Journal articles on the topic 'Layers of history'
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1
Zalasiewicz, Jan. "A History in Layers." Scientific American 315, no. 3 (August 16, 2016): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0916-30.
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Ream, Rebecca. "Composting Layers of Christchurch History." Genealogy 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5030074.
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This is a poetic compost story. It is a situated tale of how I gradually began to shred my fantasy of being a self-contained responsible individual so I could become a more fruitful response-able Pākehā (for the purposes of this paper, a descendant of colonial settlers or colonial settler) from Christchurch (the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand), Aotearoa (The Māori (the Indigenous people of New Zealand) name for New Zealand) New Zealand. Poetic compost storying is a way for me to turn over Donna Haraway’s composting ethico-onto-epistemology with critical family history and critical autoethnography methodologies. To this end, I, in this piece, trace how I foolishly believed that I could separate myself from my colonial family and history only to find that I was reinscribing Western fantasies of transcendence. I learnt by composting, rather than trying to escape my past, that I could become a more response-able Pākehā and family member.
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Tolmacheva, Marina, and Paul B. Henze. "Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia." African Studies Review 44, no. 3 (December 2001): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525627.
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Davis, Muriam Haleh. "The Layers of History Beneath Algeria's Protests." Current History 118, no. 812 (December 1, 2019): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2019.118.812.337.
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Whitehead, J. D. "Sporadic E layers; history and recent observations." Advances in Space Research 10, no. 10 (January 1990): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(90)90013-p.
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McClellan, Charles W., and Paul B. Henze. "Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia." International Journal of African Historical Studies 34, no. 2 (2001): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097525.
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Darenskiy, Vitaliy Yu. "A.S. Pushkin’s “History of Peter I” as the History of Disappointment." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 3 (July 30, 2022): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2022-0-3-199-217.
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The article analyzes the preparatory materials for the never-written “History of Peter I” by A.S. Pushkin, which are of great interest as an important evidence of Russian historical thought. The analysis of Pushkin’s theses and the selection of material shows his exposure of the “Peter’s legend” (I. Solonevich) about the “great reformer”. In Pushkin’s narrative about Peter I, two different content and semantic “layers” can be found: 1) the event-pragmatic “layer”, in which this tsar in fact acts as a “reformer” and therefore a priori should be viewed positively; 2) the moral and religious layer, in which Peter I also acts in fact as an anti-Christian force and thus, anti-people – and therefore a priori should be considered negatively. This methodological conflict, first manifested in Pushkin’s texts about Peter I, later becomes decisive for the Russian historical consciousness in its relation to individual historical figures.
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Glausiusz, Josie. "Pulling back layers of history, culture and identity." Nature 582, no. 7811 (June 2020): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01697-8.
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Bobke, A., R. Vinuesa, R. Örlü, and P. Schlatter. "History effects and near equilibrium in adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 820 (May 12, 2017): 667–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.236.
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Turbulent boundary layers under adverse pressure gradients are studied using well-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) with the goal of assessing the influence of the streamwise pressure-gradient development. Near-equilibrium boundary layers were characterized through the Clauser pressure-gradient parameter $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$. In order to fulfil the near-equilibrium conditions, the free stream velocity was prescribed such that it followed a power-law distribution. The turbulence statistics pertaining to cases with a constant value of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ (extending up to approximately 40 boundary-layer thicknesses) were compared with cases with non-constant $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ distributions at matched values of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ and friction Reynolds number $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$. An additional case at matched Reynolds number based on displacement thickness $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{\ast }}$ was also considered. It was noticed that non-constant $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ cases appear to approach the conditions of equivalent constant $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ cases after long streamwise distances (approximately 7 boundary-layer thicknesses). The relevance of the constant $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ cases lies in the fact that they define a ‘canonical’ state of the boundary layer, uniquely characterized by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ and $Re$. The investigations on the flat plate were extended to the flow around a wing section overlapping in terms of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ and $Re$. Comparisons with the flat-plate cases at matched values of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ and $Re$ revealed that the different development history of the turbulent boundary layer on the wing section leads to a less pronounced wake in the mean velocity as well as a weaker second peak in the Reynolds stresses. This is due to the weaker accumulated effect of the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ history. Furthermore, a scaling law suggested by Kitsios et al. (Intl J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 61, 2016, pp. 129–136), proposing the edge velocity and the displacement thickness as scaling parameters, was tested on two constant-pressure-gradient parameter cases. The mean velocity and Reynolds-stress profiles were found to be dependent on the downstream development. The present work is the first step towards assessing history effects in adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers and highlights the fact that the values of the Clauser pressure-gradient parameter and the Reynolds number are not sufficient to characterize the state of the boundary layer.
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Vlassopoulos, Kostas. "Greek History." Greece and Rome 61, no. 2 (September 12, 2014): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383514000114.
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Two important recent books re-examine long-standing orthodoxies which have come under fire in recent decades. Julia Kindt challenges the orthodox model of Greek religion which has put thepolisas its central organizing principle, as manifested in the work of Christianne Sourvinou-Inwood and the Paris school. The book combines methodological and theoretical discussion with a series of case studies ranging from the Archaic period to the Second Sophistic. Kindt does not deny the value of thepolis-centred model for major aspects of Greek religious life; rather, her main disagreement is that it creates simplistic polarities and leaves aside or treats as exceptions many important aspects of Greek religion. While thepolismodel sees religion as embedded in the structures of thepolis, Kindt argues persuasively for the need to conceptualize Greek religion as a series of interrelated but distinct layers. She rightly stresses the autonomy of religion as a symbolic and figural system; and she emphasizes the significance of personal experience and agency and the ways in which practices such as magic illustrate the multiple links between personal experience and agency and the religious community of thepolis. Finally, of particular significance is her challenge to the standard polarity of local versus Panhellenic and the need to adopt a wider spectrum of layers and identities.
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Izumi, Katsutoshi. "History of SIMOX Material." MRS Bulletin 23, no. 12 (December 1998): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940002978x.
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Watanabe and Tooi first reported on the formation of silicon oxide by oxygenion implantation into silicon in 1966. Further investigations of such oxygen-implanted oxide layers have been carried out by several workers, with the result that the oxide has equivalent isolation characteristics to those for thermally grown silicon oxide. Practical applications of the oxygen-implanted oxide to semiconductor devices have been reported by only a few workers, with a suggestion of their usefulness. Unfortunately Watanabe and Tooi's work has not been followed by additional silicon-on-insulator (SOI) studies.In 1978 Izumi, Doken, and Ariyoshi succeeded in fabricating a complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) ring oscillator using a buried SiO2 layer formed by oxygenion (16O+) implantation into silicon. They named the new SOI technology “SIMOX,” which is short for separation by implanted oxygen. Since then Izumi and his research group have continued their study of SIMOX technology.
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Maher, Manal, and Yussri Salem. "Multianalytical Characterization of Unique Copper Model Tools from Dark Age of Ancient Egyptian History." Ge-conservacion 19, no. 1 (June 16, 2021): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v19i1.898.
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The article focused on the multi analytical characterization of unique copper model tools date back to the dynasty Xth, 1st intermediate period (c.2134-2050). The studied set consists of twenty-five objects that were excavated in the tomb of KHENNU AND APA-EM-SA-F (289) in the south of Memphis, Saqqara. Different microscopes were used to examine the morphology and stratigraphy of the corrosion product layers. Stereomicroscope was used to examine the corrosion phases on the surface objects. Metallographic microscopy was used to investigate the microstructure of the metal core as well as the morphology and stratigraphy of the corrosion product layers. Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of the objects. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the corrosion phases formed on surface’s artifacts, while raman spectroscopy was carried out to identify the internal corrosion layers. The results revealed that that burial environment and long–term storage in an uncontrolled environment together caused a progressive stage of corrosion of the studied artifacts. The formed corrosion layers consists of the external layer, an under surface layer and internal corrosion products in the center of the cross-sectios. The surface and internal corrosion products were identified as Cuprite, Paratacamite, Nantokite, Atacamite, Malachite and Chalconatronite. Also, the results revealed that the metallic core consists of copper metal without any further alloying elements. Finally, the study presented suitable treatment and conservation strategies of these unique artifacts or such cases, and shows a safe fixing procedure using a sewing technique via transparent inert threads to display the set objects.
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Albrecht, P., M. Ringelstein, AK Müller, N. Keser, T. Dietlein, A. Lappas, A. Foerster, HP Hartung, O. Aktas, and A. Methner. "Degeneration of retinal layers in multiple sclerosis subtypes quantified by optical coherence tomography." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 18, no. 10 (March 2, 2012): 1422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458512439237.
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Background: Optical coherence tomography can be used to assess retinal degeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). Thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer and macular thickness have been well characterized, but newer devices allow quantification of all retinal layers. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the thickness of the paramacular retina, peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer, and deeper paramacular layers in MS patient subgroups, using state-of-the-art optical coherence tomography. Methods: Using a Heidelberg Engineering Spectralis device, we performed paramacular volumetric retinal scans and circular peripapillary fibre-layer scans, manually segmenting different retinal layers into single horizontal foveal scans in 95 patients with definite MS (42 relapsing–remitting, 41 secondary progressive, 12 primary progressive), plus 91 age- and sex-matched controls. Results: Even without a history of optic neuritis, all MS subgroups had significant thinning of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer, the paramacular retinal thickness and the retinal ganglion cell- and inner plexiform layer. Only in primary progressive MS was the inner nuclear layer significantly reduced. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a primary retinal pathology involving the inner nuclear layer in primary progressive MS. Results in eyes without history of optic neuritis suggest possible subclinical episodes of optic neuritis or retrograde trans-synaptic degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons.
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Camps-Febrer, Blanca. "Layers of Security." Contemporary Arab Affairs 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2019.121007.
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Morocco’s security sector is a fundamental component of the regime of power in the country. The legitimacy and structure of the security forces has evolved over time, reflecting changing balances within the power struggle among competing elites, but also to a certain degree the international political and normative context. Controlling the meanings of “security,” as well as the coercive resources the security sector provides, has been paramount in the consolidation of the current regime. This article shows the importance of official narratives on security and their evolution over the course of Morocco’s history after its independence.
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Heineman, R. H., J. J. Bull, and I. J. Molineux. "Layers of Evolvability in a Bacteriophage Life History Trait." Molecular Biology and Evolution 26, no. 6 (March 5, 2009): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msp037.
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Arcusa, Stephanie H., Tobias Schneider, Pablo V. Mosquera, Hendrik Vogel, Darrell Kaufman, Sönke Szidat, and Martin Grosjean. "Late Holocene tephrostratigraphy from Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador." Andean Geology 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov47n3-3301.
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Lakes located downwind of active volcanoes serve as a natural repository for volcanic ash (tephra) produced during eruptive events. In this study, sediment cores from four lakes in Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador, situated approximately 200 km downwind of active volcanoes in the Northern Andes Volcanic Zone, were analysed to document the regional history of tephra fall extending back around 3,000 a cal BP. The ages of the lacustrine sedimentary sequences were constrained using a total of 20 AMS radiocarbon ages on plant remains. The tephra layers were correlated among the lakes based on their radiocarbon age, elemental composition, colour, and grain morphology. We found five unique tephra layers, each at least 0.2 cm thick, and further constrained their ages by combining the results from two age-depth modelling approaches (clam and rbacon). The tephra layers were deposited 3,034±621, 2,027±41, 1,557±177, 733±112, and 450±70 a cal BP. The ages of all but the youngest tephra layer overlap with those of known eruptions from Tungurahua. Some tephra layers are missing as macroscopic layers in several cores, with only two of the five tephra layers visible in the sediment of three lakes. Likewise, previous studies of lake sediment cores from the region are missing the four youngest tephra layers, further highlighting the need to sample multiple lakes to reconstruct a comprehensive history of fallout events. The newly documented stratigraphic marker layers will benefit future studies of lake sediments in Cajas National Park.
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Lee, Ui Cheon, Yeong Ju Lee, and Soo Chul Kim. "Study on Material Characteristic of Daegu Modern History Museum Collection Rickshaw." Journal of Conservation Science 38, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2022.38.2.07.
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In this study, we analyzed the rickshaw (Owned by the Daegu Modern History Museum) by measuring each material. The purpose of the study was to identify the materials in modern cultural assets that utilize a variety of materials in a complex way, and establish basic data for preservation and management. Using portable X-ray fluorescence analyzers (P-XRF), species identification, fiber identification, paint film analysis (microscope observation, SEM-EDS, FTIR) on metal, wood, fiber and paint was carried out. Brass, an alloy of Copper, Zinc and Iron, was measured in the metal parts. Further, wooden parts, such as Oak (Quercus acutissima), Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Bamboo (Bambusoideae). Torreya nucifera (Torreya spp.) were identified in the body. Fiber parts consisted mainly of cotton, but some parts were also made of leather. In terms of paint, rickshaws were applied with multiple layers, using cashew (synthetic paint used in place of lacquer). In sum, the rickshaw body part appeared to overlap with layers of fiber, metal (soild), paint, and colored (black, red) layer.
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Martini, Edwin. "Going Uphill: Layers and Landscapes in Vietnam." Diplomatic History 44, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhaa003.
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Khadka, Dinesh, Sushil Lamichhane, Amit P. Timilsina, Bandhu R. Baral, Kamal Sah, Bishnu D. Joshi, Sushila Joshi, and Parbati Adhikari. "Soil physico-chemical characterization in the different soil layers of National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal." Journal of Maize Research and Development 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmrd.v3i1.18918.
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Soil pit digging and their precise study is a decision making tool to assess history and future of soil management of a particular area. Thus, the present study was carried out to differentiate soil physico-chemical properties in the different layers of excavated pit of the National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Eight pits were dug randomly from three blocks at a depth of 0 to 100 cm. The soil parameters were determined in-situ, and in laboratory for texture, pH, OM, N, P (as P2O5), K (as K2O), Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn of collected soils samples of different layers following standard analytical methods at Soil Science Division, Khumaltar. The result revealed that soil structure was sub-angular in majority of the layers, whereas bottom layer was single grained. The value and chrome of colour was increasing in order from surface to bottom in the majority pits. Similarly, the texture was sandy loam in majority layers of the pits. Moreover, four types of consistence (loose to firm) were observed. Furthermore, mottles and gravels were absent in the majority layers. Likewise, soil was very to moderately acidic in observed layers of majority pits, except bottom layer of agronomy block was slightly acidic. Regarding fertility parameters (OM, macro and micronutrients), some were increasing and vice-versa, while others were intermittent also. Therefore, a single layer is not dominant for particular soil physico-chemical parameters in the farm. In overall, surface layer is more fertile than rest of the layers in all the pits.
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Middleton, Ken, and Amy York. "Collaborative publishing in digital history." OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives 30, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oclc-02-2014-0010.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide examples of how partnerships can be used to build innovative digital collections. Design/methodology/approach – This article explores multiple aspects of Middle Tennessee State University’s (MTSU) Walker Library’s partnerships with the Center for Historic Preservation and MTSU’s graduate program in public history. Specific topics covered include pairing interpretive essays with groups of highly relevant images to engage students, incorporating responsive design to encourage use of mobile devices and creating an interactive map that links locations to digital content. Findings – By strengthening existing partnerships and proactively seeking new opportunities, libraries that do not have unique primary source collections can take a leading role in publishing digital history collections. Historians have been vital to the success of the Library’s digital projects, particularly those that incorporate multiple layers of historical context. Originality/value – This is one of the few articles about digital collections to cover responsive Web design (particularly within CONTENTdm), partnerships between libraries and public history academic programs and the value of multiple layers of historical context (metadata, essays matched with images and lesson plans).
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Shi, Fei Fei, Bing Hou, Yu Long Li, Jian Lu, and Han Zhao. "Behavior Identification of a Multi-Layered Graded Stainless Steel Using an Inverse Method." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.85.
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The paper aimed at the behavior identification of a stainless steel sheet treated by surface mechanical attrition (SMAT). From tensile testing results on specimen after removing different depth of treated surface, a multi-layered model can be built. Therefore, the SMAT treated sheet is divided into five layers along thickness direction: the top and bottom hard layers of 0.15mm, the soft middle layer of 0.5mm, and two medium layers of 0.1mm in between. An elastic-plastic damageable constitutive model is adopted to describe the behavior of each layer. The parameters for each layer are identified using an inverse calculation technique. The three-dimensional ABAQUS/Explicit models with mass scaling are built for the SMAT treated tensile specimen with and without removed external harder layer. The best fit of parameters for each layer is obtained by minimizing the scatter between measured stress and calculated stress for the prescribed strain history. Finally, the identified material model is validated by the numerical simulation of a penetration test of SMAT treated sheet metal.
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Abbink, Jon G. "Paul B. Henze: Layers of Time. A History of Ethiopia." Aethiopica 5 (May 8, 2013): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.5.1.461.
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Semmel, Arno. "Solifluction layers (``Hauptlage'' and ``Oberlage'') as indicators of environmental history." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 46, no. 2 (July 3, 2002): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/46/2002/167.
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Amine, Tarak, Joseph W. Newkirk, and Frank Liou. "Numerical simulation of the thermal history multiple laser deposited layers." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 73, no. 9-12 (May 25, 2014): 1625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-5961-x.
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Vinuesa, Ricardo, Ramis Örlü, Carlos Sanmiguel Vila, Andrea Ianiro, Stefano Discetti, and Philipp Schlatter. "Revisiting History Effects in Adverse-Pressure-Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layers." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 99, no. 3-4 (August 25, 2017): 565–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-017-9845-7.
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Patrut, Adrian, Diana H. Mayne, Karl F. von Reden, Daniel A. Lowy, Robert van Pelt, Ann P. McNichol, Mark L. Roberts, and Dragos Margineanu. "Fire History of a Giant African Baobab Evinced by Radiocarbon Dating." Radiocarbon 52, no. 2 (2010): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045732.
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The article reports the first radiocarbon dating of a live African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.), by investigating wood samples collected from 2 inner cavities of the very large 2-stemmed Platland tree of South Africa. Some 16 segments extracted from determined positions of the samples, which correspond to a depth of up to 15–20 cm in the wood, were processed and analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Calibrated ages of segments are not correlated with their positions in the stems of the tree. Dating results indicate that the segments originate from new growth layers, with a thickness of several centimeters, which cover the original old wood. Four new growth layers were dated before the reference year AD 1950 and 2 layers were dated post-AD 1950, in the post-bomb period. Formation of these layers was triggered by major damage inside the cavities. Fire episodes are the only possible explanation for such successive major wounds over large areas or over the entire area of the inner cavities of the Platland tree, able to trigger regrowth.
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Kähkönen, Mika A., Mikko Liukkonen, Christoph Wittmann, Kimmo P. Suominen, and Mirja S. Salkinoja-Salonen. "Integrative Assessment of Sediment Quality History in Pulp Mill Recipient Area in Finland." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1999): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0705.
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Sediments were dated and the quality assessed by polyphasic approach in an area of Lake Saimaa, which has received waste water from bleached kraft pulp production since 1954. The chosen nonrecipient forest Lake Pyylampi was situated in the same area. The activities of the enzymes butyrate-esterase and aminopeptidase were depressed at the depth of 2 to 8 cm in the recipient but not in the forst lake sediment. In the same layers the contents of EOX-C1 and toxicity to Vibrio fischeri were very high compared to those above or below. Toxicity to microbial community in the 2 to 8 cm layer was also indicated by a gap in the ATP content and a drop in diatom species richness from the 70 species to < 50 reflecting decreased water quality of the pelagic area. All these changes dated to the period of heavy organic halogen discharges, from 1960 to late 1980s, which led to sediment accumulation of solvent soluble halogen at a depth of 2 to 8 cm, to 6.4 g m−2 (cm)−1. In the most polluted sediment layers heavy metal accumulation was too little to be related to the toxicity of these layers. Almost complete recovery of both the sediment microbial ecosystems and of the pelagic diatoms occurred after elemental chlorine was completely substituted by chlorine dioxide and biological treatment adopted for wastewaters. Butyrate-esterase and aminopeptidase, but not phosphatase, activities correlated positively with the ATP content of the sediment. Butyrate-esterase may be used as a tool to estimate microbial biomass.
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Bessudnov, Alexander, Andrei Sinitsyn, Robert Dinnis, Alexei Artuyshenko, Anton Lada, Kseniya Stepanova, Anna Maluytina, Marina Bessudnova, Ekaterina Petrova, and Katerina Douka. "Kostenki 17 (Spitsynskaya): New Data on the Stratigraphy, Chronology and Conditions of the Occurrence of the Cultural Layers." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 163–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp211163198.
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This paper describes the results of 2017—2020 fieldwork at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kostenki 17 (Spitsynskaya). This work established the presence of five new horizons of finds, in addition to the two cultural layers known since the 1950s. Given the thickness of the Upper Humic Bed, it is clear that the horizons of finds are separated by sterile layers, and correspond to the existence of different sites on this part of the promontory. Despite the small number of finds, the contents of each horizon differ in both the composition of faunal remains and lithic artefacts, as well as raw materials, state of preservation and degree of weathering. The investigated area of the lower (second) cultural layer demonstrates a complex nature of the post-deposition processes that influenced its preservation. A sharp slope of the Lower Humic Bed and a significant difference in the depth of the finds indicate a partial displacement along the slope of some sections of the cultural layer, which was not recorded in previous excavations. The present publication includes a stratigraphic characterization of deposits, a description of the occurrence of the cultural layers and horizons of finds, preliminary results of a technical and typological study of new collections of stone tools and ornaments from cultural layer II, and the results of radiocarbon dating.
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Malmelöv, Andreas, Andreas Lundbäck, and Lars-Erik Lindgren. "History Reduction by Lumping for Time-Efficient Simulation of Additive Manufacturing." Metals 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010058.
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Additive manufacturing is the process by which material is added layer by layer. In most cases, many layers are added, and the passes are lengthy relative to their thicknesses and widths. This makes finite element simulations of the process computationally demanding owing to the short time steps and large number of elements. The classical lumping approach in computational welding mechanics, popular in the 80s, is therefore, of renewed interest and is evaluated in this work. The method of lumping means that welds are merged. This allows fewer time steps and a coarser mesh. It was found that the computation time can be reduced considerably, with retained accuracy for the resulting temperatures and deformations. The residual stresses become, to a certain degree, smaller. The simulations were validated against a directed energy deposition (DED) experiment with alloy 625.
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Baldwin, Duncan J., Jonathan L. Bamber, Antony J. Payne, and Russel L. Layberry. "Using internal layers from the Greenland ice sheet, identified from radio-echo sounding data, with numerical models." Annals of Glaciology 37 (2003): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756403781815438.
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AbstractSpatially extensive internal layers have been traced in airborne radio-echo sounding (RES) data collected over Greenland during the late 1990s. By linking internal layers within individual flight-lines at crossover points, it is possible to identify spatially continuous layers that are interpreted as isochronous surfaces. Several of the survey lines pass over the GRIP core site, and this allows us to use the published GRIP age–depth relationship to accurately date these surfaces. Two layers, with ages of 3891 and 6956 years BP, have been traced over a large part of North Greenland. Accurately dated and spatially continuous isochrones are valuable for both assimilation within, and verification of, numerical models. For example, comparison of isochronous surfaces from a numerical simulation with those layers observed in RES data can be used to inform the choice of parameters (e.g. rheology) and climate history used to force a numerical model. To demonstrate the potential of the RES data, two layers for North Greenland were used to determine palaeo-accumulation rates. The inversion from layer depth to accumulation rate requires a three-dimensional velocity field. This velocity field is constructed by combining a two-dimensional balance-velocity field with an assumed vertical structure for the horizontal velocity. The isochronous-layer derived accumulation rates were compared with the Bales and others (2001) rates. A larger east–west gradient was found across the central ice divide for the derived accumulation rate, suggesting a trend in the Holocene accumulation rates for this region. The layers were also compared with isochronous surfaces derived from simulations of a three-dimensional thermodynamic ice-sheet model. Using the isochronous-layer derived accumulation rates to force the model improved the match between modelled and observed layers.
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Ostashinskii, Sergei M., and Evgenii A. Cherlenok. "The Site of the Maykop Culture in the Mountains of the Northwestern Caucasus." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 585–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.216.
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The Meshoko rock shelter was first explored in the 1960s. Along with some other settlements in the vicinity, its materials were interpreted as evidence of the synchronism of the early Maykop and late Eneolithic cultures. Modern excavations have shown that Maykop and Eneolithic finds are concentrated in different layers, with natural deposits between them. The stratigraphic sequence of the Meshoko rock shelter consisted of six main layers. Maykop artifacts were in the third layer from above. The most interesting object discovered there is the hearth, the base and walls of which were formed by limestones. No evidence of a dwelling was found, which probably indicates the temporary nature of the settlement. The few Eneolithic materials cannot be confidently synchronized with the Maykop culture. It is more likely that they were introduced into the third layer through pits which were dug down from the Maykop level. The bulk of the collection of the third layer is associated with the Maykop culture, most likely with the middle stage of its development (Inozemtsevo-Kostromskaia). This conclusion corresponds to the radiocarbon dates of the settlement, which were about 3600–3000 BC. The Meshoko rock shelter is located at the bottom of the mountain gorge. This is unusual for Maykop sites, which, as a rule, occupy the steppe and flat areas of the foothills. Also, there are no close analogies in the paleoethnobotany and archaeozoology assemblages. The study of these ecofacts indicate that the Maykop population probably lived in a forest zone and was well adapted to the conditions of the local environment.
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Rowe, R. Kerry, and John R. Booker. "A finite layer technique for modelling complex landfill history." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 660–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-066.
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A semianalytical (finite layer) technique for modelling contaminant transport from a landfill for relatively complex conditions is presented. The theory allows consideration of multiple units such as secondary leachate collection systems, hydraulic control layers, or aquifers, which can be used to remove contaminant from below the landfill. The theory allows consideration of time-varying properties of the system (e.g., shutdown or failure of the primary and (or) secondary leachate collection systems after a specified period of time). It also allows consideration of complex source concentration histories with time, including the increase in concentration with time, constant source concentration for a period of time, and decrease in concentration as mass is removed from the system. The application of the technique is illustrated with an example. Key words : contaminant impact, analysis, landfill design, clay, fractures, diffusion, failure, groundwater.
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Kim, Jonghyun, Tess J. Moon, and John R. Howell. "Transient Thermal Modeling of In-Situ Curing During Tape Winding of Composite Cylinders." Journal of Heat Transfer 125, no. 1 (January 29, 2003): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1527912.
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Fully-transient, two-dimensional, heat transfer analysis for the simultaneous tape winding and in-situ curing of composite cylinders is presented. During processing, the orthotropic composites are continuously wound onto an isotropic mandrel and cured simultaneously by infrared (IR) heating. To most efficiently and effectively consider the continual accretion of composite, the model is formulated within a Lagrangian reference frame in which the heating source rotates while the coordinate system and composite are stationary. This enables prediction of composite temperature and degree-of-cure history from the first to last layer. Separate heat conduction equations are formulated for both the mandrel and composite cylinder. The composite cylinder’s outer surface is modeled as a moving boundary due to the accumulated layers. Exothermic heat generation due to the epoxy resin’s chemical reaction is included as a function of temperature and degree of cure. Numerical simulations using a control-volume-based finite difference method are run for a common graphite/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) composite. The Lagrangian approach was found to more accurately predict the in-situ curing temperature and degree-of-cure histories than the previously used, quasi-steady-state Eulerian approaches, which underpredict thermal losses. The model and its computational implementation were verified using analytical solutions and actual experiments. During winding, the top layer’s maximum temperature increases with total number of layers wound, demonstrating that a given incoming prepreg tape’s temperature history evolves with time. Moreover, with appropriate mandrel preheating, the inner layers can reach a very high degree of cure by the end of the winding process, revealing that the mandrel’s initial temperature has a significant effect on the composite’s temperature and degree-of-cure history. Substantial increases in the winding speed have little or no effect on the composite’s temperature history, but can significantly reduce the corresponding degree-of-cure. The development of structurally debilitating residual stresses are an important concern in selecting process parameters, such as winding speed and heating power. Taking advantage of the strong correlation between winding speed and IR heat flux, process windows can be used to guide the selection of manufacturing process parameters. These definitively show that there are thermodynamically imposed limits on how fast the cylinders may be wound and radiatively cured.
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Murad, Mahmoud, Mehmet Batirbaygil, and Nuran Pilehavrian. "THE LAYERS OF CORDOBA: AN ANALYTICAL HISTORICAL STUDY FOR THE EFFECT OF RELIGION CONFLICT ON ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN FEATURES." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 43, no. 2 (December 13, 2019): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2019.10366.
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This paper discusses Cordoba as one of the most iconic cities in human history and particularly in Europe. As part of the Andalusia region in southern Spain, Cordoba was the center of many conflicts that helped in shaping the European architecture and the urban fabric. Under the Umayyad rule, Cordoba was the largest and arguably most beautiful city in the World. However, the passage of time has not been very kind to it. Unfortunately, it has suffered from severely diminished of its historical and strategic value. This paper analysed Cordoba’s history through different ages. Then, we focused on the peak of the city when it was under the Islamic rule when it became the center for culture and arts. At the end, we analysed how the city has faced a drastic architectural transformation that was carried out by the Spanish when they took control of the city during the Spanish Reconquista. We found how different cultures and religions throughout history have affected the architectural layers of Cordoba. These layers have exposed either demolish, overlap or dominate of one layer over another layer. Finally, we realized that this conflict created present Cordoba; the strong cultural, economic, touristic center in Southern Spain.
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Looser, Thomas. "Superflat and the Layers of Image and History in 1990s Japan." Mechademia 1, no. 1 (2006): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mec.0.0043.
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PANKAKOSKI, TIMO. "FROM HISTORICAL STRUCTURES TO TEMPORAL LAYERS: HANS FREYER AND CONCEPTUAL HISTORY." History and Theory 59, no. 1 (March 2020): 61–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hith.12146.
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Luo, Albert CJ. "Nonlinear dynamics theory of stochastic layers in Hamiltonian systems." Applied Mechanics Reviews 57, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1683699.
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This article reviews the history and recent development of the nonlinear dynamics theory of the stochastic layer in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems. The exponentially small splitting of separatrix, standard and whisker map approaches, Chirikov overlap criterion, renormalization group technique, and incremental energy method are presented herein for analytic predictions of the onset of resonance in stochastic layers. An energy spectrum technique is also presented for the numerical prediction of such an onset, and the numerical computation of stochastic layer widths is introduced as well. Some technical problems in this area are pointed out. The objective of this review is to excite more research in nonlinear dynamic systems. There are 47 references cited in this review article.
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Мазуркевич, А. Н., Е. В. Долбунова, В. В. Цыбрий, А. В. Цыбрий, Я. Шманда, А. Л. Александровский, and П. Киттель. "RESULTS OF NEW STUDIES OF EARLY NEOLITHIC LAYERS AT RAKUSHECHNYY YAR (ROSTOV REGION)." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 262 (November 15, 2021): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.262.27-43.
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Ракушечный Яр - уникальный стратифицированный памятник VII/VI тыс. до н. э. - раннего Средневековья - характеризуется сложной стратиграфией и палеорельефом, наличием погребенных почв и культурных слоев. Планомерные раскопки памятника проводились в 1960-1970 гг. и возобновлены в 2008 г. В результате комплексных археологических и геологических исследований выявлены особенности культурных слоев, позволившие выстроить микрохронологию этого памятника, где отдельные слои формировались за очень короткое время. Ракушечный Яр представляет свидетельства разновременного и последовательного заселения человеком прибрежной зоны. Раскопанные части стоянок, возможно, были специализированными местами использования водных ресурсов. Ранненеолитическое поселение в непосредственной близости от озера, возникшего примерно в сер. VIII тыс. до н. э., появилось около 5600 л. до н. э. В рамках отдельных горизонтов отмечены платформы и/или кучи раковин Unio и Viviparus, перекрытые тонкими (1-3 см) прослойками песка и суглинка и мощным слоем белого стерильного аллювиального песка. Такая последовательность отложений могла возникнуть в прибрежной озерной зоне во время трансгрессий и регрессий. Датировки отдельных слоев указывают на узкий хронологический интервал их сложения, что позволяет предполагать высокий уровень минеральных отложений в озерной котловине. По всей видимости, накопление (около 2 м) ранненеолитических слоев происходило в течение нескольких десятилетий. В статье будут рассмотрены особенности образования культурных и литологических слоев для временного среза раннего неолита. Rakushechnyy Yar is a unique stratified site dating to 7000-6000 BC characterized by complex stratigraphy, presence of buried soils and occupation layers. Consistent excavations of the site were first carried out in 1960-1970 and were then resumed in 2008. Comprehensive geoarchaeological studies helped examine specific traits of its occupation layers providing insight into microchronology of the site where some layers were formed during a very short period of time. Rakushechnyy Yar contains evidence of consistent human occupation of the littoral area in different periods of time. Most likely, the excavated sections of the sites were specialized places where water resources were used. The Early Eneolithic settlement near the lake that had been formed around mid-8th mill. BC appeared around 5600 BC. Platforms and/or bunches of Unio and Viviparus shells overlain with thin (1-3 cm) sand and loam layers and a thick layer of white sterile alluvial sand were recorded in some horizons. This sequence of deposits could occur in the littoral lacustrine area during transgressions and regressions. Dating of several layers point to a narrow chronological interval of their formation suggesting a high level of minerogenetic deposits in the lake basin. Apparently, it took several decades of these minerogenetic deposits of the Early Neolithic layers (around 2 m thick) to form.
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HELLERMA, JUHAN. "KOSELLECK ON MODERNITY, HISTORIK , AND LAYERS OF TIME." History and Theory 59, no. 2 (June 2020): 188–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hith.12154.
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Tralli, Lucia. "Layers of Film, Encrusted Images." Feminist Media Histories 2, no. 3 (2016): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fmh.2016.2.3.73.
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Cécile Fontaine's films do not tell stories in the traditional sense. Rather, they form spiraling involutions around an idea or a theme. Hers is a cinema of layers, encrustations, and material and plastic experimentation. It is a colorful and aquatic cinema that investigates—through stripping down and subsequent reconstruction—the material from which the images are made: the film strip itself. This essay investigates the poetics and the practice of Fontaine's found footage cinema, a cinema rigorously made without a movie camera, beginning with her first experiments with dry and wet techniques in the 1980s up to her more complex operations at the end of the 1990s. It is a cinema that, by fishing in the stream of abandoned images, reflects on the nature of the image, of memory and history, all rolled onto the vertical axis of the film.
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Krzosek, Sławomir, and Teresa Kłosińska. "CLT – material for the measure of the future." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 114 (June 28, 2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2377.
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CLT – material for the measure of the future. CLT (cross laminated timber, X-Lam) is one type of engineered wood products. The first idea of CLT was presented in the seventies of the last century in Austria. Over the following years, the concept of cross-gluing wood was intensively developer in Europa, USA, Canada and China. Based on the literature data, this work presents history, structure, production process ,selected mechanical and physical parameters and applications of CLT. CLT is a wood panel product made from gluing together layers of solid-sawn lumber. The number of wooden layers is unpaired, most often 3, 5 or 7. Each layer consists of closely spaced and parallel boards. Adjacent layers are perpendicular to each other. The physical and mechanical properties of this product depend on many factors, e.g. number of layers and their thickness, the width and thickness of the boards in the layer, class of lumber, species of wood. Despite the fact that CLT is rather new material often used, especially in construction industry (both single-storey and multi-storey buildings). The short time of project implementation and their ecological character indicate that CLT is the material of the future in construction industry.
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Arslan, Kemal, and Recep Gunes. "Low-Velocity Flexural Impact Analyses of Functionally Graded Sandwich Beams Using Finite Element Modeling." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 10, no. 10 (December 2018): 1850113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825118501132.
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A comparative numerical investigation on low-velocity impact response of a metal/ ceramic functionally graded sandwich beam (FGSB) is performed by the commercial finite element (FE) software, LS-DYNA[Formula: see text]. The mechanical properties of the FG core are represented by a power-law depending on the volume fractions of the constituents. The effective elastic properties and elastoplastic behavior of the FG core are defined by Mori–Tanaka method and TTO (Tamura–Tomota–Ozawa) model, respectively. The effects of number of layers, compositional gradient, impact energy, and impact side are investigated. The simulation results indicated that both number of layers and compositional gradient have almost no effect on the kinetic energy history. In other respects, the compositional gradient exhibits a considerable effect, and the number of layers has a minor effect on the contact force history. Increasing impact energy does not have a considerable effect in terms of number of layers whereas it exhibits a significant effect in terms of compositional gradient on the percentage difference between the peak contact forces. Finally, the impact side does not influence the contact force history for all number of layers and compositional gradients.
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PAUGAM-MOISY, HÉLÈNE. "HOW TO MAKE GOOD USE OF MULTILAYER NEURAL NETWORKS." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 04 (December 1995): 1177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095001064.
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This article is a survey of recent advances on multilayer neural networks. The first section is a short summary on multilayer neural networks, their history, their architecture and their learning rule, the well-known back-propagation. In the following section, several theorems are cited, which present one-hidden-layer neural networks as universal approximators. The next section points out that two hidden layers are often required for exactly realizing d-dimensional dichotomies. Defining the frontier between one-hidden-layer and two-hidden-layer networks is still an open problem. Several bounds on the size of a multilayer network which learns from examples are presented and we enhance the fact that, even if all can be done with only one hidden layer, more often, things can be done better with two or more hidden layers. Finally, this assertion 'is supported by the behaviour of multilayer neural networks in two applications: prediction of pollution and odor recognition modelling.
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BODNER, Keith. "Layers of Ambiguity in 2 Samuel 11,1." Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 80, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/etl.80.1.504558.
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Ожерельев, Д. В., Е. А. Джасыбаев, and Т. Б. Мамиров. "AND SETTLEMENTS AT THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC RAKHAT SITE (LAYER 2) IN SOUTHEASTERN KAZAKHSTAN." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 262 (November 15, 2021): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.262.7-26.
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История изучения верхнего палеолита Казахстана начинается с 1940-х гг. К сегодняшнему моменту открыты единицы стоянок с погребенными культурными останками. На некоторых из них в разное время фиксировались уровни обитания с остатками поселений, содержавших углубленные очаги, кострища, прокалы и т. д. Но подробные публикации этих материалов отсутствуют. Неудовлетворительная сохранность органических останков и продуктов горения в лессовидных суглинках мешали полноценному изучению и уверенной интерпретации различного рода объектов. В 2019 г. на стоянке Рахат удалось обнаружить культурные слои (слои 1-3) с каменными находками и археологическими объектами в виде ям различной функциональной принадлежности. В статье делается попытка обследовать и структурировать объекты с выделением жилой площадки в наиболее информативном культурном слое 2. В совокупном единстве каменный инвентарь из слоев 1-3 стоянки Рахат находит аналогии среди памятников начала эпипалеолита Ближнего Востока и Средней Азии (кебаран, ранний зарзиан, ~20-18 тыс. л. н.). The history of studies related to the Upper Paleolithic in Kazakhstan began in the 1940s. Very few sites with buried human remains have been discovered so far. Some sites reveal occupation layers with remains of settlements and traces of sunken hearths, fire pits, calcined fragments, etc., dating to different periods. However, there are no relevant publications of these materials. Poor preservation conditions of organic residue and combustion products in loess-like loams prevent scholars from studies of all aspects of various objects and offer their interpretation with confidence. Excavations conducted at Rakhat in 2019 revealed occupation layers (layers 1-3) with stone finds and archaeological objects such as pits of various functions. The paper attempts to explore and present these objects in a structured mode in order to identify a dwelling site in occupation layer 2, which is the most informative. Stone tools coming from Rakhat layers 1-3 find analogies among the sites dating from the early stage of the Epipaleolithic of Near East and Central Asia (Kebaran, early Zarzian, ca. 20 000-18 000 years ago).
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APACOGLU-TURAN, Buryan, and Kadir KIRKKOPRU. "Development of Two-Dimensional Thermal Analysis Code for the Analysis of 3D Printed PLA Parts." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 18 (October 20, 2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1192316.
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Fused Deposition Modelling is one of the main 3D printing methods to manufacture plastic parts. The strength of the printed part by FDM is dependent on polymer diffusion between printed layers. The polymer diffusion between two neighboring layers occur not only during the extrusion of the hot top layer, but also during the production of consecutive layers due to thermal conduction. The heat diffusion from upper layers enhances the curing of polymers, which consequently affects the strength of the part. Therefore, the history of the temperature variations - curing time and curing temperature - should be analyzed to predict the strength of the part. The goal of this study is to develop a two-dimensional transient thermal analysis solver for the investigation of time-dependent thermal changes during the printing process. This solver is developed with the use of finite difference method employed under implicit scheme. The transient temperature pattern is qualitatively compatible to the experimental results in literature. The solver can be utilized for further thermal analyses to correlate temperature, polymer diffusion and strength with the inclusion of deposition path in the third dimension.
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Eliseev, Alexander, Kseniya Osipovich, and Sergei Fortuna. "Gradient Structure of the Transfer Layer in Friction Stir Welding Joints." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 6772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196772.
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Despite a thirty-year history of friction stir welding, some basic aspects still remain unclear. In particular, questions arise about mass transfer and the formation of transfer layers. It is not clear why there are visible boundaries between the layers. The structure of the transfer layer has been studied very little. These issues are not considerably important from the viewpoint of obtaining high-quality welds, but they can help to a better understanding of the welding process. In this paper, the structural evolution in the transfer layer of 2024 aluminum alloy welds produced under various loads and with ultrasonic assistance is discussed. Structural studies revealed a gradient structure in the transfer layer. The grain size, the volume fraction and size of large intermetallic particles decrease towards the center of the layer, while the volume fraction of semi-coherent secondary particles increases. As a result, the microhardness is higher in the center of the transfer layer. A mass transfer mechanism is proposed based on the experimental results: the rotating tool transfers the material back layer by layer during welding; the contacting layers rub against each other and generate heat, due to which the structure at the layer boundary changes. With increasing axial force on the tool, the grain size also increases due to higher heat generation. Ultrasound has almost no effect on the grain structure, but it reduces the volume fraction and size of secondary particles and microhardness.
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Barker, Graeme, Paul Bennett, Lucy Farr, Evan Hill, Chris Hunt, Giulio Lucarini, Jacob Morales, et al. "The Cyrenaican Prehistory Project 2012: the fifth season of investigations of the Haua Fteah cave." Libyan Studies 43 (2012): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000008x.
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AbstractThe paper reports on the fifth (2012) season of fieldwork of the Cyrenaican Prehistory Project. The primary focus of the season was the continuation of the excavation of the prehistoric occupation layers in the Haua Fteah cave. A small trench (Trench U) was cut into Holocene (Neolithic) sediments exposed on the south wall of Charles McBurney's Upper Trench. Below this, the excavation of Trench M was continued, on the southern side of McBurney's Middle Trench. In previous seasons we had excavated Oranian ‘Epipalaeolithic’ layers dating toc.18,000–10,000 BP (years before the present). In 2012 the excavation continued downwards through Dabban ‘Upper Palaeolithic’ occupation layers, one of which was associated with a post-built structure and likely hearths. There are indications of an occupational hiatus separating the oldest Dabban from the youngest Levallois-Mousterian (Middle Palaeolithic or Middle Stone Age) lithic material. The Deep Sounding excavated by Charles McBurney in 1955 was cleared of backfill to its base, and its south-facing wall was recorded in detail and sampled extensively for materials for dating and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. McBurney believed that he had reached bedrock at the base of the Deep Sounding, but a small sounding (Trench S) cut into the sediments below this level found further, albeit sparse, evidence for human occupation. Whilst the antiquity of ‘Pre-Aurignacian’ human occupation at the site still needs to be resolved, it seems likely to reach back at least to Marine Isotope Stage 5e, the beginning of the last interglacial (c.130,000–115,000 BP). Important finds from the 2012 excavations in terms of the behavioural complexity of the human groups using the cave include a possible worked bone point from a Pre-Aurignacian layer and a granite rubbing stone in a Dabban layer from a source over 600 km from the cave.
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Lien, Sigrid, and Hilde Wallem Nielssen. "‘Permanent Displays’ as Unsettling Layers of Epistemologies, Politics and Aesthetics." Museum and Society 17, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v17i3.2802.
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This article argues that museum exhibitions often are formed through multiple layers. It presents readings of two contrasting exhibition narratives, the ethnographic display at the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo and the national history exhibition at Lillehammer Museum. While the latter speaks about the national self, the museum in Oslo addresses the nation’s radical other. In spite of this contrasting thematic focus, they have much in common. As centres for research and dissemination of knowledge, they are connected to the development of the academic disciplines history and anthropology. This evolution with its shifts and ruptures are visible as traces, or layers, in the exhibitions. We argue that such multi-layered museum stories may be understood as intersections of shifting disciplinary knowledge regimes, curatorial practices, and concrete political agendas. Such layers may appear as unintended subtexts that often create a sense of ‘unsettlement’ within museum exhibitions.
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Hawley, Nell Shapiro. "Literature in Layers: An Early Theory of Retelling the Sanskrit Epics." Journal of South Asian Intellectual History 3, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425552-12340021.
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Abstract This essay reconstructs an early chapter in the history of theorizing the diverse Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata literature of South Asia. Drawing upon the tenth-century literary theorist Kuntaka’s discussions of the Udāttarāghava, Uttararāmacarita, Veṇīsaṃhāra, Kirātārjunīya, and Abhijñānaśākuntala—all Sanskrit poetic (kāvya) compositions that depict stories from the Rāmāyaṇa or the Mahābhārata—I show how, in Kuntaka’s understanding, these works repair certain narrative inconsistencies and ethical ambiguities in the epics themselves. Building on the foundation laid by his predecessor, Ānandavardhana, Kuntaka illuminates the various layers of meaning that a work of literature can encompass. He shows that the epics’ different narrative layers send conflicting messages about proper conduct. He suggests, moreover, that an audience experiences a kāvya retelling of an epic story as a layered entity—a layer of epic narrative beneath a layer of kāvya—and argues that an awareness of these layers can contribute to the audience’s ethical self-cultivation. Kuntaka’s theory of retelling (truly re-telling: telling again, purposefully, and differently from a previous accepted telling) represents an important theoretical account of the relationships between South Asia’s many Rāmāyaṇas and many Mahābhāratas.