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Mizutani, Teruyoshi, Kenta Shinmura, Kazue Kaneko, Tatsuo Mori, Mitsugu Ishioka, and Tatsuya Nagata. "Space Charge Behavior near LDPE / LDPE Interface." IEEE, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7162.
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Cömert, Engin. "Utvärdering av karboniserad LDPE som egenskapsförbättrande tillsats i nya LDPE-filmer." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240303.
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Tidigare forskning har visat att med hjälp av en speciell mikrovågsugn så kan man omvandla lågdensitetspolyeten (LDPE) till kemikalier med högre värde [1]. Ett försök på att omvandla plastavfall (LDPE) till en produkt med högre värde kommer att göras i detta projekt. Att kunna återvinna plast är en fråga som under de senaste åren har växt och fortsätter växa, i dagsläget så finns det ett intresse att kunna producera nya produkter från återvunnet material [2]. Eftersom plaster succesivt förlorar sina egenskaper varje gång de värms upp så är det ofta enklare för ett företag att skapa och använda ny plast. Plast som kan ha förlorat sina mekaniska egenskaper eller eventuellt har förorenats är inte något som efterfrågas [3] [4]. Kolprickar är ett slags nanomaterial som har fascinerande egenskaper och som börjats forska mer och mer om under de senaste 10 åren. Under detta projekt kommer det stora fokus ligga på om man kan tillverka denna typ av partiklar genom karbonisering av LDPE och hur tillsats av denna typ av partiklar påverkar de mekaniska egenskaperna hos nya LDPE produkter [5]. Under detta projekt användes en speciell mikrovågsugn för karbonisering av polyeten, genom användning av mikrovågsugnen med salpetersyra och saltsyra som katalysatorer så kunde man syntetisera fram dispergerade partiklar (DP) och fasta partiklar (FP) från LDPE. Dispergerade partiklarnas och fasta partiklarnas strukturella egenskaper analyserades genom användning av FT-IR och XRD. Analys av partikelstorlek för dispergerade partiklarna gjordes genom DLS och morfologi undersöktes med SEM. I detta projekt visades det att man hade lyckats ändra polyetenets strukturella egenskaper då nya grupper kunde ses på FT-IR och XRD. Partikelstorleken mättes också och man kom fram till att det var grova partiklar som bildades och att de inte var så homogena. Tillverkning av kompositfilmer innehållande dispergerade partiklar och fasta partiklar lyckades man också åstadkomma. Kompositerna bestod av 0,5 vikt-% DP som blandades med 99,5 vikt-% LDPE pulver. En annan komposit gjordes också fast här ökade man viktsprocenten av partiklar till 2,5 vikt-% DP som blandades med 97,5 vikt-% LDPE pulver. Kompositerna innehållande FP skapades genom att blanda 5 vikt-% och 10 vikt-% FP med 95 vikt-% och 90 vikt-% LDPE pulver. Filmernas mekaniska egenskaper analyserades genom dragprovning, resultaten visade sig att dragspänningen för kompositfilmerna innehållande DP gav ett styvare material än filmen med endast LDPE. Kompositfilmerna med FP fick däremot ett mycket högre modulus än dem andra, materialet hade alltså blivit mycket styvare och en stor del av flexibiliteten hade gått förlorad. Slutsatsen man kunde komma fram till var att metoden kan användas för att skapa ett material som är starkare och mer styvt.Previous research has shown that with the assistance of a specially formed microwave oven you can degrade low density polyethylene (LDPE) to chemicals with more value, so this project will try to reform plastic waste (LDPE) to a product with more value. Being able to recycle plastic is a question that has grown these past years and is still growing. As things stand there is an interest in being able to produce plastics that can be recycled. Because plastics lose some of their mechanical properties every time they are heated the companies who produce them find it easier and cheaper to just use new plastic. Therefore, to be able to produce a plastic which does not lose its mechanical properties is something that is being strived for. Carbon dots is a new kind of nanomaterial that has fascinating properties and research on it and its properties has been done during the last 10 years. During this project the main focus will therefore be to evaluate whether LDPE can be carbonized to carbon dot like materials and whether addition of these affects the mechanical properties of new LDPE products. By using the special microwave, the synthesis of carbon dots was successful. In addition, solid particles we gained from LDPE. The structural properties of the carbon dots and solid particles were analysed by using FT-IR, NMR and XRD. There was also an analysis on the particle sizes which was done by using DLS and morphological evaluation which was performed by SEM. The synthesized particles were also put into TGA to evaluate their thermal stability. The synthesis was successful, and you could see a change in the particles structure because new functional groups could be found by using FT-IR, NMR and XRD. The particle size was also measured, and the consensus was that the particles were coarse and not that homogenous. Making of the composites with the carbon dots and solid particles is also something that was successfully done. The composites contained 0.5 wt-% of synthesized carbon dots and 99.5 wt-% of LDPE powder and another one where 2.5 wt-% of synthesized carbon dots was mixed with 97.5 wt-% of LDPE powder. The solid particle composites were created by mixing 5 wt-% and 10 wt-% solid particles mixed with 95 wt-% and 90 wt-% of LDPE powder. The mechanical properties were analysed with a tensile testing machine, the result that was retrieved from the machine was that the films made of the composites with DP gave a stiffer material than the film made only by LDPE. The composite films with FP gave a much higher modulus than the other films made by addition of DP. The results show that the films with FP were also a lot stiffer than the film with only LDPE. The conclusion is that you can use this method to create a material that is stronger and stiffer.
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Steffl, Thomas. "Rheological and film blowing properties of various low density polyethylenes and their blends." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972028625.
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Riess, Katrin. "Plasmamodifizierung von Polyethylen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961745886.
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Andersen, Bistra. "Investigations on environmental stress cracking resistance of LDPE/EVA blends." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972520481.
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Olyveira, Gabriel Molina de. "Preparação e caracterização de nanocompósitos de LDPE e LDPE/EVA com partículas de Ag/TIO2 para aplicações antimicrobiais." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/854.
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This study investigated the use of a charger inorganic (titanium dioxide) as a support for silver nanoparticles and evaluated the use of material obtained as filler in polymer for antimicrobial application.Silver nanoparticles-titanium dioxide were synthesized by the reduction method developed by Turkevich, also known as a method of citrate. Therefore, we used three different types of titanium dioxide in the colloidal synthesis and found that nanometer titanium dioxide showed better results for the deposition of silver nanoparticles. Silver Nitrate was reduced by sodium citrate with and without the presence of a surfactant (PVP-Polyvinylpyrrolidone) resulting in a stable suspension of nanoparticles of silver / titanium dioxide. We also tested NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide) to prevent the growth of nanoparticles during the reaction. Nanocomposite of LDPE and LDPE / EVA were produced by mixing in the molten state with the Ag nanoparticles-titanium dioxide resulting from the colloidal synthesis. By assessing the rheological, thermal and morphological analysis we found that compared with nanocomposite LDPE / EVA, LDPE nanocomposite showed better results with regard to dispersion of the charges, but nanocomposite LDPE / EVA showed better results in antimicrobial assays due to the polar nature the grouping of EVA able to bind more easily to inorganic fillers.
Neste trabalho foi estudada a utilização de um carregador inorgânico (dióxido de titânio) como suporte para as nanopartículas de prata e avaliado o uso do material obtido como carga em polímeros para aplicação antimicrobial. Nanopartículas de prata-dióxido de titânio foram sintetizadas pelo método de redução desenvolvido por Turkevich, também conhecido como método do citrato. Para tanto foram utilizados 3 diferentes tipos de dióxido de titânio na síntese coloidal e verificou-se que os dióxidos de titânio na forma nanométrica apresentaram melhores resultados quanto a deposição das nanopartículas de prata. O Sal de Prata (Nitrato de Prata) foi reduzido pelo citrato de sódio sem e com a presença de um surfactante (PVP- Polivinilpirrolidona) resultando numa suspensão estabilizada de nanopartículas de prata / dióxido de titânio. Foi testado também a presença de um agente moderador da reação, NH4OH (hidróxido de amônia), para evitar o crescimento das nanopartículas durante a reação. Os nanocompósitos de LDPE e LDPE/EVA foram produzidos através da mistura no estado fundido com as nanopartículas de Ag- dióxido de titânio resultantes da síntese coloidal. Através das análises reológicas, térmicas e morfológicas constatou-se que em comparação com o nanocompósito LDPE/EVA, o nanocompósito com LDPE apresentou resultados melhores quanto a dispersão das cargas, porém o nanocompósito LDPE/EVA apresentou melhores resultados nos ensaios antimicrobiais devido a natureza polar do grupamento do EVA capaz de se ligar mais facilmente às cargas inorgânicas.
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Hendry, Benjamin H. "Evaluation of post-residential LDPE recycling in Georgia." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28817.
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Chalapati, Sachin. "Toluene Mediated FCC of LDPE Using Ionic liquids." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17973.
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Polyethylene is one of the most widely used synthetic materials produced by mankind and its accumulation in the biosphere is exceeding at an alarming rate. There are several methods to recycle or remediate the waste polyethene apart from land filling and generation of useful products from the waste is on demand for research and development. Ionic liquids are aggressively replacing several organic compounds due to their robust nature and also have novel properties that allow depolymerization of synthetic materials into simpler short chained paraffins. Initial dissolution of polymer using hot toluene followed by agitated depolymerization using EMIM-Cl (AlCl3) ionic liquid for producing fuel grade high calorie organic molecules might be proven successful. This method uses proton sources like sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid or waters that aid saturation of organic compounds by hydrogen ion exchange. This could be a novel procedure that aims to produce fuel grade products from waste synthetic polymers like polyethene.Program: Master of Science with a Major in Resource recovery – Industrial biotechnology
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Rabie, Allan John. "Blends with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and plastomers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49870.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study describes the design, building and optimization of a fully functional preparative TREF (Prep-TREF) apparatus. This apparatus allows for the fractionation of semicrystalline polyolefins according to the crystallizability of the molecules. Various factors, such as the sample cooling rate and the effect of on-support and off-support crystallization, are investigated. The preparative TREF is used to fractionate a commercial low-density polyethylene (LOPE), two commercially available plastomers (polyethylene-l-octene copolymers), as well as blends of the LOPE and the respective plastomers. It is shown that in each case the samples fractionated by crystallizability. The fractions recovered from the Prep-TREF were characterized by CRYSTAF, OSC and NMR analysis. It is shown how the results of this preparative fractionation allow for a better understanding of the molecular heterogeneity in the LOPE and plastomers. New ways of presenting the data from the preparative fractionation, in terms of 3- dimensional plots, are also investigated. These plots offer a novel way of presenting the molecular heterogeneity in the samples in terms of the molecular crystallizability. These plots highlight features that are difficult to detect in the conventional two-dimensional plots. In conclusion, the influences of various blending ratios of LOPE and plastomer on the morphological and physical properties of the blends, such as haze, clarity, and tear-and impact strength are determined.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was die ontwikkeling en optimisering van 'n ten volle funksionerende TREF. Hierdie tegniek word gebruik om polimeermengsels te fraksioneer deur gebruik te maak van die kristaliseerbaarheid van polimere. Verskeie faktore soos die afkoel spoed en die effect van met en sonder 'n ondersteuning(seesand) vir kristaliseering was ondersoek. Hierna is navorsing gedoen om 'n beter begrip ten opsigte van die meganiese, fisiese en optiese eienskappe van lae-digtheid poliëtileen (LDPE) te ontwikkel. Hierdie LDPE is met die affiniteitsreeks plastomere van die maatskappy, Dow Chemicals, gemeng om tendense in die gefraksioneerde polimere te indentifiseer. Een van Sasol se kommersiële LDPE produkte en twee van Dow Chemicals se plastomere is individueel gefraksioneer. Die mengsel van die twee ongefraksioneerde LDPE en plastomere is nog nooit voorheen op 'n molekulêre basis ondersoek nie. Dit is in hierdie studie gedoen deur van TREF gebruik te maak. Nuwe maniere is ontwikkel om data op 'n nuwe manier voor te stel deur middel van 3 Dimensionele grafieke te skep om resultate voor te stel wat andersins baie moelilik was om voor te stel in een dimensie agv die hoeveelheid data wat geinterpreteer word. Ten slotte is die invloed van die verskillende mengverhoudings van LDPE en plastomere op die morfologiese en fisiese eienskappe soos deursigtigheid, helderheid, skeur- en impaksterkte, ook ondersoek.
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Zhang, Chao, Teruyoshi Mizutani, Kazue Kaneko, Tatsuo Mori, and Mitsugu Ishioka. "Space charge and conduction in LDPE-polypropylene copolymer blends." IEEE, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7163.
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Lee, David Shu Chung 1970. "Rheological characterization of LDPE and PMMA with optical methods." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9963.
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Fries, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Modelling of Fouling Mechanisms in the LDPE Synthesis / Sebastian Fries." Düren : Shaker, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1208599321/34.
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Blok, Achim Arno. "Analytische Modellierung des Spannungszustandes mehrteiliger Querpressverbände im Zylinder von LDPE-Höchstdruckverdichtern /." Aachen : Shaker, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014900331&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Santos, Rita de Cássia dos. "Caracterização vibracional e térmica de blendas de LDPE e m-LLDPE." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46132/tde-06032007-220909/.
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As blendas de polietileno de baixa densidade (LDPE) com o polietileno linear de baixa densidade (LLDPE) são utilizadas comercialmente com o objetivo de melhorar as propriedades finais dos produtos e o seu processamento, minimizar custos de produção tendo, como seu principal segmento, filmes para embalagens. O LLDPE utilizado neste trabalho foi sintetizado a partir do catalisador de metaloceno (m-LLDPE) que foi projetado para oferecer melhores propriedades mecânicas em relação ao LLDPE sintetizado por catalisador Ziegler-Natta. O m-LLDPE quando comparado ao LLDPE (Ziegler-Natta) apresenta resistência ao impacto do dardo quatro vezes maior e resistência ao rasgo de duas a quatro vezes maior, menor temperatura de selagem e melhor processabilidade. O LDPE tem boa processabilidade, oferece grande estabilidade ao balão durante o processo de extrusão por sopro e apresenta boas propriedades ópticas. Este trabalho reúne a caracterização térmica, vibracional e ensaios físico-químicos e mecânicos, do LDPE, m-LLDPE e as blendas de LDPE/m-LLDPE na proporção em massa de 75/25, 50/50 e 25/75. Na caracterização térmica foram utilizadas as técnicas: termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (DTMA). Na caracterização vibracional utilizou-se a espectroscopia fotoacústica no infravermelho (PAS-IR) e espectroscopia Raman. Foi utilizada a técnica de difração de raios-X (WAXD) para complementação dos resultados. Nos ensaios físico-químicos e mecânicos foram avaliadas as propriedades ópticas, rasgo de Elmendorf, propriedades de tração, resistência ao impacto do dardo e resistência da termossoldagem à tração. Por estas técnicas foram avaliadas as características térmicas e estruturais dos polímeros e seu comportamento nas blendas. Pela técnica de DSC foi possível verificar a imiscibilidade destas blendas. As técnicas PAS-IR, Raman e WAXD apresentam perfis espectrais semelhantes não possibilitando distinção entre as blendas de composição diferentes. Os resultados de DSC, PAS-IR e WAXD mostraram que não ocorrem mudanças significativas no grau de cristalinidade das blendas. Os ensaios de brilho 45° e opacidade mostram as boas propriedades ópticas do LDPE e suas blendas. Os ensaios mecânicos mostram que o m-LLDPE e suas blendas apresenta boas propriedades mecânicas e boa soldabilidade. Foi possível determinar a blenda que é melhor indicada para os vários segmentos do mercado de embalagens. As blendas de LDPE/m-LLDPE mais utilizadas pela indústria são as de 25/75 ou 75/25, para diferentes tipos de aplicação.Blends of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) are used commercially to improve the final properties of the products and their process, reduce the production cost having as their main segment packing film. The LLDPE used in this work was synthesized with the metallocene catalyst (m-LLDPE), which was projected to offer better mechanical properties in relation to the LLDPE synthesized by Ziegler-Natta catalyst. The m-LLDPE, when compared to the LLDPE (Ziegler-Natta) present dart impact strength four times stronger and the tearing resistance two to four times bigger, lower sealing temperature and good processability. The LDPE has good processability, offers great estability to the baloon during the process of blown extrusion and shows good optical properties. This work brings together the thermal and vibrational characterization, physical chemistry and mechanical tests, of the LDPE, m-LLDPE and the blends of LDPE/m-LLDPE in a 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 parts by weight. In the thermal characterization several techniques were used: termogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analyser (DTMA). In the vibrational characterization, the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS-IR) and Raman spectroscopy were used. The X-ray diffraction (WAXD) was used to complete the results. The physical chemistry and mechanical tests evaluated optical properties, Elmendorf tearing, tensile strength, dart impact strength, heat sealing strength and hot tack strength. With these techniques the thermal characterization and the polymer structure were evaluated as well as the blend behaviour. Using the DSC technique it was possible to observe that the blends are immiscible. The PAS-IR, Raman and WAXD techniques present spectral profiles not allowing a distinction between the blends with different composition. The results of DSC, PAS-IR and WAXD show that significant changes of crystallization of the blends haven\' t occurred. The gloss 45° and haze show the good optical properties of the LDPE and their blends. The mechanical tests demonstrate the good mechanical properties and soldability of the m-LLDPE and their blends. It was possible to determine the blend that best fit the different segments of the packing market. The most frequently LDPE/m-LLDPE blends used by industry are the 25/75 or 75/25, for different applications.
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Mizutani, Teruyoshi, Kenta Shimnmura, Kazue Kaneko, Tatsuo Mori, Mitsugu Ishioka, and Tatsuya Nagata. "Space Charge Behaviors near the Interface between Different Low-Density Polyethylenes." IEEE, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7176.
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Kaneko, K., H. Semi, T. Mizutani, T. Mori, and M. Ishioka. "Charge Transport and Space Charge Formation in Low-Density Polyethylene." IEEE, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7177.
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INACIO, WILLIAM BUSCHLE ROMARIZ. "EFFECT OF REPROCESSING ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A HDPE/LDPE BLEND." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=34970@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROOs termoplásticos representam a grande maioria dos polímeros empregados hoje em dia e a grande vantagem de sua aplicação é que podem ser reaquecidos e moldados repetidamente. Com a crise do petróleo em 1973, os custos para transformar o petróleo em materiais plásticos se tornaram mais atrativos do que transformá-lo em materiais mais tradicionais. Com isso, os investimentos nas indústrias de transformação cresceram, ao mesmo tempo que a preocupação com o meio ambiente. Devido a facilidade de reprocessar esses materiais a temperaturas moderadas, muitas empresas passaram a reutilizar seus resíduos dentro de seus próprios processos. Neste escopo, esse trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento mecânico do polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e de uma mistura física formada por polietileno de baixa densidade (PEAD) e polietileno de alta densidade, com uma proporção de 80/20, ao serem submetidos a diversos ciclos de processamento. Os materiais estudados foram preparados e doados pela Companhia de Canetas Compactor. Para este estudo, o material sofreu dez etapas de injeção/extrusão. A partir de ensaios de tração foram determinadas as tensões e cargas máximas suportadas, calculando-se em seguida o módulo de elasticidade, alongamento e tenacidade de cada material. A adição do PEAD é responsável por aumentar a resistência e a dureza do material. Do ponto de vista prático, o material reprocessado não apresentou mudanças significativas de performance. Análises por infravermelho mostraram que não há degradação por oxidação ao longo do processo de reciclagem.
Thermoplastics are the most used polymers nowadays on account of being easily reprocessable with high temperatures. During the oil crisis in 1973 the costs of transforming oil into plastic materials became more attractive than turning them into more traditional materials. Furthermore, the investments in transformation industries grew alongside the concern for the environment. Due to the ease of reprocessing these materials a lot of companies started recycling them within their process. In this context, the present study aims to analyze the mechanical behavior of a low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) blend and pure LDPE after 10 cycles of reprocessing. The polymers were donated by Companhia de Canetas Compactor. The materials suffered up to 10 cycles of injection moulding/extrusion. Tensile tests were made to determine the maximum yield stress and maximum load allowed. Afterwards, calculations were made to determine elongation, Young modulus and toughness. The HDPE addition was responsible to raise the materials yield stress and hardness. From a practical point of view the reprocessing didn t affect significantly the materials performance. FTIR analyses didn t detect oxidation through the process.
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Ferri, Dino <1968>. "Correlazioni tra proprietá reologiche, struttura e processabilitá di blend di LLDPE/LDPE." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2396/1/Ferri_Dino_tesi.pdf.
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Polymer blends constitute a valuable way to produce relatively low cost new materials. A still open question concerns the miscibility of polyethylene blends. Deviations from the log-additivity rule of the newtonian viscosity are often taken as a signature of immiscibility of the two components. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the rheological behavior in shear and elongation of five series of LLDPE/LDPE blends whose parent polymers have been chosen with different viscosity and SCB content and length. Synergistic effects have been measured for both zero shear viscosity and melt strength. Both SCB length and viscosity ratio between the components have been found to be key parameters for the miscibility of the pure polymers. In particular the miscibility increases with increasing SCB length and with decreasing the LDPE molecular weight and viscosity.
This rheological behavior has significant effects on the processability window of these blends when the uni or biaxial elongational flows are involved. The film blowing is one of the processes for which the synergistic effects above mentioned can be crucial. Small scale experiments of film blowing performed for one of the series of blends has demonstrated that the positive deviation of the melt strength enlarges the processability window. In particular, the bubble stability was found to improve or disappear when the melt strength of the samples increased.
The blending of LDPE and LLDPE can even reduce undesired melt flow instability phenomena widening, as a consequence, the processability window in extrusion. One of the series of blends has been characterized by means of capillary rheometry in order to allow a careful morphological analysis of the surface of the extruded polymer jets by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with the aim to detect the very early stages of the small scale melt instabilty at low shear rates (sharksin) and to follow its subsequent evolution as long as the shear rate was increased. With this experimental procedure it was possible to evaluate the shear rate ranges corresponding to different flow regions: smooth extrudate surface (absence of instability), sharkskin (small scale instability produced at the capillary exit), stick-slip transition (instability involving the whole capillary wall) and gross melt fracture (i.e. a large scale "upstream" instability originating from the entrance region of the capillary). A quantitative map was finally worked out using which an assessment of the flow type for a given shear rate and blend composition can be predicted.
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Ferri, Dino <1968>. "Correlazioni tra proprietá reologiche, struttura e processabilitá di blend di LLDPE/LDPE." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2396/.
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Polymer blends constitute a valuable way to produce relatively low cost new materials. A still open question concerns the miscibility of polyethylene blends. Deviations from the log-additivity rule of the newtonian viscosity are often taken as a signature of immiscibility of the two components. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the rheological behavior in shear and elongation of five series of LLDPE/LDPE blends whose parent polymers have been chosen with different viscosity and SCB content and length. Synergistic effects have been measured for both zero shear viscosity and melt strength. Both SCB length and viscosity ratio between the components have been found to be key parameters for the miscibility of the pure polymers. In particular the miscibility increases with increasing SCB length and with decreasing the LDPE molecular weight and viscosity.
This rheological behavior has significant effects on the processability window of these blends when the uni or biaxial elongational flows are involved. The film blowing is one of the processes for which the synergistic effects above mentioned can be crucial. Small scale experiments of film blowing performed for one of the series of blends has demonstrated that the positive deviation of the melt strength enlarges the processability window. In particular, the bubble stability was found to improve or disappear when the melt strength of the samples increased.
The blending of LDPE and LLDPE can even reduce undesired melt flow instability phenomena widening, as a consequence, the processability window in extrusion. One of the series of blends has been characterized by means of capillary rheometry in order to allow a careful morphological analysis of the surface of the extruded polymer jets by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with the aim to detect the very early stages of the small scale melt instabilty at low shear rates (sharksin) and to follow its subsequent evolution as long as the shear rate was increased. With this experimental procedure it was possible to evaluate the shear rate ranges corresponding to different flow regions: smooth extrudate surface (absence of instability), sharkskin (small scale instability produced at the capillary exit), stick-slip transition (instability involving the whole capillary wall) and gross melt fracture (i.e. a large scale "upstream" instability originating from the entrance region of the capillary). A quantitative map was finally worked out using which an assessment of the flow type for a given shear rate and blend composition can be predicted.
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Pflug, Kristina Maria [Verfasser]. "Linking Reaction Conditions with Polymer Properties for the LDPE Process / Kristina Maria Pflug." Aachen : Shaker, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1188550616/34.
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Blok, Achim A. [Verfasser]. "Analytische Modellierung des Spannungszustandes mehrteiliger Querpressverbände im Zylinder von LDPE-Höchstdruckverdichtern / Achim A Blok." Aachen : Shaker, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1170529291/34.
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Eckes, David [Verfasser]. "Modelling of the Industrial LDPE-Synthesis for the Tail-End Reactor Technology / David Eckes." Aachen : Shaker, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162794291/34.
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Ruiz, Ilza Aparecida dos Santos. "Adição de EPDM ou anidrido maléico na blenda LDPE/PA6 e suas propriedades finais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-11052009-133033/.
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Em virtude do crescente volume da utilização de embalagens multicamadas na preservação de alimentos, torna-se necessário o estudo visando a reciclagem desses materiais através de seu reaproveitamento como matéria-prima e a transformação em novos produtos ou materiais. Dentre os vários tipos de reciclagem utilizados atualmente, a formação de blendas poliméricas com material descartado apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável, pois se trata de uma atividade moderna que une o desenvolvimento tecnológico e a preservação ambiental. O presente trabalho faz um estudo sobre a reciclagem de resíduos de embalagens multicamadas pós-consumo no setor alimentício para a formação de uma blenda. O filme multicamada composto por poliamida 6 e polietileno de baixa densidade foi previamente moído para obtenção de flocos e a ele foi adicionado primeiramente o aditivo etileno-propileno-dieno monômero e em seguida foi feito uma nova mistura composta apenas de anidrido maléico com filme multicamada na forma de flocos, no intuito de melhorar as propriedades mecânicas das blendas formadas pelo processo da extrusão. Para a verificação dos resultados obtidos foram realizados testes de tração, alongamento e permeabilidade ao gás oxigênio no filme de poliamida 6 e polietileno, e ensaios mecânicos, análises térmicas e microscopia eletrônica de varredura nas blendas obtidas. Também se estudou o efeito da radiação (100 kGy) sobre as propriedades das blendas utilizando-se um acelerador de elétrons.In virtue of the increasing volume of the multilayers packings use in the food preservation, the study for the recycling of these materials through its reverse speed-exploitation as raw material and the transformation in new products or materials becomes necessary. Amongst some types of recycling used currently, the polymers blendes formation with discarded material is presented as a viable alternative, therefore if it deals with a modern activity that joins the technological development and the ambient preservation. The present research, therefore makes a study on the recycling of residues from multilayers packings after-consumes in the nourishing sector for the blend formation. The multilayer film composed by polyamide 6 and polyethylene of low density was previously worn out for flake attainment and it was added first the Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer (EPDM) additive and after that a new composed maleic anhydride mixture was made only with multilayer film in the flake form, in intention to improve the mechanical properties of blendes formed for the process of the drawing. For verification of the results assays had been carried through traction tests, rupture lengthening tests and permeability to the gas oxygen in the film of polyamide 6 and mechanical properties of blendes formed for the process of the drawing. For verification of the results assays had been carried through traction tests, rupture lengthening tests and permeability to the gas oxygen in the film of polyamide 6 and mechanical polyethylene, and assays, thermal analyses and scanning electronic microscopy in the blendes. It was also studied radiation dose (100 kGy) on the blends properties using an electron beam accelerator.
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Sayers, Paul William Charles. "Investigation of the structural changes in LDPE and XLPE induced by high electrical stress." Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigation-of-the-structural-changes-in-ldpe-and-xlpe-induced-by-high-electrical-stress(c94eaa67-4ac2-4021-9f72-6347ca93fe6e).html.
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High voltage electrical cables play an immensely important, although largely unseen, part in the lives of everybody in the world today. They are mostly buried underground and provide trouble free operation for the majority of their operational lives. However, the polymer based insulation that is used for a large number of high voltage cables is subject to long term ageing which can eventually lead to electrical breakdown. This ageing manifests itself as the appearance of tree like structures in the bulk polymer insulator. The growth of a tree frequently starts on the boundary of the polymer at the so-called "polymer-semicon" interface. This thesis is concerned, however, with the changes that must take place in the polymer before the tree is formed. Previous investigations of field induced changes occurring within polymer insulation have involved cutting the polymer to expose the region of interest: this is not a satisfactory as the cutting process can produce changes in the polymer. To avoid this a novel technique was developed whereby the polymer-semicon interface can be exposed without cutting the polymer. The interface region of the polymer in contact with the plane electrode was examined and even though the field in this region is less than at the point, it can be sufficiently large to induce structural change in the polymer, readily detectable by Raman spectroscopy. In studies of both LDPE and XLPE, we find evidence of structural change within the polymer and most significantly of considerable Raman fluorescence which is indicative of defect states in the polymer. The latter becomes modified as the polymer structure approaches electrical failure. The observations reported are set in context by the examination of the work of relevant authors and some conclusions deduced. The evidence supports a model in which the forces induced by the electrical field lead to failure by the mechanisms of local yield, microvoid craze and crack formation commonly invoked for the mechanical fracture of polymeric solids.
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Bulzaga, Stefano. "Studio dell'invecchiamento termico di LDPE utilizzato per i cavi in bassa tensione nelle centrali nucleari." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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I sistemi di sicurezza e controllo delle centrali nucleari fanno affidamento sull’utilizzo di cavi in bassa tensione (I&C cables) i quali nel corso della loro vita operativa sono sottoposti a sollecitazioni di natura diversa. Le alte temperature e gli elevati livelli di radiazione causano infatti la degradazione dell’isolamento, costituito da materiale polimerico.. Per l’analisi del polimero si è scelta una temperatura di invecchiamento termico pari a 90°C, siccome questa risulta essere la tipica temperatura di lavoro dei cavi in bassa tensione all’interno delle centrali nucleari. L’invecchiamento termico è stato condotto in una stufa ad aria ed in una stufa da vuoto in maniera tale da mettere in evidenza le differenze in termini di fenomeni di degradazione ossidativa. L’analisi delle proprietà elettriche del polimero studiato sono state condotte mediante tecniche di spettroscopia dielettrica, la quale permette di determinare grandezze come la permettività immaginaria, correlata alle perdite dielettriche dei cavi.Sono state analizzate inoltre le proprietà meccaniche del LDPE attraverso prove di trazione effettuate con l’UTM (Universal test machine) del Dipartimento “Giacomo Ciamician” di Bologna così da ricavare grandezze come lo sforzo a rottura, il modulo di Young e l’allungamento a rottura in funzione del tempo di invecchiamento. Quest’ultimo, tra le proprietà meccaniche risulta essere uno dei migliori indicatori per la determinazione del grado di invecchiamento. Infine è stata realizzata anche una caratterizzazione chimica attraverso la realizzazione di una spettroscopia infrarossa IR in trasformata di Fourier (FTIR) per l’analisi delle variazioni di concentrazione dei diversi gruppi chimici, ed analisi di Oxidation Induction Time(OIT) per studiare il contributo dell’ossidazione, principale fenomeno di degradazione in ambiente atmosferico.
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Kodavati, Venkata Seshank, and Devi Prasad Buraga. "Study of Numerical Model Parameters and Crack Tip of a Packaging Materials." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13840.
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Packaging industries widely use Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) in manufacturing different types of containers to store the food products. They are difficult to model numerically in order to have similar experimental response. This research deals with the study of numerical material model parameters of continuum LDPE. It is carried out with the help of experiments along with the numerical simulation of LDPE. Study of stress-strain distribution at crack tip and elements close to the tip is carried out in the LDPE material with the pre-existing center crack with varying lengths. By implementing an optimization algorithm and automating the simulation with the help of python code, we obtain a set of parameters. This obtained data for the material can be used directly for numerical simulation in the future without carrying out additional experimental studies. After implementing the optimization algorithm is also validated, against the results that were close to the experimental response.
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Miranda, Gabriela Messias. "Avalia??o do comportamento de degrada??o de Blenda de PEBD com aditivo PEPZYME(TM)." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7767.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was mixed with the PEPZYMETM commercial additive in order to prepare a blend with biodegradation behavior, therefore was added 8% of the commercial additive (PE8), once that the PE is a material of high resistance to degradation. Due to this property, processability and low cost, LDPE is a plastic very used in various applications, mostly in packaging. Beside biodegradation, it is important evaluate your abiotic degradation. For that, it was realized a accelerated aging assay for 1000 h with cycles of 8h of UVA radiation in 60 ?C and cycles of 4 h of condensation in 50 ?C, to evaluate the behavior of this material front weathering. After the pure PE samples (PE0) and with additive were removed to each 200h and characterized, in order to identify the changes in the chemical properties, physical, mechanical, thermal and morphological, caused through the additive effect as well as weathering effect. The results of this study showed that the aging provoke changes in the structural characteristics (insertion of functional groups) and morphological (appearance of microcracks and increase of th roughness), mechanical (increase of the stiffness and loss of plasticity) and thermal (increase of the crystallinity degree and of the range of thermal degradation) properties; being this changes very attractive for the microorganisms when the exposed materials were put in contact with the soil. The presence of the additive in the PE matrix helped in the aging process, once that functional groups were added in the chemical structure of LDPE. The C, H, N contents and carbonyl indexes of the samples were of according with the FTIR spectrums. The C:N ratios of PE8 and PE8/env presented the expected behavior in the literature (decrease of this value) for the occurrence of decomposition process.
Polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) foi misturado com o aditivo comercial PEPZYMETM a fim de preparar uma blenda com comportamento de biodegrada??o, para tanto foi adicionado 8% do aditivo comercial (PE8), uma vez que o PE ? um material de alta resist?ncia a degrada??o. Devido a esta propriedade, processabilidade e seu baixo custo, o PEBD ? um pl?stico muito utilizado em diversas aplica??es, principalmente em embalagens. Al?m da biodegrada??o, ? importante avaliar ? sua degrada??o abi?tica. Para isso foi realizado um ensaio de envelhecimento acelerado durante 1000 h com ciclos de 8 h de radia??o UVA a 60 ?C e de 4 h de condensa??o a 50 ?C, para avaliar o comportamento deste material frente ao intemperismo. Ap?s, as amostras de PE puro (PE0) e com aditivo, foram retiradas a cada 200 h e caracterizadas, a fim de identificar as altera??es nas propriedades qu?micas, f?sicas, mec?nicas, t?rmicas e morfol?gicas, causadas pelo efeito do aditivo bem como pelo efeito do intemperismo. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que o envelhecimento provoca altera??es nas caracter?sticas estruturais (inser??o de grupos funcionais) e nas propriedades morfol?gicas (aparecimento de microfissuras e aumento da rugosidade), mec?nicas (aumento da rigidez e perda de plasticidade) e t?rmicas (aumento da cristalinidade e do intervalo de degrada??o t?rmica), sendo estas altera??es muito atraentes para os microrganismos quando os materiais expostos s?o colocados em contato com o solo. A presen?a do aditivo na matriz de PE ajudou no processo de envelhecimento, uma vez que foram adicionados grupos funcionais na estrutura qu?mica do PEBD. Os Teores de C, N, H e os ?ndices de carbonila das amostras estavam de acordo com os espectros de FTIR. A raz?o C/N de PE8 e PE8/env apresentou o comportamento esperado na literatura (redu??o deste valor) para ocorr?ncia do processo de decomposi??o.
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Malacart, Lorenzo. "Film di LDPE per uso agricolo additivati con una nuova NOR-HALS: produzione e studio di weathering." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16721/.
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Il progetto è un primo screening delle prestazioni di una nuova NOR-HALS. Sono stati settati due target a due anni in base alla contaminazione da zolfo e alla concentrazione di additivo. I campioni sono stati esposti in condizioni artificiali accelerate e outdoor. Gli agrofarmaci utilizzati sono stati zolfo sublimato, metamsodium e permetrina.
I dati riguardano la prima fase espositiva e risultano promettenti.
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Ramanujam, Maalolan [Verfasser], and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Friedrich. "Photo-oxidation and weathering of LDPE studied by surface and bulk analysis / Maalolan Ramanujam. Betreuer: Jörg Friedrich." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103128012X/34.
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Dungner, Karin, Ebba Eskner, Amanda Holst, Nina Petersson, Maria Pokosta, and John Eric Roos. "Accelerated aging of cellulose-based composites in different climate environments : A project provided by Biofiber Tech Sweden AB." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kemi - Ångström, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444877.
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This paper reviews the effects of accelerated aging with increased humidity and temperature on cellulose-based composites. The composites consist of a matrix of plastic reinforced with cellulose fibers. The company Biofiber Tech Sweden AB provided four different composites and a conventional polyolefin as reference. The aim was to examine changes in mechanical properties, chemical composition and appearance after aging, as well as variations between materials. Two different climate conditions were tested, 85% RH and <10% RH, both in 90℃. A climate chamber and an oven were used to create the extreme environmental conditions. To analyze the results, tensile testing and FTIR were performed, and color intensity and density were measured. All samples decreased in color intensity throughout aging, and dark irregularities appeared on some of the samples exposed to high humidity, which may be due to fungal formation. The tensile testing showed a general difference between high and low RH and the toughness showed a tendency to decline with aging in high humidity for many samples. The FTIR measurements also did not show any general trend. To improve the study, it would be desirable to age the material for a longer time and at a higher temperature. Overall, more samples and measurements within each characterisation technique would be needed to achieve more reliable results. Nevertheless, this study hopes to be a starting point for further research on the long-term durability of Biofiber Tech’s composites.
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shahen, mohamed. "Development of a Nakajima test and its potential variants setup on thin flexible LDPE film and Aluminum foil." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19007.
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The thesis aimed to identify fracture strain for multiaxial loading for laminate material of Al and LDPE that is mostly used in the food packing technology specially in liquid packaging industry. These materials are thin and flexible which make it difficult to handle and test it. The investigation was through applying new Nakajima test setup on such a material by designing a custom setup and 3D printing the Nakajima setup prototype to be able to use it in this study. DIC technique was used to get the results from the Nakajima test and the software used to apply the DIC technique is GOM correlate. As a validation for measurement from such a technique, a tensile test has been done and measured strains were compared with those from the specimen from the Nakajima that has smallest width as it was close to a uniaxial loading. One more validation technique was by creating a FE-model using (Abaqus software) for the biaxial loading and comparing it to the biaxial loading results that obtained from the DIC analysis.
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Camprini, Angela. "Caratterizzazione e modellazione della distribuzione di carica di spazio in LDPE nanoaddittivato con ossido di grafene per applicazioni HVDC." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13362/.
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In questo elaborato viene analizzato l’accumulo di carica di spazio in nanocompositi in LDPE additivato con nanoparticelle di ossido di grafene, al variare della concentrazione di filler impiegata. La carica di spazio è stata valutata mediante il metodo PEA, il cui sistema è stato prima ottimizzato ed automatizzato. Le prove sono state svolte a due livelli di tensione applicata, 40 kV/mm e 60kV/mm, e a tre temperature, 20°C, 40°C e 60°C. Il minor accumulo di carica di spazio, e conseguentemente la minor distorsione del campo elettrico, è stato ottenuto con una concentrazione di filler pari allo 0.05% in peso, per entrambe le tensioni applicate. È stato quindi creato un modello geometrico che correlasse l’andamento dell’accumulo di carica di spazio al variare della concentrazione di nanoadditivo nei provini, a tal fine sono state utilizzate le teorie riguardanti l’interfase. Confrontando i risultati ottenuti dalle simulazioni con i risultati sperimentali è stato ipotizzato che un'eccessiva interfase possa ridurre l’effetto barriera che l’ossido di grafene crea agli elettrodi e favorire il trasporto di carica all’interno del materiale. Per questo motivo nell’uso di ossido di grafene come nanoadditivo sono sufficienti percentuali basse per ottenere buoni materiali dielettrici nanocompositi.
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Punnam, Pradeep Reddy, and Chitendar Reddy Dundeti. "A Finite Element Analysis of Crack Propagation in Interface of Aluminium Foil - LDPE Laminate During Fixed Arm Peel Test." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14100.
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This thesis deals with numerical simulation of a peel test with an Aluminium foil and Low Density Poly-Ethylene (LDPE) laminate. This work investigates the effects of the substrate thickness and studies the influences of interfacial strength and fracture energy of the cohesive zone between the Aluminium and LDPE. This study evaluates the proper guidelines for defining cohesive properties. A numerical cohesive zone model was created in ABAQUS. Continuum tensile tests were performed to extract LDPE material properties. The aluminium properties were found in literature. After acquiring material parameters, the simulation continued with studying the effects of changing interfacial strength, geometric parameters and fracture energy. The results were obtained in the form of root rotations and the force displacement response was studied carefully. It was validated by comparison to the traction separation curve.
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Sisli, Zekiye. "Degradable Mulch Films For Agricultural Purposes." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615022/index.pdf.
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The plastic mulch films, which are mostly made from LDPE, are used in order to increase the yields and to prevent the weed growth by covering the top of the soil by leaves or straw in nature. After a period, the mulch films turn into unmanageable quantities of soiled plastic films, which cause an environmental problem. Using degradable mulch films for agricultural purposes can be a solution for the environmental problems caused by the plastic mulch films.
In this study, to introduce biodegradability to mulch films, a natural biopolymer starch was used. Before blending, starch was transformed into thermoplastic starch in order to make the starch processable. The need, to provide adhesion and interaction between thermoplastic starch and LDPE, citric and stearic acid were considered as compatibilizers. To accelerate the degradation of the LDPE matrix, three pro-oxidants cobalt(II) acetylacetonate, iron(III) stearate and manganase(II) stearate were used.
The films prepared were characterized by FTIR spectroscopytheir thermal and mechanical properties were analyzed and buried under soil. The films recovered from soil after 76 days were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, their weight loss were measured and their thermal and mechanical properties were analyzed. Studies showed that the use of cobalt(II) acetylacetonate gave improved results in terms of the mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of the films. Additionally, it is observed that the use of citric acid as a compatibilizer improved the thermal stabilities of starch in the films. Lastly, it is observed that the mechanical properties of the films were affected by the interactions between compatibilizers and pro-oxidants.
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Souza, Marcos Rogério de. "Blenda de poli (tereftalato de etileno) com polietileno de baixa densidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-03062008-173546/.
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Neste Trabalho foi preparada e estudada a blenda de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) com polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD). Esta blenda apresenta interesse científico e tecnológico decorrente da possibilidade de associar as propriedades de resistência térmica e elevado módulo de elasticidade do PET à boa resistência à fratura e à flexibilidade a baixas temperaturas do PEBD. Duas séries de misturas contendo diferentes proporções de PET:PEBD foram preparadas através de mistura em fusão numa extrusora dupla-rosca, contendo como agente compatibilizante poli(etileno-butileno)-bloco-poliestireno (produto comercial) ou poli(etileno-butileno)-bloco-poliestireno sulfonado (produto sintetizado), respectivamente, na proporção de 0 a 6 %. O agente compatibilizante poli(etilenobutileno)- bloco-poliestireno sulfonado foi preparado neste Trabalho a partir do poli(etileno-butileno)-bloco-poliestireno. Todas as misturas preparadas foram caracterizadas quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas através de ensaios de impacto e de tração. As superfícies de fratura criogênica das misturas foram observadas através de microscopia eletrônica de varrredura para caracterização da sua textura. As blendas apresentaram valores de módulo de Young intermediários àqueles observados para o PET (3,54 GPa) e PEBD (110 MPa), entre 1,32 GPa e 2,84 GPa. O mesmo foi observado para a resistência à tração na ruptura, cujos valores das blendas variaram de 13,3 MPa a 33,9 MPa, comparados com 59,6 MPa e e 0,49 MPa para PET e PEBD, respectivamente.In these work blends of poly(ethylene tereftalate) (PET) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) were prepared and studied. The PET/PEBD blend presents scientific and technological interests due to the possibility of combining the high thermal stability and high elasticity modulus of PET with the fracture resistance and low temperature flexibility of LDPE. Two series of PET:LDPE blends with different relative proportions were prepared by melting mixture in a twin-screw extruder having as compatibilizing agent poly(ethylene-butylene)-block-polystyrene (commercial product) or sulfonated poly(ethylene-butylene)-block-polystyrene (synthesized product), respectively, in the range 0-6 %. The compatibilizing agent sulfonated poly(ethylene-butylene)-blockpolystyrene was prepared in this work from poly(ethylene-butylene)-blockpolystyrene. The mechanical properties of the blends were characterized by impact resistance tests and extensional tension tests. Textural analysis of blends was performed by observing their cryogenically fractured surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The blends presented Young modulus values between those observed for PET (3.54 GPa) and LDPE (110 MPa), in the range from 1.32 GPa to 2.84 GPa. The same behavior was observed for the tensile strength, which values varied from 13.3 MPa to 33.9 MPa, compared to 59.6 MPa and 0.49 MPa for PET and LDPE, respectively.
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Cerqueira, Mario Henrique de. "Processamento do compósito LDPE/Al proveniente da reciclagem de embalagens cartonadas e desenvolvimento de suas modificações com fibras de madeira." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/754.
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Previous issue date: 2006-02-10The urban solid waste problem has been one of the biggest environmental challenges these days. The solution to this problem lies in integrated waste management, the objective is to minimize volumes sent to landfills. Recycling is a big part of this waste management process which involves the reprocessing of materials to obtain alternative uses for these materials in every day life. One of the solid waste materials sent for recycling is the carton package, which is made of paper, polyethylene and aluminum. In conjunction with this, the search for new plastics compounds reinforced with cellulose fibers has been appointed as a market demand, thanks to the high number of possible applications of these materials, for instance, in the car manufacturing industry, civil construction, etc. In this study the modification of the low density polyethylene/aluminum from carton packages reinforced with cellulose fibers is investigated, and the addition of the grafted copolymer with maleic anhydride, acting as a compatibilizer, whose main target is to add value to the material produced, making them more attractive from a market point of view. Grafted copolymer was added to the LDPE/Al composite and the posterior extruded. Cellulose fibers, in different percentages and particle sizes, were mixed with the resulting material from the first extrusion, and the posterior extruded in sheets, with different properties and aspects. After processing, the obtained materials were applied to thermical and mechanical characterization, infrared spectroscopy and surface eletronic microscopy to verify the efficiency of the modifications. This research showed us that by increasing the cellulose fiber percentages in the generated composites incremented mechanical properties and thermical stability in comparison to the original composite, and indicated a subtle action of the compatibilizer in the used experimental conditions.
A problemática dos resíduos sólidos urbanos tem sido uma das grandes questões ambientais atualmente. Para solução deste problema surge o gerenciamento integrado de resíduos, que tem como objetivo a minimização dos volumes enviados para aterros sanitários. A reciclagem é parte deste gerenciamento, onde se reprocessam materiais, para obtenção de materiais alternativos presentes da vida cotidiana. Um dos resíduos sólidos enviados para a reciclagem é a embalagem cartonada, composta por papel, polietileno e alumínio. Aliado a este fato, a busca por novos compostos plásticos reforçados com fibras celulósicas tem-se apresentado como uma demanda de mercado, devido ao alto número de aplicações possíveis para estes materiais, como, por exemplo, na indústria automotiva, construção civil e outras mais. Assim, neste estudo procurou-se investigar a modificação do compósito polietileno de baixa densidade / alumínio proveniente de embalagens cartonadas através do reforçamento com fibras celulósicas, e adição de copolímero graftzado com anidrido maleico, que age como compatibilizante, de forma a agregar-se valor comercial ao material produzido, tornando-o mais atrativo do ponto de vista mercadológico. Os compósitos elaborados foram gerados através de duas diferentes extrusões. Ao compósito PE/Al adicionou-se o copolímero graftzado, e estes foram posteriormente extrudados. As fibras celulósicas, em diferentes teores e com diferentes tamanhos de partículas, foram misturadas ao material resultante da primeira extrusão, e assim posteriormente extrudadas, em segunda etapa, na forma de lâminas, com diferentes propriedades e aspectos resultantes. Aos compostos obtidos ao final do processamento foram realizadas caracterização térmica, mecânica, espectroscopia de infravermelho e microscopia eletrônica de varredura visando verificar a eficácia destas modificações. Esse trabalho mostrou que o aumento dos teores de fibras celulósicas nos compostos produzidos proporcionou incremento das propriedades mecânicas e de estabilidade térmica em relação ao compósito original, além de indicar uma sutil ação do compatibilizante utilizado, nas condições experimentais empregadas.
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Borges, Daliana Gomes. "Aproveitamento de embalagens cartonadas em compósito de polietileno de baixa densidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-08012008-110235/.
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A produção de materiais plásticos tem se elevado para 169 milhões de toneladas no mundo, no ano de 2003. Uma parte considerável destes polímeros sintéticos, 36% na Europa são destinados ao setor de embalagens. Estas matérias primas são utilizadas por um período de tempo bastante curto e geram um volume de descartes importante. Mesmo com um desenvolvimento considerável de linhas de gestão dos descartes, seu tratamento e sua eliminação colocam ainda problemas provenientes da dificuldade em reutilizar tais embalagens na forma em que são geradas, seja pelo estado de limpeza em que são descartadas, seja pela composição multi-material que é utilizada para sua produção. O presente trabalho busca o reaproveitamento de Embalagens Cartonadas pós-consumo como reforço em compósito com Polietileno de baixa densidade para i) maximizar o teor de ELV empregada no compósito e ii) melhorar o aspecto visual do compósito por meio de incorporação de concentrado de cores e corantes. Por meio do processo de extrusão, preparou-se o compósito na forma granulada. O material granulado foi moldado por injeção para obtenção dos corpos-de-prova para ensaios de tração. As propriedades viscosimétricas do compósito foram avaliadas por meio do Índice de Fluidez e a morfologia do compósito foi avaliada por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raio X. Nas condições do trabalho pode-se afirmar que o teor de Embalagem Cartonada que apresenta o melhor conjunto de propriedades de tração está entre 20 e 25% (p/p) no compósito; a utilização de concentrado de cor para melhoria do aspecto visual do compósito não tem influência no conjunto de propriedades de tração do mesmo.Plastics materials production has increased to 169 million tons in the world in 2003. A great part of these synthetic polymers, it means 36% in Europe are used in packaging applications. These raw materials are used for a short time and produces a great volume of residues. Even with a great development of residues management, its treatments and elimination causes several problems due to difficulty in reuse these packages as its were discarted or the state of dirtiness in which they are discarted or even by the composition multi-material of these packages. This work has as a goal the reuse of Carton Packages (CP) post-use as a reinforcement in a Low Density PolyEthylene (LDPE), to i) maximize the content of CP in the composite and ii) improve the composite visual aspect by means of color masterbatches. With aid of extrusion process, the granuleted composite was prepared. These granulated was moulded by injection to obtain test specimens for mechanical tests. Composites viscosimetric proprierties and morphology were evaluated by means of Melt Index and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). In the work conditions it can be postulate that the best content of CP in the composite that gives the best mechanical properties is between 20 and 25% (w/w); the use of color masterbatches for improve the composite visual aspects has no influence over mechanical properties.
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Odjo, Andrew O. "Reciclado de polímeros por craqueo catalítico: estudio de la viabilidad de utilización de reactores convencionales de craqueo catalítico en lecho fluidizado (FCC)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/68368.
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En este trabajo se ha evaluado la viabilidad de la utilización de reactores convencionales de craqueo catalítico en lecho fluidizado (FCC) para el reciclado de los plásticos presentes en los residuos sólidos urbanos. Se ha diseñado y puesto a punto una unidad de FCC a escala de planta piloto, con un reactor tipo “riser” operando en condiciones similares a las que se encuentran en las instalaciones comerciales de FCC. La unidad construida permite el craqueo, separación y recogida de los productos sólidos, líquidos y gaseosos generados en los ensayos llevados a cabo. El diseño de la planta involucra, entre otros aspectos, el diseño y construcción del reactor de craqueo catalítico fluidizado por arrastre de sólidos y de las conducciones entre el reactor y los equipos de separación; el diseño y construcción del sistema para la recogida de las diferentes fracciones de productos; el diseño, construcción e instalación de los instrumentos de medida y control necesarios, y el estudio y optimización de las condiciones de operación y fluidodinámica de la planta (temperatura del reactor, velocidad de fluidización y arrastre, caudal de alimentación, etc.). Se ha estudiado el comportamiento reológico de las mezclas de residuo de vacío y plásticos, determinando la influencia de la composición y la temperatura sobre su comportamiento reológico, lo que ha permitido analizar la problemática de introducción del residuo plástico en este tipo de reactores de FCC. Se ha estudiado en profundidad el sistema gasóleo+PE (10%)+catalizador FCC como alimento de la unidad construida, trabajando con distintas relaciones catalizador/alimento (5:1, 7:1, 10:1) a distintas temperaturas (500, 600 y 700ºC). Se ha analizado la influencia de las condiciones de operación sobre los productos de pirólisis, centrándose en la búsqueda de sistemas que favorecen la obtención de productos con valor como combustible (dentro del rango de las gasolinas) y de gases ricos en olefinas que puedan ser utilizadas como materias primas en distintos procesos. Finalmente, se han estudiado diferentes sistemas gasóleo+polímero (EVA y PP)+catalizador (HZSM-5, HBeta) para comprobar la versatilidad y las limitaciones de la planta. El resultado del estudio llevado a cabo pone de manifiesto la viabilidad del reciclado de residuos poliméricos en las unidades de FCC de las instalaciones comerciales, convirtiendo dichos residuos en combustibles y compuestos petroquímicos de interés.
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Dogan, Erkan. "Ter Blend Of Poly (ethylene Terephthalate), Polypropylene And Low Density Polyethylene." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1045574/index.pdf.
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This study covers the recycling of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles through melt blending with low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP). In general, polymer blends are known to be immiscible and incompatible with poor mechanical properties. This problem is due to the low intermolecular forces between the components of the immiscible blends. In order to enhance the interaction and compatibility between these matrices, some reactive or non-reactive copolymers were used. In this workPET was treated with silane coupling agent (SCA) (low molecular weight reactive additive) for compatilization of LDPE-PP-PET blends. LDPE-PP-PET blends were prepared in different compositions (by weight) with and without silane coupling agent at high temperatures by a single screw extrusion and injection molding. Mechanical properties of treated and non-treated blends were studied in terms of tensile strength, strain at break and impact strength. Melt flow properties of blends were investigated by melt flow index. The impact fractured surfaces and thermal behaviour of the blends were examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), respectively. Through out the studies, good adhesion between PET and LDPE-PP matrix was successfully achieved by the surface treatment of PET particles. The adhesion was also observed in SEM studies. Also the variation in mechanical properties was found to be highly dependent on the number of extrusion.
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Parimi, Venkata Naga Sai Krishna Janardhan, and Vamsi Eluri. "Stress Analysis of Different Shaped Holes on a Packaging Material." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13613.
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In packaging industries, the demand for usage of Low Density Poly Ethylene foil is of profound interest. In the past, research was carried out on finite and infinite plates with varying crack lengths but having constant crack width. In this thesis, a detailed analysis on crack initiation is carried out on finite plates by varying width of the hole. The hole shapes for stress analysis include circle, ellipse and rectangular notch. Initially, maximum stress is found out using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) theory and compared with Finite element method (FEM) results. Secondly using Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics theory (EPFM), critical stress and geometric function are evaluated theoretically by Modified Strip Yield Model (MSYM) and numerically by ABAQUS. Finally, a tensile test is conducted to validate the theoretical and numerical results. By varying the width of the hole, a study on the parameters like critical stress, geometric function is presented. A conclusion is drawn that the effect of hole width should be considered when calculating fracture parameters.
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Santos, Mauricio Cesar Ferreira. "Aplicação de pigmento preto de carvão vegetal em polietileno de baixa densidade e influência da radiação ionizante." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-17022014-135334/.
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Neste trabalho foi estudado o desenvolvimento de um pigmento vegetal preto que possui características semelhantes aos já existentes no mercado de transformação de termoplásticos. Atualmente o pigmento preto mais utilizado nas indústrias de transformação de termoplásticos é o negro de fumo, cujo processo de obtenção gera muitos resíduos tóxicos e quando liberados na atmosfera aumenta a poluição do ar. O pigmento em estudo possui a estrutura química formada por 97% de carbono proveniente da moagem e micronização do carvão vegetal. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar a obtenção do pigmento preto de origem do carvão vegetal, estudar o desempenho deste pigmento comparando-o com o negro de fumo usado atualmente nas indústrias, incorporação do pigmento obtido em polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), caracterização do produto obtido e estudo da influência da radiação ionizante no PEBD mais pigmento preto. Como matérias prima foram utilizadas o carvão vegetal (pigmento preto) e o polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD). Posteriormente, o pigmento preto obtido foi incorporado ao PEBD pelo processo de injeção e caracterizado em relação a sua estabilidade durante processamento, dispersão, migração e cobertura pigmentar. Também foram realizados testes mecânicos com as amostras não irradiadas e as irradiadas em doses de radiação de 100, 200, 300 e 400kGy. O pigmento foi obtido por meio da moagem do carvão vegetal, sua obtenção é menos nociva ao meio ambiente, visto que o mesmo não é um subproduto do petróleo como o negro de fumo e sim um derivado da madeira que é um produto renovável. É importante salientar que é possível canalizar o descarte de maneira inadequada da madeira para uma linha produtiva, produzindo assim o carvão o qual é matéria prima para este pigmento e assim ser inserido em cadeia produtiva. Apesar da aplicação em matriz polimérica ter sido maior que a do negro de fumo 1,4%, o mesmo é de fácil obtenção, proveniente de uma fonte renovável, sendo de baixo custo além de apresentar propriedades colorimétricas compatíveis e próximas às do negro de fumo. Em relação à incorporação do pigmento na matriz polimérica durante o processo de injeção, o mesmo foi de fácil incorporação distribuindo-se de maneira homogênea. Em relação às amostras irradiadas pode-se dizer que houve ganhos na maioria das propriedades estudadas. Dependendo do tipo de artefato a ser fabricado e de quais propriedades são mais importantes, pode-se irradiá-lo em dose mais adequada.In this work was studied the development of charcoal black pigment which has characteristics similar with those already used in the market of thermoplastics processing. Nowadays, the black pigment most used is the carbon black which generates many toxic residues that when released into the atmosphere increases air pollution. This pigment has 756t aims of this research were to study the obtainment of charcoal black pigment; the performance of this pigment by comparing it with the carbon black; the incorporating the pigment obtained in low density polyethylene (LDPE) and the characterization of the product and the influence of the ionizing radiation on. At first the black pigment obtained was incorporated into LDPE and characterized in relation at their stability during injection, dispersion, migration and color coverage. Mechanical tests were also realized with non irradiated and irradiated samples at irradiation doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400kGy. It was easy the incorporation of the pigment into the polymeric matrix during the injection process. The obtainment charcoal black pigment is less harmful to the environment, since it is not an oil product as carbon black but by incomplete combustion of wood. Thus it will be produced charcoal for the production of the pigment to be inserted in the industrial chain. Despite using 1.4% of this pigment, it is easy to obtain, from a renewable source, and low cost besides presenting colorimetric properties compatible with the carbon black. Regarding the irradiated samples can be said that there was an increase in the majority of properties studied. Depending on the intended use of the polymer can irradiate it in the most appropriate dose which had improvement in their properties.
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Franco, Vittorio. "Sviluppo di un materiale composito a matrice polimerica termoplastica contenente nanofibre piezoelettriche." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Obiettivo della seguente tesi è stato quelli di realizzare e studiare un innovativo materiale composito termoplastico a matrice polimerica con nanofibre piezoelettriche.
Il materiale inizialmente ipotizzato ed infine realizzato consta di una matrice di polietilene a bassa densità (LDPE, low density polyethilene) e di uno strato di nanofibre di PVDF-TrFE con caratteristiche piezoelettriche prodotto mediante il processo elettrofilatura. Tra la moltitudine di configurazioni analizzate, quella che ha portato ai risultati migliori consiste in uno spessore del provino di circa 200 μm, realizzato integrando due strati esterni di LDPE di 100 μm con uno strato intermedio di nanofibre, realizzate mediante elettrofilatura, tra i 90 μm e 100 μm, con un processo di riscaldamento in un forno con l’utilizzo di un sacco da vuoto. In seguito ad un’analisi qualitativa al microscopio ottico (SEM), sono state eseguite delle prove di sollecitazione meccanica impulsiva per valutare una possibile risposta piezoelettrica in seguito all’impatto di un grave. Attraverso il metodo PEA (pulsed electric acoustic) è stata rilevato un accumulo di carica negativa nella zona centrale del provino, quella occupata dalle nanofibre. I risultati derivanti dalla spettroscopia dielettrica, invece, hanno confermato la natura isolante del LDPE presente nel campione. L'analisi con il metodo calorimetrico (DSC) ha mostrato la presenza di un picco relativo alla temperatura di Curie provando come le nanofibre inglobate nel materiale siano piezoelettriche.
In conclusione, il materiale prodotto può essere utile per applicazioni di sensing o isolamento elettrico ma a bassissima tensione.
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Goes, Marcel Andrey de. "PRODUÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE COMPÓSITOS DE PEBD/Al ORIUNDOS DE EMBALAGENS LONGA VIDA COM PÓ-DE-BORRACHA DE PNEUS OU NEGRO DE FUMO." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2014. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1456.
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Previous issue date: 2014-08-27Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
The most common process for recycling post-consumer carton packages of Long Life type is using a "hydrapulper", this device allows to separate the paper from the waste LDPE / Al. In these material a feature which is not valued is due to the presence of Al which will be explored to provide a more attractive visual appearance to this material. Therefore, it was added to LDPE/Al powder tire rubber (PBP) and an additive containing carbon black (MB-P450c) in an attempt to cause an color contrast with Al furthermore also evaluated the power coverage of LDPE / Al when used to give color to pure LDPE (recycled). Were prepared dilution compositions of LDPE/Al with LDPE (recycled) pure compositions containing 10% and 20% PBP and also compositions with 3% MB-P450c assessed in all these situations the effect of the presence of Polybond 3039 (2%). The samples were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile testing, polarized light optical microscopy with a hot stage ("Hot Stage"), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and colorimetry. First proved the presence of contaminations arising in the recycling process, possibly polypropylene (PP) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). The dilution of the waste LDPE/Al with LDPE results in a reduction of the elastic modulus and ductility increase as we increase the concentration of LDPE. It was found that the covering power of LDPE/Al is high for what has been observed in the measurements of L , a and b for the compositions of dilution. The presence of the rubber content of 20% PBP resulted in a reduction of the stiffness of the composite. On the other hand, the addition of 10% PBP shown exert similar influence only the addition of LDPE in the compositions with 75% LDPE/Al in this way from the point of view of mechanical properties the addition of 10% PBP causes a smaller reduction in stiffness and ductility of the composite is advantageous in this respect. Carbon black, added through the additive MB-P450c, resulted in an increase in yield stress and a reduction of toughness, from the point of view of color, carbon black proved to be very effective in reducing the brightness and the value of b . Keywords: Recycling. LDPE / Al. Coloring.
O processo mais comum de reciclagem das embalagens cartonadas pós consumo do tipo Longa Vida utiliza um “Hidrapulper”, e tal equipamento possibilita separar o papel do resíduo de PEBD/Al. Neste material uma característica que pouco se valoriza é a presença do Al, sendo explorado no presente trabalho na tentativa de fornecer um aspecto visual mais atrativo ao material. Para tanto, foi adicionado ao PEBD/Al o pó de borracha de pneu (PBP) e um aditivo contendo negro de fumo (MB-P450C) na tentativa de causar contraste com a coloração do Al. Além disso, avaliou-se também o poder de cobertura do PEBD/Al quando utilizado para dar cor ao PEBD (reciclado) puro. Foram preparadas composições de diluição do PEBD/Al em PEBD (reciclado) puro, composições contendo 10% e 20% de PBP e também composições com 3% de MB-P450C. Em todas estas situações avaliou-se o efeito da presença do Polybond® 3039 (2%) sobre a propriedades mecânicas. As amostras foram avaliadas pelas técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), ensaio de tração, microscopia ótica de luz polarizada com estágio a quente ("Hot Stage") microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e colorimetria. Primeiramente comprovou-se a presença de contaminações surgidas no processo de reciclagem, possivelmente de polipropileno (PP) e polietileno linear de baixa densidade (PELBD). A diluição do resíduo PEBD/Al com PEBD resultou em uma redução do módulo elástico e aumento da ductilidade com o aumento da concentração de PEBD. Constatou-se que o poder de cobertura do PEBD/Al é alto com base nas medidas de L, a e b para as composições de diluição. A presença da borracha no teor de 20% de PBP resultou em uma redução da rigidez do compósito. Por outro lado, a adição de 10% de PBP demonstrou exercer influência semelhante a adição apenas de PEBD nas composições com 75% de PEBD/Al. Dessa forma, sob o ponto de vista de propriedades mecânicas a adição de 10% de PBP causa uma menor redução na rigidez e ductilidade do compósito, sendo sob este aspecto mais vantajosa. O negro de fumo, adicionado através do aditivo MB-P450C, proporcionou um aumento na tensão de escoamento e uma redução de tenacidade. Sob o ponto de vista de cor, o negro de fumo se mostrou muito eficiente em reduzir a luminosidade e o valor de b.
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Silva, Juliana Lopes. "Modelagem e simulação de reatores autoclave para produção de PEBD." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60997.
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O polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) é uma resina termoplástica fabricada através de processos a altas pressões, com reatores do tipo autoclave ou tubular. O cenário atual é de crescente demanda por PEBD produzido a custos competitivos, através de plantas de alto desempenho e capacidade, de modo que o desenvolvimento de processo e produto torna-se um fator chave para as empresas produtoras, sendo os simuladores de processo ferramentas de grande importância para esta finalidade. O objetivo desta dissertação é a implementação de um modelo matemático que represente reatores autoclave de produção de PEBD e a avaliação de sua capacidade preditiva através da comparação dos seus resultados numéricos com dados de literatura e dados de uma planta industrial. O modelo desenvolvido deverá ser capaz de descrever o comportamento do reator, através de seu perfil de temperatura, vazões de iniciador e conversão, e de algumas das principais propriedades do polímero produzido, através de suas massas molares médias. A modelagem dos reatores é composta de compartimentos genéricos de tanque agitado, implementada no simulador dinâmico de processos EMSO, utilizando cinética de literatura. Os balanços de massa e energia foram resolvidos simultaneamente para a obtenção de condições de operação factíveis, sendo necessário o uso de controladores para manter o ponto de operação no estado estacionário desejado. As propriedades são obtidas através da utilização do método dos momentos. É considerada no modelo a possibilidade de formação de duas fases. Parâmetros do modelo cinético e de mistura são ajustados para os dados de planta através de uma rotina de estimação, considerando duas resinas com características de processo e produto distintas. As predições do modelo para perfil de temperatura, vazões de iniciador, conversão e massas molares médias mostraram boa concordância com os dados de literatura e com os dados de planta industrial, para as duas resinas consideradas.The low density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic resin manufactured by high pressure processes, with autoclave or tubular type reactors. The present scenario is of growing demand for LDPE produced at competitive costs, through high performance and capacity plants, so that the process and product development becomes a key factor for the producers, and process simulators are high importance tools for this purpose. The objective of this dissertation is the implementation of a mathematical model which represents autoclave reactors for LDPE production and the evaluation of its predictive capacity through the comparison between their numerical results with literature data and with an industrial plant data. The model developed should be able to describe the reactor behavior, through its temperature profile, initiator flows and conversion, and the behavior of some of the main properties of the produced polymer, through their average molecular weights. The reactors modeling is composed of stirred tank generic compartments, implemented in the process dynamic simulator EMSO, using literature kinetics. The mass and energy balances were solved simultaneously in order to obtain feasible operating conditions, which requires the use of controllers to maintain the operating point at the desired steady state. The properties are obtained through the use of the method of moments. It is considered in the model the possibility of formation of two phases. Kinetics and mixture model parameters are fitted to the plant data through an estimation routine, considering two grades with distinct process and product characteristics. The model predictions for temperature profile, initiator flows, conversion and average molecular weights presented good agreement with the literature data and with the industrial plant data, for the two considered grades.
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Sandblom, Karin. "Bionedbrytning och mikroplastbildning i akvatiska miljöer : Utvärdering avanalystekniker." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23433.
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Plastproduktionen har ökat kraftigt i världen sedan 1950-talet, därmed även förekomsten av plastavfall som ansamlas i naturen. Det pågår flera initiativ på internationell nivå för att förebygga och hantera förekomsten av mikroplast i haven och en viktig aspekt för att minska miljöpåverkan från plastavfall är att öka användandet av bionedbrytbara material. Ett flertal analystekniker är tillgängliga i syfte att analysera nedbrytbarheten hos plaster men då metoderna är många och ibland överlappar har flera studier uppmärksammat behovet av harmonisering och standardisering. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka bionedbrytning och mikroplastbildning av fyra material; lågdensitet polyeten (LDPE), poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT), cellulosaacetat och papper. Materialen exponerades i kranvatten, sjövatten och havsvatten med exponeringstid 2 respektive 5 veckor. Materialen analyserades därefter med FTIR, DSC, dragprov och vägning. Konduktivitet och pH kontrollerades på mediet. Valda analystekniker jämfördes med syfte att iaktta dess lämplighet utifrån material och medie. Aspekter som analyserades och diskuterades var nedbrytning utifrån molekylär struktur, utifrån omgivande faktorer samt utifrån nedbrytningens tre faser. Studien visade att cellulosaacetat brutits ned mest under perioden, därefter PBAT. LDPE och papper hade inte brutits ned nämnvärt. Den analysteknik som främst visade på skillnader i nedbrytning var vägning. Resultatet indikerade även att analysteknikernas lämplighet varierade med material samt skede av nedbrytningsprocessen. Vägning, pH-mätning och dragprov var de metoder som tillförde mest i den tidiga fasen av nedbrytningsprocessen. Den skillnad som medierna förväntades utgöra för nedbrytningsprocessen var svår att utläsa baserat på genomförda analyser.The production of plastics has increased significantly worldwide since the 1950s and a consequence of this is an increase of plastic waste in nature. A number of initiatives are ongoing internationally to prevent and handle the presence of micro plastic in oceans and an increase of biodegradable materials is one important aspect in order to reduce the environmental impact from plastic waste. Today, many techniques are available in order to analyze degradability of plastics. However, they sometimes overlap and a need for standardization and harmonization has been recognized. The purpose of this study was to investigate biodegradability and micro plastic formation inaquatic environments. Low density polyethylene (LDPE), poly (butylene adipate coterephthalate)(PBAT), cellulose acetate and paper have been evaluated. The medium for exposure has been tap water, fresh water and sea water with exposure time of 2 and 5 weeks.The material was analyzed with FTIR, DSC, tensile testing and weight measurement. Additionally, conductivity and pH was measured on the medium. The analytical techniques were evaluated in order to observe their suitability for different material and medium. Aspects that have been discussed and analyzed throughout this paper are degradability based on molecular structure, surrounding factors affecting degradability and the three phases of degradability. The results of this study showed that cellulose acetate degraded the most, thereafter PBAT. LDPE and paper did not indicate any noticeable degradation. Weight measurement gave the clearest indication of degradation. Together with pH measurement and tensile testing; these were the analytical techniques that added the most in the early phase of degradation. Furthermore, the results showed that the suitability of an analytical technique varied with both material and phase of degradation. Additionally, the effect that was expected to be observed based on the different medium was not noticeable within this exposure time.
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Legault, Marc-André. "Levier synthétique de silice : une approche pour fonctionnaliser les surfaces hydroxylées." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8998.
Full textAbstract:
La présente recherche couvre les premiers essais d’une nouvelle méthode de fonctionnalisation chimique de surfaces hydroxylées. La méthode consiste à faire réagir ladite surface avec un réactif en excès, le tétrachlorure de silicium (SiCl4), rendant celle-ci chimiquement réactive à n’importe quel alcool externe ajouté par la suite au milieu. L’alcool externe modifie les propriétés de surface du substrat dépendamment de sa composition. Une multitude de fonctionnalités chimiques peuvent être présentes sur l’alcool externe et ce sont elles qui dictent les nouvelles propriétés de surface. Dans l’étude présente, les substrats étudiés ont été la cellulose microcristalline commerciale (MCC), la fibre de chanvre délignifiée et la corde de lin. La MCC est une cellulose fortement hydrolysée et purifiée ayant une structure cristalline la rendant insoluble. L’absence d’impuretés pouvant engendrer des interférences est la raison majeure pour laquelle ce substrat a été employé en premier. Avec des alcools tels que le 1-décanol, le 10-undécènol et le PEG-400, les propriétés de surfaces ont été ajustées et ont permis les premières applications comme substrat fibreux dans des composites de LDPE et de PLA. Une fois modifiés avec le 1-décanol et le 10-undécènol, les substrats ont montré des propriétés surfaciques hydrophobes n’absorbant plus l’eau et montrant des angles de contacts supérieurs à 90o avec celle-ci. Des mélanges à 17 et à 50 % massiques de ces substrats modifiés ont donc été faits avec le LDPE et une caractérisation complète des composites a été effectuée. Les tests mécaniques des composites modifiés de 17 % massique de MCC et de corde ont démontré une claire adhésion substrat-matrice par l’augmentation de la contrainte maximale ainsi que de l’élongation à la rupture. Pour ce qui est des substrats avec PEG-400, la fonctionnalisation a été démontrée et des composites MCC-PLA ont été faits. La modification de la MCC a engendré un changement des propriétés mécaniques sans toutefois surpasser le PLA de départ. Néanmoins, dans tous les cas, l’adhésion substrat-matrice a été améliorée par la réaction et a pu être démontrée par l’étude des fractures et des coupes microtomes au MEB. Finalement, la dispersion et les interactions à l’intérieur des composites de MCC à 17 et à 50 % ont été observées par rhéologie. Les composites modifiés ont montré une meilleure dispersion comparativement aux composites de MCC qui eux engendrent même la formation de réseau substrat-substrat.
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Traore, Brahiman. "Elaboration et caractérisation d’une structure composite (sable et déchets plastiques recyclés) : Amélioration de la résistance par des charges en argiles." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCA029/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ce projet a pour but de concevoir un pave à base de déchets plastiques récupérés dans les décharges et de mélange de sable et de gravier. Ce pavé devant servir à la réalisation de trottoirs et de routes communales, doit donc être capable de répondre aux conditions techniques de son utilisation. Cependant, la méthode de fabrication et le matériel utilisé doit être assez simple pour permettre sa prise en main rapide par des ouvriers peu qualifiés et un cout de production faible afin d’être économiquement compétitif. Les pavés seront donc testés pour identifier leur performance à la fois mécaniques et physiques puis employés en grandeur nature pour comprendre leur vieillissement du fait de leur usure. Enfin, un appareillage sera monté pour un transfert de technologie mise au pointThis project aims at conceiving(designing) one paves with plastic waste got back in the discharges and with mixture of sand and gravel. This pavement that must be of use to the realization of pavements and public highways, must thus be capable of answering the technical conditions of its use. However, the fabrication method and the used material(equipment) must be rather simple to allow its fast handling by little qualified workers and a low(weak) production cost to be economically competitive. Pavements will thus be tested to identify their performance at the same time mechanical and physical then used on life-size to understand(include) their ageing because of their wear. Finally, an equipment(casting off) will have risen for a transfer of finalized(worked out) technology
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Gandolfi, Frédéric. "Évaluation des techniques de micro-extraction/préconcentration et d’échantillonnage passif comme outils de mesure de la contamination du milieu aquatique par des composés organo-halogénés hydrophobes émergents." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4387.
Full textAbstract:
La DCE a pour principale ambition d’harmoniser les politiques de l’eau sur un plan européen et d’atteindre le bon état des eaux d’ici 2015. L’évaluation de ce “bon état” implique en outre de dresser l’inventaire, dans les masses d’eau, des 33 substances prioritaires listées en annexe X de la DCE (annexe X, décision No 2455/2001/EC) et pour lesquelles des normes de qualité environnementales (NQE) ont été fixées (Directive 2013/39/EU). Parmi ces substances figurent les polychloroalcanes (SCCPs) et les polybromodiphényléthers (PBDEs) appartenant à la catégorie des micropolluants halogénés “émergents”. D’un point de vue analytique, leur détermination dans l’eau constitue actuellement un enjeu majeur, tant sur le plan de l’échantillonnage que de la sensibilité.Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse s’est attaché au développement d’une méthode d’analyse des SCCPs dans les eaux par SPME couplée à la GC/ECNI-MS. Les limites de quantification inférieures à 0,2 µg.L-1 et son degré d’automatisation font de cette méthode un outil de choix pour assurer le monitoring des milieux aquatiques tels que requis par la DCE. En complément de l’approche classique, un pilote de calibration en laboratoire pour l’étalonnage d’échantillonneurs passifs a pu être mis en place et validé pour la calibration des MESCO avec les HAPs. La participation à un essai interlaboratoire a permis de tester l’applicabilité des MESCO et des SR pour l’analyse des PBDEs en sortie de station d’épuration. Enfin la mise en application des LDPE, SR et MESCO sur l’étang de Berre a permis d’obtenir des résultats encourageants quant à l’applicabilité de ces échantillonneurs passifs pour l’analyse des SCCPs et PBDEsIn order to achieve good water quality for 2015, the water framework directives (WFD 2000/60/EC and 2013/39/EU) force European countries to monitor the quality of their aquatic environment. For this purpose, all water bodies shall be monitored for all the 33 priority substances listed in annex X of WFD (annex X, decision No 2455/2001/EC) and for which environmental quality standards (EQS) were fixed (Directive 2013/39 / EU). Among these substances, we found the short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) belonging to the class of emergent halogenated micro-pollutants. From an analytical point of view, the analysis of SCCPs and PBDEs in water is still a major challenge, either in terms of sampling or sensitivity.In respect of WFD, this thesis work has, among other things, aimed to develop a method to analyze SCCPs in water by using SPME coupled with GC/ECNI-MS. The limit of quantification below 0.2 µg.L-1 and its degree of automation makes this method a tool of choice to ensure the monitoring of the aquatic environment as required by the WFD. In addition to the traditional approach, a laboratory system for passive sampler calibration was also developed and validated to calibrate MESCO for PAHs analysis. Moreover, our participation in an inter-laboratory study, has served to test the applicability of MESCO and SR for the analysis of PBDEs in a waste water treatment plant. Finally the deployment of LDPE, SR and MESCO in Berre lagoon has yielded some encouraging results about applicability of these passive samplers to analyze SCCPs and PBDE in water
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Altintas, Bekir. "Electrical And Mechanical Properties Of Carbon Black Reinforced High Density Polyethylene/low Density Polyethylene Composites." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12604976/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) blends prepared by Plasticorder Brabender were strengthened by adding Carbon Black (CB).
Blends were prepared at 190 °C. Amounts of LDPE were changed to 30, 40, 50 and 60 percent by the volume and the percent amounts of CB were changed to 5, 10,15, 20 and 30 according to the total volume. Thermal and morphological properties were investigated by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile test and hardness measurements. Melt flow properties were studied by Melt Flow Index (MFI) measurements. Electrical conductivities were measured by four probe and two probe techniques. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity was also studied. In general, it is observed that stress at break and MFI values decrease by the addition of CB
however, modulus and hardness increase. DSC results indicated that the crystallization of the polymer blend was decreased by the addition of CB. SEM results showed that the components were mixed homogenously. Increasing CB content increased electrical conductivity. Furthermore, by increasing the temperature, positive temperature coefficient behavior was observed which increases when CB content decreased.
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Majumder, Khokan Kanti, and khokankanti@yahoo com. "Blown Film Extrusion: Experimental, Modelling and Numerical Study." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080509.161859.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This thesis correlates rheological data into a non-linear blown film model that describes the stress and cooling-induced morphological transformations in the axial and flow profiles of the blown films. This will help to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the films in a cost effective way, which will in turn be of great benefit to the food and packaging industries. In this research, experimental and numerical studies of a blown film extrusion were carried out using two different low-density polyethylenes (LDPEs). In the experiment, the key parameters measured and analysed were molecular, rheological and crystalline properties of the LDPEs. In the numerical study, blown film simulation was carried out to determine the bubble characteristics and freeze line height (FLH). A new rheological constitutive equation was developed by combining the Hookean model with the well known Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT) model to permit a more accurate viscoelastic behaviour of the material. For experimental verification of the simulation results, resins were processed in a blown film extrusion pilot plant using identical die temperatures and cooling rates as used in the simulation study. Molecular characteristics of both LDPEs were compared in terms of their processing benefit in the film blowing process. Based on the experimental investigation, it was found that molecular weight and its distribution, degree of long chain branching and cooling rate play an important role on melt rheology, molecular orientation, blown film processability, film crystallinity and film properties. Effect of short chain branching was found insignificant for both LDPEs. Statistical analysis was carried out using MINITAB-14 software with a confidence level of 95% to determine the effect of process variables (such as die temperature and cooling rate) on the film properties. Film properties of the LDPEs were found to vary with their molecular properties and the process variables used. Blown film model performance based on the newly established PTT-Hookean model was compared with that based on the Kelvin model. Justification of the use of PTT-Hookean model is also reported here using two different material properties. From the simulation study, it has been found that predictions of the blown film characteristics conformed very well to the experimental data of this research and previous studies using different materials and different die geometries. Long chain branching has been found as the most prominent molecular parameter for both LDPEs affecting melt rheology and hence the processability. Die temperature and cooling rate have been observed to provide similar effect on the tear strength and shrinkage properties of blown film for both LDPEs. In comparison to the Kelvin model, the PTT-Hookean model is better suited for the modelling of the film blowing process. It has also been demonstrated in this study that the PTT-Hookean model conformed well to the experimental data near the freeze line height and is suitable for materials of lower melt elasticity and relaxation time.