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Rebolledo, Alejandro M. "Vecindades in the Traza of Mexico City." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21494.
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The word "vecindad" in Spanish means neighborhood, but the word is also used to describe a dwelling form. The vecindad is usually known as a row of one-room dwellings surrounding an open space or patio. This kind of dwelling form exists in most Latin American countries as well as in Spain, however the word "vecindad" is used exclusively in Mexico. This dwelling form existed in Spain under the name of "corrales" and it was brought to Mexico in the XVI century with the Conquest of 1521. Initially, vecindades were built as multi-family tenements to rent to low-income artisans or workers in Mexico. There are two kinds: the multi-storied ones which were built within the Traza, which was the first design of Mexico City by the Spaniards; and the one-storied buildings built in the Indian barrios located on the periphery of the Traza.While each vecindad is different, they share the same elements such as the zahuan (entrance), the patio, the dwellings and the accesorias (commercial spaces). The number and dimensions of these elements vary depending on the characteristics of each vecindad.
From the XVI century until the early XX century, vecindades comprised the majority of the housing stock in Mexico City. In the 1940's, due to the ideas of Functionalism, vecindades ceased to be built and were relegated as an old and traditional dwelling form in the center of the city.
This thesis presents the origin, evolution and present condition of vecindades within the Traza of Mexico City. Their adaptability to fulfill social, cultural and political circumstances throughout the history of Mexico City reveals their importance as the city's main collective urban dwelling form.
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Pike, Jill (Jill Susan). "Water by truck in Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33043.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-96).
Supply of water to urban households by tanker truck in developing and advanced developing countries is often associated with early stages of urbanization or with the private markets on which water vendors serve households not connected to the piped network. Despite Mexico City's high household network coverage rate and recent improvements in billing, collection, and network maintenance and upgrading, the public sector supplies bulk water to households by truck in response to persistent water scarcity and insufficient network service levels in some areas. Analysis of the public trucked water delivery services in two of Mexico City's sixteen delegations-or districts-shows two distinct paths to improved trucked service performance in a shared new environment of democratic governance. Although both delegation administrations are led by the same political party, in one delegation officials pursue accountability in the public trucked water service through an evolving set of new internal business practices. In the other delegation, organized residents and elected politicians support service accountability through co- production with delegation authorities and external oversight. This thesis asks how and why two distinct models of accountability in trucked water service delivery operate across two Mexico City delegations, and asks what the implications of the distinct accountability models are for improved household access to water.
by Jill Pike.
M.C.P.
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Buenrostro, Perdomo Mario R. (Mario Rafael). "Taxicab operations design for Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37501.
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O'Hara, Matthew David. "A flock divided : religion and community in Mexico City, 1749-1800 /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3091316.
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Lara, Navarro Mauel Efrén. "Earthquake precautionary measures in post-disaster housing with reference to Mexico City, Mexico." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0003/MQ37247.pdf.
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Lara, Navarro Manuel Efrén. "Earthquake precautionary measures in post-disaster housing with reference to Mexico City, Mexico." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27980.
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Safety of a building's occupants is of primary concern in the design of a building. However, geophysical hazards such as earthquakes, still pose dangers to occupants of buildings. In an earthquake-resistant structure, even during a moderate shake, objects which are part of non-structural systems, accelerated by the sudden motion of the building, can hurt building occupants and cause damage to their property. The adoption of simple earthquake precautionary measures, could almost entirely eliminate this hazard. The adoption of these actions is the responsibility of occupants themselves, as part of their response to earthquake risk.Previous personal experience with earthquakes has been identified to be a major component of response to hazard risk. This response relates to the incorporation of earthquake risk into daily life, by the adoption of earthquake precautionary measures, which could make a substantial difference in reducing loss of life and damage to property during an earthquake. Therefore, the investigation of occupants living patterns in relation to earthquake safety gives an insight on their vulnerability and level of adoption of earthquake precautionary measures, particularly in a city constantly exposed to ground shakes such as Mexico City. This research project concentrates in the study of the internal layout characteristics of the dwellings in a social housing complex built after the 1985 Mexico City earthquake.
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Miller, Mark Michael. "Managing the maelstrom: Decentralization planning for the Mexico City metropolis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184549.
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From a current population near 19 million, the Mexico City metropolis may exceed 27 million by the year 2000. The many problems associated with this massive level of urban concentration include severe levels of air pollution, paralyzing congestion, and increasing costs of urban services provision. Meanwhile, the nation's periphery continues to suffer from severe economic and social underdevelopment relative to the nation's capital. Regional policies and plans to address these problems have been dominated by the concept of decentralizing the nation's urban-industrial system: i.e., dispersing urban and industrial growth from the metropolitan core to the national periphery. Mexican regional policy makers and planners have failed to adequately evaluate these proposed policies and plans for decentralization in a critical and rigorous manner. This evaluation must be made in terms of three critical criteria. The first is effectiveness: will a proposed plan genuinely return the benefits which are expected or hoped for? The second is efficiency: among several possible planning alternatives, which will return the greatest social benefits for the smallest social costs? The third is equity: which regional interest groups will be affected, and how will the costs and benefits be distributed among these groups? Research is based on three principal data sources: Mexico's National Development Plan: 1983-1988, which has predominantly determined the nation's sectoral, social, and regional policies during the de la Madrid administration; a plan prepared for the quasi-governmental Commission for the Conurbation of the Nation's Center, for urban-industrial deconcentration from Mexico City into the nation's Central Region; and extensive fieldwork in Mexico City and several other Mexican urban centers, concerned with the actual practice of regional economic development in Mexico today. Based on this research, a regionally disaggregated cost-benefit framework is proposed for policy and planning evaluation, and particularly to facilitate conflict resolution, negotiation, and other forms of adjustment among the many powerful interest groups which compete for scarce regional development resources.
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Cabada, Francisco Javier de la. "La ciudad de México en la ensayística posmoderna /." view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3003993.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-230). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Diaz, Rodrigo M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "City growth and community-owned land in Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44355.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-112).
Sixteen years after the promulgation of the reforms to Article 27 that regulates land tenure in Mexico, there is consensus among political authorities, public officials, private investors, and scholars that the outcomes have been completely different than were predicted. In spite of the important changes produced in the legal status, internal organization, and governmental interactions of the agrarian communities, these changes have not translated into a massive privatization of ejido lands, and the incorporation of social land into urban development is far below what was expected. Furthermore, new forms of illegal social land sales emerged as a response to the privatization initiative. In addition to the economic and legal arguments typically used to explain this phenomenon, this research identifies three key factors that also have a strong influence in the ejidos' behavior towards land privatization: the hindering effect of community participation on privatization; the permanence of a clientelistic relationship between ejidos and government; and agrarian communities' cultural attachment to land. These factors reflect the economic, political, and cultural dimensions of the ejidos, something that the ideologues did not take into account when they defined the mechanisms for land liberalization. Key words: urban expansion, Mexico City, ejidos, Article 27, informal market, regularization, clientelism.
by Rodrigo Diaz.
M.C.P.
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Rasmussen, Anthony William. "Resistance Resounds| Hearing Power in Mexico City." Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10618035.
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This dissertation addresses the sonorous attributes of hegemony and subaltern resistance within contemporary Mexico City. In this urban environment, inhabitants use sound to interpret and shift the balance of power that pervades their daily lives. I draw on the interdisciplinary research area of sound studies that regards the acoustic environment not only as an amalgam of sounds but as overlapping sites of cultural inscription, resistance, and reimagining. Recent works in the area of sound studies identify sound not only as a byproduct of social conflict but also as a weapon itself. While these studies emphasize the use of weaponized sounds in war zones, few studies exist concerning the insidious manipulation of acoustic environments by oppressive regimes during peacetime, or the efforts of marginalized groups to challenge this oppression through sound. As a result, a significant aspect of social conflict in urban centers—that of the sonic—remains unexamined.
This dissertation is organized into four case studies that each address distinct yet interrelated manifestations of sonorous struggles for territorial dominance: 1) the specialized listening and sound producing practices of street vendors in Mexico City’s Historic Center; 2) the crisis of street harassment as a sonorous practice of patriarchal domination; 3) the mosaic of sonic differentiation found in the Chopo Cultural Bazaar and finally 4) the reconfiguration of son jarocho (a folkloric dance and musical tradition from Veracruz) by urban musicians as a form of counterhegemonic protest during the Ayotzinapa marches of 2014 and 2015. These four case studies represent nodes of broader patterns of oppression and resistance that are indicative of both Mexico City’s distinct history and its contemporary condition. The materiality and affective potency of these acoustic environments provide a crucial link between subjective sensory experiences and the social forces that inform them. The selective listening of sonically inundated urbanites, the politics of personal representation and group affiliation shown through aesthetic musical choices, and the occupation and contestation of acoustic space through the use of amplified sound all demonstrate tangible expressions of embodiment that speak to larger patterns of power.
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Rebolledo, Alejandro M. "Vecindades in the Traza of Mexico City." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ50691.pdf.
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Stokes, Sarah. "Paris and Mexico City : 1968 student activism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.560489.
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This thesis investigates the mass student movements in Paris and Mexico City in 1968. Many parts of the world experienced activism of this nature in 1968, yet scholars debate whether this was coincidental or part of a genuinely global movement. Most studies of such activism have focussed either on one country or on nations that belonged to the same region and/or were at the same level of economic development. France and Mexico were on different continents and economically and culturally distinct. Exploring the student movements in their respective capitals offers the possibility of shedding light on the global phenomenon of 1968 from a fresh perspective. The thesis adopts both a comparative and a transnational approach. The comparative approach establishes what the two movements had in common, where they diverged, and why. It contrasts their internal policies and structures with how they were presented publicly, analysing the groupings, leadership structures, role of professors, participation of foreigners, flyers, posters, icons and mass marches that constituted the two activisms. It concludes that in underlying character there were many parallels between the two. Moreover, both movements faced a similar four-stage government response: confrontation, negotiation, repression and reconciliation. The thesis also examines the degree to which the two movements were transnational in terms of their collaboration and interaction. It finds that both experienced the same cycle of international, national and transnational activism. Many students in France and Mexico were politicised for the first time through their involvement in international campaigns over issues such as Vietnam. During the phase of mass activism, however, both movements focussed mainly on national concerns. With the decline of mass activism, students from both countries began to interact together on a broader scale and a transnational dimension to the student movement became apparent.
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Dabkowski, Meghan Frances. "Variable Vowel Reduction in Mexico City Spanish." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531994893143203.
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Kolářová, Kateřina. "Současné trendy urbanizace na příkladu Mexico City." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206128.
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The aim of this thesis is to identify current trends of urbanization of Mexico City as an example, which is one of the most urbanized cities in the world. This paper examines the impacts of urbanization in terms of increasing social and health problems of people in Mexican capital. The theoretical part describes main concepts, current trends of urbanization in developing and developed countries, and its positive and negative impacts. The practical part is focused on a very characteristic of urbanization in Mexico City, on negative impacts which arise, and on measures that the city uses in order to reduce them. The methods that has been used on this topic were literature review, data analysis, comparison and observation. To process the data, official statistics were also used.
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Tsutsui, Hiroshi. "The Impacts of Neoliberal Reform on Internal Migration in Mexico: A Comparison Between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Migration." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1129155636.
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Gonzalez, Julio. "The politics and institutions of informality and street vending in Mexico : the case of Mexico City." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3387/.
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The informal sector—which includes informal street vending—comprises any economic activity that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the state—the evasion of tax codes, zoning ordinances, etc.—but does not include the provision of explicitly illegal goods or services. The phenomenon of ‘informal street vending’ has generally been analyzed from a strictly economic point of view. This research examines informal street vending in Mexico, particularly in Mexico City, from political and historical perspectives. The thesis’ main goal is to learn how increasing political competition—resulting from democratization and alternation of political parties in power—affected the politics and policies of informality (informal street vending) in Mexico. To this purpose, this work carries out a historical analysis of informal street vending and the policies and regulations implemented over time in Mexico City; a detailed comparative political analysis of the ex-ante and ex-post situation of informal groups and organizations going through the democratization process and the alternation in power that occurred in Mexico at city and federal levels in 1997 and 2000, respectively; and a case study to examine the largest and most powerful street vending organization in Mexico City. The thesis concludes that increasing political competition—resulting from democratization and alternation in power— did not result in an improvement in the capacity of the Mexico City government or the federal government to control informality and street vending. While democratization and political competition opened the doors for representation and more political participation by street vendors, it also set the conditions for the expansion of the bargaining power of vendor leaders, the multiplication of vendor organizations, the exacerbation of the political struggle between rival vendor groups, and the weakening of the government capacity to implement policies to tackle informality and street vending.
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Vargas, Cervantes Susana. "El/La Mataviejitas: killing genders in Mexico City." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21946.
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Beginning in 1998, homicides against older women in Mexico City began to register in increasing numbers. However, it was not until 2003 that police began to trace patterns in these homicides and by 2005 suggested the possibility that a serial killer, who came to be nicknamed "El Mataviejitas" ("the little old lady killer," with the article "el" indicating a male subject) was responsible for the murder of more than 40 elderly women. The modus operandi, according to police, was that El Mataviejitas dressed as a nurse from the official program Si Vale and asphyxiated elderly women with a stethoscope, tights or cable. On January 25, 2006, Mexico City police captured a female wrestler, Juana Barraza Samperio, as she fled the scene where an 89-year-old woman had been strangled with a stethoscope. The next day's news read: "Mataviejitas falls after committing another crime: it's a woman." My thesis analyzes the shift in gendered and sexed constructions in Mexican periodicals when police believed the serial killer was a man, then a transvestite. It will analyze the representations of Juana Barraza, as La Dama del Silencio (her wresting persona) and as La Mataviejitas ("la" indicating a female subject), produced by journalists, police authorities, criminologist and popular culture texts.À partir de 1998, Mexico est le théâtre d'un nombre croissant d'homicides commis contre des femmes âgées. Il faut toutefois attendre cinq ans, soit en 2003, pour que des liens soient tissés par la police entre ces crimes. En 2005, la police avance l'hypothèse que plus de 40 de ces meurtres sont l'œuvre d'un tueur en série, qu'ils surnomment « El Mataviejitas » (l'assassin des vieilles dames, l'article « el » dénotant son identité masculine). Le modus operandi de l'assassin, selon la police, consiste à se déguiser et se faire passer pour une infirmière du programme Si Vale. Une fois qu'il a gagné la confiance de ces victimes, il les asphyxie à l'aide d'un stéthoscope ou d'un câble. Le 25 janvier 2006, la police appréhende Juana Barraza Samperio, lutteuse de profession, alors qu'elle s'enfuit du lieu où une femme de 89 ans a été étranglée avec un stéthoscope. L'assassin était en fait une assassine. Le lendemain, les journaux titrent : « Mataviejitas tombe après un autre crime : c'est une femme ». Ma thèse analyse la transformation des constructions sexuelles et genrées du tueur en série à travers les périodiques mexicains, qui le présentent tantôt comme un homme, tantôt comme un travesti. J'analyserai aussi les représentations que font les journalistes, la police, les criminologues et certains textes issus de la culture populaire de Juana Barazza en tant que La Dama del Silencio (la Dame du silence, son nom de lutteuse) et La Mataviejitas (l'article « la » dénotant cette fois-ci l'identité féminine du tueur).
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GoÌmez-Perales, Jorge Eduardo. "Commuters' exposure to air pollution in Mexico City." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420416.
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Hendrix, Brian P. (Brian Pierre). "Designing a biodiesel supply chain in Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105311.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-67).
Mexico City is a prime location to start a biodiesel enterprise due to its sizeable availability of waste vegetable oil (WVO) and biodiesel users. WVO is an extremely viable feedstock for producing biodiesel because of the similar functional properties compared to other feedstocks and low cost; collecting it for local reuse has enormous environmental savings potential. Supply chain design is essential for the success for this startup biodiesel enterprise. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze a biodiesel enterprises value chain that uses feedstock as the primary performance area within the value chain. Second, this thesis will focus on optimizing the feedstock supply chain through a vehicle routing problem with time constraints in order to maximize the cost performance of the business. TransCAD transportation planning software was used to solve the vehicle routing problem through different scenarios that included 263 WVO stops positioned randomly and clustered. The results reveal a logistics design model with optimized transportation cost providing insight into operating a successful start up biodiesel enterprise. Potential takeaways of these findings show that clustering is a necessary technique for optimizing transportation cost through managing vehicle fleet size, manpower, and vehicle scheduling.
by Brian P. Hendrix.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Eros, Emily J. (Emily Jean). "Transportation data as disruptive innovation in Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90096.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 76-84).
Despite the popularity of big data and smart city initiatives in rich countries, relatively few city governments in the Global South possess even basic information about public transportation routes and operations within their jurisdictions. The growing ubiquity of affordable mobile phones and internet-capable devices has enabled some developing cities to begin collecting and compiling these data. This thesis uses a 2013 data collection project undertaken within the Federal District of Mexico City as a case study to examine the role of information as a disruptive innovation in the transportation sector; it explores the potential impacts of transportation information on microbus regulators, owners/operators, and users. To do so, it draws from literature reviews, interactions with transportation agency staff, and interviews with microbus operators. Findings suggest that increased static information may increase government power with respect to microbus operators, particularly during franchising negotiations, but that it may offer limited benefits to users. Dynamic (i.e., real-time) sensors could benefit regulators, owners, and users alike, but would require genuine support or tolerance from microbus drivers. If the government continues to expand its current franchise attempts, then real-time data collection would be achievable and could offer benefits to all involved parties. Otherwise, it would be unfeasible to incentivize drivers to allow live-tracking to take place on their vehicles. Regardless, the case study suggests that transportation information can play a significant role in changing the regulatory dynamics within the Global South and encourages further efforts in the field.
by Emily J. Eros.
M.C.P.
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Baker, Christina. "Salsa's moves and salsa's grooves in Mexico City." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1464670.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 2, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-118).
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Xu, Yang. "Analysis of atmospheric CO2 measurements in Mexico City." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ013.
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Les villes sont responsables de plus de 70% des émissions mondiales de CO2. De nombreuses municipalités se sont engagées à réduire les émissions de CO2 urbaines. Afin d'évaluer l'impact des Plans Climat, des inventaires d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont établis à l'échelle de la ville. La modélisation par inversion atmosphérique offre une solution complémentaire capable de réduire les incertitudes pour ces inventaires d'émissions. Elle combine la modélisation du transport atmosphérique et les mesures de concentrations en gaz à effet de serre pour affiner les estimations des émissions issues des inventaires.La zone métropolitaine de Mexico (MCMA) est l'une des plus grandes mégalopoles du monde. Les émissions annuelles de CO2 dans la MCMA sont passées de 42,1 millions de tonnes à 66,0 millions de tonnes entre 2012 et 2018. Le gouvernement mexicain a prévu de réduire les émissions de CO2 de 65,2 millions de tonnes au cours de la période 2021-2030. Afin d'évaluer quantitativement les stratégies de réduction des émissions de CO2, un projet franco-mexicain intitulé "Impacts du carbone dans la région de Mexico" (MERCI-CO2) a déployé un réseau d'instruments d'observation du CO2 in situ et en colonne dans la région de Mexico. Les gradients de concentration de CO2 sont assimilés dans un système d'inversion basé sur le modèle de transport atmosphérique WRF-Chem pour améliorer l'estimation préalable des émissions de CO2 à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la MCMA.J'ai évalué les performances du modèle atmosphérique sous diverses configurations. Afin de quantifier les erreurs les plus impactantes pour la simulation des concentrations en CO2 atmosphérique, le travail de thèse s'est focalisé sur les erreurs de simulation des températures de l'air, des vitesses et directions du vent et les hauteurs de mélange, en utilisant des données collectées aux stations météorologiques de la région mais également issues d'un instrument LiDar ainsi que de radiosondes. Ces tests de sensibilité ont permis de définir la configuration optimale du système de modélisation.Des cartes de concentration de CO2 au-dessus de la MCMA sur trois périodes caractéristiques des conditions météorologiques de la région (janvier, mai et juillet) ont été simulée par le modèle WRF-Chem à la résolution de 5 km, en utilisant deux inventaires d'émissions: inventaire local préparé par les chercheurs de l'UNAM et un inventaire d'émissions globales, ODIAC, ajusté par des facteurs d'échelle temporels. Parallèlement à l'évaluation sur la base de mesures in-situ de CO2 en surface et de mesures de colonne (XCO2) par FTIR, j'ai également analysé les distributions temporelle et spatiale des signaux de CO2, ainsi que la zone impactée par les flux anthropiques et la variation des flux biogéniques. Sur la base de cette analyse, j'ai évalué le potentiel de quantification du réseau actuel, y compris l'emplacement de la station de fond, tout en étudiant les emplacements potentiels de nouvelles stations.Une inversion sur une année complète a été réalisée du 30 mars 2018 au 30 mars 2019. En se basant sur l'assimilation des gradients entre la station urbaine UNA et la station d'altitude ALZ, l'inversion a ajusté les émissions anthropiques issues des deux inventaires ainsi que les flux biogéniques du modèle CASA et les concentrations de fond du modèle CarbonTracker 2019B. Un ensemble de plusieurs inversions a été réalisé pour mieux quantifier les incertitudes en faisant varier les covariances d'erreur temporelles, en variant la fenêtre d'assimilation, en séparant les secteurs d'activités (trafic routier), en appliquant un masque sur la MCMA, et en filtrant les données de gradients en CO2. Cet ensemble permet d'améliorer les performances de l'inversion et de spécifier l'impact du signal urbain et des différentes composantes du système. Une dernière expérience m'a permis d'étudier l'impact de l'assimilation des concentrations en CO, dont les observations débutent en décembre 2018Cities are responsible for more than 70% of the global CO2 emissions and thus play an important role in mitigating climate change. Mayors and local governments have been taking measures to reduce urban CO2 emissions and to reach carbon neutrality. In order to evaluate their efforts, a series of high-resolution city-scale emission inventories were established. Top-down inversion modeling is a widely-used complementary solution to reduce the uncertainties in traditional bottom-up emission inventories. It combines atmospheric modeling and measurements to optimize the greenhouse gas estimates using Bayesian inference methods.The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is one of the largest megacities in the world. Its annual CO2 emissions have grown from 42.1 Mt to 66.0 Mt from 2012 to 2018. The Mexico government has planned to reduce 65.2 Mt CO2 emission during the period 2021-2030. To assess local CO2 emission reduction strategies, a French-Mexican project Mexico City regional Carbon impacts (MERCI-CO2) deployed a network of in-situ and column CO2 observation instruments in MCMA. The CO2 concentration gradients are assimilated in our inversion system based on the WRF-Chem model to improve the inventory estimates of CO2 emissions in and outside MCMA.Various options on meteorological drivers, domain sizes, physics, dynamics schemes and spectral nudging of the WRF modeling system over MCMA were quantitatively evaluated for model performance. A series of meteorological parameters were taken into account for the comparison between simulations and in-situ observations, LiDar analysis as well as WMO radiosonde observations. For the purpose of CO2 simulation, the most studied variables are those related to the dispersion of the ambient air, including air temperatures, wind speeds, wind directions and mixing heights. These sensitivity tests helped to define the optimal model configuration.The CO2 concentration maps over MCMA during 3 typical months (January, May and July) were reconstructed by the double-nesting 5-km resolution WRF-Chem model, coupled with the local emission inventories from UNAM and the global emission inventories ODIAC scaled by temporal scaling factors. The evaluation of CO2 simulations were based on CO2 in-situ measurements by PICARRO and column measurements (XCO2) by FTIR at an urban site UNA and at the background station ALZ. Along with the evaluation, we also analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of CO2 signals, as well as the area impacted by anthropogenic fluxes and by biogenic fluxes. Based on our analysis, we assessed the potential of our network to constrain the urban emissions, defined the potential locations for future stations, and defined a “background index” to represent the suitability to build a background station.After the ground validation of the modeling system, we performed a 1-year inversion over the MCMA from 30 March 2018 to 30 March 2019. According to the assimilation of concentration gradients between the urban station and the rural station, the inversion adjusted the prior anthropogenic emission from UNAM and ODIAC estimates, in parallel with prior biogenic fluxes from the CASA model and background concentrations by CarbonTracker 2019B global inversion system. An ensemble of inversion configurations was constructed. The reference configuration optimizes three components: fossil fuel sources, biogenic fluxes and background concentrations to generate separate scaling factors for each block of 5 days. The sensitivity tests include several temporal error correlation length scales between continuous days, varying time windows over each day, a separation of the activity sectors (traffic), a filter over the MCMA, varying data screening and block sizes, to evaluate the performances of the inversion, and to specify the impact of our various configurations. The same system was also used to assimilate carbon monoxide concentrations, collected at the two stations since December 2018
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Murillo, Dana Velasco. "Urban indians in a silver city Zacatecas, Mexico, 1546-1806 /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1835626181&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Barnhart, Edwin Lawrence. "The Palenque mapping project settlement and urbanism at an ancient Maya city /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035937.
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Rindborg, Helena. "Factors Behind Legal Abortions In Mexico City : A quantitative study assesing factors that influence women to have legal abortions in Mexico City." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-314123.
Full textAbstract:
Legalization in Mexico’s 32 states regarding abortion is very conservative, only in the case of rape all states agree on exemptions. In 2007, Mexico City legalized abortion up to 12 weeks on the mother’s demand. This opened the possibility for women from all over Mexico travel to Mexico City in order to have a legal abortion. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate in the abortion issue in Mexico by assessing different factors that influence women to travel to Mexico City in order to have a legal abortion. This study applies Juarez and Singh’s (2011) developmental theory to investigate if the developmental level of the state (province) affect the decision that women make to travel to Mexico City to have an abortion. A multiple regression analysis is made based on variables from previous research about abortion. The operationalization of the developmental perspective is done by including the variables of education, income and distance to Mexico City. Previous research on attitudes towards abortion is also considered by including education and religion as variables for the study. Finally, legislation is added as a control variable. The results show that education and distance are statistically significant factors that affect to what extent women have abortions in Mexico City. A higher educational level in a state implicates more abortions per capita performed in Mexico City compared to a state with lower educational level. Further, in states located close to Mexico City more abortions per capita are performed in Mexico City than from states located at further distance. The result for income is not in line with the thesis of Juarez and Singh, as it is showing that higher income in the state implicates less abortions per capita performed. However, a trip to Mexico City requires economical means and therefore the distance to Mexico City is suggested as a more significant variable to understand a higher developmental level. While legislation and religion do not show any significant explanatory power in the particular context of Mexico.
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Ferrel-Mendieta, Minerva. "The use of solar water heaters in Mexico City." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0034/MQ64110.pdf.
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Hofmeister, Hans-Georg. "Mexico-City eine Metropole des Südens im globalen Restrukturierungsprozeß /." Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2003. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969579535.
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Ochoa, Hernandez Rolando. "Out of harm's way : understanding kidnapping in Mexico City." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4b015aba-23ca-45e8-b2a1-70de89cd0c19.
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This dissertation analyses the survival strategies that wealthy people in Mexico City have designed and implemented to protect themselves from kidnapping with special focus on household employment relationships. This particular crime has demonstrated a particular evolution in the last 20 years that deserves analysis. Once a political crime, it became an economic crime that at first only targeted wealthy individuals and then over time began targeting working class victims. Based on extensive qualitative fieldwork in Mexico City which included a year in the field, 78 interviews with employers, employees, kidnapping victims and members of the police forces and justice system and the creation of a news reports database this thesis presents a detailed history of the evolution of kidnapping in the period 1968-2009. This is followed by an in depth analysis of the strategies elites use to protect themselves from this crime. Special attention is focused on the hiring process of household employees, namely drivers, as evidence suggests that most kidnappings are organized or facilitated in some way by a close collaborator of the victim. The hiring process is approached as a problem of trust. Signaling theory is the main framework used for the solving of this problem, as well as some ideas found in transaction cost economics, namely vertical integration. The results point towards strategic behavior from the actors involved that seeks to minimize the risk of being kidnapped for the employer. Signaling helps us uncover the specific mechanisms by which employer establish their prospective employees’ trustworthiness. The use of informal social networks made up of strong ties is one of the most salient mechanisms used to guarantee honest employees and this, together with a composite set of properties is signaled throughout. This thesis contributes to the literature on crime in Latin America as well as to the sociological literature on signaling, a branch of analytical sociology.
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Rivera, José Pablo (Rivera De la Mora) 1967. "Site design for urban water management in Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70342.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-80).
As the world becomes aware of the scarcity of water resources and cities struggle to meet a growing demand, we face the challenge of finding more efficient ways to manage this vital resource. Cities in developing countries face an even greater challenge as rapid population growth and demographic migration concentrate demand in already exhausted areas. Meeting this deficit has meant the expansion of hydraulic infrastructure to ever distant areas at ever increasing costs. Water supply and disposal in the last decades has been dealt with exclusively by hydraulic engineers. They are once again attracting the interest of architects, landscape architects and planners as the effects of urban development on water resources becomes more evident. In an age of shrinking public budgets, site design can offer a competitive decentralized alternative to the massive engineering projects that would otherwise be needed to meet such demand. This work deals with a set of tools that architects and planners can use to contribute to improving the hydraulic capacity of our cities and to restoring some of the fundamental processes of the natural environment on which they are set. It evaluates their performance in a specific context in Mexico City and explores the feasibility of their application.
by Jose Pablo Rivera.
S.M.
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Covarrubias, Fernández Sergio. "Characterization of the engineering properties of Mexico City clay." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37713.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 287-292).
by Sergio Covarrubias Fernández.
M.S.
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Guzmán, Javier Rojas. "Priorities for the Mexico City International Airport under privatization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36614.
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Baroni, Bruno Nazim. "Spatial stratification of street vendors in downtown Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39932.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71).
The fight for space between city administrators and street vendors working in city centers is one of the major controversies about street commerce. Trying to renew and upgrade their downtowns, city administrators of most urban areas have attempted to relocate street vendors from central areas to peripheries, from the streets to indoor public markets. That attempt has almost always found fierce opposition among street vendors, who claim that entering into contact with the greatest number of pedestrians is the key to successful street vending. Most scholars studying street vendors have not questioned such a proposition; on the contrary, they have somehow taken it for granted. Yet, a comparison of four street vendor groups -- two located in the most accessible areas and two in less accessible areas of downtown Mexico City -- revels that street vendors with a more limited access to customers can obtained better working conditions and economic results than others who are located in most accessible areas. The following factors explain the better results of the street vendors located in the less accessible areas of downtown Mexico City. First, street vendors located in the less accessible areas have easier access to storage space, more room for large stalls and are less likely to have their goods confiscated by the police.
(cont.) These advantages provide them the possibility to increase the scale of their commerce. Second, the possibility to increase the scale of their commerce and their limited competition for space function as an incentive to expand their network of suppliers to low-cost intermediaries -- in this specific case with intermediaries involved in smuggling -- and to develop street vendor organizations that support their product specialization. Having very low prices and working in specialized street markets, the street vendors located in the less accessible areas of downtown Mexico City attract customers despite their location. In contrast, the street vendors located in the most accessible areas because of their small-scale type of commerce and because they are located in areas where street vending is officially banned but unofficially tolerated they got involved in a competition for space that constrains their profits and lead the street vendors to augment their number to gain political baking. If the city government will not support street vendors located in the most accessible areas -- in particular, if it will not act to regulate competition for space of these street vendor groups -- street trading of smuggled products will remain the best alternative for Mexico City street vendors.
by Bruno Nazim Baroni.
M.C.P.
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Norget, Kristin. "The Day of the Dead in Oaxaca City, Mexico." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271910.
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Hodoyán, Karina Alejandra. "Fictions of perverse modernity in nineteenth century Mexico city /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Skinner, Suzanne E. "Crypto-Jewish Identity in the Inquisition of Mexico City." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7534.
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This thesis studies identity among a group of Roman Catholic converts and accused heretics in Mexico City, called Crypto-Jews. The areas of identity that were examined in depth were, religious identity, gender identity, and racial identity. The records that exist for Crypto-Jews in Mexico City are limited but can be found among the records of the Holy Office of the Inquisition.
In order to study the documents of the Office of the Inquisition in Mexico City, I had to travel to the University of California, Berkeley’s Bancroft Library. I was supported in this endeavor by the History Department at Utah State University during the Spring semester of 2017. While there, I found primary sources written by the Holy Office of the Inquisition that contained the Inquisition trial records of many accused Crypto-Jews. This thesis uses five Inquisition documents from the trials of Manuel de Lucena, Isabel de Carvajal, Leonor de Carvajal, Margarita Moreira, and Antonia Núñez. Other primary sources include a translated copy of Luis de Carvajal’s memoir.
Through the study of these Inquisition documents, I have concluded that Crypto-Jewish identity was an amalgam of many cultural influences including Spanish, colonial, Roman Catholic, Jewish, and early medieval. The combination of these cultural influences was processed by Crypto-Jews to form a unique identity. This identity was specific to the people whose records I was able to study and is a unique contribution to the historical study of Crypto-Jews.
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Eyal, Hillel. "Colonizing the colonizer Spanish immigrants and Creoles in late colonial Mexico City /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1280142431&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Nichols, Andrew M. "Lessons learned from dynamic analyses of Mexico City and applied to Richmond B.C." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42004.
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The implications of the acceleration data recorded during
the September 19, 1985 Mexican earthquake for seismic design in
Canada are investigated by determining if the deep deposits of
the Fraser Delta could cause large amplification of earthquake
motions. The conditions for amplification of low level incoming
ground motions at deep sites are identified; in particular, the
critical role of variation in shear modulus with shear strain.
The current procedure for determining site specific ground
motions is evaluated and major sources of uncertainty in the
results identified. Criteria for selecting representative input
motions for site response studies are recommended based on
analyses of Mexico City sites. A comparative study of sites in
the Fraser Delta area of British Columbia showed that offshore
subduction earthquakes should be considered when developing
design spectra for deep sites in the Delta.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Horn, Darrell Leon. "Developing a church planting institute among the middle class population segment of Mexico City." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Abelar, Raul Refugio 1953. "IMPROVING TOURISM AND RECREATION: POTENTIAL FOR ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CIUDAD ACUNA, COAHUILA (MEXICO - USA BORDER CITY)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291935.
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This thesis advocates development of a program to rehabilitate Braulio Fernandez Park and the commercial sector of Hidalgo Street in the border city of Ciudad Acuna, Coahuila, Mexico. Guidelines for the treatment and development of both new and existing elements within the study area were generated based upon the following: an analysis of the economic and physical needs of the community, and examination of the natural and urban environment, a study of existing landscape architectural amenities in various border cities, and research documenting attitudes and perceptions of the people within the study area as they relate to the issues presented herein. Revitalization through the administration of this program would increase tourism, promote recreation and would enable Braulio Fernandez Park and commercial street Hidalgo to serve as a more impressive and prosperous gateway to Ciudad Acuna and to Mexico.
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Juarez, Galeana Luis Gabriel. "Collaborative public space design in self-help settlements : Mexico City." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289135.
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Jung, M. Bin (Melanie Bin). "Xochimilco es Hogar : place attachment and belonging in Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90201.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 85).
Mexico City is a sprawling megalopolis of 22 million inhabitants with new residents moving into the city daily. The city's growth is spatially uneven; the southern delegation of Xochimilco has been experiencing rapid urbanization whereas the city center has experienced less. The thesis focuses on the experiences and concerns of a group of young people who participated in the photography project Xochimilco es Hogar ('Xochimilco is Home') in January 2014. Participants were asked a series of questions about the photographing process and their images, along with questions about identity, belonging, and community in Xochimilco and in Mexico City. Finally, participants were asked what they would change about Xochimilco. Photographs and interviews were analyzed according to Setha Low's model of aspects of place attachment and M. Carmen Hidalgo and Bernardo Hernandez's study of place attachment across different spatial scales while being mindful of the politics of place. Participants were highly aware of the planning issues faced by Xochimilco, and I analyze their concerns about environmental sustainability, public safety and security, and transportation and mobility. This thesis concludes by connecting participant experiences to the structural violence of the state, and offering proposals on how place attachment can help planning practice create more equitable cities.
by M. Bin Jung.
M.C.P.
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Amano, Yasuaki Daniel 1978. "Measuring congestion and emissions : a network model for Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30045.
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Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-58).
Congestion is a major problem for the major cities of today. It reduces mobility, slows economic growth, and is a major cause of emissions. Vehicles traveling at slow speeds emit significantly more pollutants than vehicles traveling at free flow speeds. It is therefore important to determine the extent of congestion in a city, and its impact on the environment. This thesis focuses on congestion in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Mexico City is one of the largest cities in the world, and faces severe levels of congestion and emissions. Although much of the transportation trips are made by high capacity modes such as buses and colectivo microbuses, a growing population and increasing automobile ownership rate will further exacerbate the city's mobility and environment. In order to measure the level of congestion in Mexico City, a network model was built. Combining data from a 1994 origin destination survey and the 2000 census with a digitized roadway network, we were able to determine the state of vehicle speeds on roadways throughout the city. This speed distribution was then used in the MOBILE6 model to estimate the total emissions from road based transportation sources. The network model was also used to study the extent of congestion and emissions for various future infrastructure projects. An analysis was done for a year 2025 growth scenario, where Mexico City continues to grow in population and size. The impact of two infrastructure improvements on congestion was also studied. The results of the model show that while it is a useful tool for studying congestion on a citywide scale, the effects of local infrastructure changes cannot be accurately modeled. Further work on improving the model may yield improved results on a greater level of detail.
by Yasuaki Daniel Amano.
S.M.in Transportation
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Garcia-Ayluardo, Clara. "Confraternity, cult and crown in colonial Mexico City, 1700-1810." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272607.
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Lucas, Nanosh. "Soup at the Distinguished Table in Mexico City, 1830-1920." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1491551213347469.
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Kaasa, Adam. "Writing, drawing, building : the architecture of Mexico City, 1938-1964." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/860/.
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This thesis evaluates textual, visual and material legacies of modern architecture and urbanism in Mexico City between 1938 and 1964. There is a growing literature on the architects, architecture and urban development of Mexico City in the twentieth century, but few that provide an analysis of these material legacies beyond their claim as historical evidence. My research attends in detail to writing, drawing and building through key moments in the work of the Mexican architect Mario Pani. I analyse an archive of material that moves from his co-founding of the journal Arquitectura/México in 1938, to the construction of the Centro Urbano Presidente Alemán, a modernist housing estate in Mexico City in 1949, to the work of his Taller de Urbanismo (Urban Studio) between 1946 and 1964. I argue for an understanding of architectural and urban writing, building and drawing as ways of producing the world, rather than describing or responding to it. I demonstrate that latent geographical biases in the architectural writing of Arquitectura/México contributed to Mexican debates about architecture and the nation. A visual analysis of urban plans and research from the Taller de Urbanismo foregrounds their role in defining the problem of housing in Mexico City towards the legitimation of a specific genre of public housing. By examining the inauguration of the Centro Urbano Presidente Alemán, I uncover the materiality of the building as generative for the Revolutionary Mexican state. Within the context of emerging scholarship that rearticulates colonial circulations of urban planning and architecture within a framework of multiple or alternative modernities, I emphasise an attention to the co-constitution of writing, drawing and building, and their role in assembling the urban.
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Krpatová, Kateřina. "Management vodních zdrojů: Případová studie nedostatku vody v Mexico City." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75443.
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In the two past decades, the topic of water resources has occurred more abundantly, the water has become the object of many research institutions. While in the 19th and 20th centuries of human progress took place under the sign of coal and oil, today is coming to the forefront the issue of availability of water resources and the related need for effective management which would assure an even distribution. This diploma thesis aims to highlight the problems of water resource management, offers options which would be theoretical focused and an example case study to show what the consequences may have a system which is implemented in isolation without consideration for other inter-sector policy. The context which involves on the current situation of water shortage in Mexico City is identified and analyzed.
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Kelty, Mark J. "Jesusa Rodriguez : Mexico City's postmodern/permanent revolutionary /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9901247.
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Bleynat, Ingrid. "Trading with Power: Mexico City's Markets, 1867-1958." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10961.
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This dissertation traces the history of Mexico City’s municipal markets from a patchwork of sites of customary trade dating from the colonial era to a network of state-controlled modernist halls in the 1950s. It shows how, as small-scale vendors of tomatoes, straw hats, charcoal and all manner of every-day necessities plied their trade and fought to protect their livelihoods, their interactions with the government and other social groups and classes transformed the city’s markets and shaped the contours of popular politics in modern Mexico. More broadly, it uncovers vendors’ role in the dual process of economic development and state formation.History
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López, Amanda M. "THE CADAVEROUS CITY: THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE DEAD IN MEXICO CITY, 1875-1930." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193880.
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This dissertation explores burial practices and funeral rituals in Mexico City during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. I argue that international shifts in ideas about public health, class, and nationalism were reflected in new spaces and practices for dead bodies. Furthermore, I examine how mass death challenged traditional burial practices. The daily practices involved in managing the disposal and veneration of dead bodies illuminate the social and cultural challenges in building modern cities and the ways in which these projects are adopted or rejected by the citizenry. The first three chapters focus on the modernization of burial practices in the nineteenth century. Burial reform laws in the 1850s led to the foundation of the capital's first large, modern cemetery, the Panteón de Dolores, by the Liberal government in 1879. The cemetery became a microcosm for the clean, modern city, mapping the new social class configuration through the distribution of its graves. Quickly the administrators of the Dolores Cemetery failed to meet ideal due to the realities of daily operation. The cemetery had been imagined as a space that reflected elite ideas of modernity, but it served a capital that was mostly indigent. In response to overcrowding, the technology of cremation, which targeted the poor, created a class division between those who could be buried and those who had to be cremated. Government officials successfully constructed a modern, sterile approach to death and began to wrest away control of the symbolic power of death from the Catholic Church. The last two chapters focus on the temporary breakdown of these practices and the reinterpretation of funeral rituals in the early twentieth century. Instability and high mortality rates during the Revolution of 1910-1920 led to overcrowding in cemeteries and spread the dead beyond the cemetery, including impromptu battlefield cremations. A comparison of three funerals in 1928-1929 shows new ways in which the funeral was used to perform ideas about the nation, family, and masculinity. The Revolution's unmanageable casualty levels and the advent modern, secular funerary practices in the period before the Revolution influenced how the government, military, and civilians handled and memorialized death.
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Koike, Quintanar Sayuri Adriana. "Urban structure, labor market, informal employment and gender in Mexico City." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323361.
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Existe una amplia literatura que identifica cómo la estructura urbana afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral a través de dos factores. El primero es la desconexión espacial entre trabajadores y las oportunidades laborales y, el segundo es la segregación residencial. Actualmente, es común que las personas vivan lejos de sus lugares de trabajo. Asimismo, es conocido que los individuos con similares características socioeconómicas tienden a vivir en el mismo vecindario. Por tanto, la segregación residencial y la desconexión espacial entre el trabajo y la residencia de los individuos podrían tener influencia sobre sus resultados en el mercado de trabajo, así como en la tasa de empleo, en la informalidad y en el ingreso. Además, si lo anterior es cierto, los patrones geográficos de estos resultados son menos aleatorios, lo que podría implicar la presencia de efectos derrame. La existencia de estos efectos significaría que la desconexión espacial y la segregación residencial tendrían un rol clave en la determinación de los resultados antes mencionados. En otras palabras la concentración de ventajas o desventajas socioeconómicas ocasionaría efectos derrame sobre los individuos y los vecindarios donde viven. Bajo esta perspectiva, la Ciudad de México es un caso de estudio interesante como se discute extensivamente. La evidencia empírica apunta a que esta ciudad sufre de desconexión espacial y segregación residencial, lo que afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral de sus residentes. Es a partir de esta idea central en la cual se construye la presente tesis. La tesis tiene dos objetivos principales. El primer objetivo es analizar la relación entre la estructura urbana (desconexión espacial y segregación residencial) y los resultados en el mercado laboral en la Ciudad de México en 2010. El segundo objetivo es estudiar los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral de 1990 a 2010. Estudiar estas cuestiones es relevante, pues la elección residencial de los individuos afecta sus resultados laborales a través del acceso a los puestos de trabajo, la segregación residencial o los efectos vecindario. El espacio es un factor económico importante al incrementar los efectos positivos o negativos de la concentración espacial de las ventajas o desventajas, respectivamente. La tesis contribuye a la literatura estudiando los efectos que tiene el acceso a puestos de trabajo informales sobre el empleo. Para probar esta relación estimamos un modelo de probabilidad de estar empleado incluyendo diversos índices de accesibilidad por nivel educativo (básico y post-básico) y estatus laboral (formal e informal). Asimismo, estimamos el parámetro de este índice, el cual toma diferentes valores dependiendo del modo de transporte y del estatus laboral. Esto indica que la accesibilidad por estatus laboral podría afectar la probabilidad de estar empleado de forma distinta. Los resultados indican que los más afectados por la cercanía a las oportunidades laborales son las mujeres, los trabajadores menos educados y los trabajadores informales. Otra contribución es la identificación del impacto distinto que tiene la estructura urbana sobre las oportunidades laborales de acuerdo al género de los trabajadores. Encontramos que la segregación residencial afecta negativamente la participación de las mujeres en la fuerza laboral, en tanto vivir en un vecindario rezagado decrece la probabilidad de ser trabajador formal en los hombres. Finalmente, estudiamos los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral (la tasa de no empleo, la tasa de informalidad laboral y los salarios). Utilizamos diferentes modelos econométricos para explicar los patrones espaciales de dichas variables, identificando los efectos endógenos y contextuales (o los efectos derrame globales y locales, respectivamente). La mayor contribución fue analizar estos resultados por género, extendiendo el análisis a otros resultados laborales además de la tasa de desempleo.There is a significant portion of the literature that identifies the way the urban structure can affect labor market outcomes by means of two factors. The former is the spatial disconnection between workers and job opportunities, and the latter is residential segregation. At present, it is common for people to live far away from the place they work. Additionally, it is well known that individuals with similar socioeconomic characteristics, such as income, tend to reside in the same neighborhood. Hence, residential segregation and the spatial disconnection between jobs’ location and individuals’ residence may have an influence on the labor market outcomes of individuals, and producing an impact on as the rate of employment, informal employment, and the level of wages. Moreover, if so, the geographic patterns of those labor market outcomes become less random and, then, involving the presence of spillover effects. The existence of spillovers means that spatial disconnection and residential segregation have a key role in determining the previous outcomes. In other words, the spatial concentration of either socio-economic disadvantages or advantages entails spillover effects both for individuals and for the neighborhoods in which they live. Under this perspective, Mexico City is an interesting case study, as we discuss extensively in this dissertation. Empirical evidence witnesses that this city suffers from spatial disconnection and residential segregation that affects the labor market outcomes of its residents. This is the core idea in which the discussion of this thesis will be built around. This dissertation targets two main objectives. The former is to analyze the relationship between urban structure, such as spatial disconnection and residential segregation, and labor market outcomes in Mexico City in 2010. The latter is to study the observed spatial patterns of selected labor marker outcomes from 1990 to 2010. Addressing these research questions is relevant because the residential choices of individuals affect an individual’s labor market outcomes through access to jobs, residential segregation, or neighborhood effects. Space turns to be an important economic factor. It can heighten either positive or negative effects of the spatial concentration of advantageous or disadvantageous opportunities, respectively. The dissertation contributes to the literature by studying the effects of access to informal jobs on employment. In order to prove this relationship, we estimate a probability model of being employed, including different types of job accessibility indices by level of education (basic and post-basic education) and labor status (formal and informal). We also estimate the decay parameter of the accessibility index. This decay parameter takes different values depending on the mode of transport and labor status. This condition indicates that job accessibility by labor status could affect the probability of being employed differently. Our results assess that the most affected by closest job opportunities were women, less educated workers and informal workers. Other contribution of this dissertation is to identify to which extent the effects of the urban structure impact on job opportunities according to the workers’ gender. We found that residential segregation has negative effects on labor-force participation for married women and that living in a deprived neighborhood decreases the probability of being a formal worker for men. Finally, we study the spatial patterns of three labor markets outcomes, namely non-employment rates, informal employment rates, and wages. We use different spatial econometric models to explain the spatial patterns of those variables, identifying endogenous and contextual effects (or global and local spillover effects, respectively). The major contribution of our analysis is studying the different kinds of labor market outcomes by gender, instead of limiting the scope to unemployment only.