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1
Augereau, Anne. "Funerary Practices as a Testimony of Ideology in Western Linearbandkeramik Culture." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 953–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0184.
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Abstract The Linearbandkeramik (LBK) is behind the spread of the Neolithic way of life in a large part of Western Europe. This period is often regarded as the beginning of social inequalities whose ideological frameworks deserve to be highlighted. According to social anthropologists, funerary practices are relevant for this debate as they reflect the symbolic thought in relation to death. In addition, as they are perpetuated by the living, funerary practices are pertinent in addressing the ideological values, symbolic systems, and thoughts that support social organisation. Whilst examining how grave goods are allocated amongst the LBK population, we have identified a small group of dominant men characterised by a specific burial kit (adzes, arrows, lighter set, and red deer antlers), a richer protein intake in diet, and their local origin. Comparing them to other social categories characterised by minor marking of identity in grave goods, poorer protein intake in diet, and of diverse origin, we aim to explore the ideological frameworks and values sustaining the social LBK system. LBK dominant ideology appears to revolve around hunting and exploits in warfare, manhood, and virility, in short around violent behaviours perhaps linked to a territorial competition.
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Bickle, Penny, and Linda Fibiger. "Ageing, Childhood and Social Identity in the Early Neolithic of Central Europe." European Journal of Archaeology 17, no. 2 (2014): 208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957114y.0000000052.
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In this paper, osteological and archaeological data are brought together to further our understanding of childhood in the early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK; c. 5500–5000 cal BC). In many characterizations of LBK society, fixed representations of sex or identities based on subsistence strategies pervade, with children rarely considered and then only as a specialized and separate topic of study. As a challenge to this view, a summary of the current models of childhood in the LBK culture is presented and debated with reference to the burial rites of children. A period of ‘middle’ childhood is proposed for the LBK culture. The osteological evidence suggests that childhood could be a time of dietary stress, perhaps with sex-based differences from childhood, and examples of the diseases and traumas suffered are discussed. Finally, the possibility that the children were actively contributing to acts of personal violence is raised. While the recognition of identity making as a continuous process remains a powerful exploratory route to investigating prehistoric societies, we argue that this should not discourage us from seeing identity as formed over the entire lifecourse.
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Allard, Pierre, Caroline Hamon, and Louise Gomart. "Mineral Resources, Procurement Strategies, and Territories in the Linear Pottery Culture in the Aisne Valley (Paris Basin, France)." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 631–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0160.
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Abstract This article presents the mineral resource procurement territories of Early Neolithic settlements (LBK or Rubané) in the Aisne valley. Our study focuses on data from 15 LBK sites belonging to the final LBK of central Europe; C14 dates for the sites fall between 5100 and 4900 cal BC. The bulk of pottery from these sites seems to have been produced using local raw materials that can be found over a large part of the valley; only a dozen recorded vessels were made of an exogeneous raw material. Analysis of the supply and management of sandstone and flint productions indicates the presence of three groups of villages. These distinct groups correspond to the definition of a cluster as proposed to define site organization in the Aisne valley. On the LBK sites of the Aisne valley blades, polished tools and certain personal ornaments were occasionally made of non-local materials. Some of these objects seem to indicate contacts outside the LBK settlement zones and suggest relationships with southern Neolithic groups.
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Dolukhanov, Pavel, and Anvar Shrukov. "Modelling the Neolithic dispersal in northern Eurasia." Documenta Praehistorica 31 (December 31, 2004): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.31.3.
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Comprehensieve lists of radiocarbon dates from key Early Neolithic sites in Central Europe belonging to the Linear pottery Ceramic Culture (LBK) and early pottery-bearing cultures in the East European Plain were analysed with the use of the x2 test. The dates from the LBK sites form a statistically homogeneous set, with a probability distribution similar to a single-date Gaussian curve. This implies the rate of expansion of the LBK in Central Europe being in excess of 4 km/yr. Early potter-bearing sites on the East European Plain exhibit a much broader probability distribution of dates, with a spatio-temporal trend directed from the south-east to the north-west. The rate of spread of pottery-making is in the order of 1 km/yr, i.e., comparable to the average expansion rate of the Neolithic in Western and Central Europe.
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Kaczanowska, Małgorzata, Janusz K. Kozłowski, and Michał Wasilewski. "Linear Band Pottery Culture (LBK) lithic industry from Apc." Archaeologiai Értesítő 141, no. 1 (December 2016): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0208.2016.141.2.
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Vondrovský, Václav. "Let the Sunshine In: The Issue of Neolithic Longhouse Orientation." European Journal of Archaeology 21, no. 4 (February 21, 2018): 528–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.11.
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This article is focused on the deliberate orientation of longhouses observed within the wide area of the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) and succeeding cultures (post-LBK). Spatial analysis is based on the assemblage of 1546 buildings, whose purpose it was to attempt to cover the whole area of longhouse distribution. Despite variability, which considerably increased over time, the alignment of house entrances towards the south or south-east was observed. The widely accepted theory of house alignment towards the ‘ancestral homeland’ is therefore challenged by a new hypothesis, which sees orientation governed by the celestial path of the sun. Using 3D-modelling of light-and-shadow and solar impact, sun alignment is discussed as an integral element of the longhouse concept already present by the time of its genesis. The tendency of aligning longhouse entrances towards the east, which emerged during the LBK expansion westwards, is considered to be a regionally limited pattern, as no analogical shift was observed in the eastern areas of longhouse distribution.
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Hamon, Caroline, and Louise Gomart. "Social Rules and Household Interactions Within the LBK: Long-Standing Debates, New Perspectives." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 690–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0158.
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Abstract Within Linearbandkeramik (LBK) studies, several models of social structure and organisation have been debated since the 1960s, influenced by several major anthropological theories that even today guide the debates. We discuss here the notion of social interactions in LBK contexts by focusing on the primary form of LBK social unit: the household. Assuming that the solutions found by the LBK communities to navigate their ambivalent position regarding sedentism and mobility probably formed the basis of their social organisation, social networks would have played a crucial role in ensuring the longevity and spread of the LBK culture. The village pioneer stage crystallises several core mechanisms of LBK society and is particularly relevant for assessing the dynamic processes involved in the fundamental social interactions that structure LBK societies. Invoking rather the “hofplatz” or the “ward” models, the coexistence of different groups attached to specific expressions of identity within the same settlements was highlighted and led to several hypotheses of social organisation putting clan or lineage structures at the foreground. Differentiation or inequalities between individuals and groups were also debated, even recently based on new technological and bioarchaeological data. In the frame of the current ANR Homes project, our goal is to test the reliability of these models based on an evidence-based approach and deepen the economical model we recently proposed.
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Hofmann, Daniela. "Keep on walk: the role of migration in Linearbandkeramik life." Documenta Praehistorica 43 (December 30, 2016): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.43.11.
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Migration played a central role throughout the LBK culture. After summarising the motivations for migration in the earliest LBK, the article outlines how some of these factors remained relevant in later phases. Beyond continued westand eastward expansion, at regional and site levels migration to better one’s social position provided an alternative to patrilineal land inheritance. The main change between the earliest and later phases is the role of material culture after migration events. Initially a means of creating long-distance connections, it later stressed difference from other groups. This process of ethnogenesis is invisible genetically. Overall, migration emerges as a salient behaviour even in ‘sedentary’ Neolithic societies.
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Nowak, Marek. "The first vs. second stage of neolithisation in Polish territories (to say nothing of the third?)." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46-7.
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The origins of the Neolithic in Polish territories are associated with migrations of groups of the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) after the mid-6th millennium BC. Communities of this culture only settled in enclaves distinguished by ecological conditions favourable to farming (‘LBK neolithisation’). This situation persisted into the 5th millennium BC, when these enclaves were inhabited by post-Linear groups. This state of affairs changed from c. 4000 BC onwards due to the formation and spectacular territorial expansion of the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). In the territories under consideration this expansion covered the areas previously inhabited by both hunter-gatherers (‘TRB neolithisation’) and farmers. Some of the Late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers did not accept TRB patterns. They successfully carried on their traditional lifestyle until the Early Bronze Age although some changes in their material culture are visible (including ‘ceramisation’).
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Nowak, Marek. "The first vs. second stage of neolithisation in Polish territories (to say nothing of the third?)." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46.7.
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The origins of the Neolithic in Polish territories are associated with migrations of groups of the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) after the mid-6th millennium BC. Communities of this culture only settled in enclaves distinguished by ecological conditions favourable to farming (‘LBK neolithisation’). This situation persisted into the 5th millennium BC, when these enclaves were inhabited by post-Linear groups. This state of affairs changed from c. 4000 BC onwards due to the formation and spectacular territorial expansion of the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). In the territories under consideration this expansion covered the areas previously inhabited by both hunter-gatherers (‘TRB neolithisation’) and farmers. Some of the Late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers did not accept TRB patterns. They successfully carried on their traditional lifestyle until the Early Bronze Age although some changes in their material culture are visible (including ‘ceramisation’).
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Robinson, Erick, Joris Sergant, and Philippe Crombé. "Late Mesolithic Armature Variability in the Southern North Sea Basin: Implications for Forager-LinearbandkeramikContact Models of the Transition to Agriculture in Belgium and the Southern Netherlands." European Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 1 (2013): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957112y.0000000022.
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Lithic armatures have been widely noted as key evidence for interpreting the role of indigenous Mesolithic traditions in the spread of the Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture, and therefore early agriculture, across temperate Europe. Their role as evidence for the continuity of Mesolithic ‘identities’ has been emphasized without the use of a unified, systematic recording methodology of armatures from both Late–Final Mesolithic (LM–FM) and LBK sites that places armatures in their broader context as part of projectile technologies of late hunter-gatherers and early farmers. In this paper, we present the results of recent research in the southern North Sea basin that utilized a systematic and unified recording methodology to analyse armature assemblages from LM–FM and LBK sites on an inter-regional scale. We report that there is much more inter-regional variability in armature assemblages during the LM than traditionally considered in efforts to interpret similarities and possible cultural transmission processes between Mesolithic and LBK populations. This paper calls for a reassessment of inter-regional LM variability in the construction of Mesolithic-LBK contact models and a focus that places armatures in their broader social and technological contexts.
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Gillis, Rosalind E., Lenka Kovačiková, Stéphanie Bréhard, Emilie Guthmann, Ivana Vostrovská, Hana Nohálová, Rose-Marie Arbogast, et al. "The evolution of dual meat and milk cattle husbandry in Linearbandkeramik societies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1860 (August 2, 2017): 20170905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0905.
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Cattle dominate archaeozoological assemblages from the north-central Europe between the sixth and fifth millennium BC and are frequently considered as exclusively used for their meat. Dairy products may have played a greater role than previously believed. Selective pressure on the lactase persistence mutation has been modelled to have begun between 6000 and 4000 years ago in central Europe. The discovery of milk lipids in late sixth millennium ceramic sieves in Poland may reflect an isolated regional peculiarity for cheese making or may signify more generalized milk exploitation in north-central Europe during the Early Neolithic. To investigate these issues, we analysed the mortality profiles based on age-at-death analysis of cattle tooth eruption, wear and replacement from 19 archaeological sites of the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture (sixth to fifth millennium BC). The results indicate that cattle husbandry was similar across time and space in the LBK culture with a degree of specialization for meat exploitation in some areas. Statistical comparison with reference age-at-death profiles indicate that mixed husbandry (milk and meat) was practised, with mature animals being kept. The analysis provides a unique insight into LBK cattle husbandry and how it evolved in later cultures in central and western Europe. It also opens a new perspective on how and why the Neolithic way of life developed through continental Europe and how dairy products became a part of the human diet.
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Bickle, Penny. "Thinking Gender Differently: New Approaches to Identity Difference in the Central European Neolithic." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774319000453.
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Gender in the European Neolithic has seen little debate, despite major scholarly interest in identity and social relationships. This article considers how gender operated in the Linearbandkeramik (LBK, c. 5500–5000 cal. bc), the first farming culture of central Europe. A new theoretical approach is developed from the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, and the feminist philosopher Braidotti, proposing that how difference and variation are conceived is an important element in how identity is experienced and performed. The concept of ‘difference-within-itself’ is introduced and applied to an assemblage of c. 2350 burials from the LBK via correspondence analysis. The results of this analysis are combined with variation in daily activities and health between male-sexed bodies and female-sexed bodies to argue that differences between males and females shaped lifeways in the LBK, providing different and varied ways of participating in social life. It is concluded that there was diversity and fluidity in female identities, while male identities had more limited possibilities and were subject to further social constraints. The implications of these gendered differences for models of LBK social organization are then considered.
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Kabaciński, Jacek. "Contribution to Understanding the Distribution of ‘Chocolate’ Flint on the Polish Lowlands in the Early Neolithic: Kruszyn, Site 13." Archaeologia Polona 56 (January 1, 2018): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa56.2018.006.
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Abstakt “Chocolate’”flint was the main raw material used by the Early Neolithic Linear Band Cul¬ture (LBK) groups in the Polish Lowlands. Since the second (note) phase of the development of this culture, the early farmers developed a complex system of distribution of ‘chocolate’ flint within the great-valleys zone of the Lowlands. Concretions of raw flint were transported by the Vistula river from the outcrops located on the southeastern slopes of the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains to Kuyavia. They were worked into cores and processed in settlements close to the Vistula valley. Cores and blades/flakes were also exported to distant locations to the west as far as the Lower Oder basin area. One would expect the existence of specialised workshops providing materials for such a mass distribution. Kruszyn site 13, Włocławek distr., is the first LBK ‘chocolate’ flint workshop discovered close to the Vistula river concentrated on production of blades. This site fits well into the LBK flint distribution system developed on the Lowlands
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Szeliga, Marcin, Zsolt Kasztovszky, Grzegorz Osipowicz, and Veronika Szilágyi. "Obsidian in the Early Neolithic of the Upper Vistula basin: origin, processing, distribution and use – a case study from Tominy (southern Poland)." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 96, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-0014.
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Abstract The inflow of the Carpathian obsidian into the areas on the northern side of the Carpathians and the Sudetes is confirmed as early as in the Palaeolithic. However, its greatest intensity occurred in the Early Neolithic, i. e. in the late 6th and in the first half of 5th millennia BC. During that period, the phenomenon was closely related with the development of the Danubian cultural groups in the upper Vistula river basin, including especially Linear Pottery culture (LBK) and Malice Culture. The constant presence of this raw material products in mentioned areas is documented from the classical (musical-note) phase of LBK, constituting one of the most expressive pieces of evidence of permanent and intense intercultural contacts with communities of the northern Carpathian Basin. This phenomenon has been repeatedly emphasized in the literature. One of the most numerous LBK obsidian inventories in the upper Vistula river basin was obtained at site 6 in Tominy, located in southern Poland, in the non-loess zone of the Sandomierz Upland northern foreground. The above-mentioned collection, its non-destructive elemental analysis, using Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) and also traceological analysis, is the subject of this article. The results supplement the published data to a significant extent, simultaneously providing partial verification and updating of the current state of knowledge on the basic issues related to the Early Neolithic obsidian inflow into areas located North of the Carpathians, including primarily the origin of the raw material, the scale of its processing and distribution ways, as well as the range of its use by the LBK communities.
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Wąs, Marcin. "Early Neolithic Flint Assemblages from the Targowisko Settlement Region." Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 16 (2021): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/anarres.2021.16.3.
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The article presents flint materials obtained from domestic facilities from the late phase of “Linienbandkeramik” from the Brzezie 40 and Targowisko 16 sites and the classic phase of the Malice culture from the 14–15 Targowisko site. These complexes contain relatively few monuments. Their advantage, however, is that they belong to chronologically compact groups. Since the relics of the discovered houses are spatially isolated from other settlement structures, it can be assumed that the set of flint artifacts belonging to them is relatively homogeneous. Thanks to this, they can contribute considerably to the discussion on the processes of cultural heterogenization and the origin of post-LBK cultures, including the Malice culture.
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Holtby, Ian, Chris Scarre, R. Alexander Bentley, and Peter Rowley-Conwy. "Disease, CCR5-Δ32 and the European spread of agriculture? A hypothesis." Antiquity 86, no. 331 (February 22, 2012): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062554.
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From its origins in the Starčcevo-Körös culture of the Hungarian Plain around 5700 BC the Neolithic archaeological assemblage of the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) spread within two centuries to reach Alsace and the middle Rhine by 5500 BC, though the rapidity of the spread makes it difficult to measure using available radiocarbon evidence (Dolukhanov et al. 2005). In this same time period, during the Terminal Mesolithic, c. 5800 to 5500 BC, there is evidence for forager-herder-horticulturists in Central andWestern Europe prior to the appearance of the LBK (Gronenborn 1999, 2009). The Cardial Neolithic complex spread round the shores of the northern Mediterranean from southern Italy to Portugal in the period 5700’5400 BC.
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Stäuble, Harald. "Radiocarbon Dates of the Earliest Neolithic in Central Europe." Radiocarbon 37, no. 2 (1995): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220003068x.
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I discuss here a series of radiocarbon dates from sites of the earliest phase of the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture. The samples were collected during excavations directed by Prof. Jens Lüning (Frankfurt am Main) between 1979 and 1987. The samples were mainly charcoal, including cereals and food remains, but bones and potsherds containing organic temper were also included in the study. Although the results on cereal, bone and food remains were consistent, almost all differed from those measured on charred wood. From a series of dates measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) on organic temper in potsherds, variable amounts of sample contamination were observed, probably deriving from the natural organic components of the clay used in the ceramic production. By critically evaluating 14C dates, individual activities on the sites were dated as accurately as possible. A chronological framework could then be established for the earliest phase of the LBK culture. The dating results provided information on taphonomic processes.
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Gronenborn, Detlef. "Migration, acculturation and culture change in western temperate Eurasia,." Documenta Praehistorica 30 (January 1, 2003): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.30.3.
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After the introduction of the pottery tradition of La Hoguette and contemporaneous research on Earliest LBK about 10 to 15 years ago, research onthe spread of farming in Central Europe had somewhat stagnated; there were hardly any major advances in factual knowledge, nor could theoretical models be refined. In the last few years, however, an abundance of new data has appeared, partly deriving from botanical and anthropological analyses. Furthermore, newly available results from excavations in European Russia widenour understanding of the manifold and complex changes occurring during the latter 7th and 6th millennium cal BC.
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Meyer, Christian, Christian Lohr, Detlef Gronenborn, and Kurt W. Alt. "The massacre mass grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten reveals new insights into collective violence in Early Neolithic Central Europe." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 36 (August 17, 2015): 11217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504365112.
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Conflict and warfare are central but also disputed themes in discussions about the European Neolithic. Although a few recent population studies provide broad overviews, only a very limited number of currently known key sites provide precise insights into moments of extreme and mass violence and their impact on Neolithic societies. The massacre sites of Talheim, Germany, and Asparn/Schletz, Austria, have long been the focal points around which hypotheses concerning a final lethal crisis of the first Central European farmers of the Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik Culture (LBK) have concentrated. With the recently examined LBK mass grave site of Schöneck-Kilianstädten, Germany, we present new conclusive and indisputable evidence for another massacre, adding new data to the discussion of LBK violence patterns. At least 26 individuals were violently killed by blunt force and arrow injuries before being deposited in a commingled mass grave. Although the absence and possible abduction of younger females has been suggested for other sites previously, a new violence-related pattern was identified here: the intentional and systematic breaking of lower limbs. The abundance of the identified perimortem fractures clearly indicates torture and/or mutilation of the victims. The new evidence presented here for unequivocal lethal violence on a large scale is put into perspective for the Early Neolithic of Central Europe and, in conjunction with previous results, indicates that massacres of entire communities were not isolated occurrences but rather were frequent features of the last phases of the LBK.
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Čerevková, Alžběta. "The Subsistence Strategy of Linear Pottery Culture in Moravia (Czech Republic): Current State of Knowledge." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0208.
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Abstract The main goal of this article is to present an overview of current knowledge about the subsistence strategy of Linear Pottery culture (LBK) in Moravia, Czech Republic. The main aspect of the subsistence strategy mentioned here will be the issue of dietary. Early Neolithic sites that in some way contributed to the knowledge about the dietary character (both meat and plant food) will be presented here. On this occasion, a case study of the Žádovice site, which belongs to the most recently analyzed settlements, will be presented. In addition, the methods used in the subsistence strategy of LBK in Moravia will be mentioned. The existing knowledge will be included in a broader settlement context and will be compared with each other. For the time being, it seems that in terms of the species spectrum of farmed animals, the area of Moravia does not differ from the situation known from Central Europe. Certain geographical differences are possible in Moravia, but this hypothesis must be verified in the future, depending on the expansion of the database. The study thus represents a springboard for further research in this area.
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Mueller-Bieniek, Aldona, Piotr Kittel, Błażej Muzolf, Katarzyna Cywa, and Przemysław Muzolf. "Plant macroremains from an early Neolithic site in eastern Kuyavia, central Poland." Acta Palaeobotanica 56, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2016-0006.
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Abstract The study examined plant remains from the Smólsk 2/10 site, situated on the border of two different landscapes and preserving traces of Neolithic occupation from several cultures: Early Linear Pottery culture (LBK, ca 5300-5200 cal. BC to ca 5000 cal. BC). Stroke Band Pottery culture (SBP, ca 4700-4400 cal. BC), the Brześć Kujawski group of Lengyel culture (BKG, ca 4500-4000/3900 cal. BC), Funnel Beaker culture (TRB, ca 3950-3380 BC), and also some features of the Lusatian culture (Hallstatt C, ca 970-790 cal. BC).Mostly hulled wheat remains (Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum) were found in the LBK, SBP, and BKG cultures; they were completely absent in younger cultures (TRB, Lusatian), where barley remains appeared. Among other plants the most numerous were remains of small-grain grasses (mostly cf. Hierochloë type), feather grass (Stipa sp.), wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus), and goosefoot (Chenopodium album type), but the plant remains are relatively scarce.The archaeobotanical data obtained from the site supplement data from neighbouring Osłonki to the west and Wolica Nowa to the north-west. The differences between those microregions are reflected mostly in the earlier appearance of feather grass (Stipa sp.) in the Smólsk area as well as the higher quantity of crop chaff remains in the Osłonki area, but their random occurrence, along with the fragmentariness of the archaeological data, must be taken into account. However, intentional introduction of feather grass by the first Neolithic settlers in eastern Kuyavia cannot be excluded. The relatively high proportion of small-grain grasses, usually interpreted as traces of fodder, together with the scarcity of crop remains at the Wolica Nowa site, suggests that the site was connected more with animal husbandry than with agriculture. On the other hand, the small-grain grasses at Smólsk are represented mainly by a large number of non-weedy grass (cf. Hierochloë type) grains from the crop sample, which cannot be explained in a simple way.A comparison of the anthracological data from the Osłonki and Smólsk microregions reveals differences in woodland management and differences between the local environments. Pine wood was more accessible at Smólsk than at Osłonki, due to local landscape characteristics.
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Przeździecki, Michał, Michał Szubski, and Artur Grabarek. "Między Wschodem a Zachodem. Inwentarz krzemienny z osady ludności kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej na stanowisku Podlesie 6, woj. świętokrzyskie." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 25 (December 15, 2020): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2020.25.09.
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Paper presents results of analysis of the assemblage of flint artefacts from the settlement of Linear Pottery culture (LBK) at the site no. 6 in Podlesie, Świętokrzyskie voivodeship. Importance of the site is primarily by its location: on the border of two geographical regions, two geological conditions, two settlement eccentrics of the LBK and two provinces of lithic raw materials. Within the flint assemblage we can distinguish two main classes of lithical artefacts: an internally cohesive collection of 104 obsidian products and a collection of 2069 artefacts made of at least five different types of flint. In the group of siliceous rocks, the most numerous is the Jurassic flint from Cracow area – 53%. Second place in the inventory is occupied by the Światchowski flint, which share reaches the level of 19%. Only slightly smaller are amounts of chocolate flint – 15%.
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Pyzel, Joanna. "Early Neolithic Settlement Patterns in the Polish Lowlands – A Case Study of Selected Micro-Regions in Eastern Kuyavia." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1091–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0173.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is the presentation of the settlement of the first farming communities of the Linear Pottery culture in the Polish lowlands. A case study of three neighboring micro-regions excavated on a large scale in eastern Kuyavia was conducted, which offered the possibility of analyzing various levels of the settlement. Based on the results obtained a local model of the LBK occupation in Kuyavia could be reconstructed. I argue that despite some regional variability a very general common settlement pattern existed for the whole LBK consisting of an iconic longhouse as the basic unit, the presence of micro-regional clusters of more or less contemporary sites, and the preference for regions with optimal environmental conditions. However, a detailed comparison within and between separate sites in the study area revealed some degree of variability inside this supposedly homogeneous pattern which can indicate the existence of different social units among small regional communities and their changes over time.
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Krzyszowski, Andrzej. "Wczesnoneolityczne figurki antropomorficzne na przykładzie nowego znaleziska z Lipnicy w województwie wielkopolskim." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 12 (November 1, 2018): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2004.12.03.
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A fragment of clay figurine was found in a Band Pottery Culture pit at Lipnica near Szamotuły during rescue excavations o f the Y amai gas pipe ( 1996). It was probably painted and ornamented by vertically incised lines. Its compositional and formal attributes make us believe that this is a fragment of anthropomorphic, freestanding and realistically represented figurine without steatopygic features. It was either an early Neolithic idol or toy. The figurine shows similarities to alike artifacts from Central European oecumene of the Band Pottery culture (in particular in the Lower Silesia and Germany), which are characterized by their slenderness and incised ornamentation. Additionally, the painting decoration is indicative of influences from south-eastern centers of the LBK (Ukraine and Moravia).
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Banffy, Eszter, Alex Bayliss, Anthony Denaire, Bisserka Gaydarska, Daniela Hofmann, Philippe Lefranc, Janos Jakucs, et al. "Seeking the Holy Grail." Documenta Praehistorica 45 (January 3, 2019): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.45-10.
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The strengths of formal Bayesian chronological modelling are restated, combining as it does knowledge of the archaeology with the radiocarbon dating of carefully chosen samples of known taphonomy in association with diagnostic material culture. The risks of dating bone samples are reviewed, along with a brief history of the development of approaches to the radiocarbon dating of bone. In reply to Strien (2017), selected topics concerned with the emergence and aftermath of the LBK are discussed, as well as the early Vinča, Ražište and Hinkelstein sequences. The need for rigour in an approach which combines archaeology and radiocarbon dating is underlined.
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Banffy, Eszter, Alex Bayliss, Anthony Denaire, Bisserka Gaydarska, Daniela Hofmann, Philippe Lefranc, Janos Jakucs, et al. "Seeking the Holy Grail." Documenta Praehistorica 45 (December 29, 2018): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.45.10.
Full textAbstract:
The strengths of formal Bayesian chronological modelling are restated, combining as it does knowledge of the archaeology with the radiocarbon dating of carefully chosen samples of known taphonomy in association with diagnostic material culture. The risks of dating bone samples are reviewed, along with a brief history of the development of approaches to the radiocarbon dating of bone. In reply to Strien (2017), selected topics concerned with the emergence and aftermath of the LBK are discussed, as well as the early Vinča, Ražište and Hinkelstein sequences. The need for rigour in an approach which combines archaeology and radiocarbon dating is underlined.
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Strien, Hans-Christoph. "‘Robust chronologies’ or ‘Bayesian illusion’? Some critical remarks on the use of chronological modelling." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46-13.
Full textAbstract:
The explanatory power of Bayesian chronological modelling is often overestimated, leading to an uncritical belief in the reliability of each isolated model without the necessary look at archaeological connections between different models. The methodical pitfalls of this approach, especially in combination with inaccurate use of typochronological methods, are highlighted for Linear Pottery Culture (ger. Linienbandkeramik – LBK) and Middle Neolithic chronological models from Central Europe (Jakucs et al. 2016; Denaire et al. 2017; Bánffy et al. 2018). A more critical approach to Bayesian modelling, considering possible mathematical artefacts and the deficits of the actual calibration curve as well as the inherent imprecision of the used typochronological dates, seems to be required.
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Strien, Hans-Christoph. "‘Robust chronologies’ or ‘Bayesian illusion’? Some critical remarks on the use of chronological modelling." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46.13.
Full textAbstract:
The explanatory power of Bayesian chronological modelling is often overestimated, leading to an uncritical belief in the reliability of each isolated model without the necessary look at archaeological connections between different models. The methodical pitfalls of this approach, especially in combination with inaccurate use of typochronological methods, are highlighted for Linear Pottery Culture (ger. Linienbandkeramik – LBK) and Middle Neolithic chronological models from Central Europe (Jakucs et al. 2016; Denaire et al. 2017; Bánffy et al. 2018). A more critical approach to Bayesian modelling, considering possible mathematical artefacts and the deficits of the actual calibration curve as well as the inherent imprecision of the used typochronological dates, seems to be required.
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Saqalli, Mehdi, Aurélie Salavert, Stéphanie Bréhard, Robin Bendrey, Jean-Denis Vigne, and Anne Tresset. "Revisiting and modelling the woodland farming system of the early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture (LBK), 5600–4900 b.c." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23, S1 (April 12, 2014): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-014-0436-4.
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Yusuf, Rusli, Sanusi Sanusi, Razali Razali, Maimun Maimun, and Irwan Putra. "The Efforts to Improve Culture Literation and Student Citizenship through ICT Based (LBK) Media in Pancasila and Citizenship Education." Universal Journal of Educational Research 8, no. 4 (April 2020): 1513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080444.
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Nowak, Marek. "The second stage of Neolithisation and para-Neolithic in the southern Baltic." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201764202.
Full textAbstract:
The origins of the Neolithic, understood as a phenomenon with food economy dependent on agriculture, in east-central Europe are associated with the appearance of communities reflected by the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) in ca . 5500 BC. These communities settled only small enclaves, distinguished by ecological conditions favourable to farming. Situation of this kind persisted in the 5th millennium BC, when territories under discussion were inhabited by post-Linear groups. Consequently, at that time, hunter-gatherers still occupied ca. 70% of these territories. Such situation changed from 4200/4100 BC onwards, due to the formation and spectacular territorial expansion of the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). This expansion covered both the areas previously inhabited by hunter-gatherers and farmers. Around 3500 BC Neolithic formation encompassed virtually the whole of this part of Central Europe. Parallel to the first and second Neolithisations, independent processes of ceramisation of the Late Mesolithic communities proceeded. While in the 5th millennium BC they were fairly selective, in the 4th millennium BC they were quite intensive. A new cultural model formed here which might be called para-Neolithic. Archaeological data indicate contacts between TRB and para-Neolithic communities. The latter phenomena (mainly the Neman culture) show also a significant territorial development.
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Kandler, Anne, and Stephen Shennan. "A generative inference framework for analysing patterns of cultural change in sparse population data with evidence for fashion trends in LBK culture." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 113 (December 2015): 20150905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0905.
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Cultural change can be quantified by temporal changes in frequency of different cultural artefacts and it is a central question to identify what underlying cultural transmission processes could have caused the observed frequency changes. Observed changes, however, often describe the dynamics in samples of the population of artefacts, whereas transmission processes act on the whole population. Here we develop a modelling framework aimed at addressing this inference problem. To do so, we firstly generate population structures from which the observed sample could have been drawn randomly and then determine theoretical samples at a later time t 2 produced under the assumption that changes in frequencies are caused by a specific transmission process. Thereby we also account for the potential effect of time-averaging processes in the generation of the observed sample. Subsequent statistical comparisons (e.g. using Bayesian inference) of the theoretical and observed samples at t 2 can establish which processes could have produced the observed frequency data. In this way, we infer underlying transmission processes directly from available data without any equilibrium assumption. We apply this framework to a dataset describing pottery from settlements of some of the first farmers in Europe (the LBK culture) and conclude that the observed frequency dynamic of different types of decorated pottery is consistent with age-dependent selection, a preference for ‘young’ pottery types which is potentially indicative of fashion trends.
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Allard, Pierre. "Surplus production of flint blades in the early Neolithic of western Europe: new evidence from Belgium." European Journal of Archaeology 8, no. 3 (2005): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957105076058.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this study was to identify cognitive processes in a particular technical subsystem – flint blade debitage in the Linear Pottery Culture (Linearbandkeramik or LBK, dating to the second half of the sixth millennium BC). The study was based on new archaeological data from pits with debitage waste on a site at Verlaine, near Liège in Belgian Hesbaye. The project mainly involved refitting and analysis of a concentration of blade debitage waste, which had been almost completely preserved; an exceptional situation for this period. This detailed analysis has produced new data for the early Neolithic on the mental conception and technical procedures involved in debitage of large blocks of flint and suggests that the evidence from Verlaine reflects a system of ‘surplus’ production. The objective of Neolithic knappers at Verlaine was clearly to surpass the needs of the local communities, with a view to long-distance distribution well outside the region.
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Strafella, Sabrina, David J. Simpson, Mohammad Yaghoubi Khanghahi, Maria De Angelis, Michael Gänzle, Fabio Minervini, and Carmine Crecchio. "Comparative Genomics and In Vitro Plant Growth Promotion and Biocontrol Traits of Lactic Acid Bacteria from the Wheat Rhizosphere." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010078.
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This study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from wheat rhizosphere, to characterize their in vitro plant growth promoting activities and to differentiate plant-associated LAB from those associated with foods or human disease through comparative genomic analysis. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Enterococcus faecium were isolated using de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) and Glucose Yeast Peptone (GYP) as enrichment culture media. Comparative genomic analyses showed that plant-associated LAB strains were enriched in genes coding for bacteriocin production when compared to strains from other ecosystems. Isolates of L. lactis and E. faecium did not produce physiologically relevant concentrations of the phyto-hormone indolacetic acid. All isolates solubilized high amount of phosphate and 12 of 16 strains solubilized potassium. E. faecium LB5, L. lactis LB6, LB7, and LB9 inhibited the plant pathogenic Fusarium graminearum to the same extent as two strains of Bacillus sp. However, the antifungal activity of the abovementioned LAB strains depended on the medium of cultivation and a low pH while antifungal activity of Bacillus spp. was independent of the growth medium and likely relates to antifungal lipopeptides. This study showed the potential of rhizospheric LAB for future application as biofertilizers in agriculture.
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Maria Wild, Eva, Peter Stadler, Annemarie Häußer, Walter Kutschera, Peter Steier, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Joachim Wahl, and Helmut J. Windl. "Neolithic Massacres: Local Skirmishes or General Warfare in Europe?" Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039680.
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The Neolithic site of Schletz in Lower Austria comprises a fortified settlement from the end of the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture. Large numbers of human bones were found at the base of the fortification ditches, and many of the excavated bones and skulls showed evidence of trauma which most likely originates from violence. This remarkable deposit of human remains has been considered evidence for an abrupt end to the Early Neolithic settlement at Schletz. In order to investigate this interpretation, radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements of human bone samples from this site were performed at VERA. The χ2 test of the results from specimens with clearly identified lesions suggests that these may be contemporaneous. Further, it may be concluded that all individuals with evidence of trauma from Schletz were probably the victims of a single event: a massacre at the end of the LBK.Similar evidence is found at Early Neolithic sites at Talheim and Herxheim in the western part of Germany. Analysis of the 14C ages of bones from both sites suggests that the Talheim event may have been coeval with the massacre of Schletz, whereas an event at Herxheim might have happened some time earlier. For Herxheim, the massacre theory is still under discussion, and a change in the burial rite is also considered as an alternative interpretation.
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Adler, A., PA Chervenick, TL Whiteside, E. Lotzova, and RB Herberman. "Interleukin 2 induction of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of acute leukemia patients. I. Feasibility of LAK generation in adult patients with active disease and in remission." Blood 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v71.3.709.709.
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Abstract The feasibility of in vitro interleukin 2 (IL-2) activation and expansion of mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (ANLL) was studied. Patients' natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity was compared with that of normal donors in terms of: (a) cytolytic activity (four- hour 51Cr release assay) against an NK-sensitive target (K562), NK- resistant targets (Raji/Daudi), and fresh/cryopreserved autologous and allogeneic leukemic blasts; (b) proliferation and expansion in culture with 1,000 U/mL recombinant IL 2 (rIL 2); and (c) the cell surface phenotype of the cultured cells. In 21 of 24 patients with active disease (AP) MNCs derived from the peripheral blood (PBL) or bone marrow (BM) could be cultured and expanded in the presence of rIL 2. These cultures initially contained between 30% and 50% blasts, and during 2 to 4 weeks of culture destruction of blasts and enrichment of up to 60% in cells with the morphology of large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) was observed. Expansion in culture varied between two- and 100- fold. MNCs from all patients in remission (RP) could be activated by rIL 2 and expanded up to 30-fold after 1 to 3 weeks in culture. NK activity of fresh PBLs from AP was significantly lower than in normal controls, whereas NK activity of RP was within the normal range. High levels of postactivation NK and LAK activity on K562/Raji/Daudi and on fresh/cryopreserved leukemic blasts was generated in approximately 50% of cases of AP and in most RP. Cell surface phenotype studies showed that cultured cells derived from ANLL patients were significantly enriched (up to 40%) in NKH-1 (Leu 19) positive cells, with RP LAK cells also expressing a high proportion of CD16 positive cells (up to 40%). This study has shown that it is feasible to activate and significantly expand killer cells derived from active disease and remission ANLL patients during 1 to 3 weeks culture with IL 2 with good maintenance of cytolytic activity. Both initial NK activity and LAK generation was optimal in remission patients. Based on data from this study, a clinical protocol has been developed for treatment of early relapse ANLL patients with LAK cells cultured for 1 to 3 weeks and systemic IL 2.
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Adler, A., PA Chervenick, TL Whiteside, E. Lotzova, and RB Herberman. "Interleukin 2 induction of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of acute leukemia patients. I. Feasibility of LAK generation in adult patients with active disease and in remission." Blood 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v71.3.709.bloodjournal713709.
Full textAbstract:
The feasibility of in vitro interleukin 2 (IL-2) activation and expansion of mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (ANLL) was studied. Patients' natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity was compared with that of normal donors in terms of: (a) cytolytic activity (four- hour 51Cr release assay) against an NK-sensitive target (K562), NK- resistant targets (Raji/Daudi), and fresh/cryopreserved autologous and allogeneic leukemic blasts; (b) proliferation and expansion in culture with 1,000 U/mL recombinant IL 2 (rIL 2); and (c) the cell surface phenotype of the cultured cells. In 21 of 24 patients with active disease (AP) MNCs derived from the peripheral blood (PBL) or bone marrow (BM) could be cultured and expanded in the presence of rIL 2. These cultures initially contained between 30% and 50% blasts, and during 2 to 4 weeks of culture destruction of blasts and enrichment of up to 60% in cells with the morphology of large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) was observed. Expansion in culture varied between two- and 100- fold. MNCs from all patients in remission (RP) could be activated by rIL 2 and expanded up to 30-fold after 1 to 3 weeks in culture. NK activity of fresh PBLs from AP was significantly lower than in normal controls, whereas NK activity of RP was within the normal range. High levels of postactivation NK and LAK activity on K562/Raji/Daudi and on fresh/cryopreserved leukemic blasts was generated in approximately 50% of cases of AP and in most RP. Cell surface phenotype studies showed that cultured cells derived from ANLL patients were significantly enriched (up to 40%) in NKH-1 (Leu 19) positive cells, with RP LAK cells also expressing a high proportion of CD16 positive cells (up to 40%). This study has shown that it is feasible to activate and significantly expand killer cells derived from active disease and remission ANLL patients during 1 to 3 weeks culture with IL 2 with good maintenance of cytolytic activity. Both initial NK activity and LAK generation was optimal in remission patients. Based on data from this study, a clinical protocol has been developed for treatment of early relapse ANLL patients with LAK cells cultured for 1 to 3 weeks and systemic IL 2.
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George, Richard E., William G. Loudon, Richard P. Moser, Janet M. Bruner, Peter A. Steck, and Elizabeth A. Grimm. "In vitro cytolysis of primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the posterior fossa (medulloblastoma) by lymphokine-activated killer cells." Journal of Neurosurgery 69, no. 3 (September 1988): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1988.69.3.0403.
Full textAbstract:
✓ Short-term stimulation of nonantigen-primed peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes with interleukin-2 generates a population of oncolytic effectors designated “lymphokine-activated killer” (LAK) cells. These LAK cells express potent lytic activity against a wide spectrum of fresh or cultured autochthonous (patient's own) and allogeneic (unrelated) tumors, yet specifically spare normal tissues. In this study, cells derived from primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the posterior fossa (PNET-PF) were examined for their sensitivity to LAK cytolysis utilizing an in vitro 4-hour chromium-51-release assay. Five early-passage cell lines, derived from primary PNET-PF, demonstrated significant sensitivity to LAK cell cytolysis. Lysis was equally effective in culture medium and cerebrospinal fluid. Three freshly excised PNET-PF exhibited similar susceptibility to lysis by autochthonous LAK cells. Greatly increased expansion of LAK cell cultures could be achieved by short-term stimulation with monoclonal anti-CD3 antibodies in addition to interleukin-2 activation. These findings constitute the preliminary in vitro foundations for potential intrathecal adoptive immunotherapy of PNET-PF with LAK cells.
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Klingemann, Hans-Georg, Heather Deal, Dianne Reid, and Connie J. Eaves. "Preclinical Evaluation of a Bone-Marrow Autograft Culture Procedure for Generating Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells in Vitro." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, suppl b (1992): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/234936.
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Despite the use of high dose chemoradiotherapy for the treatment of acute leukemia. relapse continues to be a major cause of death in patients given an autologous bone marrow transplant. Further augmentation of pretransplant chemotherapy causes life threatening toxicity to nonhematopoietic tissues and the effectiveness of currently available ex vivo purging methods in reducing the relapse rate is unclear. Recently, data from experimental models have suggested that bone marrow-derived lymphokine (IL-2)-activated killer (BM-LAK) cells might be used to eliminate residual leukemic cells both in vivo and in vitro. To evaluate this possibility clinically, a procedure was developed for culturing whole marrow harvests with IL-2 prior to use as autografts, and a number of variables examined that might affect either the generation of BM-LAK cells or the recovery of the primitive hematopoietic cells. The use of Dexter long term culture (LTC) conditions, which expose the cells to horse serum and hydrocortisone. supported LAK cell generation as effectively as fetal calf serum (FCS) -containing medium in seven-day cultures. Maintenance of BM-LAK cell activity after a further seven days of culture in the presence of IL-2 was also tested. As in the clinical setting. patients would receive IL-2 in vivo for an additional week immediately following infusion of the cultured marrow autograft. Generation ofBM-LAK activity was dependent on the presence of IL-2 and could be sustained by further incubation in medium containing IL-2. Primitive hematopoietic cells were quantitated by measuring the number of in vitro colony-forming progenitors produced after five weeks in secondary Dexter-type LTC. Maintenance of these 'LTC-initiating cells' was unaffected by lL-2 in the culture medium. These results suggest that LAK cells can be generated efficien tly in seven-day marrow autograft cultures containing IL-2 under conditions that allow the most primitive human hematopoietic cells currently detectable to be maintained.
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Jacobs, Steven K., Debra J. Wilson, Paul L. Kornblith, and Elizabeth A. Grimm. "In vitro killing of human glioblastoma by interleukin-2-activated autologous lymphocytes." Journal of Neurosurgery 64, no. 1 (January 1986): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.1.0114.
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✓ Culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from brain-tumor patients with recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) results in the activation of lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) with the capacity to lyse autologous and allogeneic glioblastoma. In this study, PBL obtained from brain-tumor patients were cultured with or without IL-2 for 3 to 7 days and then tested for their ability to lyse target cells in a 4-hour chromium release cytotoxicity assay. The PBL were drawn 1 to 2 weeks following operative tumor debulking. Cells used as targets included fresh brain-tumor cells obtained at the time of craniotomy, fresh brain-tumor cells grown from 1 to 3 weeks in tissue culture, fresh autologous PBL, and allogeneic glioblastoma cells grown in tissue culture. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from brain-tumor patients that were cultured without IL-2 did not significantly lyse autologous or allogeneic glioblastoma. However, when these PBL were cultured with IL-2, LAK were generated which produced marked lysis of autologous as well as allogeneic tissue-culture glioblastoma in all of eight cases. Significant lysis of autologous fresh tumor by patient LAK was observed in four of five experiments. By contrast, patient LAK did not kill autologous normal PBL. The ability to generate LAK was not influenced by the patient's age, previous therapy, or the administration of steroids.
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Diao, Xiaojun, Fei Wang, Andrea Becerra-Calixto, Claudio Soto, and Abhisek Mukherjee. "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons from Familial Parkinson’s Disease Patients Display α-Synuclein Pathology and Abnormal Mitochondrial Morphology." Cells 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 2402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092402.
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Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into Lewy bodies (LBs) and mitochondrial abnormalities are the two cardinal pathobiological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which are associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Although α-syn accumulates in many different cellular and mouse models, these models generally lack LB features. Here, we generated midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuronal cultures from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from familial PD (fPD) patients and healthy controls. We show that mDA neuronal cultures from fPD patients with A53T mutation and α-syn gene (SNCA) triplication display pathological α-syn deposits, which spatially and morphologically resemble LBs. Importantly, we did not find any apparent accumulation of pathological α-syn in mDA neuronal culture derived from a healthy donor. Furthermore, we show that there are morphological abnormalities in the mitochondrial network in mDA neuronal cultures from fPD patients. Consequently, these cells were more susceptible to mitochondrial damage compared with healthy donor-derived mDA neuronal cultures. Our results indicate that the iPSC-derived mDA neuronal culture platform can be used to investigate the spatiotemporal appearance of LBs, as well as their composition, architecture, and relationship with mitochondrial abnormalities.
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Hook, G. R., M. A. Greenwood, D. Barba, B. Ikejiri, S. N. Chen, E. Oldfield, and L. M. Muul. "I. The morphology of interleukin-2 stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells killing tumor Cells in vitro." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 734–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100127980.
Full textAbstract:
Culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) results in lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK) that can kill fresh non-cultured, natural killer cell resistant tumor cells. Clinically, human LAK and rIL-2 immunotherapy can cause regression of some tumors in humans and preliminary trials using LAK cells to treat glioma patients are beginning . LAK effector cells are a subset of the LAK population that must physically contact target cells in order to kill them. In this and the following abstract, we report the morphology of LAK cells killing human glioma derived cells in vitro.PBM cells were obtained from normal adult volunteers and stimulated in culture for 4 days with rIL-2 (Cetus, Emeryville, CA). Glioma-derived cells were obtained at surgery from a recurrent glioma patient and established as a cell line (SNB-92). SNB-92 cells were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and were used at passage 8.
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Zhou, MX, HW Jr Findley, R. Davis, and AH Ragab. "Assay of lymphokine-activated killer activity generated from bone marrow cells of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Blood 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v75.1.160.160.
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Abstract We recently reported that low molecular weight B-cell growth factor (LMW-BCGF) plus recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) synergistically induced lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity from the bone marrow (BM) cells of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The kinetics of cell growth, antigenic phenotype, and lytic activity of the generated effector cells were further analyzed in this study. BM cells from ALL patients with active disease and in complete remission (CR) were cultured with a combination of LMW-BCGF and rIL-2. Monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD3 and anti-Leu 19) and immunomagnetic beads were used to separate LAK cells into three subsets: CD3+/Leu 19-, CD3+/Leu 19+, and CD3-/Leu 19+. Cytotoxicity assays with different subsets were performed versus K562, Raji, and autologous leukemic cells, using a 3- hour 51Cr release test. There was a significant cell expansion of 54- fold (mean value) for CD3+ cells and 15-fold for Leu 19+ cells in culture with LMW-BCGF plus rIL-2 for 7 to 14 days, whereas no cell expansion was observed in culture with rIL-2 alone. Although NK activity (K562) was generated from leukemic BM cells in culture with rIL-2 alone, it is only about one third of that generated in culture with rIL-2 plus LMW-BCGF. Analysis of lytic activity of cells generated in the latter cultures demonstrated that CD3-/Leu 19+ cells expressed highest lytic activity against NK-sensitive K562 cells as well as against NK-resistant Raji cells. CD3+/Leu 19+ cells showed median cytotoxicity, and CD3+Leu 19- cells mediated only minimal cytotoxic activity. Also, lytic activity of CD3-/Leu 19+ cells against autologous leukemic blasts was noted in patients with active disease. Our results demonstrate that LAK activity generated from BM cells by LMW-BCGF and r- IL2 is mediated mainly by two types of Leu 19+ cells: CD3-/Leu 19+ NK cells and CD3-/Leu 19+ T cells. Although CD3+ T cells (both Leu 19+ and Leu 19-) mediated less antitumor cytotoxicity than CD3-/Leu 19+ cells, the former cells were the major expanding cell population in culture with LMW-BCGF and rIL-2. The new culture system may be effective in generation of cells with LAK activity for therapeutic use.
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Zhou, MX, HW Jr Findley, R. Davis, and AH Ragab. "Assay of lymphokine-activated killer activity generated from bone marrow cells of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Blood 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v75.1.160.bloodjournal751160.
Full textAbstract:
We recently reported that low molecular weight B-cell growth factor (LMW-BCGF) plus recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) synergistically induced lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity from the bone marrow (BM) cells of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The kinetics of cell growth, antigenic phenotype, and lytic activity of the generated effector cells were further analyzed in this study. BM cells from ALL patients with active disease and in complete remission (CR) were cultured with a combination of LMW-BCGF and rIL-2. Monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD3 and anti-Leu 19) and immunomagnetic beads were used to separate LAK cells into three subsets: CD3+/Leu 19-, CD3+/Leu 19+, and CD3-/Leu 19+. Cytotoxicity assays with different subsets were performed versus K562, Raji, and autologous leukemic cells, using a 3- hour 51Cr release test. There was a significant cell expansion of 54- fold (mean value) for CD3+ cells and 15-fold for Leu 19+ cells in culture with LMW-BCGF plus rIL-2 for 7 to 14 days, whereas no cell expansion was observed in culture with rIL-2 alone. Although NK activity (K562) was generated from leukemic BM cells in culture with rIL-2 alone, it is only about one third of that generated in culture with rIL-2 plus LMW-BCGF. Analysis of lytic activity of cells generated in the latter cultures demonstrated that CD3-/Leu 19+ cells expressed highest lytic activity against NK-sensitive K562 cells as well as against NK-resistant Raji cells. CD3+/Leu 19+ cells showed median cytotoxicity, and CD3+Leu 19- cells mediated only minimal cytotoxic activity. Also, lytic activity of CD3-/Leu 19+ cells against autologous leukemic blasts was noted in patients with active disease. Our results demonstrate that LAK activity generated from BM cells by LMW-BCGF and r- IL2 is mediated mainly by two types of Leu 19+ cells: CD3-/Leu 19+ NK cells and CD3-/Leu 19+ T cells. Although CD3+ T cells (both Leu 19+ and Leu 19-) mediated less antitumor cytotoxicity than CD3-/Leu 19+ cells, the former cells were the major expanding cell population in culture with LMW-BCGF and rIL-2. The new culture system may be effective in generation of cells with LAK activity for therapeutic use.
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Kirschneck, Erich. "The Phenomena La Hoguette and Limburg – Technological Aspects." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1295–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0195.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract La Hoguette and Limburg pottery and the role their producers played in the Neolithization of western Central Europe are still a matter of debate. These styles exist in parallel to Linearbandkeramik (LBK) but are different from LBK pottery and here called Non-LBK wares. The various Non-LBK styles are mainly defined based on decoration, but this does not coincide with important technological features. Therefore, an technological approach including the parameters of temper, vessel morphology, and firing methods was used for an alternative classification and to trace knowledge transmission networks. It is suggested that several technologically distinguishable Non-LBK pottery traditions of different geographical origins existed contemporaneously in western Central Europe. While the early mineral- and organic-tempered ware shows some similarities with the Earliest and Early LBK, the widespread early bone-tempered pottery with its uniform design cannot be traced back to either Cardial or LBK pottery. This is probably the oldest pottery in western Central Europe. This means that here pottery emerged first as a tradition outside both the LBK and Cardial cultures. Increasing interaction between producers of various Non-LBK wares and LBK pottery makers can then be traced over several centuries. All styles are shown to be diverse and dynamic and to be undergoing substantial internal development. The persistent mutual influencing is a key for understanding the development of Non-LBK pottery, as well as for innovations within LBK ceramic production. Here, a hypothesis is proposed that the makers of Non-LBK wares may be hunter-gatherers, although this cannot currently be proven.
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Zocchi, M. R., C. Bottino, S. Ferrini, L. Moretta, and A. Moretta. "A novel 120-kD surface antigen expressed by a subset of human lymphocytes. Evidence that lymphokine-activated killer cells express this molecule and use it in their effector function." Journal of Experimental Medicine 166, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.166.2.319.
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A human cell clone (SF-16) displaying strong cytolytic activity against fresh tumor target cells was used for production of murine mAbs against surface antigens expressed by lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and their peripheral blood precursors. The preliminary screening of hybridoma supernatants was performed according to the ability to bind SF-16 cells. Selected mAbs were further analyzed for their reactivity with several T and B cell lines and with peripheral blood T and non-T cell populations. A selected mAb, termed anti-LAK-1, only reacted with some T cell lines and with 15-30% of PBMC. Approximately 10-15% E-rosetting (T) cells and 40-50% E-rosette-negative cells were LAK-1+, as determined by cytofluorometric analysis. As the fluorescence distribution of LAK-1 antigen was clearly bimodal, LAK-1+ and LAK-1- cells could be separated by FACS. Positive cells were composed of large granular lymphocytes (LGL), whereas negative cells were mostly small lymphocytes and monocytes without LGL. After culture in rIL-2, purified LAK-1+ (but not LAK-1-) cells acquired the ability to lyse NK-resistant fresh melanoma target cells. In addition, only the LAK-1+ fraction of PBMC cultured for 5 d in rIL-2 lysed fresh tumor targets, thus indicating that the LAK-1 antigen is expressed also on LAK effector cells. Unlike some other LGL/NK cell markers, LAK-1 antigen is characterized by a stable expression: thus, LAK-1+ cell populations cultured for up to 20 d in rIL-2 maintained the LAK-1 antigen expression, whereas HNK-1 and, partially, CD16 were lost. Finally the cytolytic activity of LAK effector cells generated from PBMC cultured for 3 d in rIL-2 was susceptible to inhibition by the anti-LAK-1 mAb.
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Zanovello, P., A. Rosato, V. Bronte, V. Cerundolo, S. Treves, F. Di Virgilio, T. Pozzan, G. Biasi, and D. Collavo. "Interaction of lymphokine-activated killer cells with susceptible targets does not induce second messenger generation and cytolytic granule exocytosis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 170, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 665–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.170.3.665.
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CTL activation by specific targets leads to a rapid rise of inositol phosphates (InsPs) and of cytoplasmic-free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). While these events are considered necessary to trigger granule secretion, Ca2+-independent cytolytic mechanisms have been recently proposed in addition or as an alternative to the classical Ca2+-dependent exocytosis model. We observed that lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, obtained after stimulation with supraoptimal concentrations of IL-2 in short- or long-term cultures, kill susceptible targets in the absence of a [Ca2+]i rise and InsP3 formation. Moreover, LAK cell-mediated lysis was not associated with an increase in cytotoxic granule exocytosis, as evaluated by BLT-esterase release into the culture supernatant. Furthermore, using an antigen-specific CTL clone, which acquires LAK-like activity when cultured in medium containing high IL-2 doses, second messenger generation and cytolytic granule content secretion were not detected during lysis of unrelated target cells, while killing of specific targets triggered both these processes. These findings suggest that two lytic pathways may coexist in the same effector cells: a second messenger-dependent pathway involving degranulation, which is activated after TCR interaction with specific targets, and another pathway, independent of any known second messenger generation, responsible for unrelated target cell lysis.
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Nakarai, Hideo, Akiko Yamashita, Shintaro Nagayasu, Misaki Iwashita, Sonoko Kumamoto, Hideki Ohyama, Masaki Hata, et al. "Adipocyte-macrophage interaction may mediate LPS-induced low-grade inflammation: Potential link with metabolic complications." Innate Immunity 18, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425910393370.
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Chronic low-grade infection has been suggested to be associated with metabolic disorder such as diabetes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this important association is largely unknown. The only clue established so far is that many subjects exhibit elevated levels of C-reactive protein as measured by highly sensitive assay. Here, we hypothesized that adipocyte–macrophage interaction plays a key role in amplifying such low grade infection to the level of influencing metabolic disorders. The presence of macrophages in abdominal adipose tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry. To see whether molecules associated with acute phase protein, LPS signaling, and persistent recruitment of monocytes, are produced at higher amounts in adipocytes co-cultured with macrophages stimulated with low concentration of LPS (1 ng/ml), we measured serum amyloid A (SAA), LPS binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14 (sCD14), and RANTES levels in culture supernatant of co-cultures. Lastly, we investigated in vivo effect of low-grade LPS infusion on the production of these molecules using obese model mice. The macrophages were certainly identified in abdominal adipose tissues. Investigated molecules, especially LBP, SAA, and RANTES were produced at higher amounts in co-cultures stimulated with LPS compared with the cells without LPS. The ob/ob, and high-fat diet-induced obesity mice produced higher amounts of LBP, SAA, and RANTES one day after LPS infusion (1 ng/ml/g body weight) compared with ob/– and normal-fat fed control mice. Thus, adipocytes and infiltrated macrophages, and their interaction with low endotoxin stimulation appear to play an important role in amplifying and maintaining LPS-induced low-grade inflammation.
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Nicomedes Júnior, José, Roberta Cristiane Ribeiro, Luis Louro Berbara, Elvia Mariam Lis Martinez Stark, Wagner Campos Otoni, and Sonia Regina Souza. "TÉCNICAS DE TRANSFORMAÇÃO E LINHAGENS De Agrobacterium rhizogenes NA PRODUÇÃO DE HAIRY ROOTS DE Ocimum basilicum L." Nativa 6, no. 3 (May 22, 2018): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v6i3.5374.
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O manjericão é uma planta medicinal e seus metabólitos especiais são utilizados com fins terapêuticos e industriais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar técnicas e linhagens de Agrobacterium rhizogenes na produção de raízes transformadas de duas variedades de Ocimum basilicum L., Dark Opal (roxo) e Minete Anão (verde). Verificou-se o efeito da inoculação com linhagens de A. rhizogenes selvagens (A4, 8196, 9402, 2659, 2659 G, 17242, LBA, 15834) ou transformadas (R1601) em plantas inteiras ou explantes (folhas e segmentos de caule) de manjericão, cultivados em casa de vegetação ou in vitro. A inoculação com as linhagens LBA e 8196 possibilitou redução no número de explantes de folha de manjericão-verde oxidados, quando comparado ao controle. Dentre as linhagens selvagens, as que proporcionaram melhor indução na produção de raízes transformadas foram A4, LBA e 8196, respectivamente. Entretanto, a cepa R1601 apresentou a melhor resposta. Raízes foram eficientemente induzidas mediante a inoculação de explantes de manjericão-roxo e manjericão-verde e expressaram o fenótipo típico de raízes em cabeleira (hairy roots). As culturas clonais de manjericão-verde apresentaram rápido crescimento em meio de cultura livre de reguladores de crescimento.Palavras-chave: agrobactéria, cultura de raízes, manjericão, plantas medicinais. TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUES AND Agrobacterium rhizogenes Strains In The Production Of Hairy Roots Of Ocimum basilicum L. ABSTRACT:Basil is a medicinal plant and its special metabolites are used for therapeutic or industrial purposes. The aim of this work was to evaluate Agrobacterium rhizogenes techniques and strains in the production of hairy roots of two varieties of Ocimum basilicum L., Dark Opal (purple) and Dwarf Racer (green). The effects of inoculation of A. rhizogene (A4, 8196, 9402, 2659, 2659, 2659 G, 17242, LBA, 15834) or (R1601) lines on whole plants or explants (leaves and stem segments) of basil, grown in a greenhouse or in vitro, in the production of hairy roots and calluses made by subcultures. Inoculation with the LBA and 8196 lines allowed a reduction in the number of oxidized basil-green leaf explants when compared to the control. Among the wild strains, those that had best ability to induce hairy root of hairy roots were A4, LBA and 8196, respectively. However, the R1601 laboratory strain had the best response. Roots were efficiently induced by the inoculation of explants basil-purple and basil-green and expressed the typical phenotype of hairy roots. Green-basal clonal cultures showed rapid growth in culture medium free of growth regulators.Keywords: agrobacterim, basil, medicinal plants, root culture. DOI: