Journal articles: 'LCD vat 3D printing'

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Xenikakis, Iakovos, Konstantinos Tsongas, Emmanouil K. Tzimtzimis, Dimitrios Tzetzis, and Dimitrios Fatouros. "ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING OF HOLLOW MICRONEEDLES FOR INSULIN DELIVERY." International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 13, no. 3 (December 25, 2021): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2021.13.3.185.

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Microneedles (MN) are miniature devices capable of perforating painlessly stratum corneum and delivering active ingredients in the inner epidermal layers. Hollow microneedles (HMNs) are highly detailed objects due to their internal microchannels and thus, their fabrication with Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a challenging task. Vat polymerization techniques provide a sufficient accuracy for such microstructures. Differentiated from other approaches where stereolithography and 2-photon polymerization were adopted, this paper presents the 3D-printing of HMNs purposed for insulin delivery, using the more economic Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) method. First, different geometries (hexagon, square pyramid, beveled) were 3D printed with constant height and varying curing time, printing angle and layer resolution. Quality features in each case were captured with optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The most promising geometry was found to be the beveled one due to the more refined tip area and the feasibility of non-clogged microchannel formation. Among printing parameters, printing angle proved to be the most influential, as it affects resin flow phenomenon during printing process. Lastly, optimized HMN geometry was the beveled configuration, where the average height was measured 900μm, 3D printing angle was set at -45°, the curing time was 10s per layer and the optimal layer height was 30μm.

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Xenikakis, Iakovos, Konstantinos Tsongas, Emmanouil K. Tzimtzimis, Constantinos K. Zacharis, Nikoleta Theodoroula, Eleni P. Kalogianni, Euterpi Demiri, Ioannis S. Vizirianakis, Dimitrios Tzetzis, and Dimitrios G. Fatouros. "Fabrication of hollow microneedles using liquid crystal display (LCD) vat polymerization 3D printing technology for transdermal macromolecular delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 597 (March 2021): 120303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120303.

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Tsolakis, Ioannis A., William Papaioannou, Erofili Papadopoulou, Maria Dalampira, and Apostolos I. Tsolakis. "Comparison in Terms of Accuracy between DLP and LCD Printing Technology for Dental Model Printing." Dentistry Journal 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj10100181.

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Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 3D printer compared to a Direct Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer for dental model printing. Methods: Two different printers in terms of 3D printing technology were used in this study. One was a DLP 3D printer and one an LCD 3D printer. The accuracy of the printers was evaluated in terms of trueness and precision. Ten STL reference files were used for this study. For trueness, each STL file was printed once with each 3D printer. For precision, one randomly chosen STL file was printed 10 times with each 3D printer. Afterward, the models were scanned with a model scanner, and reverse engineering software was used for the STL comparisons. Results: In terms of trueness, the comparison between the LCD 3D printer and DLP 3D printer was statistically significant, with a p-value = 0.004. For precision, the comparison between the LCD 3D printer and the DLP 3D printer was statistically significant, with a p-value = 0.011. Conclusions: The DLP 3D printer is more accurate in terms of dental model printing than the LCD 3D printer. However, both DLP and LCD printers can accurately be used to print dental models for the fabrication of orthodontic appliances.

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Sameni, Farzaneh, Basar Ozkan, Hanifeh Zarezadeh, Sarah Karmel, Daniel S. Engstrøm, and Ehsan Sabet. "Hot Lithography Vat Photopolymerisation 3D Printing: Vat Temperature vs. Mixture Design." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14152988.

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In the vat photopolymerisation 3D printing technique, the properties of the printed parts are highly dependent on the degree of conversion of the monomers. The mechanisms and advantages of vat photopolymerisation at elevated temperatures, or so called “hot lithography”, were investigated in this paper. Two types of photoresins, commercially used as highly accurate castable resins, with different structural and diluent monomers, were employed in this study. Samples were printed at 25 °C, 40 °C, and 55 °C. The results show that hot lithography can significantly enhance the mechanical and dimensional properties of the printed parts and is more effective when there is a diluent with a network Tg close to the print temperature. When processed at 55 °C, Mixture A, which contains a diluent with a network Tg = 53 °C, was more readily impacted by heat compared to Mixture B, whose diluent had a network Tg = 105. As a result, a higher degree of conversion, followed by an increased Tg of the diluents, and improvements in the tensile strength and dimensional stability of the printed parts were observed, which enhanced the outcomes of the prints for the intended application in investment casting of complex components used in the aero and energy sectors. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the hot lithography process is contained by a correlation between the process temperature and the characteristics of the monomers in the mixture.

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Sirrine, Justin M., Alisa Zlatanic, Viswanath Meenakshisundaram, Jamie M. Messman, Christopher B. Williams, Petar R. Dvornic, and Timothy E. Long. "3D Printing Amorphous Polysiloxane Terpolymers via Vat Photopolymerization." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 220, no. 4 (January 7, 2019): 1800425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201800425.

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Sotov, Anton, Artem Kantyukov, Anatoly Popovich, and Vadim Sufiiarov. "LCD-SLA 3D printing of BaTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics." Ceramics International 47, no. 21 (November 2021): 30358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.07.216.

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Saptono, Marcell Petrus, and Romdani Paris Fuad. "PROTOTYPE RANCANGAN PRINTER 3D DENGAN SMART LCD BERBASIS ARDUINO MEGA 2560 MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI FUSED FILAMENT FABRICATION." Electro Luceat 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32531/jelekn.v6i1.191.

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Dalam Pembangunan system industry 4.0 salah satu yang menopang pembangunan adalah teknologi 3D Printing. Tujuan dari Penelitian ini adalah merancang mesin Printer 3D dengan Microkontroller Arduino MEGA 2560, RAMPS 1.4 Shield, Motor stepper NEMA 17, DVR8825 motor driver, Filament PLA, E3D v6 HotEnd, Memory Card, Smart LCD. Konstruksi rangka rancang bangun alat Printing 3D dengan melakukan perakitan rangka mesin printing 3D, Motor Stepper Mesin 3D, Limit Endstop XYZ, dudukan exstruder, dudukan bed, perakitan HotEnd untuk heater pemanas. Proses pencetakan dapat terhubung dengan PC atau menggunakan dukungan memory card, dan instruksi pengoperasian ditampilkan dalam monitor LCD. Penelitian ini menghasilkan printer 3D berbasis Arduino dengan teknologi FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) yang akan memudahkan pengguna dalam mengoperasikan printer 3D dengan layar LCD dan Pencetakan tidak harus selalu terbuhung dengan PC karena menggunakan memory card yang dapat menyimpan file dan menghasilkan pencetakan yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian model Linier Sequential Model (LSM). Model ini sering disebut dengan “Classic Life Cycle” atau model waterfall. Metode ini terdiri 5 tahapan yang berulang yaitu tahap analisis studi literatur, tahap desain/perancangan sistem, tahap perakitan hardware, tahap pengkodean, dan tahap pengujian (Pressman, R.S, 2012).

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Wilts, Emily M., Allison M. Pekkanen, B. Tyler White, Viswanath Meenakshisundaram, Donald C. Aduba, Christopher B. Williams, and Timothy E. Long. "Vat photopolymerization of charged monomers: 3D printing with supramolecular interactions." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 12 (2019): 1442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01792a.

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Weems, Andrew C., Kayla R. Delle Chiaie, Joshua C. Worch, Connor J. Stubbs, and Andrew P. Dove. "Terpene- and terpenoid-based polymeric resins for stereolithography 3D printing." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 44 (2019): 5959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00950g.

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Mohamed, Mohamed, Hitendra Kumar, Zongjie Wang, Nicholas Martin, Barry Mills, and Keekyoung Kim. "Rapid and Inexpensive Fabrication of Multi-Depth Microfluidic Device using High-Resolution LCD Stereolithographic 3D Printing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3010026.

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With the dramatic increment of complexity, more microfluidic devices require 3D structures, such as multi-depth and -layer channels. The traditional multi-step photolithography is time-consuming and labor-intensive and also requires precise alignment during the fabrication of microfluidic devices. Here, we present an inexpensive, single-step, and rapid fabrication method for multi-depth microfluidic devices using a high-resolution liquid crystal display (LCD) stereolithographic (SLA) three-dimensional (3D) printing system. With the pixel size down to 47.25 μm, the feature resolutions in the horizontal and vertical directions are 150 μm and 50 μm, respectively. The multi-depth molds were successfully printed at the same time and the multi-depth features were transferred properly to the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having multi-depth channels via soft lithography. A flow-focusing droplet generator with a multi-depth channel was fabricated using the presented 3D printing method. Experimental results show that the multi-depth channel could manipulate the morphology and size of droplets, which is desired for many engineering applications. Taken together, LCD SLA 3D printing is an excellent alternative method to the multi-step photolithography for the fabrication of multi-depth microfluidic devices. Taking the advantages of its controllability, cost-effectiveness, and acceptable resolution, LCD SLA 3D printing can have a great potential to fabricate 3D microfluidic devices.

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Moon, Wonjoon, Seihwan Kim, Bum-Soon Lim, Young-Seok Park, Ryan Jin-Young Kim, and Shin Hye Chung. "Dimensional Accuracy Evaluation of Temporary Dental Restorations with Different 3D Printing Systems." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061487.

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With the advent of 3D printing technologies in dentistry, the optimization of printing conditions has been of great interest, so this study analyzed the accuracy of 3D-printed temporary restorations of different sizes produced by digital light processing (DLP) and liquid crystal display (LCD) printers. Temporary restorations of 2-unit, 3-unit, 5-unit, 6-unit, and full-arch cases were designed and printed from a DLP printer using NextDent C&B or an LCD printer using Mazic D Temp (n = 10 each). The restorations were scanned, and each restoration standard tessellation language (STL) file was superimposed on the reference STL file, by the alignment functions, to evaluate the trueness through whole/point deviation. In the whole-deviation analysis, the root-mean-square (RMS) values were significantly higher in the 6-unit and full-arch cases for the DLP printer and in the 5-unit, 6-unit, and full-arch cases for the LCD printer. The significant difference between DLP and LCD printers was found in the 5-unit and full-arch cases, where the DLP printer exhibited lower RMS values. Color mapping demonstrated less shrinkage in the DLP printer. In the point deviation analysis, a significant difference in direction was exhibited in all the restorations from the DLP printer but only in some cases from the LCD printer. Within the limitations of this study, 3D printing was most accurate with less deviation and shrinkage when a DLP printer was used for short-unit restorations.

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Tosto, Claudio, Eugenio Pergolizzi, Ignazio Blanco, Antonella Patti, Paul Holt, Sarah Karmel, and Gianluca Cicala. "Epoxy Based Blends for Additive Manufacturing by Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Printing: The Effect of Blending and Dual Curing on Daylight Curable Resins." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071594.

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Epoxy-based blends printable in a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) printer were studied. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) mixed with Diethyltoluene diamine (DETDA) was used due to the easy processing in liquid form at room temperature and slower reactivity until heated over 150 ° C. The DGEBA/DETDA resin was mixed with a commercial daylight photocurable resin used for LCD screen 3D printing. Calorimetric, dynamic mechanical and rheology testing were carried out on the resulting blends. The daylight resins showed to be thermally curable. Resin’s processability in the LCD printer was evaluated for all the blends by rheology and by 3D printing trials. The best printing conditions were determined by a speed cure test. The use of a thermal post-curing cycle after the standard photocuring in the LCD printer enhanced the glass transition temperature T g of the daylight resin from 45 to 137 ° C when post-curing temperatures up to 180 ° C were used. The T g reached a value of 174 ° C mixing 50 wt% of DGEBA/DETDA resin with the photocurable resin when high temperature cure cycle was used.

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Shaukat, Usman, Elisabeth Rossegger, and Sandra Schlögl. "A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122449.

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Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.

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Bao, Yinyin. "Recent Trends in Advanced Photoinitiators for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 43, no. 14 (July 2022): 2270042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.202270042.

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Martinez Maciel, Ana C., Alexis Maurel, Sreeprasad T. Sreenivasan, and Eric MacDonald. "3D Printing of Lithium-Ion Battery Components Via Vat Photopolymerization." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02155mtgabs.

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Diptanshu, Guanxiong Miao, and Chao Ma. "Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of ceramics: Effects of fine powder." Manufacturing Letters 21 (August 2019): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2019.07.001.

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Kuang, Xiao, Jiangtao Wu, Kaijuan Chen, Zeang Zhao, Zhen Ding, Fengjingyang Hu, Daining Fang, and H. Jerry Qi. "Grayscale digital light processing 3D printing for highly functionally graded materials." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaav5790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5790.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing, as a revolutionary technology for future advanced manufacturing, usually prints parts with poor control of complex gradients for functional applications. We present a single-vat grayscale digital light processing (g-DLP) 3D printing method using grayscale light patterns and a two-stage curing ink to obtain functionally graded materials with the mechanical gradient up to three orders of magnitude and high resolution. To demonstrate the g-DLP, we show the direct fabrication of complex 2D/3D lattices with controlled buckling and deformation sequence, negative Poisson’s ratio metamaterial, presurgical models with stiffness variations, composites for 4D printing, and anti-counterfeiting 3D printing.

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Shan, Wubin, Yifan Chen, Mo Hu, Shigang Qin, and Peng Liu. "4D printing of shape memory polymer via liquid crystal display (LCD) stereolithographic 3D printing." Materials Research Express 7, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 105305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abbd05.

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Seo, Mi-Hyun, Hoon-Joo Yang, Jeong-Joon Han, Ik-Jae Kwon, Hoon Myoung, and Soung-Min Kim. "Surgical Repositioning of an Inverted Developing Incisor Assisted by 3D Technology." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 4827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114827.

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Permanent central incisor impaction is very rare, and causes of impaction include adjacent supernumerary teeth, odontoma, and trauma. Surgical repositioning is a treatment option for teeth with ectopic eruption pathways. In this case report, an inverted developing maxillary central incisor was surgically repositioned at the initial stage of root development. Three dimensional (3D) virtual images were acquired using computed tomography, and a replica was produced by LCD-based masked stereolithography 3D printing. A resin for 3D printing was approved as a medical device and used as a 3D printing replica. Further, 3D technology has been found to be useful for successful tooth repositioning surgery.

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González, Gustavo, Désirée Baruffaldi, Cinzia Martinengo, Angelo Angelini, Annalisa Chiappone, Ignazio Roppolo, Candido Fabrizio Pirri, and Francesca Frascella. "Materials Testing for the Development of Biocompatible Devices through Vat-Polymerization 3D Printing." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091788.

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Light-based 3D printing techniques could be a valuable instrument in the development of customized and affordable biomedical devices, basically for high precision and high flexibility in terms of materials of these technologies. However, more studies related to the biocompatibility of the printed objects are required to expand the use of these techniques in the health sector. In this work, 3D printed polymeric parts are produced in lab conditions using a commercial Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer and then successfully tested to fabricate components suitable for biological studies. For this purpose, different 3D printable formulations based on commercially available resins are compared. The biocompatibility of the 3D printed objects toward A549 cell line is investigated by adjusting the composition of the resins and optimizing post-printing protocols; those include washing in common solvents and UV post-curing treatments for removing unreacted and cytotoxic products. It is noteworthy that not only the selection of suitable materials but also the development of an adequate post-printing protocol is necessary for the development of biocompatible devices.

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Cosola, Andrea, Riccardo Conti, Hansjörg Grützmacher, Marco Sangermano, Ignazio Roppolo, Candido Fabrizio Pirri, and Annalisa Chiappone. "Multiacrylated Cyclodextrin: A Bio‐Derived Photocurable Macromer for VAT 3D Printing." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 305, no. 9 (July 19, 2020): 2000350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.202000350.

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Li, Yuewei, Ranjith Kumar Kankala, Ai-Zheng Chen, and Shi-Bin Wang. "3D Printing of Ultrathin MXene toward Tough and Thermally Resistant Nanocomposites." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 2862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162862.

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Liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printing, a facile and cost-effective manufacturing technique, is often applied when fabricating objects with porcelain structures using photosensitive resins (PSRs). Currently, 3D printed constructions are typically used as models for demonstration purposes rather than industrial applications because of their poor performance. In this study, we prepared nanocomposites by incorporating Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets to enhance the overall characteristics of a PSR, including mechanical properties and thermal resistance. Notably, the designed nanocomposites showed optimum performance at an MXene loading of 0.5% w/w. The mechanical properties of the designed nanocomposites confirmed the enhanced ultimate tensile and flexural strengths (by 32.1% and 42.7%, respectively), at 0.5% w/w MXene loading. Moreover, the incorporated MXene presented no substantial influence on the toughness of the PSR. The glass transition and thermal degradation temperatures at 5% weight loss increased by 7.4 and 10.6 °C, respectively, resulting predominantly from the hydrogen bonding between the PSR and MXene. Together, the experimental results indicate that the designed PSR/MXene nanocomposites are expected to replace pristine resins for LCD printing in various practical applications.

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Cao, Yueqi, Xiaojing Xu, Zheng Qin, Chong He, Liwen Yan, Feng Hou, Jiachen Liu, and Anran Guo. "Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of thermal insulating mullite fiber-based porous ceramics." Additive Manufacturing 60 (December 2022): 103235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103235.

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Leben, Linda M., Johanna J. Schwartz, Andrew J. Boydston, Royan J. D’Mello, and Anthony M. Waas. "Optimized heterogeneous plates with holes using 3D printing via vat photo-polymerization." Additive Manufacturing 24 (December 2018): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.09.018.

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Shah, Mussadiq, Abid Ullah, Kashif Azher, Asif Ur Rehman, Wang Juan, Nizami Aktürk, Celal Sami Tüfekci, and Metin U. Salamci. "Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing of polymer nanocomposites: current trends and applications." RSC Advances 13, no. 2 (2023): 1456–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06522c.

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The synthesis and manufacturing of polymer nanocomposites have garnered interest in recent research and development because of their superiority compared to traditionally employed industrial materials.

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Sun, Ke, Xiaotong Peng, Zengkang Gan, Wei Chen, Xiaolin Li, Tao Gong, and Pu Xiao. "3D Printing/Vat Photopolymerization of Photopolymers Activated by Novel Organic Dyes as Photoinitiators." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101272.

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Even though numerous organic dyes which are used as photoinitiators/photocatalysts during photopolymerization have been systematically investigated and collected in previous reviews, further designs of these chromophores and the developments in high-performance photoinitiating systems have emerged in recent years, which play the crucial role in 3D printing/Vat polymerization. Here, in this mini-review, various families of organic dyes that are used as newly synthesized photoinitiators/photocatalysts which were reported in literature during 2021–2022 are specified by their photoinitiation mechanisms, which dominate their performance during photopolymerization, especially in 3D printing. Markedly, visible light-induced polymerization could be employed in circumstances not only upon the irradiation of artificial light sources, e.g., in LEDs, but also in sunlight irradiation. Furthermore, a short overview of the achievements of newly developed mechanisms, e.g., RAFT, photoinitiator-RAFT, and aqueous RAFT using organic chromophores as light-harvesting compounds to induce photopolymerization upon visible light irradiation are also thoroughly discussed. Finally, the reports on the semiconducting nanomaterials that have been used as photoinitiators/photocatalysts during photopolymerization are also introduced as perspectives that are able to expand the scope of 3D printing and materials science due to their various advantages such as high extinction coefficients, broad absorption spectra, and having multiple molecular binding points.

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Gassmann, Stefan, Sathurja Jegatheeswaran, Till Schleifer, Hesam Arbabi, and Helmut Schütte. "3D Printed PCB Microfluidics." Micromachines 13, no. 3 (March 19, 2022): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030470.

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The combination of printed circuit boards (PCB) and microfluidics has many advantages. The combination of electrodes, sensors and electronics is needed for almost all microfluidic systems. Using PCBs as a substrate, this integration is intrinsic. Additive manufacturing has become a widely used technique in industry, research and by hobbyists. One very promising rapid prototype technique is vat polymerization with an LCD as mask, also known as masked stereolithography (mSLA). These printers are available with resolutions down to 35 µm, and they are affordable. In this paper, a technology is described which creates microfluidics on a PCB substrate using an mSLA printer. All steps of the production process can be carried out with commercially available printers and resins: this includes the structuring of the copper layer of the PCB and the buildup of the channel layer on top of the PCB. Copper trace dimensions down to 100 µm and channel dimensions of 800 µm are feasible. The described technology is a low-cost solution for combining PCBs and microfluidics.

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Macovei, Gheorghe, and Viorel Paleu. "A Review on Tribological Behaviour of 3D Printed Mechanical Components." Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section 68, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2022-0024.

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Abstract Technologies such additive manufacturing are slowly becoming more and more present on the market, covering different areas of the industry due to its great potential. Even so, there are still many aspects which are unexplored or which can be improved. One of them being the study of the tribological proprieties for all these parts, which are produced through additive manufacturing methods, such as powder bed fusion, binder jetting, direct energy deposition, fused filament fabrication, material jetting, vat photopolymerization, and sheet lamination. The scope of this paper is to bring together the tribological proprieties for the 3D printed parts, and to have a critical analysis of these proprieties, in order to easily decide which printing method is suitable, depending of the working conditions of the printed component. In addition, this paper will describe the working principle for each technology, and the type of materials that are commonly used in the printing process. Depending of the printing method, the tribological proprieties vary greatly. For example, for the parts which are manufactured through powder bed fusion, it was found that the wear resistance is higher, and with a lower friction coefficient than for a part manufactured through traditional methods. In addition, for many printing methods, the produced part might require an additional step of treatment. This is the case with binder jetting, where infiltration and sintering are often used because the 3D-printed part is porous and weak. Some researchers found that the average friction coefficient measured for a steel-based part, treated with bronze infiltration, is comparable with the friction coefficient measured on a part made of the same material, manufactured through the direct energy deposition method. Of course, due to the physical limitations of the 3D printing method, the system will allow only the usage of a specific type or class of materials. One of such method is fused filament fabrication, where only thermoplastics are used. Along with vat photopolymerization and material jetting, these methods present comparable tribological proprieties.

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Stomatov, A. V., D. V. Stomatov, P. V. Ivanov, V. V. Marchenko, E. V. Piitsky, and S. U. Umarataev. "Comparative characteristics of provisional crowns made by CAD/CAM milling and 3D printing." Stomatology for All / International Dental review, no. 2020 2 (91) (June 2020): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35556/idr-2020-2(91)45-49.

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In this work, the authors studied and compared the two main methods used in dental practice for the automated production of orthopedic structures: the widely used CAD / CAM milling method and the 3D printing technology. As an object of research, temporary crowns were used, which were made on the basis of the same digital model: a) by the method of CAD / CAM milling from polymethylmethacrylate disks; b) by 3D printing from photopolymer resin based on LCD technology. Comparison of production methods and finished designs was carried out according to the following characteristics: strength, durability, aesthetic qualities, accuracy of orthopedic designs, etc. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that 3D printing can be a good alternative to CAD / CAM milling in solving problems of temporary prosthetics.

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Aznarte Garcia, Elisa, Ahmed Jawad Qureshi, and Cagri Ayranci. "A study on material-process interaction and optimization for VAT-photopolymerization processes." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 9 (November 12, 2018): 1479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2017-0195.

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Purpose This paper aims to present an investigation of material-process interaction of VAT-photopolymerization processes. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effect of different printing factors on the tensile properties, such as elastic modulus, of 3D printed specimens. Design/methodology/approach To perform this study, Design of Experiments is used by the use of Taguchi’s techniques. The relationship between each factor and the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress and strain at break is obtained. Furthermore, the total print time is analyzed with respect to the obtained properties. Findings The study indicates that part orientation, exposure time to the UV light and layer thickness are the most important factors affecting the investigated properties. At the same time, it was found that the highest mechanical properties can be obtained with the shortest printing times. A comprehensive list of factors available on the slicing software and other factors, like the orientation of the part or its position, is investigated. Future studies including post curing and chemical characteristics based on the obtained results are necessary. Originality/value As a result of this research, it is outlined that using design for additive manufacturing for vat-photopolymerization, especially on DLP processes, 3D printing methods can be stablished. Furthermore, it outlines the possibility of tailoring mechanical properties of printed parts as a function of print parameters and print time. Considering the limited amount of information available in the open literature, the results presented in this paper are of great interest for researchers in the field of VAT-photopolymerization.

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Maurel, Alexis, Ana C. Martinez Maciel, Stephane Panier, Sylvie Grugeon, Loic Dupont, Sreeprasad T. Sreenivasan, and Eric MacDonald. "Lithium-Ion Battery 3D Printing: From Thermoplastic Material Extrusion to Vat Photopolymerization Process." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02130mtgabs.

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Aduba, Donald C., Evan D. Margaretta, Alexandra E. C. Marnot, Katherine V. Heifferon, Wyatt R. Surbey, Nicholas A. Chartrain, Abby R. Whittington, Timothy E. Long, and Christopher B. Williams. "Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of acid-cleavable PEG-methacrylate networks for biomaterial applications." Materials Today Communications 19 (June 2019): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.01.003.

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Weems, Andrew C., Kayla R. Delle Chiaie, Rachel Yee, and Andrew P. Dove. "Selective Reactivity of Myrcene for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing and Postfabrication Surface Modification." Biomacromolecules 21, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01125.

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Kim, Jun Ho, Otavio Henrique Pinhata-Baptista, Ana Paula Ayres, Renan Lúcio Berbel da Silva, Jacqueline Ferreira Lima, Gabriel Sardinha Urbano, Juliana No-Cortes, Mayra Torres Vasques, and Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez Cortes. "Accuracy Comparison among 3D-Printing Technologies to Produce Dental Models." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 8425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178425.

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Background: Little is known on accuracy comparisons among 3D-printing trueness and precision to produce dental models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of different 3D-printing technologies (SLA; DLP; LCD poly and monochromatic; and Polyjet). Methods: Fifteen models were manufactured by the five different 3D printers used in this study. The manufactured models were physically measured in the corresponding lengths for trueness and reproducibility. Means and standard deviations were obtained for the five computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) methods and compared. Results: No significant difference was found in the comparison between observers in all measurements performed with the different model algorithms. Pairwise Wilcoxon non-parametric test comparisons of trueness between 3D-printers revealed statistically significant differences between Stratasys versus Anycubic (p = 0.025) and Anycubic versus Form 2 (p = 0.048). Conclusion: The present findings suggest that the 3D-printing methods may have small significant discrepancies when compared to the original digital files, which may not be clinically relevant. In addition, there were no significant discrepancies among median measurements of each printing method (within 3D-printer analysis), which suggests that, for dental casts, all of the studied devices performed similarly.

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Razzaq, Muhammad Yasar, Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Gregory Mertz, David Ruch, Daniel F. Schmidt, and Stephan Westermann. "4D Printing of Multicomponent Shape-Memory Polymer Formulations." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 7880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157880.

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Four-dimensional (4D) printing technology, as a next-generation additive manufacturing method, enables printed objects to further change their shapes, functionalities, or properties upon exposure to external stimuli. The 4D printing of programmable and deformable materials such as thermo-responsive shape-memory polymers (trSMPs), which possess the ability to change shape by exposure to heat, has attracted particular interest in recent years. Three-dimensional objects based on SMPs have been proposed for various potential applications in different fields, including soft robotics, smart actuators, biomedical and electronics. To enable the manufacturing of complex multifunctional 3D objects, SMPs are often coupled with other functional polymers or fillers during or before the 3D printing process. This review highlights the 4D printing of state-of-the-art multi-component SMP formulations. Commonly used 4D printing technologies such as material extrusion techniques including fused filament fabrication (FFF) and direct ink writing (DIW), as well as vat photopolymerization techniques such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and multi-photon polymerization (MPP), are discussed. Different multicomponent SMP systems, their actuation methods, and potential applications of the 3D printed objects are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and prospects for 4D printing technology are summarized.

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Curti, Carlo, Daniel J. Kirby, and Craig A. Russell. "Stereolithography Apparatus Evolution: Enhancing Throughput and Efficiency of Pharmaceutical Formulation Development." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050616.

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Pharmaceutical applications of 3D printing technologies are growing rapidly. Among these, vat photopolymerisation (VP) techniques, including Stereolithography (SLA) hold much promise for their potential to deliver personalised medicines on-demand. SLA 3D printing offers advantageous features for pharmaceutical production, such as operating at room temperature and offering an unrivaled printing resolution. However, since conventional SLA apparatus are designed to operate with large volumes of a single photopolymer resin, significant throughput limitations remain. This, coupled with the limited choice of biocompatible polymers and photoinitiators available, hold back the pharmaceutical development using such technologies. Hence, the aim of this work was to develop a novel SLA apparatus specifically designed to allow rapid and efficient screening of pharmaceutical photopolymer formulations. A commercially available SLA apparatus was modified by designing and fabricating a novel resin tank and build platform able to 3D print up to 12 different formulations at a single time, reducing the amount of sample resin required by 20-fold. The novel SLA apparatus was subsequently used to conduct a high throughput screening of 156 placebo photopolymer formulations. The efficiency of the equipment and formulation printability outcomes were evaluated. Improved time and cost efficiency by 91.66% and 94.99%, respectively, has been confirmed using the modified SLA apparatus to deliver high quality, highly printable outputs, thus evidencing that such modifications offer a robust and reliable tool to optimize the throughput and efficiency of vat photopolymerisation techniques in formulation development processes, which can, in turn, support future clinical applications.

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Maurel, Alexis, Ana Cristina Martinez, Sylvie Grugeon, Stephane Panier, Loic Dupont, Michel Armand, Roberto Russo, et al. "(Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation) 3D Printing of Batteries: Fiction or Reality?" ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023214mtgabs.

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Motivated by the request to build shape-conformable flexible, wearable and customizable batteries while maximizing the energy storage and electrochemical performances, additive manufacturing (AM) appears as a revolutionary discipline. Battery components such as electrodes, separator, electrolyte, current collectors and casing can be tailored with any shape, allowing the direct incorporation of batteries and all electronics within the final three-dimensional object. AM also paves the way toward the implementation of complex 3D electrode architectures that could enhance significantly the power battery performances. Transitioning from conventional 2D to complex 3D lithium-ion battery (LIB) architectures will increase the electrochemically active surface area, enhance the Li+ diffusion paths, thus leading to improved specific capacity and power performance [1]. Our recent modeling studies [2] involving the simulation of a classical Ragone plot illustrated that a gyroid 3D battery architecture has +158% performance at a high current density of 6C, in comparison to planar geometry. In this presentation, an overview of current trends in energy storage 3D printing will be discussed [3-11]. A summary of our recent works on lithium-ion battery 3D printing via Thermoplastic Material Extrusion / Fused Deposition Modeling will be presented [12-16]. The development of printable composite filaments (Graphite-, LiFePO4-, Li2TP-, PEO/LiTFSI-, SiO2-, Ag/Cu-based) corresponding to each part of a LIB (electrodes, electrolyte, separator, current collectors), and the importance of introducing a plasticizer (polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether average Mn 500 for polylactic acid) as an additive to enhance the printability will be addressed. Printing of the complete LIB in a single step using multi-material printing options, and the implementation of a solvent-free protocol [14] will also be discussed. Second part of this presentation will be dedicated to AM of batteries by means of Vat Photopolymerization (VPP) processes, including stereolithography, digital light processing and two-photon polymerization (offering a greater resolution down to 0.1μm), to print high resolution battery components [10]. Composite resins formulation approaches based on the introduction of solid battery particles or precursor salts will be introduced [17, 18]. Finally, an overview of our ongoing project dedicated to AM of sodium-ion batteries from resources available on the Moon and Mars will be presented. Due to its relative abundance in the Lunar regolith, the development of a composite photocurable resin loaded with TiO2 negative electrode material and conductive additives, to feed a VPP printer, will be discussed [18]. [1] Long et al., Three-dimensional battery architectures, Chemical Reviews 104(10) (2004) 4463-4492. [2] Maurel et al., Considering lithium-ion battery 3D-printing via thermoplastic material extrusion and polymer powder bed fusion, Additive Manufacturing (2020) 101651. [3] Maurel et al., Overview on Lithium-Ion Battery 3D-Printing By Means of Material Extrusion, ECS Transactions 98(13) (2020) 3-21. [4] Ragones et al., Towards smart free form-factor 3D printable batteries, Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2(7) (2018) 1542-1549. [5] Reyes et al., Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complete Lithium Ion Battery with Fused Filament Fabrication, ACS Applied Energy Materials 1(10) (2018) 5268-5279. [6] Yee et al., Hydrogel-Based Additive Manufacturing of Lithium Cobalt Oxide, Advanced Materials Technologies 6(2) (2021). [7] Saccone et al., Understanding and mitigating mechanical degradation in lithium–sulfur batteries: additive manufacturing of Li2S composites and nanomechanical particle compressions, Journal of Materials Research (2021). [8] Tagliaferri et al., Direct ink writing of energy materials, Materials Advances 2(2) (2021) 25. [9] Sun et al., 3D Printing of Interdigitated Li-Ion Microbattery Architectures, Advanced Materials 25(33) (2013) 4539-4543. [10] Maurel et al., Toward High Resolution 3D Printing of Shape-Conformable Batteries via Vat Photopolymerization: Review and Perspective, IEEE Access 9 (2021) 140654-140666. [11] Seol et al., All-Printed In-Plane Supercapacitors by Sequential Additive Manufacturing Process, Acs Applied Energy Materials 3(5) (2020) 4965-4973. [12] Maurel et al., Highly Loaded Graphite-Polylactic Acid Composite-Based Filaments for Lithium-Ion Battery Three-Dimensional Printing, Chemistry of Materials 30(21) (2018) 7484-7493. [13] Maurel et al., Three-Dimensional Printing of a LiFePO4/Graphite Battery Cell via Fused Deposition Modeling, Scientific Reports 9(1) (2019) 18031. [14] Maurel et al., Environmentally Friendly Lithium-Terephthalate/Polylactic Acid Composite Filament Formulation for Lithium-Ion Battery 3D-Printing via Fused Deposition Modeling, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 10(3) (2021) 037004. [15] Maurel et al., Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-LiTFSI Solid Polymer Electrolyte Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling Three-Dimensional Printing, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 167(7) (2020). [16] Maurel et al., Ag-Coated Cu/Polylactic Acid Composite Filament for Lithium and Sodium-Ion Battery Current Collector Three-Dimensional Printing via Thermoplastic Material Extrusion, Frontiers in Energy Research 9(70) (2021). [17] Martinez et al., Additive Manufacturing of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 battery electrode material via vat photopolymerization precursor approach, (submitted). [18] Maurel et al., Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Sodium-Ion Battery TiO2 Negative Electrodes from Lunar In-Situ Resources, (submitted).

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Shaukat, Usman, Bernhard Sölle, Elisabeth Rossegger, Sravendra Rana, and Sandra Schlögl. "Vat Photopolymerization 3D-Printing of Dynamic Thiol-Acrylate Photopolymers Using Bio-Derived Building Blocks." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 5377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245377.

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As an energy-efficient additive manufacturing process, vat photopolymerization 3D-printing has become a convenient technology to fabricate functional devices with high resolution and freedom in design. However, due to their permanently crosslinked network structure, photopolymers are not easily reprocessed or repaired. To improve the environmental footprint of 3D-printed objects, herein, we combine the dynamic nature of hydroxyl ester links, undergoing a catalyzed transesterification at elevated temperature, with an acrylate monomer derived from renewable resources. As a sustainable building block, we synthesized an acrylated linseed oil and mixed it with selected thiol crosslinkers. By careful selection of the transesterification catalyst, we obtained dynamic thiol-acrylate resins with a high cure rate and decent storage stability, which enabled the digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing of objects with a structure size of 550 µm. Owing to their dynamic covalent bonds, the thiol-acrylate networks were able to relax 63% of their initial stress within 22 min at 180 °C and showed enhanced toughness after thermal annealing. We exploited the thermo-activated reflow of the dynamic networks to heal and re-shape the 3D-printed objects. The dynamic thiol-acrylate photopolymers also demonstrated promising healing, shape memory, and re-shaping properties, thus offering great potential for various industrial fields such as soft robotics and electronics.

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Wada, Junichiro, Kanae Wada, Mona Gibreel, Noriyuki Wakabayashi, Tsutomu Iwamoto, Pekka K. Vallittu, and Lippo Lassila. "Effect of Nitrogen Gas Post-Curing and Printer Type on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Hard Occlusal Splint Material." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 3971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14193971.

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Although three-dimensional (3D) printing is clinically convenient to fabricate occlusal splints, it is still unclear how the post-curing method and the printer type can affect 3D-printed splints. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of stroboscopic post-curing at a nitrogen gas (N2) atmosphere versus post-curing in an air atmosphere, as well as the printer type (liquid crystal display (LCD) and digital light processing (DLP)) on the mechanical properties of a 3D-printed hard-type occlusal splint material. Flexural strength, flexural modulus, Vickers hardness number (VHN), fracture toughness, degree of double bond conversion (DC), 3D microlayer structure, water sorption, and water solubility were evaluated. The post-curing method significantly affected all evaluated properties except fracture toughness and 3D microlayer structure, while the printer type significantly affected all evaluated properties except flexural strength and flexural modulus. VHN and DC were significantly higher, and the smoother surface was noticeably obtained when printed by LCD printer and post-cured at an N2 atmosphere. The current results suggested that the post-curing method and the printer type would play a role in the mechanical properties of the evaluated material and that the combination of post-curing at an N2 atmosphere and LCD printer could enhance its mechanical properties and surface smoothness.

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Song, Qingchuan, Yunong Chen, Peilong Hou, Pang Zhu, Dorothea Helmer, Frederik Kotz-Helmer, and Bastian E. Rapp. "Fabrication of Multi-Material Pneumatic Actuators and Microactuators Using Stereolithography." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020244.

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Pneumatic actuators are of great interest for device miniaturization, microactuators, soft robots, biomedical engineering, and complex control systems. Recently, multi-material actuators have become of high interest to researchers due to their comprehensive range of suitable applications. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of multi-material pneumatic actuators would be the ideal way to fabricate customized actuators, but so far, this is mostly limited to deposition-based methodologies, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) or Polyjetting. Vat-based stereolithography is one of the most relevant high-resolution 3D printing methods but is only rarely utilized in the multi-material 3D printing of materials. This study demonstrated multi-material stereolithography using combinations of materials with different Young’s moduli, i.e., 0.5 MPa and 1.1 GPa, for manufacturing pneumatic actuators and microactuators with a resolution as small as 200 μm. These multi-material actuators have advantages over single-material actuators in terms of their deformation controllability and ease of assembly.

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Garcia, Elisa Aznarte, Cagri Ayranci, and Ahmed Jawad Qureshi. "Material Property-Manufacturing Process Optimization for Form 2 Vat-Photo Polymerization 3D Printers." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4010012.

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This study aims to assess the effect of printing parameters on the final tensile properties of 3D printed specimens printed through a popular vat-photopolymerization printer—‘Form 2’. Elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength and strain at break are analyzed as a function of process parameters in order to provide an optimized print parameter configuration. Design of Experiments (DoE) using Taguchi’s techniques was used to print the test samples. Tensile tests were performed on the 3D printed specimens following the ISO-527 standard. The post-experiment analysis provide more insight on the effect of each studied factor on the elastic properties of these specimens. To complete this study, an analysis of the total manufacturing process time is presented with respect to the aforementioned elastic properties. The study shows that the parts are orthotropic and sensitive to layer height and post-curing. The orthotropic behaviour can be substantially reduced by appropriate post-curing process, resulting in high improvement of the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength. This paper is of special interest to researchers and users of desktop 3D printers who wish to improve the performance of their equipment, compare printing capabilities or assess the effect of different hardware on a single resin.

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Taormina, Gabriele, Corrado Sciancalepore, Massimo Messori, and Federica Bondioli. "3D printing processes for photocurable polymeric materials: technologies, materials, and future trends." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 16, no. 3 (April 2, 2018): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2280800018764770.

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The aim of this review is a faithful report of the panorama of solutions adopted to fabricate a component using vat photopolymerization (VP) processes. A general overview on additive manufacturing and on the different technologies available for polymers is given. A comparison between stereolithography and digital light processing is also presented, with attention to different aspects and to the advantages and limitations of both technologies. Afterward, a quick overview of the process parameters is given, with an emphasis on the necessities and the issues associated with the VP process. The materials are then explored, starting from base matrix materials to composites and nanocomposites, with attention to examples of applications and explanations of the main factors involved.

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de Camargo, Italo, João Fiore Parreira Lovo, Rogério Erbereli, Eduardo Bock, and Carlos Fortulan. "Fabrication of ceramics using photosensitive slurries: A comparison between UV-casting replication and vat photopolymerization 3D printing." Processing and Application of Ceramics 16, no. 2 (2022): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac2202153c.

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The development of photosensitive ceramic slurries for vat photopolymerization (stereolithography or digital light processing) has received much effort in recent years. However, many of these ceramic suspensions have high viscosity and they are suitable for use only on equipment, specialized in ceramic additive manufacturing. In this work, ceramic manufacturing using photocurable slurries was tested in a low-cost vat photopolymerization printer and in silicone moulds for UV-casting replication, with the latter approach still scarcely explored in the literature. Both processes were able to produce ceramic parts. The UV-casting replication was able to work with more viscous photocurable ceramic slurries and proved more suitable for the manufacturing of ceramic parts with larger cross-sections, providing pieces with improved flexural strength to those produced by additive manufacturing. This work presents the possibility of UV-casting photosensitive slurries to manufacture ceramics, an approach that could be easily adopted without high equipment costs.

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Pagac, Marek, Jiri Hajnys, Quoc-Phu Ma, Lukas Jancar, Jan Jansa, Petr Stefek, and Jakub Mesicek. "A Review of Vat Photopolymerization Technology: Materials, Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends of 3D Printing." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040598.

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Additive manufacturing (3D printing) has significantly changed the prototyping process in terms of technology, construction, materials, and their multiphysical properties. Among the most popular 3D printing techniques is vat photopolymerization, in which ultraviolet (UV) light is deployed to form chains between molecules of liquid light-curable resin, crosslink them, and as a result, solidify the resin. In this manuscript, three photopolymerization technologies, namely, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and continuous digital light processing (CDLP), are reviewed. Additionally, the after-cured mechanical properties of light-curable resin materials are listed, along with a number of case studies showing their applications in practice. The manuscript aims at providing an overview and future trend of the photopolymerization technology to inspire the readers to engage in further research in this field, especially regarding developing new materials and mathematical models for microrods and bionic structures.

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Zhao, Wenyu, Ziya Wang, Jianpeng Zhang, Xiaopu Wang, Yingtian Xu, Ning Ding, and Zhengchun Peng. "Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing of Advanced Soft Sensors and Actuators: From Architecture to Function." Advanced Materials Technologies 6, no. 8 (April 28, 2021): 2001218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.202001218.

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Zeng, Yong, Xingfu Chen, Lijun Sun, Haihua Yao, and Jimin Chen. "Effect of different sintering additives type on Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of Al2O3 ceramics." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 83 (November 2022): 414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.09.022.

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Gohil, Rajveersinh. "Modification in Build Plate and VAT to Improve Printing Quality of DLP 3D Printer." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 3667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.4615.

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Li, Wanlu, Luis S. Mille, Juan A. Robledo, Tlalli Uribe, Valentin Huerta, and Yu Shrike Zhang. "Recent Advances in Formulating and Processing Biomaterial Inks for Vat Polymerization‐Based 3D Printing." Advanced Healthcare Materials 9, no. 15 (June 11, 2020): 2000156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202000156.

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Asif, Suleman, Parth Chansoria, and Rohan Shirwaiker. "Ultrasound-assisted vat photopolymerization 3D printing of preferentially organized carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 56 (August 2020): 1340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.04.029.

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Hidaka, Mitsuyuki, Masaru Kojima, Masaki Nakahata, and Shinji Sakai. "Visible Light-Curable Chitosan Ink for Extrusion-Based and Vat Polymerization-Based 3D Bioprintings." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091382.

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Three-dimensional bioprinting has attracted much attention for biomedical applications, including wound dressing and tissue regeneration. The development of functional and easy-to-handle inks is expected to expand the applications of this technology. In this study, aqueous solutions of chitosan derivatives containing sodium persulfate (SPS) and Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) chloride (Ru(bpy)3) were applied as inks for both extrusion-based and vat polymerization-based bioprinting. In both the printing systems, the curation of ink was caused by visible light irradiation. The gelation time of the solution and the mechanical properties of the resultant hydrogels could be altered by changing the concentrations of SPS and Ru(bpy)3. The 3D hydrogel constructs with a good shape fidelity were obtained from the chitosan inks with a composition that formed gel within 10 s. In addition, we confirmed that the chitosan hydrogels have biodegradability and antimicrobial activity. These results demonstrate the significant potential of using the visible light-curable inks containing a chitosan derivative for extrusion and vat polymerization-based bioprinting toward biomedical applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'LCD vat 3D printing'

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