Academic literature on the topic 'Layered Sample'
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Journal articles on the topic "Layered Sample"
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Du, H., J. W. Fang, and J. J. Zheng. "Photoacoustic phase spectrum of a layered sample." Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 60, no. 4 (March 1, 1995): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050122.
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Du, H., J. W. Fang, and J. J. Zheng. "Photoacoustic phase spectrum of a layered sample." Applied Physics A Materials Science & Processing 60, no. 4 (April 1995): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01538344.
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Jia, Hailiang, Biwen Dong, Di Wu, Qingmin Shi, and Yao Wei. "Capillary Imbibition in Layered Sandstone." Water 15, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15040737.
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Spontaneous capillary imbibition in rocks is fundamental to numerous geomorphological processes and has caused numerous engineering problems. Sedimentary rocks are widely distributed across the Earth’s surface and usually bear layer structures that make the pore structure anisotropic. Understanding the effects of the anisotropic pore structure on capillary imbibition in sedimentary rocks is crucially important but remains inadequate, especially on larger scales than a single tube. In this study, the capillary imbibition process in sandstone was monitored by measuring the water absorption mass, height of the water absorption front, NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) T2 spectra, and stratified moisture distribution. The results demonstrate that (1) the layer structure had a significant effect on the capillary imbibition process by altering water absorption rate and water redistribution mode, as the time of the water front reaching the top of Sample A1 lagged behind Sample A2 by 500 min; (2) vapor diffusion and condensation occurred ahead of the water-absorption front, which was more obvious in samples with well-developed beddings; (3) in sandstone samples with bedding planes perpendicular to the height (Per samples), internal water migration lagged behind superficial water migration and was longer in sandstones with well-developed beddings, such as the case of Sample A2, for which the time lag was as large as 280min. Based on a combination of observations of the sandstone structure at pore scale and layer scale with results calculated from the Lucas–Washburn equation, we propose the concept of the representative pore-structure element (RPE). Based on analysis on water migration in RPEs, we suggest that the effects of the layer structure on capillary imbibition in sandstone are embedded in the different water migration modes in Par (samples with bedding planes parallel to the height) and Per samples. The water migration mode in Par samples can be simplified as primary upward intra-layer migration followed by intra-layer horizontal migration, while that in Per samples is primary intra-layer horizontal migration followed by intra-layer upward migration.
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Aref'eva L. P., Duka V. V., and Zabiyaka I. Y. "Relationship between the Structural-Phase Composition and the Fracture Mechanism of High-Strength Contruction Steel." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 4 (2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.04.53490.19093.
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In this work, the fracture surface of a 1.0481 steel sample having a layered ferrite-martensitic structure after special heat treatment was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The samples were subjected to a shock-bending test at negative temperature. A sample made of the same steel with a homogeneous martensitic structure was used for comparative analysis. The features of the destruction mechanisms of the studied samples are described. Keywords: construction steel, layered structure, fracture surface, visco-brittle mechanism, impact strength.
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Liu, Guangjin, Yaxiong Peng, Qingjun Zuo, Ying Su, and Li Wu. "Dynamic Mechanics and Energy Dissipation of Saturated Layered Phyllite." Minerals 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12101246.
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This paper is a study of the dynamic mechanics and energy dissipation of saturated layered phyllite. Using the Split-Hopkinson pressure bar system, the mechanical properties and energy dissipation law of the sample during dynamic loading in the test were analyzed. The results show that the weakening effect of water on the phyllite rock body will have a great impact on its mechanical properties, strain rate sensitivity damage mode, and fracture energy dissipation. The values of mechanical parameters such as the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of the specimens in the test varied with the dip angle of the layer with 0° > 90° > 30° > 60°, and the mechanical parameters of the specimens in the saturated state were smaller than those of the dry specimens. The damage of the sample is mainly in the form of crushing damage at 0° dip angle, shear damage along the laminar surface at 30° and 60°, and destabilization damage of the compression bar at 90° dip angle, with higher fragmentation of the sample in the saturated state. The energy dissipation densities of different inclination samples in the saturated state of schist are greater than those in the dry state, with the highest energy dissipation density in the 0° inclination sample and the lowest in the 90° inclination sample. Both the mean strain rate and compressive strength of the samples showed a multiplicative power relationship with the crushing energy dissipation density of the samples, showing a strong strain rate correlation. These results indicate that the use of rock crushing energy dissipation density can better reflect the strength characteristics of phyllite samples under dynamic loading.
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Yu, Tao, Hang Guo, Xiangyu Wang, Baojun Li, and Xianji Guo. "Preparation and Photocatalytic Performance of Iron Oxide-Pillared Layered Tantalum–Tungsten Acid." International Journal of Nanoscience 19, no. 05 (February 21, 2020): 1950037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x19500376.
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Using trirutile-structure layered tantalum–tungsten acid as the layered host, [Formula: see text]-propylamin as the pre-swelling agent and aqueous solution of [Fe3(CH3COO)7(OH)(H2O)]NO3 as the pillaring solution, oligomeric polyhydroxyacetato-Fe(III) species-intercalated layered HTaWO6 was synthesized by a stepwise ion-exchange way at room temperature. Upon calcining at 673[Formula: see text]K in air atmosphere, iron oxide-pillared layered HTaWO6with nanoscale interlayer distance (denoted as Fe2O3-HTaWO[Formula: see text] was obtained. A series of Fe2O3-HTaWO6 samples with various Fe contents were prepared by using different volume of Fe(III)-pillaring solution. The layered intermediates obtained at each stage of the ions-exchange process and the final layered products were characterized by powder XRD, FT-IR, DR UV-Vis and SEM techniques. The photocatalytic performance of the Fe2O3-pillared layered HTaWO6 samples for degradation of rhodamine B was investigated. Compared with un-pillared layered HTaWO6, the Fe2O3-pillared layered HTaWO6 exhibited a significantly-improved photo-absorption performance and an enhanced photocatalytic activity. The Fe2O3-HTaWO6 sample with 5.8% (wt) iron showed the best catalytic performance in the photodegradation reaction of rhodamine B.
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Hane, Kazuhiro, and Shuzo Hattori. "Photothermal bending of a layered sample in plate form." Applied Optics 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.29.000145.
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Thumwong, Arkarapol, Jitsuna Darachai, and Kiadtisak Saenboonruang. "Comparative X-ray Shielding Properties of Single-Layered and Multi-Layered Bi2O3/NR Composites: Simulation and Numerical Studies." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091788.
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This work theoretically compared the X-ray attenuation capabilities in natural rubber (NR) composites containing bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) by determining the effects of multi-layered structures on the shielding properties of the composites using two different software packages (XCOM and PHITS). The shielding properties of the single-layered and multi-layered Bi2O3/NR composites investigated consisted of the transmission factor (I/I0), effective linear attenuation coefficient (µeff), effective mass attenuation coefficient (µm,eff), and effective half-value layer (HVLeff). The results, with good agreement between those obtained from XCOM and PHITS (with less than 5% differences), indicated that the three-layered NR composites (sample#4), with the layer arrangement of pristine NR (layer#1)-Bi2O3/NR (layer#2)-pristine NR (layer#3), had relatively higher X-ray shielding properties than either a single-layer or the other multi-layered structures for all X-ray energies investigated (50, 100, 150, and 200 keV) due to its relatively larger effective percentage by weight of Bi2O3 in the composites. Furthermore, by varying the Bi2O3 contents in the middle layer (layer#2) of sample#4 from 10 to 90 wt.%, the results revealed that the overall X-ray shielding properties of the NR composites were further enhanced with additional filler, as evidenced by the highest values of µeff and µm,eff and the lowest values of I/I0 and HVLeff observed in the 90 wt.% Bi2O3/NR composites. In addition, the recommended Bi2O3 contents for the actual production of three-layered Bi2O3/NR composites (the same layer structure as sample#4) were determined by finding the least Bi2O3 content that enabled the sample to attenuate incident X-rays with equal efficiency to that of a 0.5-mm lead sheet (with an effective lead equivalence of 0.5 mmPb). The results suggested that the recommended Bi2O3 contents in layer#2 were 82, 72, and 64 wt.% for the combined 6 mm, 9 mm, and 12 mm samples, respectively.
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Huang, Jow-Lay, Feng-Chi Chou, and Horng-Hwa Lu. "Investigation of Si3N4–TiN/Si3N4–Si3N4 trilayer composites with residual surface compression." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 9 (September 1997): 2357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0312.
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The present study involved the fabrication of three-layered composites consisting of outer layers that contained Si3N4 and an inner layer that contained TiN in a Si3N4 matrix. Surface compressive stresses were developed upon cooling due to the relatively higher thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) in the inner layer. The flexural strength of layered Si3N4 composites was substantially greater than that of monolithic Si3N4. This was attributed to the surface compressive stress. The effects of TiN composition and inner layer thickness on the mechanical properties were investigated. Layered samples containing 20 vol.% TiN had lower flexural strength than Si3N4–10% TiN/Si3N4–Si3N4 due to the formation of microcracks in the inner layer. Crack behaviors in layered samples were affected by the residual stress, interface, and free sample surface. Both theoretical and experimental results indicated that the strength and toughness of layered composites were substantially greater than those of monolithic materials. The determination of fracture toughness in three-layered materials by the surface indentation technique should be done carefully due to the influence of residual stress.
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Kim, Jae Won, Seong Hwan Park, Yeon Gil Jung, and Hee Soo Lee. "Evaluation and Control of Crack Propagation in Dense Porcelain/ Porous Alumina Layered Structures for Dental Material Applications." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.457.
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Layered structures of dense porcelain/porous alumina and dense porcelain/porcelainalumina/ porous alumina are designed and their crack propagation behaviors are investigated. As a substrate, the porous alumina, which is prepared by a gel-casting process using the binary slip of alumina powder and PMMA spherical micro-bead, is dried at room temperature for 24 h and then sintered at 1600 for 2 h. Porcelain is coated on the porous alumina substrate and then re-sintered at 987. Bi- and tri-layered structures are produced by the different dwell times (2 min, 10 min) at re-sintering temperature. There is no delaminating or cracks observed after re-sintering the layered samples. The crack propagation behaviors in the bi- and tri-layered structures are evaluated by micro-indentation. The indentation cracks do not propagate into the porous alumina through interface (porosity; 36~62%) except for another one (porosity; 70%) in the bi-layered samples. In the case of the high porosity bi-layered sample (porosity; 70%), cracks are scattered along the 3-D open-pore channels. However, cracks do not propagate through the interface in the tri-layered samples with a porcelain-alumina buffer layer, because the porcelain-alumina buffer layer plays an important part such as a barrier layer in crack propagation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Layered Sample"
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ORSILLI, JACOPO. "AR-XRF Techniques for the Analysis of Cultural Heritage layered samples." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/403656.
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L’analisi scientifica è da un po’ di tempo entrata nel mondo dei beni culturali, non sono più solo gli archeologi e gli storici dell’arte a occuparsi dello studio dei reperti archeologici e storici, ma anche gli scienziati sono entrati a gamba tesa portando le loro conoscenze al servizio di questa vasta gamma di materiali. Lo studio di reperti botanici e zoologici, le competenze chimiche e mineralogiche, lo studio di fenomeni fisici, ha permesso di porre e rispondere a nuove domande, colmando così lacune sulla storia dell’umanità. Reti commerciali, migrazioni, tecniche produttive, molte sono state le scoperte avvenute grazie anche all’intervento scientifico, oltre a fornire strumenti utili al restauro e alla conservazione dei reperti.
Nei miei tre anni di dottorato mi sono occupato dell’applicazione dell’analisi in Fluorescenza a Raggi X (XRF) per analizzare campioni metallici e ceramici. Questa tecnica ha il vantaggio di poter essere applicata in maniera non invasiva e non distruttiva su un reperto per ottenere informazioni sulla sua composizione elementare. In particolare, il nostro obiettivo è quello di ottenere informazioni sui diversi strati che compongono un campione. Spesso, infatti, i manufatti presentano una struttura stratificata causata dal passaggio degli anni o dalla natura stessa dell’oggetto, che presenza una serie di decorazioni superficiali. L’impiego di tecniche non invasive permetterebbe quindi di ottenere informazioni più dettagliate anche su campioni al momento inaccessibili, in quanto troppo fragili o troppo preziosi.
Lo studio si è quindi avvalso di tecniche a scansione angolare, per cui il segnale di fluorescenza caratteristica dipende sia dalla posizione dell’analita all’interno del campione, sia dalla struttura e composizione dello stesso, sia dalla geometria di analisi. Per valutare l’applicabilità delle tecniche sono stati analizzati tre casi diversi: campioni metallici preparati ad hoc in laboratorio, un campione ceramico, e un campione di lustro.
Per i primi due campioni è stata applicata l’XRF a Risoluzione Angolare (AR-XRF) per cui il campione è stato ruotato con uno step angolare inferiore a un grado, e misurato ad ogni step. Nel caso dei campioni metallici i profili misurati sono stati confrontati direttamente con i profili calcolati usando il metodo dei Parametri Fondamentali. Nel caso del campione ceramico invece, sono stati confrontati i rapporti dei profili, in quanto la geometria del campione era piuttosto complessa.
Nello studio sui campioni metallici, composti da una doratura depositata su una lamina di rame, è stato possibile calcolare lo spessore dello strato superficiale. Nel caso del campione di Majolica sono invece state studiate le varie decorazioni, valutando così anche diversi limiti della tecnica, in particolar modo nel caso in cui la composizione della decorazione sia simile alla composizione dello strato sottostante, o nel caso in cui avvengano processi di diffusione a lunghe distanze. In casi in cui invece lo spessore della decorazione era limitato e ben separato dallo strato sottostante, è stato possibile ottenere informazioni sua sulla composizione della decorazione che sul suo spessore.
Infine, lo studio delle ceramiche lustrate è stato effettuato presso la linea XRF del Sincrotrone di Elettra, impiegando tecniche di analisi in radenza. In questo caso stato possibile solo evidenziare come il nano-strato di nano-particelle di argento, caratteristico di questa tipologia di campioni, sia effettivamente distinguibile applicando queste tecniche, in quanto il profilo di fluorescenza di tale elemento è molto diverso dagli altri.
Rimangono comunque dei problemi, legati soprattutto all’analisi dati e all’allineamento che vanno ancora risolti, rendendo necessari ulteriori studi a riguardo.In the last decades scientific analysis has been deeply employed in the world of cultural heritage, thus, archaeologists and art historians are no more the sole front line workers of this field. Scientists, and science, have joined the team, giving new inputs and tools for the study of historical and archaeological samples, allowing to explore new paths and receive new answers, collecting information otherwise inaccessible on human history and culture. New discoveries have been made on the trade networks, migrations and on the technologies employed; besides, science also gave precious inputs on conservation and restoring procedures, allowing to better preserve fragile and sensitive artifacts. In my three years as a PhD student, I worked on the application of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis to analyze ceramic and metal samples. XRF is a non-invasive technique that retrieves the elemental composition of a sample. In particular the aim of my PhD project is to obtain information on the layered structure of an unknown sample, distinguishing and characterizing the different layers. Indeed, artifacts usually concerning the field of Cultural Heritage present a layered structure; sometimes it is due to the presence of alteration layers, other times, instead, the objects are made of different layers from the principle, for example in the case of a glazed ceramic or of a painting. The possibility to get this information in a non-invasive way will give the possibility to analyze objects that are nowadays unattainable, because they cannot be sampled. My project has, thus, focused on the analysis of three kinds of samples employing angular dependent techniques (Angle Resolved-XRF, Grazing Emission-XRF}, Grazing Incidence-XRF}); indeed, the fluorescence signal of an analyte depends on its position inside the sample, on the sample composition and on the geometry of analysis. The chosen specimens allowed to verify the feasibility of this analytical method in an increasing complexity: a gilded laboratory-made sample, a ceramic Majolica sherd, and an Italian renaissance lustered fragment. The first two samples have been analyzed through AR-XRF where the measure is performed while tilting the sample, one spectrum is collected for each tilting angle. In the case of the gilded sample the measured profiles have been compared directly with the calculated profiles employing the Fundamental Parameters method. For the ceramic Majolica sample, instead, we studied the ratio of the profiles, as the sample surface is not flat. In the study of the metallic samples, made of gilded copper plate, we could infer the thickness of the top-layer. While in the case of the Majolica sample, we studied the different decorations, evaluating the limits of the technique, in particular in the case that the top-layer composition is similar to the underling layer, or in the case of a long-range diffusion. Instead, in the case of two well-separate layers we could retrieve information on both the composition and the thickness of the layer. Finally, the study of the lustered ceramic has been carried out at the XRF beamline of the Elettra Synchrotron of Trieste, employing grazing techniques. In this case we could only highlight and distinguish the presence of the silver nanoparticles in the luster nanolayer, which is the peculiar feature of this kind of artifacts. However, there are still many questions left, especially concerning the data analysis and the alignment of the sample, which requires more investigations.
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Bilici, Cagdas. "Development of a Sediment Sampling Free Fall Penetrometer Add-on Unit for Geotechnical Characterization of Seabed Surface Layers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96146.
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In-situ geotechnical testing of surficial sediment layers in areas of active sediment dynamics can provide essential information about physical and geotechnical variations of sediment properties with regards to active sediment remobilization processes. For example, portable free fall penetrometers (PFFPs) can assist with the detection of mobile sediment layers. They are easy to deploy, and can provide a large spatial coverage in a time- and cost-effective manner. However, they often struggle to provide more detailed information about the properties of mobile sediment layers due to a lack of calibration and validation in existing data sets. Currently, existing sediment samplers often disturb, or ignore the uppermost sediment layers. Simultaneous sediment sampling and geotechnical profiling is needed to fill this gap, and to drive data interpretation forward. A field investigation of surficial sediments was conducted in the wetland waterways of coastal Louisiana in 2014. In-situ tests were conducted using PFFP, and disturbed sediment samples were collected in selected locations. The results allowed us to map changes in sediment strength and stratification, and correlate the geotechnical results to local site characteristics. However, the need for high quality sediment samples for calibration and validation was emphasized by the results. Three different sediment sampler add-on units targeting mobile layers were designed and manufactured based on lessons-learned from the literature. The designs were tested in the laboratory and in the field (Yakutat, Alaska and York River, Virginia) in 2017. The samples were analyzed to understand the influence of different sampler characteristics on collected sample quality, and, to define mobile layer sampler characteristics that enable simultaneous geotechnical testing and the collection of high quality samples. Following field survey campaigns in the York River, Virginia in 2016 allowed to assess surficial sediment layer characteristics and behavior based on a coupled analysis of geotechnical data from in-situ PFFP tests and the sedimentological data collected using box cores and the novel sediment sampler. In summary, novel strategies and instrumentation to carry out simultaneous sediment sampling and geotechnical profiling of seabed surface layers were tested, and new pathways for geotechnical data analysis for the investigation of mobile seabed layers were presented.PHD
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Želvys, Dainius. "Ventiliuojamo oro pasiskirstymas bulvių sampile." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110602_120644-65726.
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Laikant bulves storame 5 – 6 m storio sluoksnyje, aruode sunku likviduoti susidariusius gedimo židinius. Židinio pašalinimui būtina suintensyvinti ventiliavimą, kad mumifikuoti gedimo židinyje esančius sugedusius gumbus. Tyrimų tikslas - ištirti ventiliuojamo oro paskirstymo dėsningumus bulvių sandėlio sampile ir eksperimentiniame oro paskirstymo stende. Nustatyti oro paskirstymą ventiliuojamame sampile, keičiant skirstomųjų ortakių skaičių, bei ištirti ventiliavimo suintensyvinimo galimybes susidarančias gedimo zonoje. Nustatyta, kad sumažinus atidarytų skirstomųjų ortakių skaičių, galima padvigubinti ventiliavimo intensyvumą likusiuose atidarytuose ortakiuose. Esant atidarytam vienam skirstomajam ortakiui, tiekiamas 8,34 /s oro srautas. Atidarius visus aštuonis ortakius, į kiekvieną ortakį tiekiama tik 3,9 /s oro. Šalia židinio esantys produkcijos sluoksniai bus ventiliuojami žymiai mažesniu ventiliavimo intensyvumu, kas sumažina produkcijos perventiliavimo galimybes likviduojant gedimo židinį sandėlio aruode.Holding potatoes in a thick 5-6 m layer in the bin it is difficult to eliminate originated hot spots. To remove the source it is necessary to intensify ventilation in order to mummify defective tubers in corruption source. The aim of the research is to investigate the patterns of ventilated air distribution in potato store and distribution of air in an experimental bench. To determine air distribution in ventilated store by changing the number of distribution ducts, and to explore opportunities to intensify ventilation arising in corruption area. It was found that reducing the number of opened distribution ducts the intensity of the ventilation in the remaining opened ducts can be doubled. At the invitation of one ducts supplied 8.34 m3/s air flow. After opening all eight ducts, each duct to be supplied only 3.9 m3/s in air. The layers next to the source will be ventilated with much smaller intensity, which decreases possibility to over ventilate production while eliminating corruption source in the store bin.
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Pandozzi, Fabiano. "Spectroscopic analysis of fractal scattering and hidden layers in complex scattering samples." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106384.
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Near-infrared optical spectroscopic measurement of samples is an important analytical tool for the determination of properties such as particle size, chromophore composition, and concentration. This information is invaluable for sample assessment in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental areas. However, samples often exhibit significant light scattering, which complicates measurements. This thesis investigates chemometric approaches including power law and component analysis methods to extract useful sample information from data, while simplified instrumentation is developed to facilitate the acquisition of meaningful data. Photon time-of-flight (TOF) techniques allow sample optical properties to be estimated using temporally resolved measurements of short pulses of light. However, highly scattering samples, such as granular powders, are difficult to model. The shape of photon TOF profiles is largely influenced by the properties of these samples. A power law analysis technique was used to study TOF profiles, and a method was developed that could simultaneously determine analyte concentration and particle size. Compared to traditional steady-state measurements, a 3-fold improvement for absorption coefficient and up to a 5-fold improvement for particle size estimates was achieved. This analysis technique is applicable to a variety of areas including pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and chemical production. While methods exist for studying the optical properties of homogeneous optically scattering samples, those containing multiple layers present an interesting challenge for analysis. Spatially resolved measurements from layered samples contain information about the different layers present. However, complications arise when the layer to be probed is non-scattering. In a diffuse reflectance configuration, this type of layer does not provide information in the same way scattering layers do. An analysis technique was developed that allowed the separation of absorption and scattering components for such a layered sample. Accurate estimates of chromophore concentration were attained, even when an overlaying scattering layer had thicknesses that varied between 1 and 8 mm. This method has practical applications for medical, environmental, and industrial applications. A novel self-calibrating technique was developed for the estimation of absorbing species in a non-scattering layer embedded in a non-uniform scattering matrix. Spatially-resolved, steady-state, multispectral data were acquired from an optical head phantom with realistic topographical and optical properties. Experimental and mathematical techniques were developed that allowed accurate estimates of chromophore concentration. A limit of detection corresponding to 5 µL of blood in a volume of 150 ml of CSF was achieved. This system and technique can be useful for noninvasive medical measurements, especially cerebral bleed detection. The work presented in this thesis details key improvements for the spectroscopic analysis of homogenous and layered scattering samples. Each of these advancements represents a further development of our existing spectroscopic knowledge. Of particular interest within the medical community is the self-calibrating work, which can be used to developed noninvasive diagnostic techniques aimed at improving patient care.La mesure par spectroscopie optique proche infrarouge est un outil d'analyse important pour déterminer les caractéristiques d'un milieu tel la dimension des particules, l'identification de chromophore, et leur concentration. Cette information est de valeur critique pour l'évaluation d'échantillons dans les domaines pharmaceutiques, d'agriculture et environnementaux. Certains échantillons, par contre, diffusent la lumière considérablement, compliquant la mesure. Cette thèse de doctorat examine des méthodes chimiométries comprenant les règles de puissance et les analyses de composante pour extraire de l'information utile d'échantillons à partir des données, alors que l'instrumentation simplifiée est développée pour faciliter l'acquisition des données signicatives. Les techniques utilisant le temps de vol (TDV) des photons permettent de jauger les propriétés visuelles d'échantillons en utilisant la mesure temporale résolue de courtes pulsations de lumière. Il est difficile, par contre, de trouver un modèle pour les milieux à haute diffusion telles les poudres granuleuses. La configuration du profile du TDV photonique est, en grande partie, influencé par les propriétés de l'échantillon. Une analyse des règles de puissance mathématiques fut utilisée afin d'étudier les profiles du TDV, et une méthode fut développée qui pouvait, simultanément, déterminer la concentration des substances sous analyse ainsi que la grandeur des particules. Comparé aux mesures uniformes de fonctionnement traditionnelles, les estimations du coefficient d'absorption futs amélioré par 3 fois et les estimations de grandeurs ont été améliorées par 5 fois. Cette technique d'analyse s'applique à des domaines variés telle la production de produits pharmaceutiques, cosmétiques et chimiques. Quoique des méthodes existent pour étudier les propriétés optiques de substances homogènes à caractères diffusants, les substances ayant de multiples couches présentent un défi d'analyse intéressant. Les mesures faites à des points variés sur l'échantillon à multiples couches donnent de l'information sur les différentes couches présentes. Par contre, la situation se complique lorsque la couche qui doit être sondée n'est pas diffusante. Une couche ayant un facteur de réflexion atténuée, ne révèle pas d'information de la même façon qu'une couche diffusante. Une technique d'analyse fut élaborée qui a permis la séparation des composants d'absorption et diffusants pour ce genre d'échantillon à couche multiple. Des estimations précises de la concentration chromophore ont été obtenues, même lorsque la couche supérieure avait une épaisseur qui variait de 1 à 8 mm. Cette méthode a une utilité pratique dans les domaines médicaux, environnementaux et industriels.Une technique à auto-calibration inusitée fut développée pour estimer les espèces absorbantes dans une couche non diffusante incorporée dans une matrice diffusante dissemblable. Des données multispectrales à point variées, et avec lumière continue ont été obtenues d'une tête optique fantôme ayant des propriétés topographiques et optiques réalistes. Des techniques expérimentales et mathématiques futs développées qui on permit des estimations précises de la concentration chromophore. Une limite de détection correspondant à 5 µL de sang dans un volume de 150 ml de liquide céphalorachidien fut atteinte. Ce système et cette technique peuvent être utiles pour les mesures médicales non invasives, plus précisément pour la détection de saignement cérébrale.Le travail présenté dans cette thèse de doctorat explique les améliorations saillantes pour l'analyse spectroscopique d'échantillons diffusants homogènes et à couches multiples. Chaque amélioration représente une augmentation de nos connaissances de la spectroscopie. La technique à auto-calibration est particulièrement intéressante pour la communauté médicale, car elle peut être utilisée pour développer des techniques non invasives pouvant améliorer le soin de patients.
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Minault, Christophe S. "Filtered vacuum arc deposition of diamond like carbon films on sharp edged samples." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298488.
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Lee, Kang Kug. "A Sample-to-Answer Polymer Lab-on-a-Chip with Superhydrophilic Surfaces using a Spray Layer-by-Layer Nano-Assembly Method." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1384864905.
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Sears, S. Kelly (Stephen Kelly). "Effects of sample treatment on mixed-layer illite-smectite in X-ray diffractograms and transmission electron micrographs." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69658.
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Combined X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to identify and characterize the clay mineral assemblages in 0.05-0.1 $ mu$m and ${<0.05} mu$m size fractions separated from shales of three depths (4800, 8700-8750, and 12500-12550 ft) from the Reindeer D-27 well in the Beaufort-Mackenzie area, Arctic Canada. Ethylene-glycol solvated samples indicated a two-component mixed-layer I/S system, whereas glycerol solvation suggested an additional high-charge expandable component. Exchange with octylammonium (n$ rm sb c$ = 8) and octadecylammonium (n$ rm sb c$ = 18) ions revealed the presence of five distinct types of layer structures: (1) low-charge smectite-group, (2) high-charge smectite-group or vermiculite, (3) double-layers or rectorite-like, (4) expandable illite, and (5) non-expandable illite. The presence and abundance of each type of layer structure changed with burial depth.A comparison of untreated and sodium hexametaphosphate-treated ${<0.05} mu$m size fractions revealed modifications to the structure of mixed-layer I/S in both ethylene-glycol solvated and alkylammonium-ion exchanged specimens. Changes in peak position, intensity and breadths are apparent in XRD, and these modifications can also be observed in HRTEM. Lattice-fringe images revealed that pretreatment resulted in: (1) increased abundance of 2:1 layer silicate packets with expanded interlayers, (2) increased R1-ordered sequences, and (3) thinner packets of non-expanded illite interlayers. The use of sodium hexametaphosphate as a peptizer alters the interlayers and modifies the stacking arrangement of the layer structures. If the primary structure is altered, the disruption may be irreversible.
It is evident therefore, that reliable ratio determination between expandable and non-expandable components in mixed-layer I/S is dependent on characterizing all the components and resolving the effects of chemical pretreatment.
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Eluru, Hima Bindu. "Deposition and Patterning of Paraffin Layers for Culture-Based Detection of Mycobacteria in Environmental Samples." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1093032206.
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Sirdar, Mohamed Mahmoud. "Antibiotic residues in commercial layer hens in Khartoum State, Sudan, 2007-2008." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23460.
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The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs produced in Khartoum State, Sudan was estimated and determined. All available producing layer farms in the state were sampled in April, June and August 2008. For each layer house three egg samples were randomly collected to increase the sensitivity of antimicrobial residue screening test detectability. In total, 933 egg samples were analyzed, collected from 175 layer farms (335 layer houses) in three periods of collection. An in-house residue detection test using Geobacillus stearothermophillus var calidolactis was the analytical procedure used for the analysis. Data were analysed using Survey Toolbox to calculate the true prevalence and confidence intervals. The proportion of layer farms with antimicrobial residues in April, June and August was 61.1%, 60.2% and 68.7% respectively. The proportion of layer houses affected in April, June and August were 56.0%, 54.1% and 57.1% respectively. The results showed insignificant variation among the three periods of the surveillance (p = 0.57). A census covering all three localities of the state (Khartoum, Bahry and Omdurman) was carried out in late 2007 and early 2008. Data were recorded on areas where farms occur, number of houses per farm, total capacity of birds and farming systems. The census showed that there were 252 layer farms in the state distributed in 31 different areas with a total population of 2 221 800 birds. A structured questionnaire survey was carried out in April 2008 in the state, to assess and collect data on risk factors associated with the presence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs. The questionnaire investigated antibiotic usage patterns for each layer farm as well as the basic knowledge and understanding of farmers about public health concerns associated with antibiotic use in food producing animals. Questions were closed ended and data was obtained through direct interviews with farm owners and managers. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out on the information captured; calculating frequencies, graphs and measures of association, using the EpiInfo™ statistical package. Ninety two farms were surveyed 98% of which comprised open-sided houses. It was found that 48.9% of the farms surveyed were on antibiotic treatment when the survey was conducted, while 58.7% of the farms had used antibiotics within the last three months. There was a significant association between having disease on the farm and using antibiotics (P<0.001). The study showed that there is a serious lack of knowledge about the dangers of using antibiotics in animals and their potential impact on human health. In addition, Sudan lacks any type of formal control of veterinary drugs in terms of legislated residue limits or monitoring and surveillance programmes. This leads the authors to the conclusion that all Sudanese consumers are at risk for ARs in eggs.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Production Animal Studies
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Hyndman, Rhonda Jane. "Transport studies in p-type double quantum well samples." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325711.
Full textBooks on the topic "Layered Sample"
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Unger, Christoph. Cognitive Pragmatics and Multi-layered Communication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0013.
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Allegory is a figure of speech that is frequently used in Christian religious discourse, not only in the Christian Scriptures, but also in theological and homiletic literature throughout history. However, its use has also been viewed with suspicion by various schools of Christian thought. That is, allegory as a figure of speech is perceived as both being a useful tool for religious discourse and beset by limitations. This double-sided perception of the utility of allegory is rooted in the cognitive complexities that the comprehension of allegory involves, according to Unger (2017). Processing allegory involves our ability to detect and process multiple layers of communication in one act of ostensive communication. Thus, allegory has the potential for being effective for communicating complex thoughts in an elegant and effective way; at the same time, it runs the risk of inviting the audience to overinterpret the communication event.
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Effect of Layer Orientation on the Fatigue Behavior of 3D Printed PLA Samples. Springer, 2023.
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Wiltschko, Martina. Ergative Constellations in the Structure of Speech Acts. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.18.
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It is widely assumed that ergativity is not a primitive phenomenon but derives from a constellation of properties. This chapter demonstrates that we find similar structural constellations in the layer of structure where speech act relations are introduced. In particular, it is argued that speech act structure consists of a grounding layer, where the speaker’s or the addressee’s commitment towards the proposition are encoded. The second layer of SA-structure is dedicated to the response system of language: e.g., what the speaker wants the addressee to do with the utterance. Each of these layers can come in different guises, in much the same way as argument-structure can be transitive, ergative, or unergative. This lends support to the idea that ergativity is not a primitive phenomenon but also sheds new light on the syntax of speech acts suggesting that they typology of speech acts is more complicated than typically assumed.
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Saitoh, E., and K. Ando. Experimental observation of the spin Hall effect using spin dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0015.
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This chapter describes an experiment on the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) induced by spin pumping. Spin pumping is the generation of spin currents as a result of magnetization M(t) precession; in a ferromagnetic/paramagnetic bilayer system, a conduction-electron spin current is pumped out of the ferromagnetic layer into the paramagnetic conduction layer in a ferromagnetic resonance condition. The sample used in the experiment is a Ni81Fe19/Pt bilayer film comprising a 10-nm-thick ferromagnetic Ni81Fe19layer and a 10-nm-thick paramagnetic Pt layer. For the measurement, the sample system is placed near the centre of a TE011 microwave cavity at which the magnetic-field component of the microwave mode is maximized while the electric-field component is minimized.
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Schrijver, Karel. The Worlds of Exoplanets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799894.003.0009.
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The landscapes of exoplanets are likely to be incredibly diverse: exoplanets come in a large range of sizes and masses, and therefore surface gravities. Atmospheres can be thick layers, or absent. The interior makeup of exoplanets is even harder to know, but the formation scenarios of the giant planets and the remains of planets found in white-dwarf atmospheres provide insights. All that knowledge, combined with information on the central stars and other exoplanets within a system, provides a view of past, present, and future environments. This chapter reviews sample exoplanets and the conditions on their surfaces.
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de Jong, Nanette, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Caribbean Music. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108379779.
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The diverse musics of the Caribbean form a vital part of the identity of individual island nations and their diasporic communities. At the same time, they witness to collective continuities and the interrelatedness that underlies the region's multi-layered complexity. This Companion introduces familiar and less familiar music practices from different nations, from reggae, calypso and salsa to tambú, méringue and soca. Its multidisciplinary, thematic approach reveals how the music was shaped by strategies of resistance and accommodation during the colonial past and how it has developed in the postcolonial present. The book encourages a comparative and syncretic approach to studying the Caribbean, one that acknowledges its patchwork of fragmented, dynamic, plural and fluid differences. It is an innovative resource for scholars and students of Caribbean musical culture, particularly those seeking a decolonising perspective on the subject.
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Stilwell, Robynn J. Audio-Visual Space in an Era of Technological Convergence. Edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.0004.
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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. While the commercial and sociological aspects of technological convergence have been discussed among scholars, producers, and consumers, this chapter explores the aesthetics of convergence and how the technological/historical/aesthetic conventions of distinctly different media can be used as “meta” gestures. Two multimedia products focusing on the same complex topic-climate change-are used to illustrate how audiovisual space is configured differently in “theatrical” and “cinematic” modes and how those spaces can create a higher level rhythm and texture. The film documentaryAn Inconvenient Truthalternates rhetorical theatrical and affective cinematic spaces. The three-part television seriesClimate Warsis markedly more complex and contrapuntal, “theatricalizing” the audience-screen relationship of cinema and deploying a dense, layered visual texture. The soundscape and visual field organize information from relatively straightforward, reinforcing “harmony"; to a counterpoint commenting on earlier documentaries; to streams of information that can overwhelm comprehension, creating affective “bursts” akin to musical stings.
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Charles, Proctor. Part E Guarantees and Security, 28 Types of Security. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0028.
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This chapter considers the nature of the security which the borrower creates; the specific characteristics of security created over particular types of asset; and which lender is entitled to priority in the case of competing layers of security on the same asset. The discussions cover fixed charges, floating assets, categories of priority claims, statutory priorities, priority as against other secured creditors, and priority as against unsecured creditors.
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Hayazawa, Norihiko, and Prabhat Verma. Nanoanalysis of materials using near-field Raman spectroscopy. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.10.
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This article describes the use of tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of materials at the nanoscale. Tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy utilizes a metal-coated sharp tip and is based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Instead of the large surface enhancement from the metallic surface in SERS, the sharp metal coated tip in the tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) provides nanoscaled surface enhancement only from the sample molecules in the close vicinity of the tip-apex, making it a perfect technique for nanoanalysis of materials. This article focuses on near-field analysis of some semiconducting nanomaterials and some carbon nanostructures. It first considers SERS analysis of strained silicon and TERS analysis of epsilon-Si and GaN thin layers before explaining how to improve TERS sensitivity and control the polarization in detection for crystalline materials. It also discusses ways of improving the spatial resolution in TERS.
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Lüdeling, Anke, Julia Ritz, Manfred Stede, and Amir Zeldes. Corpus Linguistics and Information Structure Research. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.013.
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This chapter describes the contributions that Corpus Linguistics (the study of linguistic phenomena by means of systematically exploiting collections of naturally-occurring linguistic data) can make to IS research. It discusses issues of designing a corpus that can serve as a basis for qualitative or quantitative studies, and then turns to the central issue of data annotation: what corpora are available that have been annotated with IS-related annotations, and how can such annotations be evaluated? In case a corpus does not have direct IS annotation, can other types of annotations, especially in the form of multi-layer annotation, be used as indirect evidence for the presence of IS phenomena? Next, the present state of the art in automatic IS annotation (by means of techniques from computational linguistics) is sketched, and finally, several sample studies that exploit IS annotations are introduced briefly.
Book chapters on the topic "Layered Sample"
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Lyapin, A. A., M. I. Chebakov, E. M. Kolosova, A. Alexiev, and E. Barkanov. "Mathematical Modeling of Indentation Process for Layered Sample Taking into Account Plastic Properties of Material Layers." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 457–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19894-7_34.
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Spangenberg, Bernd, Colin F. Poole, and Christel Weins. "Preparing and Applying Samples." In Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography, 105–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10729-0_5.
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Coulette, R., E. Lafond, F. Lepoutre, D. Balageas, M. H. Nadal, and C. Gondard. "Laser Ultrasonics NDE of Two-Layered Samples." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 651–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5339-7_84.
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Fateley, W. G., S. L. Wright, and R. M. Hammaker. "Hadamard Instrumentation for Depth Profiling of Layered Samples." In Fifth International Conference on the Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules, 333–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1934-4_124.
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Writer, Beta. "Cathode Materials, Samples, Pristine, Layered, Doping, Discharge Capacity." In Lithium-Ion Batteries, 73–161. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16800-1_2.
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Gedeon, Ondrej, Václav Hulínský, Karel Jurek, and Marta Šimečková. "Monte Carlo Method for Quantitative Analysis of Bulk and Layered Samples." In Microbeam and Nanobeam Analysis, 307–16. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6555-3_22.
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Koski, J. A. "Sensitivity and Accuracy Analysis of Pulse Diffusivity Measurements on Layered Samples." In Thermal Conductivity 18, 525–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4916-7_49.
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Peichl, Jonas, Andreas Schwab, Markus Selzer, Hannah Böhrk, and Jens von Wolfersdorf. "Innovative Cooling for Rocket Combustion Chambers." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 51–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_3.
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Abstract Transpiration cooling in combination with permeable ceramic-matrix composite materials is an innovative cooling method for rocket engine combustion chambers, while providing high cooling efficiency as well as enhancing engine life time as demanded for future space transportation systems. In order to develop methods and tools for designing transpiration cooled systems, fundamental experimental investigations were performed. An experimental setup consisting of a serial arrangement of four porous carbon fiber reinforced carbon (C/C) samples is exposed to a hot gas flow. Perfused with cold air, the third sample is unperfused in order to assess the wake flow development over the uncooled sample as well as the rebuilding of the coolant layer. Hereby, the focus is on the temperature boundary layer, using a combined temperature/pitot probe. Additionally, the sample surface temperature distribution was measured using IR imaging. The experiments are supported by numerical simulations which are showing a good agreement with measurement data for low blowing ratios.
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Winter, Daniel, Ang Bian, and Xiaoyi Jiang. "Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation Based Sample Condensation for Kernel Machines." In Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, 487–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89128-2_47.
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Halnaut, Adrien, Romain Giot, Romain Bourqui, and David Auber. "Samples Classification Analysis Across DNN Layers with Fractal Curves." In Pattern Recognition. ICPR International Workshops and Challenges, 47–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68796-0_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Layered Sample"
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Kumar, Kesharpu Kaushal, Kochev Vladislav Dmitrievich, and Grigoriev Pavel Dmitrievich. "Peculiar effect of sample size in layered superconductors." In LOW-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS: THEORY, MODELING, EXPERIMENT, DUBNA 2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098901.
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Goldammer, Matthias, and Joachim Baumann. "Analytical modeling of flash thermography: results for a layered sample." In NDE For Health Monitoring and Diagnostics, edited by Norbert Meyendorf, George Y. Baaklini, and Bernd Michel. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.469625.
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YAMADA, H., S. NARITA, S. TANIGUCHI, T. USHIROZAWA, S. KURIHARA, M. HIGASHIZAWA, H. SAWADA, M. ITAGAKI, and T. ODASHIMA. "PRODUCING TRANSMUTATION ELEMENT ON MULTI-LAYERED Pd SAMPLE BY DEUTERIUM PERMEATION." In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Cold Fusion. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812772985_0021.
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Tohmine, Tsuyoshi, Keigo Mastubara, Hiroaki Miyake, and Yasuhiro Tanaka. "Influence of sample thickness on breakdown time in multi-layered polyimide films." In 2016 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.2016.7785589.
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Emzir, Muhammad F., Niki A. Loppi, Zheng Zhao, Syeda S. Hassan, and Simo Sarkka. "Fast optimize-and-sample method for differentiable Galerkin approximations of multi-layered Gaussian process priors." In 2022 25th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/fusion49751.2022.9841362.
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Sen, Pratima, Shubhada Kumbhaj, and Sanjay Gupta. "Evaluation of optical thickness and refractive index of a layered sample by low-coherence optical tomography." In Asia-Pacific Optical and Wireless Communications Conference and Exhibit, edited by Shuisheng Jian and Yanming Liu. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.444917.
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Merceille, Aure´lie, Agne`s Grandjean, and Yves Barre´. "Sodium Nonatitanate for Removal Radioactive Strontium From Aqueous Contaminated Effluent." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59083.
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Sodium titanate materials which have a layered structure consisting of titanate layers and exchangeable sodium ions are promising inorganic ionic exchangers for strontium adsorption from aqueous solution. The materials used in this study include samples synthesized in a hydrothermal method at different temperatures between 60°C and 200°C. Batch kinetics experiments for strontium removal from aqueous solution were performed. Kinetics data were fitted by using a pseudo second order reaction model and a diffusive model. It was shown that the sorption process occurs in one or two diffusion-controlled steps that depend on the synthesis temperature. The strontium extraction capacity depends on the synthesis temperature with a maximum for sample synthesis at 100°C. This sample has good properties of decontamination at laboratory scale.
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Barrett, Brian, Mark Davies, and Angela Morris. "Thermal Analysis of a Novel Continuous Flow Multi Layered Polymerase Chain Reaction Device." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32792.
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In this paper are presented the results of a thermal analysis on a high throughput droplet based, nucleic acid amplifier. Initial data of successful amplification of DNA is also presented. The advent of microfluidics offers many opportunities to integrate all functional steps of DNA analysis onto a single platform allowing for reduced analysis times, reduced sample volume requirements and higher throughput. There are many technical challenges facing this goal, thermal control being pivotal. This paper involves fundamental theoretical and experimental characterization of the core element of such a platform; a polymerise chain reaction (PCR) thermal cycler. The PCR process can be either a two-step or three-step temperature cycling procedure, depending on the chemistry involved. Presented in this paper is a thermal analysis of four, two-step thermocyclers arrayed in parallel. Two step PCR requires samples to be cycled through temperature ranges of 92–95°C and 60°C, the preciseness of these temperatures again depending on the chemistry involved. For optimum efficiency, fast heating and cooling between steps, and uniformity within each step is crucial. Our thermocycler design comprises a flow conduit in a serpentine pattern, machined in two segmented aluminium blocks, in which the conduit extends through the denaturation (92–95°C) and the annealing and extension (60°C) zones. Circular tubing, in which the samples are passed through to ensure biocompatibility for the reaction, is embedded in the machined channel which results in high heat transfer from the block to the sample. The device is then positioned in the vertical plane and an array of thermocyclers are formed by combining multiple planar systems. Thermofoil heaters are attached to the underside of the upper blocks creating the denaturation temperature, and by adjusting the air gap, passive thermal control is used to create the temperature required for the annealing and extension zone, thereby reducing the number of heaters and thus the power required. Theoretical thermal analysis of the device is performed, in conjunction with CFD simulations, experimental testing, and thermal imaging. Finally successful PCR of the gene ABL1 was performed.
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Banerjee, Rupak, Hang Liu, James Hinebaugh, and Aimy Bazylak. "Investigating the Structure of the Bi-Layered Gas Diffusion Layer Using X-Ray Computed Tomography." In ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2016-7964.
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One of the most important objectives of the GDL in a PEM fuel cell is the transport of reactant gases from the gas flow channels to the reaction sites at the catalyst layer. Most state-of-the-art GDLs are composed of a carbon fiber paper coated with a microporous layer composed of carbon nano-particles. This bi-layered GDL structure has been proven to provide significant improvement to the performance of PEM fuel cells. In order to improve our understanding of reactant transport through these GDL materials, it is important for us to characterize the structure of these materials. In this study, we use X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) to study the structure of the bi-layered GDL at the microscale. This work presents a unique segmentation routine developed in-house to identify the distinct components of the bi-layer GDL, isolating the carbon fiber, the microporous layer and the void regions as individual phases. Two commercially available GDL samples, SGL 35BA and SGL 35BC are segmented with this novel algorithm to obtain unique porosity profiles. The MPL is identified separately in SGL 35BC along with the fibrous substrate region. It is observed that in the case of this sample, there is no region where only the MPL is present. The entire thickness of the MPL region is within the substrate region with fibers present throughout the MPL region. The substrate region is 300 μm thick while the MPL is present up to 200 μm from one side.
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Khardekar, Rahul, and Sara McMains. "Fast Layered Manufacturing Support Volume Computation on GPUs." In ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99666.
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We present a GPU-accelerated algorithm for computing a fast approximation of the volume of supports required for layered manufacturing in a given build direction, one criterion often used to choose a direction that requires less time and material. In a sequence of rendering passes that project the part in the given build direction, we use depth peeling to identify faces bounding supports. We exploit programmable graphics hardware to compute the total height of all supports at each projected pixel location, scale the values by pixel area, and finally sum over all pixels to find the total volume of supports. For sample parts tested, our algorithm achieves over 99% accuracy and running times ranging from .2 seconds, for a part with 1,252 facets and depth complexity 2, to 1.86 seconds, for a part with 419,798 facets and depth complexity 9.
Reports on the topic "Layered Sample"
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Macdonald, Stuart, Kamil Yilmaz, Chamin Herath, J. M. Berger, Suraj Lakhani, Lella Nouri, and Maura Conway. The European Far-Right Online: An Exploratory Twitter Outlink Analysis of German & French Far-Right Online Ecosystems. RESOLVE Network, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2022.2.
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Seeking to explore the nature of European far-right online ecosystems, this research report examines the outlinking activity of identified pro-far-right users among the followers of the official Twitter accounts of two prominent far-right European political parties, Germany’s Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and France’s Rassemblement National (RN). Employing a three-layered analysis, the report explores not just the top-level domains outlinked to by its sample of AfD and RN Twitter followers but combines this with analysis of the technical specifications of the content types outlinked to and treatment of the socio-political nature of the content arrived at by clicking on the most tweeted URLs. This results in the provision of a more thorough and cohesive view of this online ecosystem than contained in other similar studies.
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Johra, Hicham. Project CleanTechBlock 2 Thermal conductivity measurement of cellular glass samples. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau307323438.
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The goal of the project CleanTechBlock 2 is to develop and test a durable and sustainable construction wall element which complies with the building regulations of 2020, and has a certain aesthetics attractiveness. The CleanTechBlock (CTB) prefabricated elements consist of cellular glass insulation blocks mounted in between two layers of brick masonry [1] [2]. The aim of this technical document is to report the results of the different experimental investigations performed on the CTB and other commercial cellular glass samples to determined their thermal conductivity. These experimental investigations have been carried out at the Laboratory of Building Energy and Indoor Environment at the Department of Civil Engineering of Aalborg University (Denmark).
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Hay, M. L. Characterization of Core Samples from a Hardened Crust Layer in Tank 4F. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/881332.
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Mikula, R. J., I. S. Parsons, V. A. Munoz, W. W. Lam, C. Payette, and K. C. McAuley. High-temperature settling of bitumen from Aostra's underground test facility. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331489.
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Several bitumen samples from AOSTRA's Underground Test Facility were obtained (heat exchanger outlet) in order to characterize the emulsion droplet size distribution and to ultimately establish whether or not high temperature settling could successfully be used to separate the bitumen and water phases. Characterization of the dispersed phase was not straightforward since the samples varied. The samples would sometimes be separated into a large bitumen mass and significant free water and sometimes be quite fluid with dispersed bitumen. It was our opinion that sampling contamination, perhaps with residual soaps, lead to some samples remaining as a bitumen in water emulsion without separating. Normally, one would expect that the bitumen would separate from the free water. Preliminary characterization of the solids in the feed was also done since it is known that mineral/solids composition can influence emulsion formation and the stability of rag layers in bitumen/water separation schemes. High temperature settling evaluations proved the feasibility of this type of settling as a method of bitumen separation producing a product of less than 5% water. Good results were achieved with temperatures from 190 to 220 °C and 250 to 1000 ppm demulsifier. Separation without demulsifiers vas not successful. Product samples were examined microscopically to determine the dispersed water size distributions.
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Fallas, K. M., and W. Matthews. Age dating of a bentonite in the Duo Lake Formation, western Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328830.
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In the Misty Creek Embayment of the western Mackenzie Mountains, Duo Lake Formation locally includes minor volcanic deposits associated with Marmot Formation volcanism. A bentonite layer from an outcrop of graptolitic shale found in NTS map area 106-B, in the upper part of the Duo Lake Formation, was sampled for U-Pb zircon dating. Analytical results yielded a dominant population of grains with a concordia age of 439.8 ± 3.0 Ma, interpreted as the age of deposition. Minor inherited zircon populations yielded ages ranging from approximately 1200 to 2850 Ma. Observed graptolites from the same outcrop likely range from Middle Ordovician to Early Silurian and are compatible with the interpreted U-Pb age of the bentonite. Previously known Middle and Late Ordovician volcanic activity in the Misty Creek Embayment is here expanded to include Early Silurian activity, and serves as a proxy for the timing of active extensional tectonism in the basin.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, John Rodgers, Daisy Duncan, Joanna Lawes, Charles Byrne, and Craig Swift. Levels and trends of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. from chicken in the UK. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dud728.
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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle of transmission for this organism. It is estimated there are 500,000 cases of campylobacteriosis in the UK annually, with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli) accounting for approximately 91% and 8 % of infections, respectively. Although severe infection in humans is uncommon, treatment is seldom needed for human infection but usually involves the administration of a macrolide (e.g., azithromycin) or a fluoroquinolone (e.g., ciprofloxacin). An increased rate of resistance in Campylobacter in chicken to such antimicrobials could limit effective treatment options for human infections and it is therefore important to monitor changes in rates of resistance over time. In this report we analysed trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from chicken in the UK. The chicken samples were from chicken reared for meat (ie. broiler chicken as opposed to layer chicken (ie. egg-laying chicken)) and included chicken sampled at slaughterhouses as well as from retail stores in the UK. Datasets included AMR results from retail surveys of Campylobacter spp. on chicken sampled in the UK from various projects in the time period from 2001 to 2020. In the retail surveys, samples were obtained from stores including major and minor retail stores throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each nation) and Campylobacter spp. testing was performed using standard methods with the majority of isolates obtained from direct culture on standard media (mCCDA). Data from national scale surveys of broiler chicken, sampling caecal contents and carcase neckskins at slaughterhouses, undertaken by APHA in 2007/2008, and between 2012 and 2018 were also included in the study. In the APHA-led surveys, Campylobacter were isolated using standard culture methods (culture onto mCCDA) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by a standard microbroth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolates. Care was taken when comparing data from different studies as there had been changes to the threshold used to determine if an isolate was susceptible or resistant to an antimicrobial in a small number of scenarios. Harmonised thresholds (using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values) were employed to assess AMR with appropriate adjustments made where required to allow meaningful comparisons of resistance prevalence over time. Data from additional isolates where resistance to antimicrobials were predicted from genome sequence data were also considered.
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Pettit, Chris, and D. Wilson. A physics-informed neural network for sound propagation in the atmospheric boundary layer. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41034.
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We describe what we believe is the first effort to develop a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to predict sound propagation through the atmospheric boundary layer. PINN is a recent innovation in the application of deep learning to simulate physics. The motivation is to combine the strengths of data-driven models and physics models, thereby producing a regularized surrogate model using less data than a purely data-driven model. In a PINN, the data-driven loss function is augmented with penalty terms for deviations from the underlying physics, e.g., a governing equation or a boundary condition. Training data are obtained from Crank-Nicholson solutions of the parabolic equation with homogeneous ground impedance and Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the effective sound speed in the moving atmosphere. Training data are random samples from an ensemble of solutions for combinations of parameters governing the impedance and the effective sound speed. PINN output is processed to produce realizations of transmission loss that look much like the Crank-Nicholson solutions. We describe the framework for implementing PINN for outdoor sound, and we outline practical matters related to network architecture, the size of the training set, the physics-informed loss function, and challenge of managing the spatial complexity of the complex pressure.
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Brenan, J. M., K. Woods, J. E. Mungall, and R. Weston. Origin of chromitites in the Esker Intrusive Complex, Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite, as revealed by chromite trace element chemistry and simple crystallization models. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328981.
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To better constrain the origin of the chromitites associated with the Esker Intrusive Complex (EIC) of the Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite (RoFIS), a total of 50 chromite-bearing samples from the Black Thor, Big Daddy, Blackbird, and Black Label chromite deposits have been analysed for major and trace elements. The samples represent three textural groups, as defined by the relative abundance of cumulate silicate phases and chromite. To provide deposit-specific partition coefficients for modeling, we also report on the results of laboratory experiments to measure olivine- and chromite-melt partitioning of V and Ga, which are two elements readily detectable in the chromites analysed. Comparison of the Cr/Cr+Al and Fe/Fe+Mg of the EIC chromites and compositions from previous experimental studies indicates overlap in Cr/Cr+Al between the natural samples and experiments done at &gt;1400oC, but significant offset of the natural samples to higher Fe/Fe+Mg. This is interpreted to be the result of subsolidus Fe-Mg exchange between chromite and the silicate matrix. However, little change in Cr/Cr+Al from magmatic values, owing to the lack of an exchangeable reservoir for these elements. A comparison of the composition of the EIC chromites and a subset of samples from other tectonic settings reveals a strong similarity to chromites from the similarly-aged Munro Township komatiites. Partition coefficients for V and Ga are consistent with past results in that both elements are compatible in chromite (DV = 2-4; DGa ~ 3), and incompatible in olivine (DV = 0.01-0.14; DGa ~ 0.02), with values for V increasing with decreasing fO2. Simple fractional crystallization models that use these partition coefficients are developed that monitor the change in element behaviour based on the relative proportions of olivine to chromite in the crystallizing assemblage; from 'normal' cotectic proportions involving predominantly olivine, to chromite-only crystallization. Comparison of models to the natural chromite V-Ga array suggests that the overall positive correlation between these two elements is consistent with chromite formed from a Munro Township-like komatiitic magma crystallizing olivine and chromite in 'normal' cotectic proportions, with no evidence of the strong depletion in these elements expected for chromite-only crystallization. The V-Ga array can be explained if the initial magma responsible for chromite formation is slightly reduced with respect to the FMQ oxygen buffer (~FMQ- 0.5), and has assimilated up to ~20% of wall-rock banded iron formation or granodiorite. Despite the evidence for contamination, results indicate that the EIC chromitites crystallized from 'normal' cotectic proportions of olivine to chromite, and therefore no specific causative link is made between contamination and chromitite formation. Instead, the development of near- monomineralic chromite layers likely involves the preferential removal of olivine relative to chromite by physical segregation during magma flow. As suggested for some other chromitite-forming systems, the specific fluid dynamic regime during magma emplacement may therefore be responsible for crystal sorting and chromite accumulation.
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Wierenga, K., E. Lear, and S. Josefsson. A Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) and GSS-API Mechanism for the Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML). RFC Editor, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6595.
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Lee, Jusang, John E. Haddock, Dario D. Batioja Alvarez, and Reyhaneh Rahbar Rastegar. Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Asphalt Mixtures Using Laboratory Rutting and Cracking Tests. Purdue University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317087.
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The main objectives of this project were to review the available balanced-mix design (BMD) methodologies, understand the I-FIT and Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWTT) test methods using INDOT asphalt mixtures, and to explore the application of these tests to both a BMD approach and as performance-related Quality Control (QC) and Quality Acceptance (QA) methods. Two QA mixture specimen types, plant-mixed laboratory-compacted (PMLC) and plant-mixed field-compacted (PMFC) were used in the determination of cracking and rutting parameters. Distribution functions for the flexibility index (FI) values and rutting parameters were determined for various mixture types. The effects of specimen geometry and air voids contents on the calculated Flexibility Index (FI) and rutting parameters were investigated. The fatigue characteristics of selected asphalt mixtures were determined using the S-VECD test according to different FI levels for different conditions. A typical full-depth pavement section was implemented in FlexPAVE to explore the cracking characteristics of INDOT asphalt mixtures by investigating the relationship between the FI values of QA samples with the FlexPAVE pavement performance predictions. The FI values obtained from PMFC specimens were consistently higher than their corresponding PMLC specimens. This study also found that FI values were affected significantly by variations in specimen thickness and air voids contents, having higher FI values with higher air voids contents and thinner specimens. These observations do not agree with the general material-performance expectations that better cracking resistance is achieved with lower air voids content and thicker layers. Additionally, PG 70-22 mixtures show the lowest mean FI values followed by the PG 76-22 and 64-22 mixtures. The same order was observed from the ΔTc (asphalt binder cracking index) of INDOT’s 2017 and 2018 projects. Finally, it was found that the HWTT showed reasonable sensitivity to the different characteristics (e.g., aggregate sizes, binder types, and air voids contents) of asphalt mixtures. Mixtures containing modified asphalt binders showed better rut resistance and higher Rutting Resistance Index (RRI) than those containing unmodified binders.