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Journal articles on the topic 'Laying of an optical cables cables'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Andreev, V. A., A. V. Bourdine, and V. A. Burdin. "Comprehensive solution for onboard fiber-optic information networks." Radio industry (Russia) 30, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2020-30-4-8-13.

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Problem statement. In recent years, the problem of replacing copper-core fiber-optic cables has become particularly relevant. This is due to two factors: first, the prospect of introducing unmanned vehicles and the development of electromagnetic microwave weapons that can disable electronic equipment for almost any target at a distance of 10 km or more, and second, the growing need to reduce the delay of transmitted signals on the network and increase the volume of information transmitted in these networks. The article describes the construction of onboard cable networks using fiberoptic cables. The advantages and disadvantages of fiber-optic based onboard networks are described.Objective. Development of solutions for the use of fiber-optic communication cables in onboard information networks that provide high technology for laying optical cables, the required speed of information transmission, ease of operation and modernization of information networks.Results. A comprehensive solution for building onboard information networks based on fiber-optic cables having an increased core diameter and an optimized refractive index profile in pipelines using pneumatic laying technology is proposed.Practical implications. The proposed integrated solution for onboard fiber-optic information networks, including a method for onboard laying optical cables, the use of specially developed optical fiber with an increased core diameter and reduced differential modal delay, and the development of modular telecommunications equipment, allows meeting the requirements for onboard networks to ensure reliability and safety, economic efficiency, reduce labor intensity, and ease of maintenance, components dismantling and replacement.

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2

Cheng, Hai Qing, Ping Qian, Meng Chu Wu, and Jin Sheng Liu. "Information Management System of Smart Substation Electrical/Optical Cables Based on RFID Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1850.

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A kind new type of information management system of smart substation electrical /optical cables (hereinafter referred to as: cables) based on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is proposed, because the current information management efficiency of substation cables is low and the error rate is high. The paper analyses and optimizes the composition and realization way of the information management system in the design, construction and inspection three aspects, to implement software read CAD drawings, software generates and optimizes the arrangement of cables and path planning. Engineering practice shows that the system has shortened statistical work, reduce the dosage of cables, reduce construction errors, and can offer intelligent, automation and dynamic management of the cables laying and acceptance in the substation construction and expansion.

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3

Ogasawara, Yukitoshi, and Wataru Natsu. "A Cost-Effective Approach to the Risk Reduction of Cable Fault Triggered by Laying Repeaters of Fiber-Optic Submarine Cable Systems in Deep-Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090939.

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Long-distance submarine cable systems, such as the transoceanic system, generally consist of a series of cables and repeaters. Repeater units are spaced at regular intervals to boost the attenuated optical signal and presently contain optical amplifiers in a pressure vessel made of copper alloy. Since the repeater unit is more massive than the cable, it pulls the cable catenary locally toward the seabed. In the 1990s, several studies numerically simulated cable behavior in the water and showed that the seabed slack runs short, and the seabed cable tension increases just before the repeater reaches the seabed. Therefore, it has been pointed out that an unarmored cable with a polyethylene sheath can be easily damaged. However, no reports have been published regarding the actual situation of cable faults related to the laying of repeaters. This study quantitatively analyzes the mechanism of cable damage related to the laying of repeaters, based on experiments, simulations, maintenance records, and a comparative analysis between the simulation results and actual cable faults. Cost-effective methods to mitigate cable faults triggered by laying a repeater in the deep sea are also explored to ensure mechanical stability during the design lifetime.

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4

Jurdana, Irena, Biserka Rukavina, and Sandra Tominac Coslovich. "Legal regime regulating the laying and protection of submarine cables in the Republic of Croatia." Pomorstvo 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.35.1.13.

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One of the strategic development priorities of the Republic of Croatia is the development and construction of a modern telecommunications network and the availability of high-speed Internet throughout its territory, especially in rural areas and on islands. To enable this, it is important to build a reliable and resilient communication infrastructure. With the cooperation of all stakeholders in the construction, from telecom operators to local and state administrations responsible for the maritime demesne, and with efficient legislation, it is possible to achieve sustainable development of submarine cable infrastructure. The paper provides an overview of the legal aspects of submarine optical cable infrastructure design and application at the national and international levels. Special attention is dedicated to the analysis of a national legal regime regulating the protection and sustainable use of submarine cables. Thus, the authors will provide critical analysis of a kind of dualism present in the application of the Ordinance on the Register of Concessions and the Ordinance on the Register of Concessions on the Maritime Demesne and offer suggestions for potential improvements of a national legal framework pertaining to the right of laying and legally protecting submarine cables.

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5

Kojima, Junichi. "Three Dimensional Dynamic Analysis for Laying and Recovery of Optical Submarine Cables." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan 1990, no. 168 (1990): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2534/jjasnaoe1968.1990.168_309.

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6

Huang, Lifan, Bin Luo, Mingmin Ding, Chunshui Zhang, and Yangjie Ruan. "A Cumulative Expansion Force-Finding Method for Suspension-Cable Truss Composite Structure." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 28, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8828658.

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Suspension-cable truss composite structure is a new type of cable-strut structure which combines the conventional cable structure with the rigid truss. By laying rigid roofing slabs, this composite structure offsets most effect of the wind suction, reduces the axial force of the stable cables, and reduces the large vertical displacement effectively when compared with conventional cable trusses. For this new structure, the deformation relevance between adjacent substructures results in a nonindependent and stable union. To effectively and precisely find the cable forces of a suspension-cable truss composite structure for the construction completion state, a proper optimization order and a suitable selection of the substructures are necessary. In this paper, the structural mechanical characteristics of the suspension-cable truss composite structure are introduced at first, to reveal the force transmission path between adjacent substructures. Secondly, the cumulative expansion force-finding method (CEFM) is proposed to obtain the optimal mode of the cable force distribution with a suitable operational efficiency. A numerical example is introduced and analyzed to verify the accuracy and feasibility of this method afterwards. The results show that CEFM could find out the optimal cable force distribution of the suspension-cable truss composite structure, with a geometry shape of whole structure and a rational stress level of all the components.

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7

Wang, Zengfu, Qing Wang, Moshe Zukerman, and Bill Moran. "A Seismic Resistant Design Algorithm for Laying and Shielding of Optical Fiber Cables." Journal of Lightwave Technology 35, no. 14 (July 15, 2017): 3060–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2017.2711658.

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8

Nakazawa, Masataka. "Proposal of multifunctional coherent Nyquist pulse and ultra-high-speed and high-efficiency optical transmission technology." Impact 2020, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.2.18.

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A cornerstone of technological advancement in the last century has been the development of ever faster and higher capacity telecommunications. Being able to transmit large amounts of information, at a good rate over long distances is essential for running many of the services, business and industries that we all rely upon. The development of large national and international telecommunication networks underpins the internet and, with it, the World Wide Web. All this powers a huge range of diverse activities as security services, the entertainment industry, national health services and distribution. As more and more people are connected to this network and more and more information is transmitted between these people, the capacity of the network must increase. This can broadly be split into two categories: access – the laying of cables and construction of mobile towers, technology – the creation of improved data transmitting methods that can transmit more data, at a faster rate, further away. The former is a question of private enterprise and public policy, the latter is the domain of engineers and physicists. Professor Masataka Nakazawa, who is based at the Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University in Japan, is a world-leading expert in optical telecommunications. Nakazawa and his team have a mission to create new methods through which data can be transmitted using optical networks, recently they have consistently broken records for speed, capacity and efficiency in their cutting-edge optical communication technologies.

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9

Desouky, S. S., A. Z. El-Dein, R. A. Abd El-Aal, and N. A. A. El-Rahman. "A New Contribution in Reducing Electric Field Distribution Within/Around Medium Voltage Underground Cable Terminations." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 5 (October 19, 2017): 1962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1357.

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Ιn medium voltage cables, the stress control layers play an important part in controlling the electric field distribution around the medium voltage underground cable terminations. Underground cable accessories, used in medium voltage cable systems, need a stress control tube in order to maintain and control the insulation level which is designed for long life times. The term “electrical stress control” refers to the cable termination analysis of optimizing the electrical stress in the area of insulation shield cutback to reduce the electrical field concentration at this point in order to reduce breakdown in the cable insulation. This paper presents the effect of some materials of different relative permittivities and geometrical regulation with the curved shape stress relief cones on the electric field distribution of cable termination. The optimization was done by comparing the results of eight materials used. Also, the effect of the change in the thickness of the stress control tube is presented. The modeling design is very important for engineers to find the optimal solution of terminator design of medium voltage cables. This paper also describes the evolution of stress control systems and their benefits. A developed program using Finite Element Method (FEM) has calculated a numerical study to the stress control layering electric field distribution.

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10

Choi, Jin-Kyu, Shuhei Nishida, Takashi Yokobiki, and Katsuyoshi Kawaguchi. "Automated Cable-Laying System for Thin Optical-Fiber Submarine Cable Installation." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 40, no. 4 (October 2015): 981–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2014.2363785.

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11

Fu, Chen-Zhao, Wen-Rong Si, Lei Quan, and Jian Yang. "Numerical Study of Heat Transfer in Trefoil Buried Cable with Fluidized Thermal Backfill and Laying Parameter Optimization." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (February 25, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4741871.

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Trefoil buried cable is one of the important cable arrangements for the underground transmission line, and its heat transfer performance is relatively poor. By filling with fluidized thermal backfill material (FTB) around trefoil buried cables, the heat transfer would be efficiently enhanced, while the filling cost should also be considered. In the present study, the heat transfer process in the FTB trefoil buried cables is numerically studied, where the cable core loss and eddy current loss in the cable were coupled for the simulation. The heat transfer performances and ampacities for trefoil buried cables with different back fill materials were analysed and compared with each other. Then, the laying parameters for the parabolic-type FTB trefoil buried cables were optimized with the radial basis function neural network (RBNN) and genetic algorithm (GA). Firstly, it is found that, with FTB material, the maximum temperature in the cable core is obviously reduced, and the cable ampacity is greatly improved as compared with the cables buried around natural soil (NS). Secondly, when compared with flat-type FTB model, the heat transfer rate in the cable with parabolic-type FTB laying method would be slightly reduced, while the FTB amount used for the buried cables is greatly reduced. Finally, as for parabolic-type FTB trefoil buried cables, with proper design of geometric parameters (s1 = 0.290 m, s2 = 0.302 m, and l = 0.3 m with I = 1300 A) for the FTB laying cross section, the overall performance for the cable was optimized.

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12

Fu, Chen-Zhao, Wen-Rong Si, Duo Yang, and Jian Yang. "Numerical Study of Heat Transfer and Optimum Design for Trench Laying Cables with Ceramic Plates." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (September 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1227817.

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Trench laying cables are often used at inlet and outlet regions of a power distribution cabinet. In order to improve the heat transfer performance and extend service life of a trench laying cable, the heat transfer and cable ampacity of the trench laying cable with a ceramic plate were numerically studied in the present paper and the results were compared with those of a traditional trench laying cable. The variations of conductor loss and eddy current loss of different loop cables were discussed in the trench with a ceramic plate, and the effects of ceramic plate parameters on heat transfer performance of the trench laying cable were optimized using the Taguchi method. It is found that for the trench with ceramic plates, although the ceramic plate restrains the natural convection in the trench, the total heat transfer for natural convection and thermal radiation are enhanced for the cables and the cable ampacity can be improved. The difference of electromagnetic loss between the upper- and lower-layer cables in the trench with ceramic plate is quite small. When the cable core current (I) increases from 700 A to 1100 A, the maximum difference of averaged electromagnetic loss between the upper- and lower-layer cables is 1.22%. With the Taguchi method, an optimum parameter combination is obtained. When the length, thickness, and surface emissivity of the ceramic plate are equal to 0.48 m, 0.0734 m, and 0.8, respectively, at I = 900 A, the cable maximum temperature in the trench is the lowest.

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13

Gulski, Jongen, Rakowska, and Siodla. "Offshore Wind Farms On-Site Submarine Cable Testing and Diagnosis with Damped AC." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 3703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193703.

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: The current power cables IEC standards do not provide adequate recommendations for after-laying testing and diagnosis of offshore export and inter-array power cables. However the standards IEEE 400 and IEEE 400.4 recommend partial discharge monitored testing, e.g., by continuous or damped AC voltages (DAC). Based on the international experiences, as collected in more than 20 years at different power grids, this contribution focuses on the use of DAC for after-laying testing and diagnosis of submarine power cables both the export and inter-array cables. Higher risk of failure, long unavailability, higher repair costs, and maintenance costs imply that advanced quality control is becoming more important. The current state of the existing and drafting international standards are based on onshore experiences and not related to the actual serious problems experienced with failures on export up to 230 kV and inter-array cables up to 66 kV. The application of damped AC as a testing solution in this concern is specially discussed. The advantages of this testing technique, in combination with actual testing examples, show the findings on export and inter-array cables at offshore wind farms.

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14

Ashpole, R. S., D. L. Lewis, R. J. W. Powell, and J. D. S. Hinchliffe. "Hydrogen in optical cables." IEE Proceedings J Optoelectronics 132, no. 3 (1985): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-j.1985.0035.

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15

Yang, N., D.-S. Jeng, and X. L. Zhou. "Tension Analysis of Submarine Cables during Laying Operations." Open Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (December 27, 2013): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149520131130009.

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This paper presents a semi-analytical approximation for a two-dimensional (2D) tension analysis of submarine cables during laying operations. In the analysis, based on geometric compatibility relations and equilibrium equations, a set of non-linear differential equations are obtained. The present model considers effects of ocean currents, cable ship motion, pay-out rate, water depth and material properties on submarine cable behavior in water, which are crucial during laying operations. As shown in numerical examples, with consideration of currents and cable ship motion, the cable tension appears to be smaller and cable configuration curve tends to be fatter than the conventional catenary theory.

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16

Lu, Zhifei, Chen Cao, Yongqiang Ge, Jiamin He, Zhou Yu, Jiawang Chen, and Xinlong Zheng. "Research on Improving the Working Efficiency of Hydraulic Jet Submarine Cable Laying Machine." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070745.

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The anchoring and hooking of ships, bedrock friction and biological corrosion threaten the safety and stability of submarine cables. A hydraulic jet submarine cable laying machine manages to bury the submarine cables deep into the seabed, and effectively reduces the occurrence of external damage to the submarine cables. This machine uses a hydraulic jet system to realize trenching on the seabed. However, the hydraulic jet submarine cable laying machine has complicated operation and high power consumption with high requirements on the mother ship, and it is not yet the mainstream trenching method. In this paper, a mathematical model for the hydraulic jet nozzle of the submarine cable laying machine is established, and parameters that affect the trenching efficiency are studied. The effects of jet target distance, flow, angle and nozzle spacing on the working efficiency of the burying machine are analyzed by setting up a double-nozzle model. The results of the theory, numerical simulation and experiment show that the operational efficiency of the hydraulic jet submarine cable laying machine can be distinctly improved by setting proper jet conditions and parameters.

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17

Rusan, Igor, and Yevhenii Korotkov. "Analytical review of developments and im-provements of the working body of the cable-layer at trenchless laying of cables." Gіrnichі, budіvelnі, dorozhnі ta melіorativnі mashini, no. 96 (December 31, 2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/gbdmm2020.96.0402.

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The article provides an analytical review of scientific developments to improve the process of cable laying in general and specifically the working body of the cable layer in the trenchless laying of cables in different geological conditions. Using the patent documentation, the search and analysis of materials for the improvement of the working body of the cable layer and the main advantages of trenchless cable laying were carried out. The task of trenchless laying is: laying of water supply networks, sewerage, gas pipeline; laying of power supply cables, telephone and fibre-optic cable communication and alarm lines; laying on the bottom of rivers and reservoirs; laying in mountainous areas; replacement of worn-out communications with new ones. The article analyzes the improvement of the design of cable-laying with active earth-moving working bodies (ZRO), the principle of operation of which is based on the trenchless method, which has limited working speed and relative working speed, design complexity and low operational reliability.

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18

Charbonneau-Lefort, Mathieu, and Michael J. Yadlowsky. "Optical Cables for Consumer Applications." Journal of Lightwave Technology 33, no. 4 (February 15, 2015): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2015.2390223.

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19

Choi, Jin-Kyu, Eiichiro Araki, and Katsuyoshi Kawaguchi. "Cable Laying Using an ROV." Marine Technology Society Journal 54, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.54.5.12.

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AbstractA remotely operated vehicle (ROV) can install submarine cables along a planned route accurately, thereby deploying cabled seafloor observatories at the intended locations. In this study, we developed an ROV-based cable-laying system. Its manual and automated versions have been successfully used for the installation of the Dense Oceanfloor Network system for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET). The automated cable-laying system shows many advantages; for example, the cable-laying speed increased by approximately 0.1 knot from 0.5 knot, and the number of operators was reduced by half. Thus, the physical and mental burdens on the shipboard members including ROV operators were relieved. In this paper, we share our experiences when laying cables using an ROV during DONET installation. First, the issues that should be addressed to complete a successful cable-laying operation are discussed; subsequently, our manual and automated cable-laying systems are introduced. Then, the observations made during field operations for DONET installation are presented, which provide useful tips for developing an ROV-based cable-laying system.

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20

Gontar, Yu, and T. Antonets. "Influence of heating dynamics of polymer insulation of medium voltage power cables on their performance." Lighting engineering and power engineering 3, no. 59 (November 27, 2020): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2079-424x-2020-3-59-127-130.

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Currently, global trends in the development of medium voltage cable networks are aimed at the introduction of cables with cross-linked polyethylene insulation. Such cables are innovative products of domestic cable manufacturers. Most often, single-core cables are laid in parallel in one plane. The article analyzes a number of significant features of cables with cross-linked polyethylene insulation, which affect the thermal regime both in working condition and in emergency operation, among which - the dependence of thermal conductivity and heat capacity of polymer insulation on temperature. Cable throughput, which is determined by regulatory models and average environmental parameters, provides only preliminary information about its heating, useful for comparing its throughput with other cables of the same type. For certain requirements and for innovative cable designs, it is necessary to determine the capacity according to thermal constraints in specific operating conditions. Thermal and electrical asymmetry must also be taken into account in the test conditions of cables intended for laying three single-core cables in the plane. The heating of medium voltage cables with crosslinked polyethylene insulation was studied [1], an experimental assessment of the influence of the distance between the cables on the asymmetry of currents and temperatures was performed using three single-phase single-core cables АПвЭгаПу 1х70/16–35with the same current direction. It is established that in the absence of longitudinal currents in electrically conductive screens, the current in the middle core can be practically taken as a basis. It is proposed to use the method of concentrated heat capacities for the analysis of cable heating by overload current, which allows to significantly reduce the test time in production conditions. The study aims to create a method for determining the allowable current of medium voltage cables in specific operating conditions.

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21

Myasoyedov, YU V., and O. O. Sapozhnik. "MODERN METHODS OF LAYING CABLES WITH INSULATION FROM CROSSED POLYETHYLENE." Messenger AmSU, no. 87 (2019): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/jasu.2019.87.60-62.

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22

Mayorov, Andrei. "Cable laying conditions for 20 kV city power supply cables." Energy Safety and Energy Economy 6 (December 2015): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2015-6-5-10.

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23

YAMAZAKI, Yasushi, Koji TANAKA, Masaru OKUTSU, Masato WAKATAKE, Takanobu SUZUKI, and Gaku SHOJI. "EVALUATION OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CABLE-LAYING CONDUIT LINING FOR THE PROTECTION OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLE." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)) 73, no. 4 (2017): I_847—I_858. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejseee.73.i_847.

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24

Korotkevich, M. A., and S. N. Azarov. "The Evaluation of Impact of Cable Power Lines on the Environment." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 62, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-62-5-422-432.

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The thermal impact of cable power lines and structural materials of cables on the environment has been considered. A quantitative evaluation of the thermal impact of electrical cables with cross-linked polyethylene insulation on the environment was carried out using the Elcut program. Analysis of the temperature field near the loaded cable line of 10 kV demonstrated high values of soil temperature that negatively affects its redox potential and living organisms. To evaluate the environmental impact of electrical cable materials, an approach has been developed that takes into account not only the toxicity of the materials but also their volumetric content in the cable. Cable lines with cables with traditional paper-oil insulation cause more damage to the environment than cable lines with cables, insulated with crosslinked polyethylene. The environment, in turn, also has an impact on the electrical cables: the values of long-term permissible load currents depend on the ambient temperature (when laying cables in the open air, in an earthen trench or in cable rooms). The impact of solar radiation on the thermal conditions of the electric cable is estimated. A comparative analysis of the complex environmental impact of electric cables with traditional insulation and insulation of crosslinked polyethylene demonstrated that unarmored cable with crosslinked polyethylene insulation at a voltage of 10 kV (regardless of the type of its shell) causes less damage to the environment than the same traditional cable throughout the considered temperature range on their surfaces.

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25

Larin, Yu, P. Ivanov, M. Ivanov, and Yu Smirnov. "Optical cables with round wire armor." LastMile, no. 7 (2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22184/2070-8963.2018.76.7.36.40.

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26

Furuya, Noritsuna, Jorge Luiz e Silva, Osvaldo M. Filliettaz, and Jose Hiroki Saito. "DSPS interconnection using optical fiber cables." Computer Standards & Interfaces 20, no. 6-7 (March 1999): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)90908-x.

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27

Haag, H. G., G. F. Hog, and P. E. Zamzow. "Optical fiber cables for subscriber loops." Journal of Lightwave Technology 7, no. 11 (1989): 1667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.45887.

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28

Weiss, Jonathan D., and James H. Stoever. "Vacuum feedthrough for optical fiber cables." Applied Optics 24, no. 17 (September 1, 1985): 2755_1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.24.2755_1.

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29

Cassidy, S. A. "Handbook of Optical Fibers and Cables." Journal of Modern Optics 35, no. 10 (October 1988): 1600–1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500348814551761.

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30

Rossi, Tom. "Active Optical Cables 2010 Market Report." Fiber and Integrated Optics 29, no. 3 (May 18, 2010): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468031003759519.

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31

O'Sullivan, M. S. "Handbook of optical fibers and cables." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 10, no. 3-4 (January 1989): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-8166(89)90044-4.

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32

Mecozzi, Antonio, Mattia Cantono, Jorge C. Castellanos, Valey Kamalov, Rafael Muller, and Zhongwen Zhan. "Polarization sensing using submarine optical cables." Optica 8, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.424307.

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33

Pugno, Nicola M. "Macroscopic invisible cables." Microsystem Technologies 15, no. 1 (July 17, 2008): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-008-0653-9.

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34

Noviadi, Yogi. "THE SEAFLOOR MORPHOLOGHY OF SUNDA STRAIT FOR LAYING THE UNDERWATER CABLES." BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 25, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.25.2.2010.29.

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The coastal and offshore areas around the Sunda Strait will be developed to be a submarine cable corridor connecting between Java and Sumatra Islands. There are some requirements that should be considered before laying the underwater cables. One of these considerations is to understand the seafloor morphology of the Sunda Strait. The study was conducted based on six of track lines with 1 km line spacing and 4 Cross lines. The water depth obtained then was corrected to the depth of water from the Lowest Water Level (LWL). The seabed condition in the near shore area of Sumatra side is very flat and is influenced by 2 km offshore tide activity. The coast line is characterized by mangrove and fine fraction of sediments (mud and clay). At the Java side, the coastal morphology is characterized by the very steep slope and most of the area is occupied by the industrial activities. Keywords: seafloor morphology, under water cables, Sunda Strait Area pantai dan perairan Selat Sunda akan dikembangkan sebagai bagian dalam penempatan kabel bawah laut yang menghubungkan Pulau Jawa dan Pulau Sumatera. Rencana penempatan kabel bawah laut ini membutuhkan beberapa persyaratan teknis yang harus dipertimbangkan. Salah satu pertimbangan untuk peletakan kabel bawah laut adalah memahami morfologi dasar laut selat Sunda. Penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan 6 lintasan pemeruman dengan jarak antar lintasan 1 km, dan 4 lintasan memotong lintasan utama. Kedalaman laut yang diperoleh kemudian dikoreksi dengan muka laut terendah. Kondisi permukaan dasar laut di sisi pantai Sumatra sangat datar serta sejauh 2 km ke arah laut lepas masih dipengaruhi oleh aktifitas pasang surut. Garis pantainya dicirikan oleh tanaman bakau dan fraksi sedimen halus (lumpur dan lempung). Pada sisi Jawa, morfologi pantai dicirikan oleh kemiringan lereng yang curam dan kebanyakan area ditempati oleh aktivitas industri. Kata kunci: morfologi dasar laut, kabel bawah laut, Selat Sunda

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35

Vega, Luis A., and Gérard C. Nihous. "Response of Submarine Power Cables During Laying Operations in Deep Waters." Marine Technology and SNAME News 23, no. 03 (July 1, 1986): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1986.23.3.226.

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This paper reports the results of an analytical study performed for the Hawaii Deep Water Cable Program to determine the feasibility of transmitting electric power via cable in waters up to 7000 ft in depth and over a distance greater than 150 miles. The computer-aided methodology described herein sought principally to determine the cable loads and motions as functions of environmental, vessel and cable parameters.

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Yang, Xianjin, Jingqing Ye, Guangyuan Yao, Junfeng Chi, and Jiali Du. "Judge the Extent of the Harm on Electric Cables Based on Optical Fiber Sensing Technology and Found a New Mechanism of Patrolling Electric Cables." E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 01071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018501071.

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The article comes up with a measure that uses fiber vibration sensing technology to avoid external intrusion harm on electric cables, dealing with the problem that buried cables are sometimes destroyed by constructions. This measure is based on dual Mach-Zehnder(M-Z) interference, and it makes use of power grids’ fiber-optic cables laid in the cable trench—along with the electric cables—as sensors. These sensors could monitor vibration near to optical cables and trench, and recognize the events that vibrate the cable, and finally judge the extent of the harm caused by the events. The article also try to find out a more reliable and more efficient mechanism of patrolling electric cables, which is based on the abovementioned measure.

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Qi, Yuanhang, Peng Hou, Liang Yang, and Guangya Yang. "Simultaneous Optimisation of Cable Connection Schemes and Capacity for Offshore Wind Farms via a Modified Bat Algorithm." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 13, 2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020265.

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Offshore wind energy has attracted worldwide attention and investments in the last decade due to the stability and abundance of wind resources. As one of the main components of this, internal array cables have a great impact on the levelised cost of energy of offshore wind farms, and thus their connection layout is a matter of concern. In this paper, a classical mathematical problem—the traveling salesman problem, which belongs to the field of graph theory—is applied to solve the offshore wind farm cable connection layout optimization problem. Both the capital investment on cables, cable laying, and the cost of power losses associated with array cables are considered in the proposed model. A modified bat algorithm is presented to resolve the problem. Furthermore, a cable crossing detection method is also adopted to avoid obtaining crossed cable connection layouts. The effectiveness was verified through a case study.

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Xiong, Lan, Yonghui Chen, Yang Jiao, Jie Wang, and Xiao Hu. "Study on the Effect of Cable Group Laying Mode on Temperature Field Distribution and Cable Ampacity." Energies 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173397.

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The reliability and service life of power cables is closely related to the cable ampacity and temperature rise. Therefore, studying the temperature field distribution and the cable ampacity is helpful to improve the construction guidelines of cable manufacturers. Taking a 8.7/15 kV YJV 1 × 400 XLPE three-loop power cable as the research object, cable temperature is calculated by IEC-60287 thermal circuit method and numerical simulation method, respectively. The results show that the numerical simulation method is more in line with the actual measured temperature, and the relative error is only 0.32% compared with the actual measured temperature. The temperature field and air velocity field of cluster cables with different laying methods are analyzed by finite element method. The corresponding cable ampacity are calculated by secant method. The results show that when the cable is laid at the bottom of the cable trench, the cable current is 420 A, which is 87.5% of the regular laying. Under irregular laying mode, the temperature of cable is higher than that of regular laying mode and the cable ampacity is lower than that of regular laying mode. At the same time, a multiparameter online monitoring system is developed to online monitor the temperature, water level and smoke concentration of the cable.

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Jasman, Nur Azira, Nur Adlin Lina Normisyidi, Yeak Sue Hoe, Ahmad Razin Zainal Abidin, and Mohd Ridza Mohd Haniffah. "Numerical Calculation of Two-Dimensional Subsea Cable Tension Problem Using Minimization Approach." MATEMATIKA 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/matematika.v35.n4.1261.

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Subsea cable laying is a risky and challenging operation faced by engineers, due to many uncertainties arise during the operation. In order to ensure that subsea cables are laid out diligently, the analysis of subsea cable tension during the laying operation is crucial. This study focuses on the fatigue failure of cables that will cause large hang-off loads based on catenary configuration after laying operation. The presented problem was addressed using mathematical modelling with consideration for a number of defining parameters, which include external forces such as current velocity and design parameters such as cable diameter. There were two types of subsea cable tension analyses studied: tensional analysis of catenary configurations and tensional analysis of lazy wave configurations. The latter involved a buoyancy module that was incorporated in the current catenary configuration that reduced subsea cable tension and enhanced subsea cable lifespan. Both analyses were solved using minimization through the gradient-based approach concerning on the tensional analysis of the subsea cable in differentconfigurations. Lazy wave configurations were shown to successfully reduce cable tension,especially at the hang-off section.

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Hogari, Kazuo, Yusuke Yamada, and Kunihiro Toge. "Novel Optical Fiber Cables With Ultrahigh Density." Journal of Lightwave Technology 26, no. 17 (September 2008): 3104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2008.926931.

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Szentesi, O. "Reliability of Optical Fibers, Cables, and Splices." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 4, no. 9 (December 1986): 1502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.1986.1146485.

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-Bonicel, J. P. "Aerial optical cables along electrical power lines." Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique -, no. 03 (1998): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3845/ree.1998.030.

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Midwinter, J. E. "Optical cables, switches and logic (or madness)?" International Journal of Digital & Analog Cabled Systems 1, no. 2 (April 1988): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.4520010204.

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Andhina, Sisca Arisya Harry. "Macrobending Loss Analysis on Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Optic Core." Jurnal Jartel: Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi 9, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v9i2.169.

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Macrobending often occurs in optical fibers that embedded in the ground due to shifting of soil or rocks in the ground causing interference in transmission. In this study used single-mode-multimode-singlemode fiber optic cable connected manually and axially measured using a light source test equipment and optical power meter and the results will be compared. The measurement results obtained the greater value of macrobending losses with the smaller the diameter of the winding, and the greater the number of turns. The highest value of macrobending losses in multimode cables is -1.48dB at 0.5cm diameter with 5 turns, highest value of macrobending losses on single mode cables is -12.73dB at 0.5cm diameter with 5 turns, lowest value of macrobending losses for multimode cables is -0.44dB at 5cm diameter with 1 twist, lowest macrobending losses in singlemode cables is -1.69dB at 5cm diameter with 1 twist. While the value of macrobending losses on axially connected SMS cables shows the highest value of macrobending losses on multimode cables is -1.12dB in diameter of 0.5cm with 5 turns, highest value of macrobending losses on singlemode cables is -1.18dB at diameter of 0.5cm with 5 turns, lowest value for macrobending losses on multimode cables is -0.66dB at 5cm in diameter with 1 twist, the smallest value for macrobending losses on singlemode cables is -0.27dB at 5cm diameter with 1 twist . The measurement results also showed that the macrobending losses of manually connected SMS cables were greater than the macrobending losses of axially connected SMS cables.

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MURATA, HIROSHI. "STATE-OF-THE-ART OF OPTICAL FIBERS, FIBER CABLES AND THEIR TECHNOLOGIES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 01, no. 02 (June 1990): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156490000071.

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In this paper, state-of-the-art of optical fibers (centering on the wholly synthesized VAD fiber), fiber cables (including comparison of fiber cables), fiber amplifiers and their accessories concerned are reviewed.

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Karavias, Markos. "Submarine Cables and Pipelines: The Protection of Investors Under International Law." Journal of World Investment & Trade 19, no. 5-6 (October 15, 2018): 860–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340113.

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Abstract Submarine cables and pipelines hold great significance for the global economy, as they constitute key features in energy transit and transmission of telecommunications data. Whereas the two have traditionally been treated by scholars through the lens of the international law of the sea, far less attention has been paid to the potential applicability of international investment law in this field. The present article seeks to shed light on this latter question. First, it reviews the most common treaty and contractual arrangements in place vis-à-vis submarine cables and pipelines. It then turns to international investment law with a view to examining whether investment treaties have a say on the protection of investors in the laying of submarine cables and the construction and operation of submarine pipelines. One of the more vexed questions in this respect is the territorial scope of investment law, in particular as regards the seabed beyond national jurisdiction.

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Cao, Cong, Zengfu Wang, Moshe Zukerman, Jonathan H. Manton, Alain Bensoussan, and Yu Wang. "Optimal Cable Laying Across an Earthquake Fault Line Considering Elliptical Failures." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 65, no. 3 (September 2016): 1536–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tr.2016.2591081.

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Agüero-Rubio, José, Javier López-Martínez, Marta Gómez-Galán, and Ángel-Jesús Callejón-Ferre. "A Didactic Procedure to Solve the Equation of Steady-Static Response in Suspended Cables." Mathematics 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8091468.

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Students in the electrical branch of the short-cycle tertiary education program acquire developmental and design skills for low voltage transmission power lines. Aerial power line design requires mathematical tools not covered well enough in the curricula. Designing suspension cables requires the use of a Taylor series and integral calculation to obtain the parabola’s arc length. Moreover, it requires iterative procedures, such as the Newton–Raphson method, to solve the third-order equation of the steady-static response. The aim of this work is to solve the steady-static response equation for suspended cables using simple calculation tools. For this purpose, the influence of the horizontal component of the cable tension on its curvature was decoupled from the cable’s self-weight, which was responsible for the tension’s vertical component. To this end, we analyzed the laying and operation of the suspended cables by defining three phases (i.e., stressing, lifting, and operation). The phenomena that occurred in each phase were analyzed, as was their manifestation in the cable model. Herein, we developed and validated the solution of the steady-static response equation in suspended cables using simple equations supported with intuitive graphics. The best results of the proposed calculation procedure were obtained in conditions of large temperature variations.

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Paap, G. C., and A. N. Verveen. "A 50 Hz after laying test for high-voltage extruded insulation cables." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 7, no. 1 (1992): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.108883.

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Korolchenko, Dmitry, Tatiana Eremina, and Leonid Tanklevsky. "Operation of cable lines under fire conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 221 (2020): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022102007.

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Branched cable communications are carriers of fire load, they are tracks along which fire spreads in buildings and structures. Therefore, currently, fire safety of cables is one of the most important tasks of the cable industry. The spread of flames in vertical bunch wiring depends on the following factors: the amount of combustible material that is exposed to high temperatures, geometric shapes of cables and their mutual location when laying, the ignition temperature of gases emitted by cables, the volume of combustible gases emitted by cables at a certain elevated temperature, the room capacity and volume of air passing through the cable structure, cable devices. Analysis of regulatory documents revealed some key differences in the methodology of standards. It was found that the spread of fire is not only affected by the volume of laid cables, but also by their mutual placement in space. A direct correlation was found between the influence of the crosssection of the cable core and preservation of the cable line in case of fire. Parameters were determined for the preservation of serviceability under fire exposure in the case of bunch and in the case of single wiring. It has been determined that it is impossible to spread the results of fire tests in case of single wiring in accordance with GOST IEC 60331-21-2011 and in case of bunch wiring in accordance with GOST IEC 60332-3-22-2011 to the results of tests in accordance with GOST R 53316-2009 for the preservation of operability of cable lines. The parameters of fire resistance and operability of cable products under the influence of flame depending on the type of cables and the method of their installation have been determined.

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