Academic literature on the topic 'Leaching fraction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Leaching fraction"
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Guimarães, Miguel J. M., Welson L. Simões, José N. Tabosa, José E. dos Santos, and Lilia Willadino. "Cultivation of forage sorghum varieties irrigated with saline effluent from fish-farming under semiarid conditions." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 5 (May 2016): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n5p461-465.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the cultivation of forage sorghum subjected to different leaching fractions with saline effluent from fish-farming under semiarid conditions. The experiment was set in a randomized block design, with four blocks, in split plots, composed of four leaching fractions (0; 5; 10 and 15%) and three forage sorghum varieties ('Volumax', 'F305' and 'Sudão'). Irrigation was performed using saline effluent from fish farming with electrical conductivity of 2.5 dS m-1. The analyzed variables were: plant height; stem diameter; width, length and number of leaves; fresh and dry matter yield, and relative contents of potassium and sodium in the shoots. Forage sorghum under saline effluent irrigation and leaching fraction of 15% shows a yield increase of 25%, in comparison to sorghum without the leaching fraction. The variety 'Volumax' was more sensitive to salinity than the others, since it showed lower shoot growth and low values of leaf area, fresh matter and dry matter.
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Krzanowski, James E., T. Taylor Eighmy, Bradley S. Crannell, and J. Dykstra Eusden. "An analytical electron microscopy investigation of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 1 (January 1998): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0005.
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Incinerator bottom ash samples have been characterized using analytical electron microscopy (AEM) techniques, including electron diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The samples were first separated by magnetic properties and density. Three resulting fractions were examined: the magnetic, high-density (MHD) fraction, the nonmagnetic/high-density (NMHD) fraction, and the nonmagnetic, low-density (NMLD) fraction. Examination of these samples revealed a variety of submicron microstructural features. For the MHD fraction, metal oxides, iron silicates, aluminum silicates, and calcium phosphate compounds were found in addition to amorphous material. The NMHD fraction contained elements similar to the MHD fraction but had more amorphous material; crystalline silicates were less common. Compounds such as MgO and chloroapatite were also found. The NMLD fraction contained SiO2 and numerous metal oxides. The results of some of these analyses were used to model leaching behavior of the ash. Based on the AEM results, three mineral phases were chosen as candidates for aqueous geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium modeling of pH-dependent leaching: chromite, chloroapatite, and zincite. In two of these three cases (chromite, chloroapatite), the selected mineral phase provided excellent agreement with the experimentally observed leaching behavior. AEM was shown to be a useful tool for elucidating mineralogy of complex environmental samples.
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Ku, Catherine S. M., and David R. Hershey. "255 LEACHING FRACTION, FERTIGATION RATE AND PHOSPHORUS LEACHING FROM POTTED GERANIUM." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 466c—466. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.466c.
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Single-pinched `Yours Truly' geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum) were greenhouse grown in 15-cm diameter pots. They received constant liquid fertigation with a modified Hoagland solution #1 at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 strength. The 1.0 strength Hoagland solution contained 210 mg/L NO3-N and 31 mg/L P. Leaching fractions (LFs) were 0, 0.2 and 0.4. The total P applied via fertigation ranged from 33 mg at 0 LF and 0.25x Hoagland to 407 mg at 0.4 LF and 1.5x Hoagland. The leachate P concentration ranged from <5 mg/L to -60 mg/L. The P concentration in the recently matured leaves was in the acceptable range for all treatments. We were able to recover 90 to 99% of the applied P by analyzing the shoots, soilless medium, and leachate. Only 4% of the recovered P was in the leachate for plants receiving 0.5x Hoagland and a 0.2 LF. However, these plants were equal in yield to plants receiving higher fertigation rates and higher LFs.
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Seniūnaitė, Jurgita, and Saulius Vasarevičius. "Fresh Bottom Ash Characteristics Dependence on Fractional Composition." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 9, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2017.1064.
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Waste incineration process generates two main by-products streams: fly ash and bottom ash. Bottom ash is composed of a variety of oxides, heavy metals and salts. Chemical materials distributed unevenly in different fractions of bottom ash. This study investigates the heavy metals (Pb, Cd) content dependence of bottom ash and fraction composition. Studies were performed with five different fractions (0–2 mm; 2–5.6 mm; 5.6–11.2 mm; 11.2–22,4 mm; 22.4–40 mm) of fresh bottom ash. After a one-step leaching test (distilled water was used as a solvent), was determinate, that highest concentrations of the lead (Pb) (from 0.141 to 0.146 mg/l) are leached from the smallest (0–2 mm 2–5.6 mm) bottom ash fractions particles. Heavy metals concentration in these fractions eluates respectively was 2.83 and 2.91 times higher than the limit value of leaching. The highest concentration of cadmium (4.214 mg/l) was determinate in 0–2 mm fraction bottom ash eluate. concentration of cadmium was 1.40 times higher than the limit value of leaching. It can be concluded that 0–2 mm; 2–5.6 mm fraction bottom ash can’t be used in civil engineering, without pre-treatment (eg. washing or aging).
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Simões, Welson L., Anderson R. de Oliveira, Alessandra M. Salviano, Jucicléia S. da Silva, Marcelo Calgaro, and Miguel J. M. Guimarães. "Efficient irrigation management in sugarcane cultivation in saline soil." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, no. 9 (September 2021): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n9p626-632.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of leaching fraction on the biometric and production characteristics and technological quality of the juice of sugarcane varieties grown in saline soil in the Brazilian semiarid region. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with three repetitions, in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to two sugarcane cultivation cycles: plant cane and ratoon cane; three sugarcane varieties: RB72454, SP943206 and VAT90212; and, three leaching fractions of irrigation water: 0; 9.1; and 16.6%. Number of living leaves, number of internodes, leaf area, stem diameter, plant height, number of tillers, yield, total soluble solids content (°Brix), percentage of industrial fiber, juice purity, juice Pol%, cane Pol% and total recoverable sugar were evaluated. At the end of the two crop cycles, water use efficiency was determined. The varieties SP943206 and VAT90212 showed higher yield under leaching fraction of irrigation water of 9.1% in both cycles, and higher water use efficiency values were observed for the variety VAT90212. Application of leaching fractions to reduce soil salinity does not promote changes in the technological quality of the sugarcane varieties RB72454, SP943206 and VAT90212.
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NOAMAN, MAHER N., and EL-SAYED EL-HADDAD. "Effects of irrigation water salinity and leaching fraction on the growth of six halophyte species." Journal of Agricultural Science 135, no. 3 (November 2000): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699008333.
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A pot experiment was carried out at Nahshala Farm, about 50 km from Al-Ain, UAE, during the 1998/99 growing seasons, using six halophytes: Spartina sp., Distichlis palmeri, Paspalum vaginatum, Juncus roemerianus, Salicornia bigelovii and Batis maritima, under two levels of leaching fraction, 0·25 and 0·50 and three levels of irrigation salinity, 10, 20 and 40 g/l. The objectives of the experiment were twofold: (1) to find out the optimum and threshold of saline water irrigation to keep salinity level down as much as possible in the soil using the leaching fraction technique; and (2) to study the response (growth and biomass production) of some halophytes to different levels of salinity. The experiment was conducted in triplicate with a split-plot design arranged in a randomized complete block. Results indicate that these halophyte species can be grown productively at a leaching fraction between 0·25 and 0·50 when salinity of the irrigation water is less than 20 g/l. At higher salinities, Salicornia bigelovii can grow and yield satisfactorily under these conditions, while the other species may require more frequent irrigation at higher leaching fractions. Some of these tested halophytes may be able to revegetate the salt-affected lands and be a potential source of forage in these harsh habitats. This study supports the idea of seawater agriculture by demonstrating the possibility of using some high salt-tolerant halophytes at relatively higher leaching fraction in order to maintain satisfactory yield production of such halophytes.
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Barreiro Fidalgo, Alexandre, Olivia Roth, Anders Puranen, Lena Z. Evins, Kastriot Spahiu, and Charlotta Askeljung. "Powder Leaching Study for Grain Boundary Inventory of Two High Burnup Fuels." MRS Advances 4, no. 17-18 (2019): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.683.
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ABSTRACTIn the context of safety assessment, the fraction of inventory that is expected to rapidly dissolve when water contacts the spent fuel is called the Instant Release Fraction (IRF). Conceptually, this fraction consists of radionuclides outside of the uranium dioxide matrix and therefore the fraction can be further divided into the radionuclides in the fuel/cladding gap and radionuclides in the grain boundaries. The relative importance of these two fractions is investigated here for two Swedish high burnup fuels through simultaneous grinding and leaching fuel fragments in simplified groundwater for a short period of time. The hypothesis is that this will expose grain boundaries to leaching solution and provide an estimate of the release of the grain boundary inventory upon contact with water. The studied fragments were used in previous leaching experiments and thus pre-washed to remove any pre-oxidized phases. The results showed a significant release of iodine, cesium and rubidium and to a lower extent molybdenum and technetium. The fraction of inventory in the aqueous phase of actinides and lanthanides was 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than for the elements associated to the IRF. Both fuels displayed a very similar behavior and no correlation as a function of burnup or fission gas release was found.
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Lira, Raquele M. de, Leandro C. Gordin, Ênio F. de F. e. Silva, Gerônimo F. da Silva, Daniel da C. Dantas, and José E. F. de Morais. "Leaching of cations in soil cultivated with sugarcane subjected to saline irrigation and leaching fractions." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, no. 9 (September 2018): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n9p616-621.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration of cations in the leachate of soil cultivated with sugarcane irrigated with brackish water. An experiment was carried out in drainage lysimeters at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, at the Recife campus. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates, corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (ECw) (0.5, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 6.5 dS m-1) and two leaching fractions (LF1 = 0 and LF2 = 0.17) corresponding to water depths equivalent to 100 and 120% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), by which the irrigations were managed. Electrical conductivity of the drained water was daily monitored and Na, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in the drainage water were determined at 129, 214, 286 and 324 days after planting (DAP). There were higher salt concentrations in the leachates when leaching fraction LF1 = 0 was used. The use of the 0.17 leaching fraction led to greater dissolution of the salts and may have caused a higher uptake of the essential cations by the crop. Sodium was the most quantitatively leached cation at all collection dates.
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Grismer, M. E. "Leaching fraction, soil salinity, and drainage efficiency." California Agriculture 44, no. 6 (November 1990): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v044n06p24.
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Zhang, Yanhao, Haohan Zhang, Zhibin Zhang, Chengying Liu, Cuizhen Sun, Wen Zhang, and Taha Marhaba. "pH Effect on Heavy Metal Release from a Polluted Sediment." Journal of Chemistry 2018 (August 23, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7597640.
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The performance of Cd, Ni, and Cu release from river sediment at different pH was investigated by a leaching test using deionised water and river water as leachants. Visual MINTEQ geochemical software was used to model the experimental results to predict heavy metal release from sediments. The distribution and speciation of heavy metals in the sediments after leaching test were analyzed by Tessier sequential extraction. Leaching test results showed that the release amounts of Cd, Ni, and Cu are in the range of 10.2–27.3 mg·kg−1, 80.5–140.1 mg·kg−1, and 6.1–30.8 mg·kg−1, respectively, with deionised water as leachant at different pH. As far as the river water was used as the leaching solution in the test, the results show similar metal leaching contents and tendencies to that of the deionised water as leaching solution. The results of Tessier sequential extraction indicate that Cd of residual fraction easily forms obvious precipitate under the acidic condition, especially in the range of pH 0–4 with the residual of Cd over 50% of the total Cd in the sediment. The exchangeable content of Ni decreases with the increase of pH under the range of 0–5. The Fe-Mn oxide fraction of Cu in the sediments changes significantly from pH 0 to pH 9. Based on the effect of pH on the leaching of Cd, Ni, and Cu from the polluted sediment in the tests, more accurate information could be obtained to assess the risk related to metal release from sediments once it is exposed to the changed acid/alkali water conditions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Leaching fraction"
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Dogan, Evrim. "Organic Acid Production From The Organic Fraction Of Municipal Solid Waste In Leaching Bed Reactors." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608043/index.pdf.
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This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of high-rate anaerobic digestion of high-solids organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) for the production of organic acids and alcohols in leaching bed reactors (LBRs). For this purpose, two different experimental set-ups, namely Set-1 and Set-2, were operated. In the Set-1, only OFMSW without paper was studied in two identical LBRs, whereas, four identical LBRs, fed with OFMSW with paper and cow manure in different proportions, were operated in the Set-2.
In this study, 50-60% of hydrolysis efficiency was achieved in the LBRs of Set-1, whereas this value was decreased to 20-25% in the LBRs of Set-2which was resulted from OFMSW containing cellulose and less volume of water addition in the Set-2. The mass of total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) production was found as 7000-9000 mg at the end of 80 days in the LBRs of Set-1, fed with OFMSW without paper, whereas it was 3000 mg at the end of 40 days in the LBR of Set-2, containing only OFMSW with paper. It was also observed that cow manure addition increased the amount of tVFA production in the LBR of Set-2. In conclusion, LBRs were found as alternative reactors for the degradation of OFMSW compared to completely stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in terms of rapid hydrolysis and acidification, which can result in high hydrolysis yield and tVFA production.
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Ahmed, Mohammad Faruque. "Simulating and assessing salinisation in the lower Namoi Valley." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/811.
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Dryland salinity is increasing in the upper catchments of central and northern New South Wales, Australia. Consequently, salts may be exported downstream, which could adversely affect cotton irrigated-farming systems. In order to assess the potential threat of salinity a simple salt balance model based on progressively saline water (i.e., ECiw 0.4, 1.5, 4.0 and 9.0 dS/m) was used to simulate the potential impact of salinisation due to the farming systems. The study was carried out in the lower Namoi valley of northern New South Wales, Australia. A comparison has been made of the various non-linear techniques (indicator kriging, multiple indicator kriging and disjunctive kriging) to determine an optimal simulation method for the risk assessment. The simulation results indicate that potential salinisation due to application of the water currently used for irrigation (ECiw) is minimal and may not pose any problems to sustainability of irrigated agriculture. The same results were obtained by simulation based on irrigation using slightly more saline water (ECiw 1.4 dS/m). However, simulations based on irrigation using water of even lower quality (ECiw of 4 and 9.0 dS/m), shows potential high salinisation, which will require management inputs for sustainable cropping systems, especially legumes and wheat, which are used extensively in rotation with cotton. Disjunctive kriging was the best simulation method, as it produced fewer misclassifications in comparison with multiple-indicator kriging and indicator kriging. This study thus demonstrates that we can predict the salinity risk due to application of irrigation water of lower quality than that of the current water used. In addition, the results suggest here problems of excessive deep drainage and inefficient use of water might be a problem. The second part of this thesis deals with soil information required at the field scale for management practices particularly in areas where deep drainage is large. Unfortunately, traditional methods of soil inventory at the field level involve the design and adoption of sampling regimes and laboratory analysis that are time-consuming and costly. Because of this more often than not only limited data are collected. In areas where soil salinity is prevalent, detailed quantitative information for determining its cause is required to prescribe management solutions. This part deals with the description of a Mobile Electromagnetic Sensing System (MESS) and its application in an irrigated-cotton field suspected of exhibiting soil salinity. The field is within the study area of part one of this thesis-located about 2 km south west of Wee Waa. The EM38 and EM31 (ECa) data provide information, which was used in deciding where soil sample sites could be located in the field. The ECa data measured by the EM38 instrument was highly correlated with the effective cation exchange capacity. This relationship can be explained by soil mineralogy. Using different soil chemical properties (i.e. ESP and Ca/Mg ratio) a detailed transect study was undertaken to measure soil salinity adjoining the water storage. It is concluded that the most appropriate management option to remediation of the problem would be to excavate the soil directly beneath the storage floor where leakage is suspected. It is recommended that the dam not be enlarged from its current size owing to the unfavourable soil mineralogy (i.e. kaolin/illite) located in the area where it is located.
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Ahmed, Mohammad Faruque. "Simulating and assessing salinisation in the lower Namoi Valley." University of Sydney. Land Water and Crop Sciences, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/811.
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Dryland salinity is increasing in the upper catchments of central and northern New South Wales, Australia. Consequently, salts may be exported downstream, which could adversely affect cotton irrigated-farming systems. In order to assess the potential threat of salinity a simple salt balance model based on progressively saline water (i.e., ECiw 0.4, 1.5, 4.0 and 9.0 dS/m) was used to simulate the potential impact of salinisation due to the farming systems. The study was carried out in the lower Namoi valley of northern New South Wales, Australia. A comparison has been made of the various non-linear techniques (indicator kriging, multiple indicator kriging and disjunctive kriging) to determine an optimal simulation method for the risk assessment. The simulation results indicate that potential salinisation due to application of the water currently used for irrigation (ECiw) is minimal and may not pose any problems to sustainability of irrigated agriculture. The same results were obtained by simulation based on irrigation using slightly more saline water (ECiw 1.4 dS/m). However, simulations based on irrigation using water of even lower quality (ECiw of 4 and 9.0 dS/m), shows potential high salinisation, which will require management inputs for sustainable cropping systems, especially legumes and wheat, which are used extensively in rotation with cotton. Disjunctive kriging was the best simulation method, as it produced fewer misclassifications in comparison with multiple-indicator kriging and indicator kriging. This study thus demonstrates that we can predict the salinity risk due to application of irrigation water of lower quality than that of the current water used. In addition, the results suggest here problems of excessive deep drainage and inefficient use of water might be a problem. The second part of this thesis deals with soil information required at the field scale for management practices particularly in areas where deep drainage is large. Unfortunately, traditional methods of soil inventory at the field level involve the design and adoption of sampling regimes and laboratory analysis that are time-consuming and costly. Because of this more often than not only limited data are collected. In areas where soil salinity is prevalent, detailed quantitative information for determining its cause is required to prescribe management solutions. This part deals with the description of a Mobile Electromagnetic Sensing System (MESS) and its application in an irrigated-cotton field suspected of exhibiting soil salinity. The field is within the study area of part one of this thesis-located about 2 km south west of Wee Waa. The EM38 and EM31 (ECa) data provide information, which was used in deciding where soil sample sites could be located in the field. The ECa data measured by the EM38 instrument was highly correlated with the effective cation exchange capacity. This relationship can be explained by soil mineralogy. Using different soil chemical properties (i.e. ESP and Ca/Mg ratio) a detailed transect study was undertaken to measure soil salinity adjoining the water storage. It is concluded that the most appropriate management option to remediation of the problem would be to excavate the soil directly beneath the storage floor where leakage is suspected. It is recommended that the dam not be enlarged from its current size owing to the unfavourable soil mineralogy (i.e. kaolin/illite) located in the area where it is located.
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Pourfathali, Kasmaei Leila. "Long Term Environmental Modelling of Soil-Water-Plant Exposed to Saline Water." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99344.
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The impact of long term management strategies of irrigation with saline water in semi-arid region of Gordonia, South Africa is the highest interest to optimize water consumption, soil conservation, and crop yield for sustainable water allocations to human food production and ecosystem without irreversible damages to soil and water body. An integrated ecosystem assimilation, in shape of soil-water storage model based on physical approach for 30-year simulation run defined in form of digital ecosystem modelling with help of CoupModel tool to assemble together the most important underlying processes of soil hydraulics, irrigation demands, leaching fraction, evapotranspiration, salt transport. Two scenarios of water management strategy; surface as traditional and drip as subsurface irrigation considered to apply water and salt into the ecosystem model. Gaining high food production for human with respect to ecosystem sustainability, in each water management scenario studied by evaluating general and detailed result from water and salt balance for the entire simulation period plus long term nitrogen and carbon turnover as crop yield indicator. Non-productive water losses, salt accumulation in root zone, carbon and nitrogen turnover, salt transport to aquifer via deep percolation observed thoroughly. Decline in crop yield due to water and salt stress, conducted by monitoring biomass production with respect to water consumption and soil osmotic pressure in root zone. Drip scenario had better functionality to perform less water wastage by decreasing soil evaporation as non-productive water loss almost 40 %, however productive water consumption decreased 20 % due to insufficient leaching fraction and also salt accumulation increased in root zone. Precipitation had a significant role to accomplish leaching deficiency and removing salt from root zone. Salt accumulation flushed out from root zone by more leaching, though resulting more water wastage and more possibility of salinization threatening beneath aquifer. Ecosystem in terms of soil-water and plant responding differently facing salinity in different water management practices and salt as source of pollution could either stabilized in soil by accumulating in root zone causing anthropogenic soil desertification or percolate to beneath aquifer resulting aquifer salinization.
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Bezerra, Ricardo de Sousa. "Manejo da fertirrigação na produção de minitomate em ambiente protegido." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5287.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The application of high level of fertilization and inappropriate irrigation management in substrate cultivation tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) causes salinity in cultivation environmental, imbalance nutritional and physiological disorders in plants, which normally leads to decrease yield and cause economic losses. The aim of this study was to test the effect of different fertigation techniques controlled by an automatic irrigation system, consisting of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and Irrigas® sensors, on growth and yield of tomato plants in greenhouses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the experimental area of the Agronomy School of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG), in Goiânia, GO, Brazil, from May 23 to September 26, 2014. It was used Mascot F1 hybrid that is a mini tomato type grape. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five blocks and four replications in block. The experimental unit was one plant. The treatments consisted of four forms of fertigation management, as follows: a) Treatment 1 - fertigation with application of 20% leaching fraction; b) Treatment 2 - fertigation throughout the day and application of water with 20% leaching fraction at the end of the day; Treatment 3 - initial application of water leaching fraction of 20% followed by fertigation; Treatment 4 - fertigation using the nutrient solution reuse with application of 20% leaching fraction. We evaluated the electrical conductivity (EC) of the leached solution; the nutrient content in the dry matter of leaves; height and diameter of the stalk; number of bunchs; total yield and marketable fruit yield; the fruit quality was evaluated by size, color, total titratable acidity, soluble solids content and texture of fruits. To evaluate the automation system was done operation tests and also an cost analysis to construction of the fertigation control system. The differents forms of fertigation not influence the vegetative growth of tomato; the use of standard nutrient solution with 20% leaching fraction (treatment 1) and the reuse of the leached solution, also with 20% leaching fraction (treatment 2), provided the largest marketable production (1616.85 g plant-1 and 1401.90 g plant-1), fruit production with higher soluble solids (5.82 and 5.65 ° Brix, respectively), and increase blossom end rot in minitomato; it is possible reuse the nutrient solution drained of pots if the EC of solution were adjusted daily; the fertigation control system works fine and presents low cost compared to comercial system control of fertigation.
O uso de elevadas doses de adubação e o manejo inadequado da irrigação no cultivo do tomateiro (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) em vasos causam, além da salinidade no ambiente de cultivo, desequilíbrio nutricional e desordens fisiológicas nas plantas, provocando normalmente redução de produtividade e prejuízos econômicos aos produtores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes técnicas de fertirrigação sobre o desenvolvimento e produção do tomateiro cultivado em ambiente protegido e avaliar o sistema automático de fertirrigação utilizado. O experimento foi conduzido dentro de uma casa-de-vegetação na área experimental da Escola de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, em Goiânia-GO, no período de 23/05 a 26/09/2014. Cultivou-se minitomates do tipo grape, híbrido Mascot F1. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos completos casualizados, com cinco blocos e quatro repetições por bloco. Cada planta representava uma parcela. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro formas de manejo da fertirrigação, sendo: a) Tratamento 1 - fertirrigação com aplicação de fração de lixiviação de 20%; b) Tratamento 2 – fertirrigação ao longo do dia e aplicação de água com fração de lixiviação de 20% no final do dia; Tratamento 3 - aplicação inicial de água com fração de lixiviação de 20% seguida de fertirrigação; Tratamento 4 - fertirrigação usando a solução nutritiva de reuso com aplicação de fração de lixiviação de 20%. Avaliaram-se a condutividade elétrica da solução percolada; o teor de nutrientes na matéria seca das folhas; altura e diâmetro da haste; número de cachos; produção total e comercial; e atributos de qualidade de frutos, como tamanho, coloração, acidez total titulável, teor de sólidos solúveis e textura. Para avaliação do sistema de automação, realizaram-se testes do funcionamento e a análise de custo para a sua aquisição e montagem. Os diferentes manejos de fertirrigação testados não influenciam o desenvolvimento vegetativo do tomateiro; o uso da solução nutritiva padrão com fração de lixiviação de 20% (tratamento 1) e o reuso da solução percolada, também com fração de lixiviação de 20% (tratamento 4), proporcionam maior produção comercial (1616,85 g planta-1 e 1401,90 g planta-1), maior teor de sólidos solúveis (5,82 e 5,65 ºBrix, respectivamente) e maior incidência de podridão apical nos frutos de minitomates; é possível reutilizar a solução nutritiva no cultivo em substrato do tomateiro corrigindo-se diariamente a condutividade elétrica da solução; o sistema de controle das fertirrigações não apresenta problemas de mau funcionamento e ainda apresenta baixo custo quando comparado aos controladores comerciais.
Book chapters on the topic "Leaching fraction"
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Suzuki, Shoji, and Masahiko Katoh. "Relationship Between Arsenic Phases and Leaching in Excavated Mudstone After Removal of Leachable Fraction." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 676–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2221-1_75.
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Franzen, David W., Keith Goulding, Antonio P. Mallarino, and Michael J. Bell. "How Closely Is Potassium Mass Balance Related to Soil Test Changes?" In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops, 263–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_10.
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AbstractThe exchangeable fraction of soil potassium (K) has been viewed as the most important source of plant-available K, with other sources playing smaller roles that do not influence the predictive value of a soil test. Thus, as K mass balance changes, the soil test should change correspondingly to be associated with greater or reduced plant availability. However, soil test changes and the availability of K to plants are influenced by many other factors. This chapter reviews research on soil test K changes and the relation to crop uptake and yield. A mass-balance relationship is rarely achieved from the measurement of exchangeable K because of the potential for buffering of K removal from structural K in feldspars and from interlayer K in primary and secondary layer silicates. Similarly, surplus K additions can be fixed in interlayer positions in secondary layer silicates, or potentially sequestered in sparingly soluble neoformed secondary minerals, neither of which is measured as exchangeable K. In addition, soil moisture, temporal differences in exchangeable K with K uptake by crops, K leaching from residues, clay type, organic matter contribution to the soil CEC, and type of K amendment confound attempts to relate K additions and losses with an exchangeable K soil test. Research is needed to create regionally specific K soil test procedures that can predict crop response for a subset of clays and K-bearing minerals within specific cropping systems.
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Chernyaev, A., J. Partinen, and M. Lundström. "The Effect of Cu, Al and Fe Impurities on Leaching Efficiency of Two Lithium-Ion Battery Waste Fractions." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 133–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65647-8_11.
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Tinker, Peter B., and Peter Nye. "Solute Interchange between Solid, Liquid, and Gas Phases in the Soil." In Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124927.003.0007.
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We noted in chapter 1 that the concentration of solute in the soil solution is buffered by solute adsorbed on the soil surfaces. We also show in chapter 4 that the overall mobility of ions is related to their amounts and mobilities in the solid and solution. In this chapter, we focus on the soil solution concentration, primarily to show how the factors controlling it can be incorporated in models of the growth of crops and the leaching of nutrients or pollutants, such as those described in chapters 10 and 11. We examine the general principles governing the interchange of solutes between all phases in the soil, dealing first with inorganic ions, especially plant nutrients and heavy metals; and later with organic solutes, including biocides, which may also occur in the vapour phase. We also consider the reactions between metal ions and other organic or inorganic ions in solution to form complexes, such as CuOH+. The method of displacing the pore solution from a column of soil with ethanol, introduced by Ischtscherikow (1907), has been examined by Moss (1963, 1969). He found, in accord with theory (section 3.1.3), that the activity ratios (K)/(Ca + Mg)1/2 and (K)/(Ca)1/2 determined in the displaced solutions remained constant over considerable changes in soil moisture level to the point of saturation. He also found that the activity ratio (K)/(Ca + Mg)1/2 in the extracts from a wide range of soils agreed well with the activity ratio determined by the null point method of Beckett & Craig (1964). In this method, the soil is shaken with dilute CaCl2 solution containing graded amounts of potassium, and the activity ratio at which the soil does not gain or lose potassium to the solution is determined. Ethanol appears to displace solution from the fine as well as the coarse pores, and successive fractions, devoid of alcohol, have the same composition. For small samples of soil, it is more convenient to add a heavy liquid that is immiscible with water, and extract the solution by centrifuging (Kinniburgh & Miles 1983). Suction methods are useful for following changes in composition of moist soils. They should be used with care since they change the pressure of CO2 and hence the concentration of the bicarbonate ion.
Conference papers on the topic "Leaching fraction"
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Plecas, Ilija, and Slavko Dimovic. "Curing Time Effect on the Fraction of 137Cs From Cement-Ion Exchange Resins-Bentonite Clay Composition." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7013.
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To assess the safety of disposal of radioactive waste material in cement, curing conditions and time of leaching radionuclides 137Cs have been studied. Leaching tests in cement-ion exchange resins-bentonite matrix, were carried out in accordance with a method recommended by IAEA. Curing conditions and curing time prior to commencing the leaching test are critically important in leach studies since the extent of hydration of the cement materials determines how much hydration product develops and whether it is available to block the pore network, thereby reducing leaching. Incremental leaching rates Rn (cm/d) of 137Cs from cement-ion exchange resins-bentonite matrix after 180 days were measured. The results presented in this paper are examples of results obtained in a 20-year concrete testing project which will influence the design of the engineer trenches system for future central Serbian radioactive waste storing center.
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Plecas, Ilija, and Slavko Dimovic. "Curing Time Effect on the Fraction of 137CS From Immobilized Radioactive Evaporator Sludge by Cement." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16329.
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Traditional methods of processing evaporator concentrates from NPP are evaporation and cementation. These methods allow to transform a liquid radioactive waste into a more inert form, suitable for a final disposal. To assess the safety for disposal of radioactive mortar-waste composition, the leaching of 137Cs from immobilized radioactive evaporator concentrate into a surrounding fluid has been studied. Leaching tests were carried out in accordance with a method recommended by IAEA. Curing conditions and curing time prior to commencing the leaching test are critically important in leach studies since the extent of hydration of the cement materials determines how much hydration product develops and whether it is available to block the pore network, thereby reducing leaching. Incremental leaching rates Rn(cm/d) of 137Cs from evaporator concentrates after 180 days were measured. The results presented in this paper are examples of results obtained in a 20-year concrete testing project which will influence the design of the engineer trenches system for future central Serbian radioactive waste storing center.
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Plecas, Ilija, Slavko Dimovic, and Radojica Pesic. "Curing Time Effect on the Fraction of 137Cs From Immobilized Radioactive Evaporator Sludge by Portland Cement." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59006.
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Traditional methods of processing evaporator concentrates from Nuclear Power Plants are evaporation and cementation. These methods allow transforming a liquid radioactive waste into a more inert form, suitable for a final disposal. To assess the safety for disposal of radioactive mortar-waste composition, the leaching of 137Cs from immobilized radioactive evaporator concentrate into a surrounding fluid has been studied. Leaching tests were carried out in accordance with a method recommended by IAEA. Curing conditions and curing time prior to commencing the leaching test are critically important in leach studies since the extent of hydration of the cement materials determines how much hydration product develops and whether it is available to block the pore network, thereby reducing leaching. Incremental leaching rates Rn (cm/d) of 137Cs from evaporator concentrates after 1825 days were measured. The results presented in this paper are examples of results obtained in a 30-year concrete testing project which will influence the design of the engineer trenches system for future central Serbian radioactive waste storing center.
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Yan, Xiaojun, Xiliang Guo, Kai Gao, Xiaobin Guo, and Yahui Xi. "Study on Improvement of Cement Curing Formula of Wet Radioactive Waste." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92404.
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Abstract In original cement curing formula, curing base material adopts the cement from the specific manufacturer. This increases the difficulty and cost of material procurement and storage in different nuclear power plants, and further leads to the waste of materials. In addition, the leaching resistance of the original formula is poor, and the cumulative leaching fraction of 137Cs is close to the values specified by the national standard. In order to make the practical work more convenient and the disposal of radioactive cement waste safer, the formulation should be improved. In this work, the cement plants around nuclear power plant were investigated, and the cement was selected as the raw material based on the requirements of the nuclear power cement solidifying formula. The coagulant calcium chloride was added to the formula to improve the delay of the concentrated solution formula. Molecular sieve was added to improve the leaching resistance of the original formula. After adjusting the proportion and composition of the formula, inclusion rate of concentrate and the waste inclusion rate for the new formula increased from 51% to 56% and from 35% to 45%, separately. Meanwhile, the compressive strength of cement waste was enhanced up to 10%. The formulation cost reduced, as calculated of the wet waste generated by two megawatt units, the solidified waste disposal cost could be saved as 2.2 million RMB per year. The ability of resisting leaching radionuclides was improved. Specifically, compared with the original formula, the leaching rate and cumulative leaching fraction of 137Cs in the concentrated solution formula was reduced by 25.77% and 56.91%, respectively. In addition, compared with the original formula, the leaching rate and cumulative leaching fraction of 137Cs in the resin formula was reduced by 82.80% and 82.31%, respectively.
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Marin, Nicoleta Mirela, Marius Simion, and Luoana Florentina Pascu. "ASSESSMENT OF METALLIC MOBILE FRACTION BIOAVAILABLE FROM DIFFERENT SEWAGE SLUDGE SAMPLES USING LEACHING TEST." In International Symposium "The Environment and the Industry". National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2016.0015.
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Burlakovs, Juris, Jovita Pilecka-Ulcugaceva, Inga Grinfelde, Kristaps Siltumens, and Zane Vincevica-Gaile. "POTENTIOMETRICAL SCREENING OF LANDFILL MINED FINE FRACTION OF WASTE." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s04.057.
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Landfill and dump remediation and waste recovery are often needed as circular economy approach is more and more demanding. Complicated solutions are needed to conserve the landfill space as well as overall reduction of the amount of landfilled material is not an easy task because of the different content of contaminants. Primitive soil excavating and transporting to hazardous waste landfills is not the best solution anymore. Series of experiments using landfill mined fine fraction of waste considering complex forming stability of contained copper and lead were performed. Experiments have shown that stability constants overall are enough convincing that inert fine fraction of waste with added soil of various percentage amounts are appropriate for stabilizing the heavy metals. Cation exchange capacity, selective ion electrode potentiometry and extraction experimental procedures were used in order to calculate stability values and determine free exchange cations of Pb and Cu. The fine fraction of waste combined with soil organics are stabilizing Pb and Cu meaning these will not be leaching out from the dumpsite if material is used as biocover.
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Ahmed Al-Busaidi and Tahei Yamamoto. "Combined Effect of Leaching Fraction and Salinity on Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Growth and Salt Distribution." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20677.
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Khan, Mariam, Mohammad Al ghouti, Mustafa Nasser, Khalid Al Kuwari, and Oon Heng. "A study comparing Conventional Heating and Microwave Assistance Heating to Recover Metals from Municipal Solid Waste using Microwave-Assisted Leaching Technique." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0027.
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This study investigates and compares microwave-heating radiation with conventional heating. Incinerated municipal solid waste (IMSW) bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) was utilized to recover various metals including Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn,Pb, Al, Cd, Ba, Mg and V using various acid leaching agents i.e. HCl, HNO3 and H3PO4 were utilized and several parameters were altered in order to determine the most effective conditions. The current study concluded that microwave assisted leaching method is effective to recover most of the metals. In addtion, metals from MSWBA were much easier to recover in contrast with MSW-FA. 71% of Co, 75.69% of Cr, 56.19% of Cd, 35.23% of Ba and 30.2% of Pb, using 2M of HCl and 3M of H3PO4. While 1.48% of Cr, 0.93% of Fe, 1.19% of Mn, and 1.18% of Al were extracted using HCL and H3PO4 from MSWFA. It was also confirmed that higher power and longer contact time had a positive effect on metal recovery. From cost analysis point of view, microwave assisted leaching was fraction of the cost for conventional heating, making this method comparatively sustainable, energy efficient and safe.
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Burlakovs, Juris, Jovita Pilecka, Inga Grinfelde, Lauris Arbidans, Dace Arina, and Roy Hendroko Setyobudi. "Sustainable landfill fine fraction of waste reuse opportunities covering layer development." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.043.
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Resources are lost in dumps from the time civilization knows itself. Solid waste handling through ‘zero waste’ concept is important for disposed waste reuse/recycling. The challenge for future is landfill mining (LFM) – one of the approaches dealing with that approach. We can think of recycling of valuable components such as plastic, metals and even rare soil elements if we have the right technology. Fine fraction of waste derived from excavated, separated and screened waste is also a perspective of circular economy as this inert fraction may serve as methane degradation layer for covering the old as well as new landfills. It may reduce harmful CH4 emissions and diminish the raw material use for closure of dumping sites. The aim of this study is to give an outlook on opportunities and describe other benefits for circular economy from innovative construction technology of cover layer. Rejected material may contain up to 40–60% of dump site/landfill mass and we may have interest in: 1) estimation of fine fraction of waste as functional construction material; 2) watching environmental effects – possible leaching and emissions; 3) keeping dumpsite revitalization as the master plan idea. First studies revealed the potential of fine fraction of dumpsite material for sustainable covering layer development. This study is supported by the project No.1.1.1.2/VIAA/3/19/531 ‘Innovative technologies for stabilization of landfills – diminishing environmental impact and resources potential in frames of circular economy'.
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Kim, In-Tae, Hwan-Seo Park, Yong-Zun Cho, Kwang-Wook Kim, Seong-Won Park, and Eung-Ho Kim. "Characteristics of Solidified Products Containing Radioactive Molten Salt Waste." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7303.
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For a treatment of molten salt wastes generated from a pyroprocessing of oxide spent fuel, we had suggested a stable chemical route, named GRSS (Gel-Route Stabilization & Solidification), and a subsequent consolidation method. By using this method, a series of monolithic wasteforms with different conditions were fabricated, and then their physicochemical properties were investigated. A simulated salt containing 90wt% LiCl, 6.8wt% CsCl, and 3.2wt% SrCl2 was treated with a gel-forming material system, Si/Al/P = 0.4/0.4/0.2 and 0.35/0.35/0.3, and the gel-products were treated at 1100C° after mixing with borosilicate glass powder, where the salt loadings were about 16∼20wt%. The solidified products had a density of 2.3∼2.35g/cm3, a micro-hardness of 4.69∼4.72GPa, a glass transition temperature of 528∼537C°, and a thermal expansion coefficient of 1.65×10−7∼3.38×10−5/C°. Leaching results by the PCT-A method revealed leached rates, 10−3∼10−2g/m2day and 10−4∼10−3g/m2day for Cs and Sr, respectively. From the long-term ISO leaching test, the 900day-leached fraction of Cs and Sr predicted by a semi-empirical model were 0.89% and 0.39%. The leaching behaviors indicated that Cs would be immobilized into a Si-rich phase while Sr would be in a P-rich phase. The experimental results revealed that the GRSS method could be an alternative method for a solidification of radioactive molten salt wastes.
Reports on the topic "Leaching fraction"
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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.
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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.