than in the HCS assay. Both assays were used to inform structure-activity relationships for antiparasitic efficacy and pharmacokinetics. A new anti– T. cruzi scaffold derived from xanthine was identified, and we describe its development as lead series.
5
Amira, Karyn. "Do People Contrast and Assimilate Candidate Ideology? An Experimental Test of the Projection Hypothesis." Journal of Experimental Political Science 5, no. 3 (2018): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2018.6.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn political psychology, positive projection happens when we perceive the positions of liked candidates as closer to our own positions while negative projection means we perceive the positions of disliked candidates as further from our own positions. To date, there is still confusion about whether affective feelings lead to perceptions of candidate positions or perceptions of candidate positions lead to affective feelings. This paper pins down one of these causal directions. I manipulate positive and negative feelings towards a fictitious candidate in a survey experiment to introduce them exogenously and examine whether they affect perceptions of candidate ideology. In line with some previous findings, the results indicate modest positive projection effects but no negative projection effects. Explanations for this asymmetry are discussed.
6
Rick Mullin. "Shuttle taps TCG for lead drug candidate." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 34 (September 26, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10034-buscon14.
Full text
7
Alguliyev, Rasim, Ramiz Aliguliyev, and Farhad Yusifov. "MCDM for Candidate Selection in E-Voting." International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 6, no. 2 (April 2019): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.2019040103.
Full textAbstract:
E-voting is one of the most important components of e-democracy and forms the basis of a democratic governance system. Voting results always lead to a broad debate in terms of candidate selection and whether the candidate elected to a position is suitable for that position. At present, the selection of qualified personnel and their appointment to responsible positions in public administration is one of the topical issues. In this article is proposed an MCDM for selection of candidates in e-voting. Criteria for the candidates' selection are determined and the relation of each candidate to other candidates is assessed using a binary matrix. Candidate rating is calculated according to all criteria. A numerical experiment is provided for candidate evaluation on the base of the selected criteria and ranked according to the importance of the criteria. The proposed model allows selecting a candidate with competencies based on the criteria set out in the e-voting process and making more effective decisions.
8
Tumban, Ebenezer. "Lead SARS-CoV-2 Candidate Vaccines: Expectations from Phase III Trials and Recommendations Post-Vaccine Approval." Viruses 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010054.
Full textAbstract:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets/aerosols and it causes COVID-19. The virus infects epithelial cells by using the spike protein on its surface to bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor on the cells. Thus, candidate vaccines targeting the spike protein are currently being developed to prevent against infections. Approximately 44 SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines are in clinical trials (phase I–III) and an additional 164 candidates are in preclinical stages. The efficacy data from phase I/II trials of lead candidate vaccines look very promising with virus-neutralizing geometric mean antibody titers in the range of 16.6–3906. Most recently, two SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, have been granted the first emergency use authorization (EUA) in the U.S.; BNT162b2 has also been granted an EUA in the United Kingdom, Canada, and in the European Union. This review assesses whether SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines (with approved EUA or in phase III trials) meet the criteria for an ideal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The review concludes with expectations from phase III trials and recommendations for phase IV studies (post-vaccine approval).
9
Fraga, Bernard L., Paru Shah, and Eric Gonzalez Juenke. "Did Women and Candidates of Color Lead or Ride the Democratic Wave in 2018?" PS: Political Science & Politics 53, no. 3 (July 2020): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096520000268.
Full textAbstract:
Headlines touted a “wave” of women and minority candidates running in the 2018 elections, leading some to conclude that 2018 was the new “year of the woman” and perhaps “year of the candidate of color” (Lai et al. 2018). In fact, the number of women and candidates of color contesting US House elections was so high in 2018 that for the first time on record, White men were the minority of Democratic House nominees (Schneider 2018). Surveys taken immediately before the 2018 midterm elections indicated that women of color were the “ideal candidates” for Democrats, suggesting a changing voter demand for a more diverse field of candidates (Easley 2018).
10
Sievert, Jacqueline M., Michael K. McDonald, Charles J. Fagan, and Niall Michelsen. "Yes, But Did They Learn Anything? An Experimental Investigation of Voter Decision Making on Foreign Policy Issues." PS: Political Science & Politics 49, no. 04 (October 2016): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104909651600158x.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTDo non-graded, one-time, short presentations by a panel of professors on foreign policy issues affect voting behavior among students? Did the panel itself contribute to students’ understanding of the importance of foreign policy in evaluating candidates? Did presentations lead to changes in students’ candidate preferences? And, finally, did the event lead to sustained changes in students’ preferences? We find that even though issues of foreign policy tend not to be front and center in American elections, when young voters are presented with information about candidate’s foreign policy positions, as we did in this study, it does seem to have an impact on which candidate they plan on voting for.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lead Candidate"
1
Wang, Yunzhi (Yunzhi Diana). "Static corrosion of candidate alloys for the lead-bismuth fast reactor." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45266.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-42).
This project examined the corrosion rates and mechanisms of two candidate alloys for use in Lead-bismuth Eutectic (LBE) cooled fast nuclear reactors. The two alloys examined were T91 and Fe-12Cr-2Si. An experimental study was performed to analyze the static corrosion on the two alloys. For the experiment, the polished samples of the two alloys were heated in LBE for 166 hours at 700 The heating conditions, such as temperature, oxygen levels, and moisture levels were monitored closely throughout the duration of the experiment. During the heating process, hydrogen gas was bubbled into the LBE, creating a highly reducing environment. Argon was used as a cover gas. Upon removal from the furnace, the alloy samples were examined via optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Examination of the samples found no observable corrosion effects on the Fe-12Cr-2Si samples and a thin layer of magnetite on the T91 sample.
by Yunzhi (Diana) Wang.
S.B.
2
Kunkle, Jamie Motta A. T. "Structure of oxide layers formed on candidate steel alloys exposed to flowing lead-bismuth eutectic for Generation IV reactor applications." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-3462/index.html.
Full text
3
Sandhaus, Shayna. "Drug Candidate Discovery: Targeting Bacterial Topoisomerase I Enzymes for Novel Antibiotic Leads." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3561.
Full textAbstract:
Multi-drug resistance in bacterial pathogens has become a global health crisis. Each year, millions of people worldwide are infected with bacterial strains that are resistant to currently available antibiotics. Diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, and gonorrhea have become increasingly more difficult to treat. It is essential that novel drugs and cellular targets be identified in order to treat this resistance. Bacterial topoisomerase IA is a novel drug target that is essential for cellular growth. As it has never been targeted by existing antibiotics, it is an attractive target. Topoisomerase IA is responsible for relieving torsional strain on DNA by relaxing supercoiled DNA following processes such as replication and transcription. The aim of this study is to find novel compounds that can be developed as leads for antibiotics targeting bacterial type IA topoisomerase. Various approaches were used in order to screen thousands of compounds against bacterial type IA topoisomerases, including mixture-based screening and virtual screening. In the mixture-based screen, scaffold mixtures were tested against the M. tuberculosis topoisomerase I enzyme and subsequently optimized for maximum potency and selectivity. The optimized compounds were effective at inhibiting the enzyme at low micromolar concentrations, as well as killing the tuberculosis bacteria. In a virtual screen, libraries with hundreds of thousands of compounds were screened against the E. coli and M. tuberculosis topoisomerase I crystal structures in order to find new classes of drugs. The top hits were effective at inhibiting the enzymes, as well as preventing the growth of M. smegmatis cells in the presence of efflux pump inhibitors. Organometallic complexes containing Cu(II) or Co(III) were tested as well against various topoisomerases in order to determine their selectivity. We discovered a poison for human type II topoisomerase that has utility as an anticancer agent, as it killed even very resistant cell lines of breast and colon cancer. The Co(III) complexes were found to inhibit the bacterial topoisomerase I very selectively over other topoisomerases. The various methods of drug discovery utilized here have been successful at identifying new classes of compounds that may be further developed into antibiotic drugs that specifically target bacterial type IA topoisomerases.
4
Lizzi, Federica <1981>. "Drug Discovery for Neglected Tropical Diseases: Design and Synthesis of Lead Candidates for the Treatment of Trypanosomatid Diseases." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2942/.
Full text
5
Mpamhanga, Chidochangu P. "Development and implementation of a virtual screening strategy for the discovery of CJD lead candidates and their biological evaluation." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444256.
Full text
6
Alves, Fernanda [UNESP]. "Estudo in vivo dos efeitos da terapia fotodinâmica, mediada pelo Photothazine® e luz led, sobre Cândida Albicans resistente a Fluconazol." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97271.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2013-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:35:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
alves_f_me_arafo.pdf: 1240558 bytes, checksum: 9e6bcc073e00b4586c16678cef950d5e (MD5)Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da Terapia Fotodinâmica (PDT), mediada pelo Photodithazine® (PDZ) e luz LED, sobre Candida albicans resistente a fluconazol em um modelo de candidose oral induzida. Para isso, camundongos fêmeas de 6 semanas foram imunussuprimidos e inoculados com C. albicans (107 células/mL). Em seguida, aplicou-se 100 mg/L de PDZ (diluído em salina ou hidrogel) na cavidade bucal por 20 min e o dorso lingual foi iluminado (37,5 J/cm² dose de luz). Animais adicionais foram tratados somente com LED ou PDZ. O grupo controle positivo não recebeu nenhum tratamento e, adicionalmente, animais saudáveis receberam tratamento com PDT (n=5). Em seguida, foi feita a recuperação do micro-organismo da língua dos animais. O número de colônias viáveis foi quantificado e os valores de UFC/mL foram determinados. Os animais foram sacrificados e as línguas foram removidas cirurgicamente para análise histológica. Duas colônias de cada animal foram isoladas da placa de cultura para avaliação dos fatores de virulência: adesão e formação de biofilme em superfície abiótica, formas filamentares de crescimento e produção de exoenzimas. Os dados foram analizados por ANOVA (P < 0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que a PDT resultou em redução significativa de C. albicans resistente a fluconazol (1,91 e 1,96 log10) em relação ao grupo controle positivo. Somente a aplicação da luz ou PDZ não reduziu a viabilidade celular. A PDT não ocasionou efeitos adversos no tecido lingual dos animais e reduziu apenas a produção de fosfolipase. A PDT foi efetiva na inativação da C. albicans resistente a fluconazol, sem causar efeitos adversos no tecido lingual.
This study evaluated the effects of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), mediated by Photodithazine® (PDZ) and LED light, on fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in a murine model of oral candidosis. For this, six-week-old female mice were immunosuppressed and inoculated with C. albicans (107 células/mL). Then, 100 mg/L of PDZ (diluted in saline or hydrogel) was applied on the oral cavity for 20 min and the dorsum of the tongue was illuminated (37.5 J/cm2 of fluence). The use of PDZ or light only was also investigated. Additionally, healthy animals received treatment with PDT. Positive control animals did not receive any treatment and negative control animals were not inoculated (n=5). After treatment the dorsum of the tongue was swabbed to recover C. albicans. The yeast colony counts were quantified and the number of CFU/mL was determined. The animals were killed and the tongues were surgically removed for histological analysis. Two yeast colony of each group were isolated from the culture plate for the evaluation of virulence factors: adhesion and biofilm formation in abiotic surface, filamentous forms of growth and production of exoenzymes. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (P < 0.05). PDT resulted in a significant reduction of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans (1.91 e 1.96 log10). The application of PDZ or LED only did not reduce the cell viability. PDT did not cause adverse effects in the local mucosa and it was able to reduce only phospholipase production. PDT was effective in the inactivation of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans without harming the tongue tissue.
7
Alves, Fernanda. "Estudo in vivo dos efeitos da terapia fotodinâmica, mediada pelo Photothazine® e luz led, sobre Cândida Albicans resistente a Fluconazol /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97271.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Ana Claúdia PavarinaBanca: Gilberto Ubida Leite Braga
Banca: Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
Resumo: Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da Terapia Fotodinâmica (PDT), mediada pelo Photodithazine® (PDZ) e luz LED, sobre Candida albicans resistente a fluconazol em um modelo de candidose oral induzida. Para isso, camundongos fêmeas de 6 semanas foram imunussuprimidos e inoculados com C. albicans (107 células/mL). Em seguida, aplicou-se 100 mg/L de PDZ (diluído em salina ou hidrogel) na cavidade bucal por 20 min e o dorso lingual foi iluminado (37,5 J/cm² dose de luz). Animais adicionais foram tratados somente com LED ou PDZ. O grupo controle positivo não recebeu nenhum tratamento e, adicionalmente, animais saudáveis receberam tratamento com PDT (n=5). Em seguida, foi feita a recuperação do micro-organismo da língua dos animais. O número de colônias viáveis foi quantificado e os valores de UFC/mL foram determinados. Os animais foram sacrificados e as línguas foram removidas cirurgicamente para análise histológica. Duas colônias de cada animal foram isoladas da placa de cultura para avaliação dos fatores de virulência: adesão e formação de biofilme em superfície abiótica, formas filamentares de crescimento e produção de exoenzimas. Os dados foram analizados por ANOVA (P < 0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que a PDT resultou em redução significativa de C. albicans resistente a fluconazol (1,91 e 1,96 log10) em relação ao grupo controle positivo. Somente a aplicação da luz ou PDZ não reduziu a viabilidade celular. A PDT não ocasionou efeitos adversos no tecido lingual dos animais e reduziu apenas a produção de fosfolipase. A PDT foi efetiva na inativação da C. albicans resistente a fluconazol, sem causar efeitos adversos no tecido lingual.
Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), mediated by Photodithazine® (PDZ) and LED light, on fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in a murine model of oral candidosis. For this, six-week-old female mice were immunosuppressed and inoculated with C. albicans (107 células/mL). Then, 100 mg/L of PDZ (diluted in saline or hydrogel) was applied on the oral cavity for 20 min and the dorsum of the tongue was illuminated (37.5 J/cm2 of fluence). The use of PDZ or light only was also investigated. Additionally, healthy animals received treatment with PDT. Positive control animals did not receive any treatment and negative control animals were not inoculated (n=5). After treatment the dorsum of the tongue was swabbed to recover C. albicans. The yeast colony counts were quantified and the number of CFU/mL was determined. The animals were killed and the tongues were surgically removed for histological analysis. Two yeast colony of each group were isolated from the culture plate for the evaluation of virulence factors: adhesion and biofilm formation in abiotic surface, filamentous forms of growth and production of exoenzymes. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (P < 0.05). PDT resulted in a significant reduction of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans (1.91 e 1.96 log10). The application of PDZ or LED only did not reduce the cell viability. PDT did not cause adverse effects in the local mucosa and it was able to reduce only phospholipase production. PDT was effective in the inactivation of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans without harming the tongue tissue.
Mestre
8
Luz, Felipe Brunatto da. "Aplicação de Terapia Fotodinâmica (PDT) usando luz LED azul sobre culturas de Candida albicans - in vitro." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3471.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Fabiano Malheiro (fabianomalheiro22@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-01T15:06:07Z
No. of bitstreams: 2
license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Aplicação de Terapia Fotodinâmica (PDT) usando luz LED azul sobre culturas de candida albicans in vitro.pdf: 903559 bytes, checksum: d57e4b195e3104bd65820ee04210e36d (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T15:06:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Aplicação de Terapia Fotodinâmica (PDT) usando luz LED azul sobre culturas de candida albicans in vitro.pdf: 903559 bytes, checksum: d57e4b195e3104bd65820ee04210e36d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
O fungo Candida albicans é frequentemente encontrado como componente da microbiota da cavidade oral, sendo agente etiológico da candidíase eritematosa crônica (estomatite por dentadura). Condição esta, uma infecção oportunista, de caráter crônico que acomete grande parte dos usuários de próteses. O tratamento tradicional com antifúngicos, muitas vezes é duradouro, colaborando para o surgimento de cepas resistentes desse fungo. Assim sendo, torna-se necessária uma alternativa de tratamento efetiva contra a candidíase oral e que não apresente efeitos colaterais. O objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver um novo dispositivo a partir de um fotopolimerizador odontológico, baseado na tecnologia LED com emissão de luz azul. Além disso, verificar a ação da PDT com azul de metileno associada ao uso dessa fonte sobre culturas de Candida albicans. Após o crescimento e identificação das colônias foram selecionadas 04 cepas de Candida albicans e 01 cepa ATCC (62342) e realizadas diluições obedecendo-se a escala 0,5 de Macfarland (1x108 UFC). Desse inóculo, foram colocados 100 µl em cada poço de uma placa de microtitulação de 96 poços. As amostras das colônias de Candida albicans foram distribuídas em triplicata nas placas de cultura. No grupo testado foram colocados 90 µl de PBS, adicionado a 10 µl de azul de metileno. As placas foram incubadas durante 30 minutos e, após esse período, foi realizada a irradiação com LED azul. Para realizar a PDT a placa foi dividida em 6 setores de dimensões iguais. Cada setor foi irradiado durante 6 minutos na dosimetria de 122 J/cm2, potência de 260 mW e comprimento de onda de 455 nm em aplicação única, totalizando 36 minutos de aplicação em cada placa. Após esse desafio, foram realizadas diluições seriadas 1:10 em 4 alíquotas sucessivas. Dessa diluição foram semeados 25 µl em placas de Petri e incubadas a 37ºC por 48 horas. Após esse período foram feitas as contagens das colônias por dois examinadores previamente treinados e calibrados. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente usando ANOVA seguido por teste de Tukey com 5% de nível de significância e não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0,05) entre os diferentes grupos e o grupo controle. Constatando-se que a PDT usando fonte de luz LED é uma alternativa viável, no entanto no presente estudo não foi possível constatar a ação dessa terapia.
The fungus Candida albicans is often found as the microflora of the oral cavity component, as the etiological agent of erythematous candidiasis (denture stomatitis), this condition is an opportunistic infection, a chronic condition that affects most users of prostheses. Traditional treatment with antifungals, often lasting, contributing to the manifestation of resistant strains of this fungus. Therefore, it is necessary effective alternative treatment for oral candidiasis and who does not produce side effects. The aim of this study was to develop a new device from a dental curing light, based on the LED technology with blue light emission. As well, check the action of PDT with methylene blue associated with the use of this source on cultures of Candida albicans. After the growth and identification of colonies were selected 04 strains of Candida albicans and 01strain ATCC (62342) and made dilutions obeying the scale of 0.5 Macfarland (1x108 CFU). In this inoculum, 100 mL were placed in each well of a 96-well microtiter plate wells. Samples of colonies of Candida albicans were triplicate distributed in culture plates. On the test group 90 µl of PBS, added to 10 µl of methylene blue were placed. The plates were incubated for 30 minutes and, thereafter, irradiation was performed with blue LED. To perform PDT the plate was divided into 6 sectors of equal dimensions. Each sector was irradiated for 6 minutes dosimetry of 122 J/cm² power of 260 mW and wavelength of 455 nm in a single application, totaling 36 minutes of application on each plate. After this challenge, serial dilutions 1:10 in 4 successive aliquots were performed. This dilution were seeded 25 µl in Petri dishes and incubated at 37 ° C for 48 hours. After this period the numbers of colonies were made by two previously trained and calibrated examiners. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey test at 5% significance level and showed no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) between the different groups and the control group. The authors verified that PDT using LED light source is a viable alternative, however in this study it was not possible to observe the action of this therapy.
9
Oliveira, Lucas Portela. "Síntese, caracterização de fosfato de prata (Ag3PO4) e sua ação contra Candida albicans associado com luz LED /." Araraquara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157070.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Carlos Eduardo VerganiResumo: Há diversas possibilidades para o controle microbiano, dentre elas, o uso de microcristais associados à prata (Ag), e a inativação fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (do inglês, aPDI). Devido à capacidade de fotoexcitação no comprimento de onda de luz azul, fosfato de prata (Ag3PO4) foi submetido à exposição a luz em 455nm. Este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar, caracterizar e verificar a capacidade fotocatalítica e antimicrobiana dos microcristais de Ag3PO4, utilizando culturas de C. albicans em suspensão e biofilme, na presença e ausência de luz. Os microcristais foram sintetizados pelo método da co-precipitação, e foram determinados o "gap" de energia e o espectro de absorção do material através de análise de espectro de UVVIS. Para caracterizar Ag3PO4, realizou-se a difração de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura por emissão de campo (MEV-EC) e atividade fotocatalítica (degradação de rodamina) após 4 exposições à luz. Para os ensaios microbiológicos (UFC/mL), determinou-se a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) em suspensão e biofilme, na ausência e presença de luz (55,8 J/cm²). Para análise dos resultados, aplicou-se o teste de análise de variância de dois fatores, com teste posterior de Tukey. Os resultados demonstraram que o espectro de absorção abrange a faixa azul do comprimento de onda, apesar do maior sinal estar localizado na região de luz UV. Nos espectros de DRX observou-se a produção de prata cúbica e hexagonal no decorrer das exposições, juntament... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: There are several possibilities for microbial control, among them the use of microcrystals associated with silver (Ag), and antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI). Due to the ability of photoexcitation in the blue light wavelength, silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) was subjected to light exposure at 455nm. Thus, the aim was to synthesize, characterize and verify the photocatalytic and antimicrobial capacity of Ag3PO4 microcrystals using cultures of C. albicans in planktonic and biofilm form, in the presence and absence of light. Microcrystals were synthesized by the coprecipitation method, the energy band gap and the absorption spectrum of the material were determined by UV-VIS spectrum analysis. To characterize Ag3PO4, Xray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and photocatalytic activity (rhodamine degradation) were performed after 4 exposures to light. For the microbiological tests (CFU/mL), the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) in planktonic and biofilm was determined, in the absence and presence of light (55.8 J/cm²). To analyze the results, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, followed by Tukey post-test. The results showed the absorption spectrum covers the blue wavelength range, although the largest peak is located in the UV light region. The XRD spectra produced cubic and hexagonal silver during the exposures, with an increase of amorphous material. The microcrystal size was observed (0.12 μm) by FE-SEM images, wi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
10
Geurtz, Lea [Verfasser]. "Speziesverteilung und Resistenzepidemiologie von Candida Spezies aus einer multizentrischen Blutkulturstudie - Evaluierung eines semiautomatisierten Verfahrens (VITEK 2) zur Resistenztestung / Lea Geurtz." Köln : Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1009194879/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Lead Candidate"
1
Al Gore Jr.: Born to lead. Nashville, TN: Pine Hall Press, 1988.
Find full text
2
Tom, Carhart, ed. A time to lead: For duty, honor and country. New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Find full text
3
ill, Pham LeUyen, ed. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Some girls are born to lead. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2016.
Find full text
4
Boatright, Robert G., and Valerie Sperling. Trumping Politics as Usual. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190065829.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Who is tougher? In many elections, candidates frame their appeals in gendered ways—they compete, for instance, over who is more “masculine.” This is the case for male and female candidates alike. In the 2016 presidential election, however, the stark choice between the first major-party female candidate and a man who exhibited a persistent pattern of misogyny made the use of gender—ideas about femininity and masculinity—more prominent than ever before. This book explores the Trump and Clinton campaigns’ use of gender as a political weapon, and how the presidential race changed the ways in which House and Senate campaigns were waged in 2016. The thesis of this book is that Donald Trump’s candidacy radically altered the nature of the 2016 congressional campaigns in two ways. First, it changed the issues of contention in many of these races by making gender more central to the general election campaigns of both Democrats and Republicans. Second, expectations that Trump would lose the election influenced how candidates for lower office campaigned and how willing they were to connect their fortunes to those of their party’s nominee. The fact that Trump was expected to lose—and was expected to lose in large part because of his sexist and other bigoted comments—caused both major parties to direct more of their resources toward congressional races, and led many Republican candidates—especially women—to distance themselves from Trump.
5
Doherty, David, Conor M. Dowling, and Michael G. Miller. Small Power. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197605004.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book examines the role local party organizations play in the electoral process. It draws on dozens of in-person interviews with local party chairpersons, as well as findings from a national survey of these local elites. Part I of the book explores who leads local party organizations and what these organizations do. The findings demonstrate that these organizations play a critical role in converting citizens into politicians and supporting them as they navigate the campaign process. These efforts appear to pay dividends as candidates from a party tend to perform better in areas where the local party organization is active. Part II considers what local party chairpersons look for in a candidate, drawing on findings from an experiment included in the national survey of party chairs. The experiment asked chairs which of a pair of candidates they thought would be most likely to prevail in a primary in their area and varied an array of candidate characteristics, including their policy positions, family structures, and their purported ethno-racial identity and gender. The results offer novel insights into the attributes elites who play a critical role in candidate recruitment see as enhancing (or degrading) an individual’s electoral prospects. Throughout, the experimental evidence is bolstered by findings from the in-depth interviews with chairs.
6
Powell, Larry, James T. Kitchens, and Kitchens POWELL. Four Pillars of Politics: Why Some Candidates Don't Win and Others Can't Lead. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2017.
Find full text
7
Arnold, Paul. Genetics of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often runs in families and has been shown to have significant heritability. It is genetically complex, and two decades of genetic work have not converged on a clear understanding of genetic risk factors. However, accelerating progress in recent years has begun to generate some insights into the genetic architecture of the disorder, and greater clarity is likely to emerge in the coming decade. This chapter summarizes several lines of genetic work, including genome-wide genetic and linkage studies; candidate gene studies; and investigations of gene-environment interactions and of pharmacogenetics. One developing theme is that genetic variance in components of the brain’s glutamate signaling system may contribute to the development of OCD. Advancing understanding of the genetics of OCD may lead to new insights into pathobiology and to new tools to optimize individual treatment.
8
Ragsdale, Lyn, and Jerrold G. Rusk. A Theory of Uncertainty in Nonvoting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190670702.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: This chapter sets out the theory of uncertainty in nonvoting. It rests on five premises: (1) uncertainty prohibits candidates and the eligible electorate from accurately predicting the future. (2) Uncertainty arises from novelty or surprise—how drastically elements of the national scene change in the months prior to the election. (3) This uncertainty produces risk—the likelihood of making a decision that leads to a negative outcome—electing the candidate who is least likely to reduce uncertainty. (4) People choose to vote to reduce uncertainty in response to the novelty of political occurrences. (5) The higher (lower) the level of uncertainty, the more (less) likely eligible voters will go to the polls.
9
author, Powell Larry 1948, ed. The four pillars of politics: Why some candidates don't win and others can't lead. 2015.
Find full text
10
Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043.
Full textAbstract:
Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now an additional 12 JIA susceptibility loci with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
Book chapters on the topic "Lead Candidate"
1
Gul, Sheraz. "Key Concepts in Assay Development, Screening and the Properties of Lead and Candidate Compounds." In Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 1–17. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351011655-1.
Full text
2
Taillard, Éric D. "Local Search." In Design of Heuristic Algorithms for Hard Optimization, 103–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13714-3_5.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractImprovement methods constitute the backbone of most metaheuristics. These methods repeatedly perform slight, local modifications on a current solution to the problem. Hence, for any solution, a set of neighbor solutions must be defined. Clearly, the definition of this set depends on the problem modeling. However, a natural neighborhood may turn out to be either too small to lead to quality solutions or too large, inducing prohibitive calculation times. Various approaches have been proposed to enlarge the neighborhood, such as the filter and fan method or the ejection chains. For reducing the neighborhood size, typical strategies are the granular search and the candidate list.
3
Mondal, Susmita, Saptarshi Roy, Rita Maity, Asish Mallick, Rajender Sangwan, Shailja Misra-Bhattacharya, and Chitra Mandal. "Withanolide D, Carrying the Baton of Indian Rasayana Herb as a Lead Candidate of Antileukemic Agent in Modern Medicine." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 295–312. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3381-1_20.
Full text
4
Dingfelder, Fabian, Anette Henriksen, Per-Olof Wahlund, Paolo Arosio, and Nikolai Lorenzen. "Measuring of Antibody Lead Candidates with Dynamic Light." In Therapeutic Antibodies, 241–58. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1450-1_14.
Full text
5
Levsen, Nils. "Integrated Analysis of Lead Market Candidates Based on Extant Theory." In Lead Markets in Age-Based Innovations, 99–124. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08815-6_4.
Full text
6
García, Nereo Peñalver, and Julian Priestley. "A Modest Proposal: How the Idea of Lead Candidates Emerged." In The Making of a European President, 38–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137476746_4.
Full text
7
Moro, Robert, Mate Vangel, and Maria Bielikova. "Identification of Navigation Lead Candidates Using Citation and Co-Citation Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 556–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49192-8_45.
Full text
8
Dart, Beatrix. "Governance of Gender Diversity Case." In Management for Professionals, 61–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48606-8_13.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGender diversity on boards has become accepted as an important step to increase governance, risk assessment, and innovative thinking for companies. However, the arguments of finding merit-based candidates, a narrow definition of the board skills matrix, and the desire to add “who you know” have proven to be lasting obstacles for many female board candidates. This short case highlights the importance of making a conscious effort to expanding board searches past the usual networks to lead to boards with better decision-making abilities by adding female board directors.
9
Prabu, S. Lakshmana, and Rathinasabapathy Thirumurugan. "Lead Optimization in the Drug Discovery Process." In Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice, 62–79. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7326-5.ch003.
Full textAbstract:
Discovering a new drug molecule against disease is the main objective of drug discovery. Lead optimization is one of the important steps and acts as a starting point. Over the years, it has significantly changed the drug discovery process. Its main focus is the development of preclinical candidates from “Hit” or “Lead.” Lead optimization comprises lead selection and optimization, drug candidate confirmation, and preclinical drug characterization. Lead optimization process can improve the effectiveness towards its target potency, selectivity, protein binding, pharmacokinetic parameters, and to develop a good preclinical candidate. Lead optimization from high-throughput screening to identification of clinical drug candidate is a seamless process that draws new techniques for accelerated synthesis, purification, screening from iterative compound libraries, validation, and to deliver clinical drug candidate with limited human resources. In conclusion, lead optimization phase is done under the suggestion that the optimized lead molecule will have activity against a particular disease.
10
Barron, Lisa. "Candidate Success." In Performance-Based Assessment in 21st Century Teacher Education, 143–61. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8353-0.ch006.
Full textAbstract:
edTPA is a rigorous teaching performance assessment that requires preservice candidates in 27 content areas to demonstrate their ability to plan, instruct, and assess. A primary consideration in these lessons is meeting the needs of diverse students, planning lessons that engage, and using assessments to inform instruction. Preservice candidates submit evidence in the form of commentaries and artifacts for each of the three tasks. This evidence includes written commentary, lesson plans, instructional materials, video clips, assessments, feedback, and reflective analysis. This chapter will provide teacher preparation programs strategies for effective candidate support that can lead to faculty engagement, program improvement, and candidate success. It is written from the perspective of a teacher preparation program that has supported thousands of candidates through the edTPA submission process and learned valuable lessons along the way.
Conference papers on the topic "Lead Candidate"
1
Utili, M., M. Agostini, G. Coccoluto, and E. Lorenzini. "Ti3SiC2 as a Candidate Material for Lead Cooled Fast Reactor." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75935.
Full textAbstract:
One of the main issues regarding the design of LFR is the corrosion-erosion behaviour of materials in contact with high temperature and high velocity lead, such as pump impeller and bearing materials. Those materials will worked in Lead at about 480°C with a velocity relative to impeller blade in the magnitude of 10m/s. Ti3SiC2, a ternary compound was selected as one of the most promising candidate material, the most significant aspect of Ti3SiC2 is that it combines some of the most attractive proprieties of ceramics with those of metals. This material was already applied in industry but more effort is needed to qualify its performance when compared with candidate structural stainless steel available in Europe. With the purpose of evaluating the corrosion resistance of Ti3SiC2, a preliminary screening test was carried out at ENEA Brasimone in fluent lead under oxidation conditions (oxygen concentration of about 10−6 wt% in the melt), with an average temperature of 500°C and a stream velocity of about 1 m/s.
2
Kondo, Masatoshi, Koji Hata, and Minoru Takahashi. "Design of Material Strength Test in Lead-Bismuth Flow." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22736.
Full textAbstract:
Liquid lead and lead-bismuth have drawn the attention as one of the candidate coolants of the fast breeder reactors (FBRs), and the accelerator driven transmutation systems (ADSs). In order to use the coolant to the systems, the physical and chemical characteristics of the heavy metals are necessary. This plan has been proposed for the strength test of materials in the liquid metal surroundings. The lead-bismuth circulation loop with the strength test has been designed, and the strength test of candidate materials has been planned.
3
Dai, Nengli, Lili Hu, Jianhu Yang, Shixun Dai, Aoxiang Lin, and Lei Wen. "Lead silicagermanate glass: A new candidate host for Yb3+-doped glass fiber laser." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2003.tud3.
Full text
4
Campbell, Matthew I., Rahul Rai, and Tolga Kurtoglu. "A Stochastic Graph Grammar Algorithm for Interactive Search." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86804.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a new search method that has been developed specifically for search trees defined by a generative grammar. Generative grammars are useful in design as a way to encapsulate the design decisions that lead to candidate solutions. Since the candidate solutions are not confined to a single configuration or topology and thus useful in conceptual design, they may be difficult to computationally analyze. Analysis is achieved in this method by querying the user. The user interaction is kept to a maximum of thirty pair-wise comparisons of candidates. From the data gathered from the comparisons, a stochastic decision making process infers what candidate solutions best meet the user’s preference. The method is implemented and applied to a grammar for tying neckties. It is shown through 21 user experiments and 4000 automated experiments that the method consistently finds solutions within the 99.8 percentile. The implications of this method for conceptual design are expounded on in the conclusions.
5
Dauksher, Walter, and John Lau. "Lead-Free Solder-Joint Reliability of a Photonic Device Under Transient and Steady State Loadings." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42253.
Full textAbstract:
Three solders, 63wt%Sn-37wt%Pb, 80wt%Au-20wt%Sn and 95.5wt%Sn-3.9wt%Ag-0.6wt%Cu, are studied as interconnect materials in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, or VCSEL. While the Au-Sn alloy is a lead-free solder material that had been previously identified as a candidate material for this device, the Sn-Ag-Cu solder (henceforth SAC solder) is presently the leading lead-free solder candidate for numerous packaging types. In the present study, thermal-structural analysis evaluates the solder alloys in the context of in-service operating conditions. Specifically, the thermal analysis determines the in-service temperature distributions, as influenced by each solder alloy, due to power generation within the VCSEL and due to convective boundary conditions. Subsequently, these thermal profiles are used as the thermal loads in an evaluation of the creep response in the solder materials. Emphasis is placed on the relaxation of stresses and on the creep strains developed during a 24 hour power-on condition.
6
Liu, Libin, Cristina Andersson, Johan Liu, and Y. C. Chan. "Thermodynamic Assessment of Sn-Co-Cu Lead-Free Solder Alloy." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35126.
Full textAbstract:
To select a lead-free solder system, factors such as eutectic/peritectic point, electron negativity, abundance, cost, toxicity of elements, world production capacity, segregation during solidification, possibility to form low melting phases with Pb, among others must be carefully considered. On the basis of thorough analysis of binary phase diagrams of Sn-X-systems (X represents other elements) and the properties of the element X, the Sn-Co-Cu eutectic ternary alloy system has been chosen as a new lead-free solder candidate. In order to find the eutectic point for the Sn-Co-Cu system, the Sn-Co binary system was thoroughly assessed with CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) methods. The ternary phase diagram of Sn-Co-Cu system was extrapolated with the assessed thermodynamic parameters of Sn-Co, Sn-Cu, and Co-Cu system. The eutectic point for L–Sn2Co+(Sn)+Cu6Sn5 is 224.4°C and 0.37%Co and 0.68%Cu and 98.95%Sn.
7
Gadelhak, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Mohamed Al-Badi, Ahmed Al-Bairaq, Eissa Al Mheiri, Abdullah Haj Al-Hosani, Zeeshan Ahmed, Sami Ullah Bashir Ahmed, et al. "Lead Application to Cure Sap Wells by Deploying Straddle Packer, Success Story." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207840-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objective/Scope The Increase of inactive wells due to subsurface integrity issue is observed in brown fields, Fig-1 is, showing the record for onshore UAE asset, the economic challenges is calling for alternative solutions to restore well integrity with lower cost. Straddle packer application is consists of two tandom packers with spacer pipe in between with anchoring system deployed riglessly in the well to isolate the communication point between Ann A and Tubing.Fig-2, Methods, Procedures, Process Communication between tubing and annulus A (Failure of primary barrier) is identified as the right candidate wells for straddle packer application, First step is to clearly identify the point of communication, it has been done by annulus pressure investigation excersize during flowing and shut in condition, observing the return of annulus fluid which was the same produced gas Noise log has been conducted and clearly identified the communication point at SPM (Side Pocket Mandrel) to be used for emergency killing, Tubing integrity test was conducted using nippless plugs and inflow test below and above the leak point and confirm no other leak points within the tubing Engineering drawing for the leaking assembly was reviewed to design the dimension of straddle packer assembly, length and packer size It is recommended to deploy the assembly using electric line correlation for accurate depth selection After setting annulus pressure observed no build up Well opened safely to production Results/Observation/Conclusion Leak point arrested, well primary barrier restored Removed from DWS (drilling and workover schedule) and restore well production in addition to improving inactive string KPI for Gas asset Save almost work over cost for gas well XX-197 Novel/ Additive information The way forward is to check the scalability of extending this application among other ADNOC assets and to screen the right candidate wells for this application To add this application as a part of well integrity procedures and recommendations for such like cases
8
Wu, Yican, Yunqing Bai, Yong Song, Qunying Huang, Zhumin Zhao, Gang Song, Liqin Hu, and Jieqiong Jiang. "Design and R&D Progress of China Lead-Based Reactor." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31136.
Full textAbstract:
Liquid lead or lead-based alloy is a potential candidate coolant for fast reactors and ADS subcritical reactors because of its many unique nuclear, thermal-physical and chemical attributes. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) had launched an engineering project to develop ADS system and lead-based reactors. Series CLEAR reactor conceptual designs were finished, and the preliminary engineering design for the China Lead-based research reactor (CLEAR-I) was underway. The key components prototypes for engineering validation including the control rod drive system, refueling system, fuel assembly have been constructed, the validation experiment are carrying out. KYLIN series PbBi experimental loops has already been built to perform structure material corrosion experiment, thermal-hydraulics experiment and safety experiment for CLEAR series reactors. The highly intensified neutron generator HINEG will be constructed to take the benchmark experiment of neutronics simulation codes. In this paper, the design and R&D progress are presented.
9
Li, Zhihong. "Abstract 1645: Discovery of AMG 232, an inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction: From lead to a clinical candidate." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-1645.
Full text
10
Yannou, Bernard, and Roy Awedikian. "A Plug-and-Contract Mechanism for a Robust Assessment of Design Concepts." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85457.
Full textAbstract:
Starting from a need and a set of functional requirements (FRs), a designer is often perplexed to assess the potential of a given concept to fit these requirements. He is even more perplexed when several concepts are candidates. This paper proposes a definition of a concept in a practical way as a parameterized model linking a set of design variables (DVs) to a set of performance variables (PVs). This set of PVs is supposed to be the same for any concept candidate to fulfill a need. This is why our model propose to “plug” a card of FRs into candidate concepts in order to lead concurrent reasonings on competing concepts until one or several of them appear to be of poor interest. The plugging mechanism is implemented by constraint programming techniques (evolved interval arithmetics) that immediately contract the performance and design variable domains to provide an outer approximation of the solution (or design) space. Two sets of comparison operators between solution spaces are proposed: operators for comparing the relative potential of two concepts submitted to the same FRs, and operators for comparing two successive stages of solution spaces of a given concept. These last operators provide the way to tackle the robustness of design decision making under uncertainty. All the mentioned features: plugging mechanism, contraction of domains and design space representation, comparison operators and robustness considerations have been experimented on an example of a pair of candidate concepts of truss structures.
Reports on the topic "Lead Candidate"
1
Holdaway, R. F., J. W. Miller, J. D. Sease, R. J. Moses, D. G. O`Connor, R. D. Carrell, C. D. Jaeger, M. L. Thompson, and A. A. Strasser. Characterization of candidate DOE sites for fabricating MOX fuel for lead assemblies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/638259.
Full text
2
Ghanim, Murad, Joe Cicero, Judith K. Brown, and Henryk Czosnek. Dissection of Whitefly-geminivirus Interactions at the Transcriptomic, Proteomic and Cellular Levels. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592654.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Our project focuses on gene expression and proteomics of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species complex in relation to the internal anatomy and localization of expressed genes and virions in the whitefly vector, which poses a major constraint to vegetable and fiber production in Israel and the USA. While many biological parameters are known for begomovirus transmission, nothing is known about vector proteins involved in the specific interactions between begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors. Identifying such proteins is expected to lead to the design of novel control methods that interfere with whitefly-mediated begomovirus transmission. The project objectives were to: 1) Perform gene expression analyses using microarrays to study the response of whiteflies (B, Q and A biotypes) to the acquisition of begomoviruses (Tomato yellow leaf curl (TYLCV) and Squash leaf curl (SLCV). 2) Construct a whitefly proteome from whole whiteflies and dissected organs after begomovirus acquisition. 3) Validate gene expression by q-RTPCR and sub-cellular localization of candidate ESTs identified in microarray and proteomic analyses. 4) Verify functionality of candidate ESTs using an RNAi approach, and to link these datasets to overall functional whitefly anatomical studies. During the first and second years biological experiments with TYLCV and SLCV acquisition and transmission were completed to verify the suitable parameters for sample collection for microarray experiments. The parameters were generally found to be similar to previously published results by our groups and others. Samples from whole whiteflies and midguts of the B, A and Q biotypes that acquired TYLCV and SLCV were collected in both the US and Israel and hybridized to B. tabaci microarray. The data we analyzed, candidate genes that respond to both viruses in the three tested biotypes were identified and their expression that included quantitative real-time PCR and co-localization was verified for HSP70 by the Israeli group. In addition, experiments were undertaken to employ in situ hybridization to localize several candidate genes (in progress) using an oligonucleotide probe to the primary endosymbiont as a positive control. A proteome and corresponding transcriptome to enable more effective protein identification of adult whiteflies was constructed by the US group. Further validation of the transmission route of begomoviruses, mainly SLCV and the involvement of the digestive and salivary systems was investigated (Cicero and Brown). Due to time and budget constraints the RNAi-mediated silencing objective to verify gene function was not accomplished as anticipated. HSP70, a strong candidate protein that showed over-expression after TYLCV and SLCV acquisition and retention by B. tabaci, and co-localization with TYLCV in the midgut, was further studies. Besides this protein, our joint research resulted in the identification of many intriguing candidate genes and proteins that will be followed up by additional experiments during our future research. To identify these proteins it was necessary to increase the number and breadth of whitefly ESTs substantially and so whitefly cDNAs from various libraries made during the project were sequenced (Sanger, 454). As a result, the proteome annotation (ID) was far more successful than in the initial attempt to identify proteins using Uniprot or translated insect ESTs from public databases. The extent of homology shared by insects in different orders was surprisingly low, underscoring the imperative need for genome and transcriptome sequencing of homopteran insects. Having increased the number of EST from the original usable 5500 generated several years ago to >600,000 (this project+NCBI data mining), we have identified about one fifth of the whitefly proteome using these new resources. Also we have created a database that links all identified whitefly proteins to the PAVEdb-ESTs in the database, resulting in a useful dataset to which additional ESTS will be added. We are optimistic about the prospect of linking the proteome ID results to the transcriptome database to enable our own and other labs the opportunity to functionally annotate not only genes and proteins involved in our area of interest (whitefly mediated transmission) but for the plethora of other functionalities that will emerge from mining and functionally annotating other key genes and gene families in whitefly metabolism, development, among others. This joint grant has resulted in the identification of numerous candidate proteins involved in begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci. A next major step will be to capitalize on validated genes/proteins to develop approaches to interfere with the virus transmission.
3
Fridman, Eyal, and Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.
4
Lewis, R. E., S. S. Teel, W. H. Wegener, and D. F. Iwatate. A survey and description of candidate technologies to support single shell tank waste retrieval, leak detection, monitoring, and mitigation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/110765.
Full text
5
Watkins, Chris B., Susan Lurie, Amnon Lers, and Patricia L. Conklin. Involvement of Antioxidant Enzymes and Genes in the Resistance Mechanism to Postharvest Superficial Scald Development. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586539.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this research project was to evaluate the involvement of antioxidant enzymes and genes in the resistance mechanism to postharvest superficial scald development using two primary systems: 1. Resistant and susceptible progenies of an apple cross between a scald resistant crab apple, ‘White Angel’ and a scald susceptible cultivar, ‘Rome Beauty’; 2. Heat-treatment of ‘Granny Smith’, which is known to reduce scald development in this cultivar. In 2002 we asked for, and received (October 14), permission to revise our initial objectives. The US side decided to expand their results to include further work using commercial cultivars. Also, both sides wanted to include an emphasis on the interaction between these antioxidant enzymes and the á-farnesene pathway, with the cooperation of a third party, Dr. Bruce Whitaker, USDA-ARS, Beltsville. Background: Superficial scald is a physiological storage disorder that causes damage to the skin of apple and pear fruit. It is currently controlled by use of an antioxidant, diphenylamine (DPA), applied postharvest by drenching or dips, but concern exists about such chemical usage especially as it also involves application of fungicides. As a result, there has been increased emphasis on understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in disorder development. Our approach was to focus on the oxidative processes that occur during scald development, and specifically on using the two model systems described above to determine if the levels of specific antioxidants and/or antioxidant enzyme activities correlated with the presence/absence of scald. It was hoped that information about the role of antioxidant-defense mechanisms would lead to identification of candidate genes for future transgenic manipulation. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Collectively, our results highlight the complexity of superficial scald developmental processes. Studies involving comparisons of antioxidant enzyme activities in different crab apple selection, commercial cultivars, and in response to postharvest heat and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments, show no simple direct relationships with antioxidant contents and susceptibility of fruit to scald development. However, a correlative relationship was found between POX activity or isoenzyme number and scald resistance in most of the studies. This relationship, if confirmed, could be exploited in breeding for scald resistance. In addition, our investigations with key genes in the á-farnesenebiosynthetic pathway, together with antioxidant processes, are being followed up by analysis of exposed and shaded sides of fruit of cultivars that show different degrees of scald control by 1-MCP. These data may further reveal productive areas for future research that will lead to long term control of the disorder. However, given the complexity of scald development, the greatest research need is the production of transgenic fruit with down-regulated genes involved in á- farnesene biosynthesis in order to test the currently popular hypothesis for scald development.
6
Halevy, Orna, Sandra Velleman, and Shlomo Yahav. Early post-hatch thermal stress effects on broiler muscle development and performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597933.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In broilers, the immediate post-hatch handling period exposes chicks to cold or hot thermal stress, with potentially harmful consequences to product quantity and quality that could threaten poultry meat marketability as a healthy, low-fat food. This lower performance includes adverse effects on muscle growth and damage to muscle structure (e.g., less protein and more fat deposition). A leading candidate for mediating the effects of thermal stress on muscle growth and development is a unique group of skeletal muscle cells known as adult myoblasts (satellite cells). Satellite cells are multipotential stem cells that can be stimulated to follow other developmental pathways, especially adipogenesis in lieu of muscle formation. They are most active during the first week of age in broilers and have been shown to be sensitive to environmental conditions and nutritional status. The hypothesis of the present study was that immediate post-hatch thermal stress would harm broiler growth and performance. In particular, growth characteristics and gene expression of muscle progenitor cells (i.e., satellite cells) will be affected, leading to increased fat deposition, resulting in long-term changes in muscle structure and a reduction in meat yield. The in vitro studies on cultured satellite cells derived from different muscle, have demonstrated that, anaerobic pectoralis major satellite cells are more predisposed to adipogenic conversion and more sensitive during myogenic proliferation and differentiation than aerobic biceps femoris cells when challenged to both hot and cold thermal stress. These results corroborated the in vivo studies, establishing that chronic heat exposure of broiler chicks at their first two week of life leads to impaired myogenicity of the satellite cells, and increased fat deposition in the muscle. Moreover, chronic exposure of chicks to inaccurate temperature, in particular to heat vs. cold, during their early posthatch periods has long-term effects of BW, absolute muscle growth and muscle morphology and meat quality. The latter is manifested by higher lipid and collagen deposition and may lead to the white striping occurrence. The results of this study emphasize the high sensitivity of muscle progenitor cells in the early posthatch period at a time when they are highly active and therefore the importance of rearing broiler chicks under accurate ambient temperatures. From an agricultural point of view, this research clearly demonstrates the immediate and long-term adverse effects on broiler muscling and fat formation due to chronic exposure to hot stress vs. cold temperatures at early age posthatch. These findings will aid in developing management strategies to improve broiler performance in Israel and the USA. BARD Report - Project4592 Page 2 of 29
7
Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, Ann Blechl, and Phillip San Miguel. Validation of a candidate gene for increased grain protein content in wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695857.bard.
Full textAbstract:
High Grain Protein Content (GPC) of wheat is important for improved nutritional value and industrial quality. However, selection for this trait is limited by our poor understanding of the genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain. A gene with a large effect on GPC was detected on the short arm of chromosome 6B in a Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides accession from Israel (DIC, hereafter). During the previous BARD project we constructed a half-million clones Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library of tetraploid wheat including the high GPC allele from DIC and mapped the GPC-B1 locus within a 0.3-cM interval. Our long-term goal is to provide a better understanding of the genes controlling grain protein content in wheat. The specific objectives of the current project were to: (1) complete the positional cloning of the GPC-B1 candidate gene; (2) characterize the allelic variation and (3) expression profile of the candidate gene; and (4) validate this gene by using a transgenic RNAi approach to reduce the GPC transcript levels. To achieve these goals we constructed a 245-kb physical map of the GPC-B1 region. Tetraploid and hexaploid wheat lines carrying this 245-kb DIC segment showed delayed senescence and increased GPC and grain micronutrients. The complete sequencing of this region revealed five genes. A high-resolution genetic map, based on approximately 9,000 gametes and new molecular markers enabled us to delimit the GPC-B1 locus to a 7.4-kb region. Complete linkage of the 7.4-kb region with earlier senescence and increase in GPC, Zn, and Fe concentrations in the grain suggested that GPC-B1 is a single gene with multiple pleiotropic effects. The annotation of this 7.4-kb region identified a single gene, encoding a NAC transcription factor, designated as NAM-B1. Allelic variation studies demonstrated that the ancestral wild wheat allele encodes a functional NAC transcription factor whereas modern wheat varieties carry a non-functional NAM-B1 allele. Quantitative PCR showed that transcript levels for the multiple NAMhomologues were low in flag leaves prior to anthesis, after which their levels increased significantly towards grain maturity. Reduction in RNA levels of the multiple NAMhomologues by RNA interference delayed senescence by over three weeks and reduced wheat grain protein, Zn, and Fe content by over 30%. In the transgenic RNAi plants, residual N, Zn and Fe in the dry leaves was significantly higher than in the control plants, confirming a more efficient nutrient remobilization in the presence of higher levels of GPC. The multiple pleiotropic effects of NAM genes suggest a central role for these genes as transcriptional regulators of multiple processes during leaf senescence, including nutrient remobilization to the developing grain. The cloning of GPC-B1 provides a direct link between the regulation of senescence and nutrient remobilization and an entry point to characterize the genes regulating these two processes. This may contribute to their more efficient manipulation in crops and translate into food with enhanced nutritional value. The characterization of the GPC-B1 gene will have a significant impact on wheat production in many regions of the world and will open the door for the identification of additional genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain.
8
Li, Li, Joseph Burger, Nurit Katzir, Yaakov Tadmor, Ari Schaffer, and Zhangjun Fei. Characterization of the Or regulatory network in melon for carotenoid biofortification in food crops. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594408.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The general goals of the BARD research grant US-4423-11 are to understand how Or regulates carotenoid accumulation and to reveal novel strategies for breeding agricultural crops with enhanced β-carotene level. The original objectives are: 1) to identify the genes and proteins in the Or regulatory network in melon; 2) to genetically and molecularly characterize the candidate genes; and 3) to define genetic and functional allelic variation of these genes in a representative germplasm collection of the C. melo species. Or was found by the US group to causes provitamin A accumulation in chromoplasts in cauliflower. Preliminary genetic study from the Israeli group revealed that the melon Or gene (CmOr) completely co-segregated with fruit flesh color in a segregating mapping population and in a wide melon germplasm collection, which set the stage for the funded research. Major conclusions and achievements include: 1). CmOris proved to be the gene that controls melon fruit flesh color and represents the previously described gflocus in melon. 2). Genetic and molecular analyses of CmOridentify and confirm a single SNP that is responsible for the orange and non-orange phenotypes in melon fruit. 3). Alteration of the evolutionarily conserved arginine in an OR protein to both histidine or alanine greatly enhances its ability to promote carotenoid accumulation. 4). OR promotes massive carotenoid accumulation due to its dual functions in regulating both chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid biosynthesis. 5). A bulk segregant transcriptome (BSRseq) analysis identifies a list of genes associated with the CmOrregulatory network. 6). BSRseq is proved to be an effective approach for gene discovery. 7). Screening of an EMS mutation library identifies a low β mutant, which contains low level of carotenoids due to a mutation in CmOrto produce a truncated form of OR protein. 8). low β exhibits lower germination rate and slow growth under salt stress condition. 9). Postharvest storage of fruit enhances carotenoid accumulation, which is associated with chromoplast development. Our research uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying the Or-regulated high level of carotenoid accumulation via regulating carotenoidbiosynthetic capacity and storage sink strength. The findings provide mechanistic insights into how carotenoid accumulation is controlled in plants. Our research also provides general and reliable molecular markers for melon-breeding programs to select orange varieties, and offers effective genetic tools for pro-vitamin A enrichment in other important crops via the rapidly developed genome editing technology. The newly discovered low β mutant could lead to a better understanding of the Or gene function and its association with stress response, which may explain the high conservation of the Or gene among various plant species.
9
Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, Micha Ron, and Eyal Seroussi. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Determination in Cultured Tilapias. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697106.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Tilapias are among the most important aquaculture commodities worldwide. Commercial production of tilapia is based on monosex culture of males. Current methods for producing all-male fingerlings, including hormone treatments and genetic manipulations, are not entirely reliable, in part because of the genetic complexity of sex determination and sexual differentiation in tilapias. The goals of this project are to map QTL and identify genes regulating sex determination in commonly cultured tilapia species, in order to provide a rational basis for designing reliable genetic approaches for producing all-male fingerlings. The original objectives for this research were: 1) to identify the gene underlying the QTL on LG1 through positional cloning and gene expression analysis; 2) to fine map the QTL on LG 3 and 23; and 3) to characterize the patterns of dominance and epistasis among QTL alleles influencing sex determination. The brain aromatase gene Cyp19b, a possible candidate for the genetic or environmental SD, was mapped to LG7 using our F2 mapping population. This region has not been identified before as affecting SD in tilapias. The QTL affecting SD on LG 1 and 23 have been fine-mapped down to 1 and 4 cM, respectively, but the key regulators for SD have not been found yet. Nevertheless, a very strong association with gender was found on LG23 for marker UNH898. Allele 276 was found almost exclusively in males, and we hypothesized that this allele is a male-associated allele (MAA). Mating of males homozygous for MAA with normal females is underway for production of all-male populations. The first progeny reaching size allowing accurate sexing had 43 males and no females. During the course of the project it became apparent that in order to achieve those objectives there is a need to develop genomic infrastructures that were lacking. Efforts have been devoted to the development of genomic resources: a database consisting of nearly 117k ESTs representing 16 tissues from tilapia were obtained; a web tool based on the RepeatMasker software was designed to assist tilapia genomics; collaboration has been established with a sequencing company to sequence the tilapia genome; steps have been taken toward constructing a microarray to enable comparative analysis of the entire transcriptome that is required in order to detect genes that are differentially expressed between genders in early developmental stages. Genomic resources developed will be invaluable for studies of cichlid physiology, evolution and development, and will hopefully lead to identification of the key regulators of SD. Thus, they will have both scientific and agricultural implications in the coming years.
10
Idris, Iffat. Conditions for Elections to Succeed in Reducing Conflict and Instability. Institute of Development Studies, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.124.
Full textAbstract:
Post-conflict elections can pave the way for democratisation and peacebuilding, but can also lead to renewed conflict. Minimum conditions for ensuring that elections promote the former and reduce conflict and instability include: peace and demilitarisation; international involvement; not holding post-conflict elections too early; holding national and local elections separately – ideally, local before national; election systems (notably proportional representation) that distribute rather than concentrate power; independent, permanent and well-resourced election management bodies; and media that promote voter education, messaging by parties and candidates, and election transparency. However, it is important to stress that specific criteria needed for successful post-conflict elections will be context-dependent.Post-conflict elections have the potential to establish legitimate government and can pave the way for democratisation and sustained peace. However, because they determine the distribution of power, they can also trigger renewed conflict. The risk of this is exacerbated by the difficult circumstances in which post-conflict elections are typically held (e.g. damaged infrastructure, weak institutions). The challenge is how to achieve the potential benefits while avoiding the risks. What are the conditions or criteria needed to ensure that post-conflict elections do not lead to conflict and instability?This review looks at the conditions needed to ensure that post-conflict election reduce conflict and instability. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature. While there was substantial literature on the various criteria, notably international involvement and election administration, it was largely gender-blind, as well as disability-blind.