Academic literature on the topic 'Layered Data Structure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Layered Data Structure"
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Tang, Yan, Jianwu Wang, Mai Nguyen, and Ilkay Altintas. "PEnBayes: A Multi-Layered Ensemble Approach for Learning Bayesian Network Structure from Big Data." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204400.
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Discovering the Bayesian network (BN) structure from big datasets containing rich causal relationships is becoming increasingly valuable for modeling and reasoning under uncertainties in many areas with big data gathered from sensors due to high volume and fast veracity. Most of the current BN structure learning algorithms have shortcomings facing big data. First, learning a BN structure from the entire big dataset is an expensive task which often ends in failure due to memory constraints. Second, it is quite difficult to select a learner from numerous BN structure learning algorithms to consistently achieve good learning accuracy. Lastly, there is a lack of an intelligent method that merges separately learned BN structures into a well structured BN network. To address these shortcomings, we introduce a novel parallel learning approach called PEnBayes (Parallel Ensemble-based Bayesian network learning). PEnBayes starts with an adaptive data preprocessing phase that calculates the Appropriate Learning Size and intelligently divides a big dataset for fast distributed local structure learning. Then, PEnBayes learns a collection of local BN Structures in parallel using a two-layered weighted adjacent matrix-based structure ensemble method. Lastly, PEnBayes merges the local BN Structures into a global network structure using the structure ensemble method at the global layer. For the experiment, we generate big data sets by simulating sensor data from patient monitoring, transportation, and disease diagnosis domains. The Experimental results show that PEnBayes achieves a significantly improved execution performance with more consistent and stable results compared with three baseline learning algorithms.
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Marsan, A. L., and D. Dutta. "Construction of a Surface Model and Layered Manufacturing Data From 3D Homogenization Output." Journal of Mechanical Design 118, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826901.
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A homogenization method has been recently developed to optimize the topology of a structure. This method will suggest a structural topology, but the results will be in finite element form. Most engineering applications, however, require smooth structures, whether the faces of the structures be planar or curved. Given the topology of a three-dimensional structure as suggested by the homogenization method, an algorithm is developed to interpret the structure and generate a smooth, manufacturable surface representation of the structure. Structures designed by the homogenization method can be quite complex and traditional manufacturing technique may not be well suited for constructing them. Layered manufacturing is adopted for producing such structures and it is shown how to generate the necessary data for this novel manufacturing technique from the surface model of the structure. Some steps of the algorithm require designer inputs. Examples are given which demonstrates this algorithm.
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Auken, Esben, and Anders Vest Christiansen. "Layered and laterally constrained 2D inversion of resistivity data." GEOPHYSICS 69, no. 3 (May 2004): 752–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1759461.
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In a sedimentary environment, quasi‐layered models often can represent the actual geology more accurately than smooth minimum‐structure models. We present a 2D inversion scheme with lateral constraints and sharp boundaries (LCI) for continuous resistivity data. All data and models are inverted as one system, producing layered solutions with laterally smooth transitions. The models are regularized through lateral constraints that tie interface depths or thicknesses and resistivities of adjacent layers. A priori information, used to resolve ambiguities and to add, for example, geological information, can be added at any point of the profile and migrates through the lateral constraints to parameters at adjacent sites. Similarly, information from areas with well‐resolved parameters migrates through the constraints to help resolve areas with poorly constrained parameters. The estimated model is complemented by a full sensitivity analysis of the model parameters supporting quantitative evaluation of the inversion result. A simple synthetic model proves the need for a quasi‐layered, 2D inversion when compared with a traditional 2D minimum‐structure inversion. A 2D minimum‐structure inversion produces models with spatially smooth resistivity transitions, making identification of layer boundaries difficult. A continuous vertical electrical sounding field example from Sweden with a depression in the depth to bedrock supports the conclusions drawn from the synthetic example. A till layer on top of the bedrock, hidden in the traditional inversion result, is identified using the 2D LCI scheme. Furthermore, the depth to the bedrock surface is easily identified for most of the profile with the 2D LCI model, which is not the case with the model from the traditional minimum‐structure inversion.
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Wang, Tan K., and S. C. Tan. "Inverse-Ray Imaging of 2D Layered Structures from Seismic Reflection Data." Journal of Mechanics 19, no. 1 (March 2003): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100004202.
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ABSTRACTShooting angle of an inverse ray for imaging 2D multi-layered structures from reflected travel-times is derived in a closed form. By considering the normal incidence of two neighboring rays reflected at interfaces when sources are at the same locations as receivers, the traveling distance and direction of two inverse-rays are determined successively from the lowermost layer to the uppermost layer. This approach is similar to and also confirmed with the Huygens' principle that the equal travel-time along a wave front (perpendicular to the rays) is conserved. The closed-form solution of the inverse rays is further applied to image a complex structure of a ramp-flat fault with eleven layers. The results demonstrate that the inverse-ray imaging from travel-time picks of all layers is superior to that picked by a layer-stripping approach.
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Kongshaug, Kjell Ove, Helmer Fjellvåg, and Karl Petter Lillerud. "Layered aluminophosphates I. Crystal structure of two novel layered aluminophosphates solved ab initio from powder diffraction data." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 32, no. 1-2 (November 1999): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-1811(99)00084-0.
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Douma, Jan. "The effect of transverse isotropy on isotropic traveltime inversion of vertical seismic profile data—A modeling study." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 9 (September 1990): 1235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442939.
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Traveltime inversion of multioffset VSP data can be used to determine the depths of the interfaces in layered media. Many inversion schemes, however, assume isotropy and consequently may introduce erroneous structures for anisotropic media. Synthetic traveltime data are computed for layered anisotropic media and inverted assuming isotropic layers. Only the interfaces between these layers are inverted. For a medium consisting of a horizontal isotropic low‐velocity layer on top of a transversely isotropic layer with a horizontal axis of symmetry (e.g., anisotropy due to aligned vertical cracks), 2-D isotropic inversion results in an anticline. For a given axis of symmetry the form of this anticline depends on the azimuth of the source‐borehole direction. The inversion result is a syncline (in 3-D a “bowl” structure), regardless of the azimuth of the source‐borehole direction for a vertical axis of symmetry of the transversely isotropic layer (e.g., anisotropy due to horizontal bedding).
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Ghiu, Camil-Daniel, and Yogendra K. Joshi. "Boiling Performance of Single-Layered Enhanced Structures." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 7 (February 2, 2005): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1924568.
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A study of pool boiling at atmospheric pressure from single-layered enhanced structures was conducted for a dielectric fluorocarbon liquid (PF 5060). The parameters investigated in this study were: (a) Heat flux (1-45W∕cm2); (b) width of the microchannels (65-105μm); and (c) microchannel pitch (0.2-0.7mm). The boiling performance of the enhanced structures was found to increase with the increase in channel width and decrease in channel pitch. A simple single line curve fit is provided as a practical way of predicting the data over the entire nucleate boiling regime. The exponent n in the single line power curve fit was found to be between 1 and 2. The modes of boiling from an enhanced structure proposed by previous researchers were unable to explain the boiling curves obtained in this study. The present data are explained in light of the contribution from the top finned surface of the enhanced structure.
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Bailey, James A., R. Brian Dyer, Darla K. Graff, and Jon R. Schoonover. "High Spatial Resolution for IR Imaging Using an IR Diode Laser." Applied Spectroscopy 54, no. 2 (February 2000): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702001949122.
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By coupling an infrared diode laser to a conventional infrared microscope, one achieves resolution approaching the diffraction limit while enabling rapid data collection. This technique is demonstrated with the use of a layered polymer sample that has been contaminated by migration of a volatile additive from an exogenous source. The distribution of this additive in the layered structure is shown to correlate with specific layers and reveals a concentration gradient suggesting a diffusive mechanism of additive migration parallel to the layered structure.
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Li, Ji, Shaoqing Shi, Weiming Luo, and Qifan Wang. "Study on Explosion-Resistance of Biomimetic Layered Honeycomb Structure." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (February 19, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5356145.
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A new type of explosion-resistant biomimetic layered honeycomb structure was designed based on the natural mechanism and biological inspiration, which was mainly composed of a sacrificial layer and a bearing layer. The shock tube device was adopted to analyze the dynamic response of the biomimetic layered honeycomb structure under the action of explosion load in order to obtain the deformation modality, deflection data, and strain time-history curve of the structure. It turns out that the maximum deformation deflection of the back panel of the structure is only 28 mm. Compared with the structure of single-layer honeycomb, the independent sacrificial layer, and bearing layer, the biomimetic layered honeycomb structure has good explosion-resistant performance and can repeatedly bear multiple explosion loads. Besides, equivalent homogenization theory was employed to carry out numerical simulation. The results show that the numerical simulation results are perfectly in line with the results of experiments, and the numerical simulation method is proven to be feasible and effective. Under the action of explosion load, the biomimetic layered honeycomb structure absorbs energy mainly by sacrificial layers that are in layered and staggered arrangement. In addition, the sharp rangeability of the kinetic energy of bearing layer structure indicates that it has the feature of large mass, which can be used as the bearing part of the biomimetic layered honeycomb structure.
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Ovchinnikov, Alexander, Hua He, and Svilen Bobev. "Crystal structure of the layered arsenide Rb3Cu3As2." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 74, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 1715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618014341.
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The crystal structure of a new arsenide, Rb3Cu3As2 (trirubidium tricopper diarsenide), has been established from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. This compound crystallizes in the K3Cu3P2 type, with layers of interlinked CuAs2 units. The partitioning of the available valence electrons yields the charge-balanced composition (Rb+)3(Cu+)3(As3–)2, placing this phase in a broad field of transition-metal-containing Zintl phases. First-principles calculations confirm a semiconducting ground state, in accordance with electron-counting considerations. Chemical bonding analysis reveals strong covalent Cu—As bonds and ionic Rb...As interactions. In addition, a weak attraction is found between the Cu atoms, possibly pointing toward cuprophilic interactions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Layered Data Structure"
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Hendren, William Robert. "Optical and magneto-optical studies of ultrathin Co/Pt and Co/Au layered structures." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295392.
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Buzo, Amir. "Intelligent Data Layer: : An approach to generating data layer from normalized database model." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, fysik och matematik, DFM, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-22170.
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Model View Controller (MVC) software architecture is widely spread and commonly used in application’s development. Therefore generation of data layer for the database model is able to reduce cost and time. After research on current Object Relational Mapping (ORM) tools, it was discovered that there are generating tools like Data Access Object (DAO) and Hibernate, however their usage causes problems like inefficiency and slow performance due to many connections with database and set up time. Most of these tools are trying to solve specific problems rather than generating a data layer which is an important component and the bottom layer of database centred applications. The proposed solution to the problem is an engineering approach where we have designed a tool named Generated Intelligent Data Layer (GIDL). GIDL tool generates small models which create the main data layer of the system according to the Database Model. The goal of this tool is to enable and allow software developers to work only with object without deep knowledge in SQL. The problem of transaction and commit is solved by the tool. Also filter objects are constructed for filtering the database. GIDL tool reduced the number of connections and also have a cache where to store object lists and modify them. The tool is compared under the same environment with Hibernate and showed a better performance in terms of time evaluations for the same functions. GIDL tool is beneficial for software developers, because it generates the entire data layer.
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Regin, Måns, and Gunnarsson Emil. "Refactoring Existing Database Layers for Improved Performance, Readability and Simplicity." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105277.
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Since the late 90s, support and services at SAAB have produced and maintained a product called ELDIS. ELDIS is an application used by Swedish armed forces at air bases in Sweden and flight technicians at air bases. It displays electrical information, wire diagrams, and detailed information for cables, electrical equipment, and other electrical devices. The main problem for ELDIS is that when drawing wire diagrams in the application, it takes too long of a time when the stored procedures are retrieving information from the database. There are two significant areas in this project, analyzing and optimizing stored procedures and implementing a client-side solution. This project aims to guide SAAB to choose the right approach for solving the performance issue of the application and display some of the problems that can exist with slow stored procedures for companies in general. This project has optimized the most used stored procedure at SAAB and compared it to a client-side solution and the original application. The result of this project is that both the optimized stored procedure implementation and the client-side implementation is a faster option than the original implementation. It also highlights that when trying to optimize the stored procedures, indexing on the database should be considered for increasing the performance of a stored procedure.
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Cannalire, Pietro. "Geo-distributed multi-layer stream aggregation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230217.
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The standard processing architectures are enough to satisfy a lot of applications by employing already existing stream processing frameworks which are able to manage distributed data processing. In some specific cases, having geographically distributed data sources requires to distribute even more the processing over a large area by employing a geographically distributed architecture. The issue addressed in this work is the reduction of data movement across the network which is continuously flowing in a geo-distributed architecture from streaming sources to the processing location and among processing entities within the same distributed cluster. Reduction of data movement can be critical for decreasing bandwidth costs since accessing links placed in the middle of the network can be costly and can increase as the amount of data exchanges increase. In this work we want to create a different concept to deploy geographically distributed architectures by relying on Apache Spark Structured Streaming and Apache Kafka. The features needed for an algorithm to run on a geo-distributed architecture are provided. The algorithms to be executed on this architecture apply the windowing and the data synopses techniques to produce a summaries of the input data and to address issues of the geographically distributed architecture. The computation of the average and the Misra-Gries algorithm are then implemented to test the designed architecture. This thesis work contributes in providing a new model of building geographically distributed architecture. The experimental results show that, for the algorithms running on top of the geo distributed architecture, the computation time is reduced on average by 70% compared to the distributed setup. Similarly, and the amount of data exchanged across the network is reduced on average by 99%, compared to the distributed setup.Standardbehandlingsarkitekturer är tillräckligt för uppfylla behoven av många tillämpningar genom användning av befintliga ramverk för flödesbehandling med stöd för distribuerad databehandling. I specifika fall kan geografiskt fördelade datakällor kräva att databehandlingen fördelas över ett stort område med hjälp av en geografiskt distribuerad arkitektur. Problemet som behandlas i detta arbete är minskningen av kontinuerlig dataöverföring i ett nätverk med geo-distribuerad arkitektur. Minskad dataöverföring kan vara avgörande för minskade bandbreddskonstnader då åtkomst av länkar placerade i mitten av ett nätverk kan vara dyrt och öka ytterligare med tilltagande dataöverföring. I det här arbetet vill vi skapa ett nytt koncept för att upprätta geografiskt distribuerade arkitekturer med hjälp av Apache Spark Structured Streaming och Apache Kafka. Funktioner och förutsättningar som behövs för att en algoritm ska kunna köras på en geografisk distribuerad arkitektur tillhandahålls. Algoritmerna som ska köras på denna arkitektur tillämpar “windowing synopsing” och “data synopses”-tekniker för att framställa en sammanfattning av ingående data samt behandla problem beträffande den geografiskt fördelade arkitekturen. Beräkning av medelvärdet och Misra-Gries-algoritmen implementeras för att testa den konstruerade arkitekturen. Denna avhandling bidrar till att förse ny modell för att bygga geografiskt distribuerad arkitektur. Experimentella resultat visar att beräkningstiden reduceras i genomsnitt 70% för de algoritmer som körs ovanför den geo-distribuerade arkitekturen jämfört med den distribuerade konfigurationen. På liknande sätt reduceras mängden data som utväxlas över nätverket med 99% i snitt jämfört med den distribuerade inställningen.
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Bergmann, Jana, Hans Dörmann, and Rüdiger Lange. "Interpreting process data of wet pressing process: Part 1: Theoretical approach." Sage, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35793.
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The wet pressing process represents a new production method for carbon fibre-reinforced plastics components. Due to the low cycle times, it is suitable for use in the automotive industry. Therefore, a sufficient degree of industrialisation needs to be achieved, which is characterised by a stable process. The knowledge about relevant process parameters, their interactions, and influence on the part quality builds the basis of an economic process. This is a major challenge, since in the early stage of process development the available amount of recorded process data is small and the data sets are not complete. As the implementation of time-, material-, and cost-intensive experiments represents no acceptable alternative, a theoretical approach is chosen. This article describes a theoretical procedure to define the critical factors of the wet pressing process with significantly less resource input.
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Giljum, Stefan, Hanspeter Wieland, Franz Stephan Lutter, Nina Eisenmenger, Heinz Schandl, and Anne Owen. "The impacts of data deviations between MRIO models on material footprints: A comparison of EXIOBASE, Eora, and ICIO." Wiley, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12833.
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In various international policy processes such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals, an urgent demand for robust consumption-based indicators of material flows, or material footprints (MFs), has emerged over the past years. Yet, MFs for national economies diverge when calculated with different Global Multiregional Input-Output (GMRIO) databases, constituting a significant barrier to a broad policy uptake of these indicators. The objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of data deviations between GMRIO databases on the resulting MF. We use two methods, structural decomposition analysis and structural production layer decomposition, and apply them for a pairwise assessment of three GMRIO databases, EXIOBASE, Eora, and the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) database, using an identical set of material extensions. Although all three GMRIO databases accord for the directionality of footprint results, that is, whether a countries' final demand depends on net imports of raw materials from abroad or is a net exporter, they sometimes show significant differences in level and composition of material flows. Decomposing the effects from the Leontief matrices (economic structures), we observe that a few sectors at the very first stages of the supply chain, that is, raw material extraction and basic processing, explain 60% of the total deviations stemming from the technology matrices. We conclude that further development of methods to align results from GMRIOs, in particular for material-intensive sectors and supply chains, should be an important research priority. This will be vital to strengthen the uptake of demand-based material flow indicators in the resource policy context.
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Bergmann, Jana, Hans Dörmann, and Rüdiger Lange. "Interpreting process data of wet pressing process: Part 2: Verification with real values." Sage, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35791.
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For the analysis of the wet pressing process, which was presented in the first part of this paper, a theoretical approach was chosen. This enabled the pre-definition of three quality-related priorities which now will be considered in detail in the second part. For further analysis, real process data, recorded in an early phase of the process implementation, are used. The challenge is that in this process status, the availability of data is limited or the data sets are incomplete. Supported by the theoretical approach, an easier interpretation of the process data, and in case of ambiguous issues, an accelerated decision making is expected. The objective is to show that this combination is suitable for the process analysis in an early production phase.
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Jimeno, Miguel. "Saving Energy in Network Hosts With an Application Layer Proxy: Design and Evaluation of New Methods That Utilize Improved Bloom Filters." Scholar Commons, 2009. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1669.
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One of the most urgent challenges of the 21st century is to investigate new technologies that can enable a transition towards a society with a reduced CO2 footprint. Information Technology generates about 2% of the global CO2, which is comparable to the aviation industry. Being connected to the Internet requires active participation in responding to protocol messages. Billions of dollars worth of electricity every year are used to keep network hosts fully powered-on at all times only for the purpose of maintaining network presence. Most network hosts are idle most of the time, thus presenting a huge opportunity for energy savings and reduced CO2 emissions.
Proxying has been previously explored as a means for allowing idle hosts to sleep yet still maintain network presence. This dissertation develops general requirements for proxying and is the first exploration of application-level proxying. Proxying for TCP connections, SIP, and Gnutella P2P was investigated. The TCP proxy keeps TCP connections open (when a host is sleeping) and buffers and/or discards packets as appropriate. The SIP proxy handles all communication with the SIP server and wakes up a sleeping SIP phone on an incoming call. The P2P proxy enables a Gnutella leaf node to sleep when not actively uploading or downloading files by handling all query messages and keyword lookups in a list of shared files. All proxies were prototyped and experimentally evaluated.
Proxying for P2P lead to the exploration of space and time efficient data structures to reduce the computational requirements of keyword search in the proxy. The use of pre-computation and hierarchical structures for reducing the false positive rate of a Bloom filter was explored. A Best-of-N Bloom filter was developed, which was shown to have a lower false positive rate than a standard Bloom filter and the Power-of-2 Bloom filter. An analysis of the Best-of-N Bloom Filter was completed using Order Statistics to predict the false positive rate.
Potential energy savings are shown to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars per year assuming a modest adoption rate of the methods investigated in this dissertation. Future directions could lead to greater savings.
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Khan, Basit Ali. "Sea Breeze Circulation in the Auckland Region:Observational Data Analysis and NumericalModelling." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4476.
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The main aim of this research is to improve our knowledge of the sea breeze circulation in the complex coastal environments, where more than one mesoscale circulations occur. Interaction of these circulations with each other and with external factors such as topographical features and large scale winds leads to pronounced changes in the thermodynamic structure of the boundary layer. The variations in sea breeze circulation also have distinct effect on the pollutant transport and dispersion mechanisms in the coastal urban areas. In this research, dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of the sea breeze circulation and their associated air pollution potential have been investigated by utilizing observational data for two summer periods and numerical modelling techniques. Effect of some external factors such as gradient flow and terrain elevation has also been examined. Observed meteorological and air quality data was obtained from a number of monitoring sites within and around Auckland while Advanced Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) and ‘The Air Pollution Model’ (TAPM) were employed to simulate meteorology and pollutant dispersion in Auckland. WRF is used to investigate the thermally induced mesoscale circulation while TAPM has been employed to examine the pollutant dispersion in the region. Both models were validated against observed data from six different sites within Auckland. Validation results of WRF and TAPM are also compared with surface meteorology. Validation and inter-comparison of the two models show that WRF performed better than TAPM for all the surface meteorology variables. WRF showed a positive bias in predicted winds speed and relative humidity and a cold bias in the near surface Temperature. TAPM on the other hand under-predicted surface winds, while near surface temperature and relative humidity are similar to WRF.
Results show that the sea breeze occurred around 20% of the two summer periods of 2006 and 2007. Both observed data analysis and the numerical modelling results confirmed the existence of two thermally induced systems in the Auckland region. Bay breezes are initiated in the morning hours (0800 – 1000 hours) from small bodies of water (Manukau, Waitemata, and Kaipara Harbour, and along the Hauraki Gulf coastline), followed by mature sea breezes from the main bodies of water (Tasman Sea and larger Hauraki Gulf area) in the late morning. The cessation of sea breezes started after 1600 hours. Frequency of sea breeze days was the highest under coast-parallel gradient winds (southeast and northwest), with speeds < 6 m s-1. The predicted depth of the sea breeze inflow ranged between 200 and 600 m, while the depth of the return flow was in the range of 200 – 500 m. Sensible heat flux is an important control in the development of sea breeze over the region. Coastal mountain ranges helped early onset of the sea breeze, but also inhibited inland propagation. Strong jet-like westerly winds along the coastline near the Manukau Harbour are due partly to the narrow opening at the Manukau Head, reduced friction over the harbour water, and divergence of wind due to coastline shape. Gradient winds significantly affect the evolution of the sea breeze and modify many of its dynamics, such as the sea breeze inflow layer, return flow, inland penetration, sea breeze head, etc. Under northerly gradient flow northeast sea breeze lasts longer while under southerly gradient flow cessation of the westerly sea breeze was delayed.
Over both east and west coasts, WRF predicted anticlockwise rotation, especially under easterly gradient wind conditions. However, inland stations near Manukau Harbour show partial and complete clockwise rotation, which is primarily due to orographic features of the region. The diurnal rotation of the sea breeze system may contribute to recirculation of pollutants in the morning hours under coast-parallel gradient wind conditions. Pollutants that are emitted during morning peak traffic hours and advected towards Manukau Harbour by the remnants of the land breeze may be returned by bay breezes in the mid morning hours.
Mixed layer height over land before arrival of the sea breeze also varied a lot and ranged between 600 to 1400 m. A convective internal boundary layer (CIBL) forms in the surface layer after arrival of the sea breeze. The CIBL under coast parallel gradient winds was relatively shallow (200 – 400 m), while under coasts-normal gradient winds (southwest and northeast), the predicted depth was in the range of 400 to 500 m. However, the inland extent of the CIBL was greater under coast-normal winds, especially under south-westerly gradient winds. The ground level concentration of air pollutants thus can be increased during sea breeze inflow over the region.
Both bay breeze and mature sea breeze contribute towards development, extent and strength of the sea breeze convergence zones (SBCZs). Gradient winds and terrain play an important role in the position and strength of SBCZs. Under strong south-westerly gradient flow, a SBCZ is formed along the eastern coastline, while under north-easterly gradient winds a SBCZ is formed along the west coastline. During coast-parallel gradient winds the SBCZ is formed in the middle of landmass, and is then gradually displaced eastward or westward depending on the balance between large scale PGF and surface friction effect. In addition to SBCZs, terrain and coastline-induced convergences were also evident. Higher ground level concentrations of pollutants are expected under coast-normal gradient winds, when SBCZs are formed in the middle of the land mass and the wind speed of the sea breeze inflow and the sea breeze front is relatively low. This may increase pollution concentration, especially in the evening hours, to unacceptable levels. Results of this research suggest that given the size, synoptic meteorology and specific geography of the region, significant recirculation of pollutants is not likely to happen to contribute to next day’s pollution. The pollutant concentration may increase in the SBCZs, but their ability to recirculate the pollutants requires more extensive research.
A closed sea breeze circulation cell is unlikely to form in this region due to topographical influences and a strong gradient wind effect. The pollutant plume is expected to be advected in the return flow over the peaks of higher terrain and via the top of the convergence zones, but its remixing in the onshore flow is subject to many factors such as gradient wind speed and direction, direction of the return flow and nature (size and state) of the pollutant. In appropriate conditions, pollution levels may reach to unhealthy levels under coast-parallel gradient wind condition.
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Maronga, Björn [Verfasser]. "High-resolution large-eddy simulation studies of the turbulent structure of the convective boundary layer over homogeneous and heterogeneous terrain and implications for the interpretation of scintillometer data / Björn Maronga." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1047414686/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Layered Data Structure"
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Richards, W. Lance. Finite-element analysis of a Mach-8 flight test article using nonlinear contact elements. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1997.
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Anderson, James A. Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0010.
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Hardware matters. The neural organ largely responsible for cognition is the cerebral cortex of mammals. Cortex is a thin two-dimensional layered structure arranged with on the order of a few hundred interconnected regions that seem to be specialized for particular operations. Regions often show topographic organization. Early vision displays an interestingly distorted topographic map of the retinal input, audition has a topographic map of frequency, and there is a distorted map of the body surface on the somatosensory areas. Information in cortex is not “processed” with an orderly flow from raw input data to a final conclusion but seems instead to send information both backward and forward so sensory input and learned information work together for a consensus analysis. Relative to body size, a bigger brain is a better brain. The most common cell types are variants of pyramidal cells with pronounced lateral interconnections.
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Lüdeling, Anke, Julia Ritz, Manfred Stede, and Amir Zeldes. Corpus Linguistics and Information Structure Research. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.013.
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This chapter describes the contributions that Corpus Linguistics (the study of linguistic phenomena by means of systematically exploiting collections of naturally-occurring linguistic data) can make to IS research. It discusses issues of designing a corpus that can serve as a basis for qualitative or quantitative studies, and then turns to the central issue of data annotation: what corpora are available that have been annotated with IS-related annotations, and how can such annotations be evaluated? In case a corpus does not have direct IS annotation, can other types of annotations, especially in the form of multi-layer annotation, be used as indirect evidence for the presence of IS phenomena? Next, the present state of the art in automatic IS annotation (by means of techniques from computational linguistics) is sketched, and finally, several sample studies that exploit IS annotations are introduced briefly.
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Securing Wireless Communications at the Physical Layer. Springer, 2009.
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Liu, Ruoheng, and Wade Trappe. Securing Wireless Communications at the Physical Layer. Springer, 2014.
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Liu, Ruoheng, and Wade Trappe. Securing Wireless Communications at the Physical Layer. Springer London, Limited, 2009.
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Kaimal, J. C., and J. J. Finnigan. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062397.001.0001.
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Boundary layer meteorology is the study of the physical processes that take place in the layer of air that is most influenced by the earth's underlying surface. This text/reference gives an uncomplicated view of the structure of the boundary layer, the instruments available for measuring its mean and turbulent properties, how best to make the measurements, and ways to process and analyze the data. The main applications of the book are in atmospheric modelling, wind engineering, air pollution, and agricultural meteorology. The authors have pioneered research on atmospheric turbulence and flow, and are noted for their contributions to the study of the boundary layer. This important work will interest atmospheric scientists, meteorologists, and students and faculty in these fields.
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Inc, Sonoma Technology, Radian International LLC, and United States. Minerals Management Service. Gulf of Mexico OCS Region., eds. Observation of the atmospheric boundary layer in the western and central Gulf of Mexico: Final performance report. New Orleans (1201 Elmwood Park Blvd., New Orleans 70123-2394): U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 2002.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Multilayer Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.001.0001.
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Multilayer networks are formed by several networks that interact with each other and co-evolve. Multilayer networks include social networks, financial markets, transportation systems, infrastructures and molecular networks and the brain. The multilayer structure of these networks strongly affects the properties of dynamical and stochastic processes defined on them, which can display unexpected characteristics. For example, interdependencies between different networks of a multilayer structure can cause cascades of failure events that can dramatically increase the fragility of these systems; spreading of diseases, opinions and ideas might take advantage of multilayer network topology and spread even when its single layers cannot sustain an epidemic when taken in isolation; diffusion on multilayer transportation networks can significantly speed up with respect to diffusion on single layers; finally, the interplay between multiplexity and controllability of multilayer networks is a problem with major consequences in financial, transportation, molecular biology and brain networks. This field is one of the most prosperous recent developments of Network Science and Data Science. Multilayer networks include multiplex networks, multi-slice temporal networks, networks of networks, interdependent networks. Multilayer networks are characterized by having a highly correlated multilayer network structure, providing a significant advantage for extracting information from them using multilayer network measures and centralities and community detection methods. The multilayer network dynamics (including percolation, epidemic spreading, diffusion, synchronization, game theory and control) is strongly affected by the multilayer network topology. This book will present a comprehensive account of this emerging field.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Complex Systems as Multilayer Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 constitutes Part I of the book: ‘Single and Multilayer Networks’. This chapter introduces multilayer networks as an important new development of Network Science that allows a more comprehensive understanding of Complex Systems. It identifies the main motivations driving the research activity in this field of multilayer networks and emphasizes the benefits of taking a multilayer network perpective to characterize network data. The main advantages of a multilayer network approach with respect to the more traditional single layer characterization of complex networks are broadly discussed, focusing on the information gain resulting from the analysis of multilayer networks, the non-reducibility of a multilayer network to a large single network and the rich interplay between structure and function in multilayer networks.
Book chapters on the topic "Layered Data Structure"
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Ji, Ke, Hong Shen, Hui Tian, Yanbo Wu, and Jun Wu. "Two-Phase Layered Learning Recommendation via Category Structure." In Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 13–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06605-9_2.
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Alexandre, Enrique, Lucas Cuadra, Lorena Álvarez, Manuel Rosa-Zurera, and Francisco López-Ferreras. "Automatic Sound Classification for Improving Speech Intelligibility in Hearing Aids Using a Layered Structure." In Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2006, 306–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11875581_37.
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Gu, Sijia, Yue Lu, Yuwei Kong, Jiale Huang, and Weishun Xu. "Diversifying Emotional Experience by Layered Interfaces in Affective Interactive Installations." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 221–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_21.
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AbstractThis paper aims to improve users’ experience in affective interactive installations through the diversification of interfaces. With logically organized hierarchical experience, diverse interfaces with emotion data as inputs enhance users’ emotional interaction to be more natural and immersive. By using facial affect detection technology, an installation with diverse input interfaces was tested with an organic formal setting. Mechanical flowers and support structure based on the organic form were deployed as its physical output for a multitude of sensorial dimensions. With actions of the mechanical flowers, such as blooming, closing, rotating, glowing and blinking, a layered experiential sequence was created and the atmosphere of the installation was evaluated to be more engaging. In this way, the layered complexity of information was transferred to users’ immersive emotional experience. We believe that the practices in this work can contribute to deeper emotional engagement with users and add new layers of emotional interactivity.
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Redeker, Magnus, Jan Nicolas Weskamp, Bastian Rössl, and Florian Pethig. "A Digital Twin Platform for Industrie 4.0." In Data Spaces, 173–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98636-0_9.
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AbstractIn an Industrie 4.0 (I4.0), rigid structures and architectures applied in manufacturing and industrial information technologies today will be replaced by highly dynamic and self-organizing networks. Today’s proprietary technical systems lead to strictly defined engineering processes and value chains. Interacting Digital Twins (DTs) are considered an enabling technology that could help increase flexibility based on semantically enriched information. Nevertheless, for interacting DTs to become a reality, their implementation should be based on open standards for information modeling and application programming interfaces like the Asset Administration Shell (AAS). Additionally, DT platforms could accelerate development and deployment of DTs and ensure their resilient operation.This chapter develops a suitable architecture for such a DT platform for I4.0 based on user stories, requirements, and a time series messaging experiment. An architecture based on microservices patterns is identified as the best fit. As an additional result, time series data should not be integrated synchronously and directly into AASs, but rather asynchronously, either via streams or time series databases. The developed DT platform for I4.0 is composed of specialized, independent, loosely coupled microservices interacting use case specifically either syn- or asynchronously. It can be structured into four layers: continuous deployment, shop-floor, data infrastructure, and business services layer. An evaluation is carried out based on the DT controlled manufacturing scenario: AAS-based DTs of products and manufacturing resources organize manufacturing by forming highly dynamic and self-organizing networks.Future work should focus on a final, complete AAS integration into the data infrastructure layer, just like it is already implemented on the shop-floor and business services layers. Since with the standardized AAS only one interface type would then be left in the DT platform for I4.0, DT interaction, adaptability, and autonomy could be improved even further. In order to become part of an I4.0 data space, the DT platform for I4.0 should support global discovery, data sovereignty, compliance, identity, and trust. For this purpose, Gaia-X Federation Services should be implemented, e.g., as cross-company connectors.
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Krechowicz, Adam, Stanisław Deniziak, Grzegorz Łukawski, and Mariusz Bedla. "Preserving Data Consistency in Scalable Distributed Two Layer Data Structures." In Beyond Databases, Architectures and Structures, 126–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18422-7_11.
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Mühlhaus, Hans-Bernd, Louis Moresi, Bruce Hobbs, and Frédéric Dufour. "Large Amplitude Folding in Finely Layered Viscoelastic Rock Structures." In Earthquake Processes: Physical Modelling, Numerical Simulation and Data Analysis Part II, 2311–33. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8197-5_9.
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Mann, S., J. Pennekamp, T. Brockhoff, A. Farhang, M. Pourbafrani, L. Oster, M. S. Uysal, et al. "Connected, Digitalized Welding Production—Secure, Ubiquitous Utilization of Data Across Process Layers." In Advanced Structured Materials, 101–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2957-3_8.
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Hannezo, Edouard, and Colinda L. G. J. Scheele. "A Guide Toward Multi-scale and Quantitative Branching Analysis in the Mammary Gland." In Cell Migration in Three Dimensions, 183–205. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2887-4_12.
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AbstractThe mammary gland consists of a bilayered epithelial structure with an extensively branched morphology. The majority of this epithelial tree is laid down during puberty, during which actively proliferating terminal end buds repeatedly elongate and bifurcate to form the basic structure of the ductal tree. Mammary ducts consist of a basal and luminal cell layer with a multitude of identified sub-lineages within both layers. The understanding of how these different cell lineages are cooperatively driving branching morphogenesis is a problem of crossing multiple scales, as this requires information on the macroscopic branched structure of the gland, as well as data on single-cell dynamics driving the morphogenic program. Here we describe a method to combine genetic lineage tracing with whole-gland branching analysis. Quantitative data on the global organ structure can be used to derive a model for mammary gland branching morphogenesis and provide a backbone on which the dynamics of individual cell lineages can be simulated and compared to lineage-tracing approaches. Eventually, these quantitative models and experiments allow to understand the couplings between the macroscopic shape of the mammary gland and the underlying single-cell dynamics driving branching morphogenesis.
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Ra̧czka, Krzysztof, and Edyta Kucharska. "ALMM Solver - Database Structure and Data Access Layer Architecture." In Beyond Databases, Architectures and Structures. Towards Efficient Solutions for Data Analysis and Knowledge Representation, 551–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58274-0_43.
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Loeser, Harrison T. "Analysis of Experimental Data on Boundary Layer Pressure Fluctuations in Turbulent Pipe Flow." In Structure of Turbulence and Drag Reduction, 77–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50971-1_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Layered Data Structure"
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Romei, Andrea, Salvatore Ruggieri, and Franco Turini. "The layered structure of company share networks." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsaa.2015.7344809.
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Ogura, Kohei, Hideaki Imaizumi, Masaki Minami, Osamu Nakamura, and Jun Murai. "Overlay Multicast Protocol for Delivering Layered Data Structure." In 2007 4th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc.2007.201.
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Shen, Yunfeng, and Wanyi Gu. "Layered structure and network management for multiwavelength photonic transport networks." In Voice, Video, and Data Communications, edited by John M. Senior, Robert A. Cryan, and Chunming Qiao. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.290393.
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Koto, Hideyuki, Hajime Nakamura, and Masaki Aida. "Two-Layered Structure of Social Network Revealed by Data Analysis of Telecommunciation Services." In 2011 IEEE Third Int'l Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust (PASSAT) / 2011 IEEE Third Int'l Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/passat/socialcom.2011.48.
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Parker, Michael W., Lynette A. Barna, Sally A. Shoop, and Robert B. Haehnel. "Comparison of Finite Element Model (FEM) Data and Single Point Layered Elastic Model (SPLEM) Data of a C130 Operating on a Frozen Runway Structure." In 13th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40836(210)71.
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Marsan, Anne, and Debasish Dutta. "Survey of Process Planning Techniques for Layered Manufacturing." In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/dac-3988.
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Abstract This paper focuses on process planning for LM and provides a survey of techniques developed to date. Process planning is performed to generate the tool paths and process parameters for an object that is to be built by a particular LM process. The steps required are: part orientation, support structure generation, slicing, path planning, and process parameter selection. STL files, solid models, and image and reverse engineering data are all considered as possible input to the process planning system. The techniques reviewed can be used for a variety of LM systems.
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Mahfuz, Hassan, Cynthia R. Ingram, and Shaik Jeelani. "Compressive Response of Thermoplastic Composites by Layered Shell Elements." In ASME 1992 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1992-0096.
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Abstract Thick Laminates of thermoplastic Composites (APC-2) are modeled with isoparametric layered shell elements to predict the responses of the laminate at various temperatures under compressive loading. A large displacement finite element analysis is performed by considering the geometric non-linearities in the composite structure. Multiple load steps with linear material behavior are used to model the load-displacement characteristics found in a previous experimental study. A detailed description of the layered shell element along with its formulations is presented to highlight the limitations and scope of this element in composite structural analysis. Compressive response in respect of displacements, normal stresses, shear stresses and interlaminar shear stresses under three different temperatures is presented. Laminate response along its length as well as through the thickness is also presented to analyze and understand the failure mechanisms under such loading. Experimental data from a previous study are compared with the current result to validate the finite element analysis.
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Schäkel, Martin, John McNab, Neville Dodds, Tido Peters, Henning Janssen, and Christian Brecher. "Data Collection and Analysis for the Creation of a Digital Shadow During the Production of Thermoplastic Composite Layers in Unbonded Flexible Pipes." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77011.
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Unbonded flexible pipes present a mature technology for the efficient recovery and transport of hydrocarbons offshore. The substitution of metallic reinforcement layers in the multi-layered structure by thermoplastic fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) presents a solution for self-weight issues of especially long pipes, as FRP materials display high specific strength and modulus while being resistant to external pressure and corrosion. The production of these layers is automated by the laser-assisted tape winding process without the need of additional curing steps. During the manufacturing process, several data like process temperature and consolidation pressure are continuously monitored by non-contact sensors to ensure process stability without interfering in the consolidation process. To gain additional information about the temperature distribution within the multi-layered laminate, contact temperature sensors were introduced in the tape winding process. By this method the temperature of subjacent tapes can be assessed during the continued winding process. Additionally, this paper features a new approach of utilizing winding path data for relating the time-dependent sensor data to the exact position on the produced part. The visualization of path-dependent sensor data opens up possibilities of linking quality monitoring results to manufacturing insufficiencies and potential part defects.
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Pichot, Thibaud, Stefan Doublet, Narhari Rao, Allan Odreman, Vijaya Kidambi, Hamad Al Rashedi, Talal Al Mutairi, et al. "Internal Deformation of Layered Evaporites, Gotnia Formation, North Kuwait: Insights from Seismic Characterization and Sandbox Experiments." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211670-ms.
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Abstract The Late Jurassic Gotnia evaporites of Sabriyah (SA) and Raudhatain (RA) fields, North Kuwait, provide an example of Layered Evaporite Sequences (LESs) in which well-preserved internal geometries resulting from a complex polyphased tectonic deformation can be investigated. The Gotnia LESs represent a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms of internal deformation of rheologically contrasted layers of anhydrite (strong) and halite (weak) matrix present in the km-scale SA-RA structures. Combining seismic data characterization and sandbox experiment approaches, we describe in detail the spatial variations of deformation and place them in a sequential evolution of regional and local stress regimes. Seismic mapping was focused on the thickest anhydrite layer of the Gotnia LESs (i.e., 1st anhydrite). As anhydrite has a strong lithological and acoustic impedance contrast with respect to halite, seismic mapping was carried out on an impedance cube and a derived seismic attribute (salt probability index), thus increasing the confidence level of the map. A series of sandbox experiments focused on the SA structure was carried out. The experiments were coupled to X-Ray CT scanner to enable 3D geometries to be reconstruct at different deformation stages Three types of internal structures delineating structural domains were identified on seismic: boudins and imbricated thrusts were observed above major reactivated faults (SA and RA), while isolated thrusts were restricted to the terrasse between SA and RA. Seismic imagery clearly illustrated the structures at present day, but it did not account for the genesis of boudins, imbricated stringers and isolated thrusts, nor their spatial distribution, as well as the potential link existing between them. Sandbox experiments provided critical insights into the way internal geometries deformed through the successive tectonic phases. Sandbox experiments demonstrated the sequential evolution of internal geometries of competent sand layer (anhydrite layer equivalent): the phase of transtension triggered the dislocation of the stringer encased in the silicone. However, the development of boudins was restricted to the footwall block. During the subsequent transpressional phase, thrust imbricates developed where sand stringers were previously ruptured. It is suggested that internal geometries driven by salt tectonic processes, may have played a significant role in the actual layering of the LESs and could contribute to observed changes in thickness and compartmentalization of intra-Gotnia reservoirs. This result could bring new insights into reservoir facies layering and pore pressure distribution in LESs.
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Miorini, Rinaldo L., Huixuan Wu, David Tan, and Joseph Katz. "Three-Dimensional Structure and Turbulence Within the Tip Leakage Vortex of an Axial Waterjet Pump." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-06052.
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The flow structure and dynamics of turbulence are investigated by means of three-dimensional stereo particle image velocimetry (Stereo-PIV) measurements within the tip leakage vortex (TLV) of an axial waterjet pump rotor. Both the blades and casing of the pump are transparent and their optical refractive indices are matched with that of the pumped fluid, providing unobstructed optical access to the sample area without image distortion. Data are acquired on selected meridional planes in the rotor passage as well as in three-dimensional domains obtained by stacking closely-spaced planes situated within the rotor passage. Presented data have been sampled in one of these 3D regions, at 67% of the blade tip chordlength. All components of velocity and vorticity are calculated, together with the whole strain-rate and Reynolds stress tensors. The entire set of contributors to the turbulence production-rate is also available. The TLV and associated flow structures are completely 3D and change significantly along the blade tip chordwise direction. The vortex originates from the rollup of a multi-layered tip leakage flow, and propagates within the rotor passage towards the neighboring blade. Because of layered backflow rollup, vorticity entrained in the TLV is convected along different paths and re-oriented several times within the vortex. As a result, the TLV consists of a core surrounded by a tube of three-dimensional vorticity that wraps around it helically. Propagation of tip leakage backflow into the passage and subsequent TLV rollup also cause flow separation at the casing endwall with ejection of boundary layer vorticity that is finally entrained into the outer perimeter of the TLV. This complex TLV flow dominates the tip region of the rotor and involves non-uniform distributions of strain-rate and Reynolds stresses resulting in well-defined peaks of turbulence production-rate. For instance, turbulence is produced locally both at the flow contraction point near the region of aforementioned endwall separation and in the shear layer that connects the vortex with the suction side corner of the blade tip. The spatial inhomogeneity of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) distribution within the TLV, and the mismatch between locations of TKE and production-rate peaks can be explained by analyzing the 3D mean flow advection of turbulence, for example from the region of endwall boundary layer separation towards the outer region of the TLV. In addition to being spatially non-uniform, turbulence is also anisotropic in both the shear layer and periphery of the TLV. Conversely, turbulence is intense and relatively isotropic near the TLV core, as well as monotonically increasing along the vortex centerline. This trend cannot be described solely in terms of local production of turbulence; it must also involve slow turbulence dissipation associated with the meandering of relatively large-size, interlaced vortex filaments in the TLV core region.
Reports on the topic "Layered Data Structure"
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Vecherin, Sergey, Stephen Ketcham, Aaron Meyer, Kyle Dunn, Jacob Desmond, and Michael Parker. Short-range near-surface seismic ensemble predictions and uncertainty quantification for layered medium. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45300.
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To make a prediction for seismic signal propagation, one needs to specify physical properties and subsurface ground structure of the site. This information is frequently unknown or estimated with significant uncertainty. This paper describes a methodology for probabilistic seismic ensemble prediction for vertically stratified soils and short ranges with no in situ site characterization. Instead of specifying viscoelastic site properties, the methodology operates with probability distribution functions of these properties taking into account analytical and empirical relationships among viscoelastic variables. This yields ensemble realizations of signal arrivals at specified locations where statistical properties of the signals can be estimated. Such ensemble predictions can be useful for preliminary site characterization, for military applications, and risk analysis for remote or inaccessible locations for which no data can be acquired. Comparison with experiments revealed that measured signals are not always within the predicted ranges of variability. Variance-based global sensitivity analysis has shown that the most significant parameters for signal amplitude predictions in the developed stochastic model are the uncertainty in the shear quality factor and the Poisson ratio above the water table depth.
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Simms, Janet, Benjamin Breland, and William Doll. Geophysical investigation to assess condition of grouted scour hole : Old River Control Complex—Low Sill Concordia Parish, Louisiana. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41863.
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Geophysical surveys, both land-based and water-borne, were conducted at the Old River Control Complex‒Low Sill, Concordia Parish, LA. The purpose of the surveys was to assess the condition of the grout within the scour region resulting from the 1973 flood event, including identification of potential voids within the grout. Information from the ground studies will also be used for calibration of subsequent marine geophysical data and used in stability analysis studies. The water-borne survey consisted of towed low frequency (16-80 MHz) ground penetrating radar (GPR), whereas the land-based surveys used electrical resistivity and seismic refraction. The GPR survey was conducted in the Old River Channel on the upstream side of the Low Sill structure. The high electrical conductivity of the water (~50 mS/m) precluded penetration of the GPR signal; thus, no useful data were obtained. The land-based surveys were performed on both northeast and southeast sides of the Low Sill structure. Both resistivity and seismic surveys identify a layered subsurface stratigraphy that corresponds, in general, with available borehole data and constructed geologic profiles. In addition, an anomalous area on the southeast side was identified that warrants future investigation and monitoring.
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Rigotti, Christophe, and Mohand-Saïd Hacid. Representing and Reasoning on Conceptual Queries Over Image Databases. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.89.
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The problem of content management of multimedia data types (e.g., image, video, graphics) is becoming increasingly important with the development of advanced multimedia applications. Traditional database management systems are inadequate for the handling of such data types. They require new techniques for query formulation, retrieval, evaluation, and navigation. In this paper we develop a knowledge-based framework for modeling and retrieving image data by content. To represent the various aspects of an image object's characteristics, we propose a model which consists of three layers: (1) Feature and Content Layer, intended to contain image visual features such as contours, shapes,etc.; (2) Object Layer, which provides the (conceptual) content dimension of images; and (3) Schema Layer, which contains the structured abstractions of images, i.e., a general schema about the classes of objects represented in the object layer. We propose two abstract languages on the basis of description logics: one for describing knowledge of the object and schema layers, and the other, more expressive, for making queries. Queries can refer to the form dimension (i.e., information of the Feature and Content Layer) or to the content dimension (i.e., information of the Object Layer). These languages employ a variable free notation, and they are well suited for the design, verification and complexity analysis of algorithms. As the amount of information contained in the previous layers may be huge and operations performed at the Feature and Content Layer are time-consuming, resorting to the use of materialized views to process and optimize queries may be extremely useful. For that, we propose a formal framework for testing containment of a query in a view expressed in our query language. The algorithm we propose is sound and complete and relatively efficient.
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Rigotti, Christophe, and Mohand-Saïd Hacid. Representing and Reasoning on Conceptual Queries Over Image Databases. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.89.
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The problem of content management of multimedia data types (e.g., image, video, graphics) is becoming increasingly important with the development of advanced multimedia applications. Traditional database management systems are inadequate for the handling of such data types. They require new techniques for query formulation, retrieval, evaluation, and navigation. In this paper we develop a knowledge-based framework for modeling and retrieving image data by content. To represent the various aspects of an image object's characteristics, we propose a model which consists of three layers: (1) Feature and Content Layer, intended to contain image visual features such as contours, shapes,etc.; (2) Object Layer, which provides the (conceptual) content dimension of images; and (3) Schema Layer, which contains the structured abstractions of images, i.e., a general schema about the classes of objects represented in the object layer. We propose two abstract languages on the basis of description logics: one for describing knowledge of the object and schema layers, and the other, more expressive, for making queries. Queries can refer to the form dimension (i.e., information of the Feature and Content Layer) or to the content dimension (i.e., information of the Object Layer). These languages employ a variable free notation, and they are well suited for the design, verification and complexity analysis of algorithms. As the amount of information contained in the previous layers may be huge and operations performed at the Feature and Content Layer are time-consuming, resorting to the use of materialized views to process and optimize queries may be extremely useful. For that, we propose a formal framework for testing containment of a query in a view expressed in our query language. The algorithm we propose is sound and complete and relatively efficient.
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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Micrometeorological methods for inferring whole canopy evapotranspiration in large agricultural structures: measurements and modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594402.bard.
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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives as stated in the approved proposal were: (1) To establish guidelines for the use of micrometeorological techniques as accurate, reliable and low-cost tools for continuous monitoring of whole canopy ET of common crops grown in large agricultural structures. (2) To adapt existing methods for protected cultivation environments. (3) To combine previously derived theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in large agricultural structures (an outcome of our previous BARD project) with ET data derived from application of turbulent transport techniques for different crops and structure types. All the objectives have been successfully addressed. The study was focused on both screenhouses and naturally ventilated greenhouses, and all proposed methods were examined. Background to the topic Our previous BARD project established that the eddy covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and post-processing of data – thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this project was: 1) the evaluation of four turbulent transport (TT) techniques, namely, Surface Renewal (SR), Flux-Variance (FV), Half-order Time Derivative (HTD) and Bowen Ratio (BR), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures; and 2) the development of mathematical models able to predict water savings and account for the external environmental conditions, physiological properties of the plant, and structure properties as well as to evaluate the necessary micrometeorological conditions for utilizing the above turbulent transfer methods in such protected environments. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions are: (i) the SR and FV techniques were suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses; (ii) The BR technique was reliable in shading screenhouses; (iii) HTD provided reasonable results in the shading and insect proof screenhouses; (iv) Quality control analysis of the EC method showed that conditions in the shading and insect proof screenhouses were reasonable for flux measurements. However, in the plastic covered greenhouse energy balance closure was poor. Therefore, the alternative methods could not be analyzed in the greenhouse; (v) A multi-layered flux footprint model was developed for a ‘generic’ crop canopy situated within a protected environment such as a large screenhouse. The new model accounts for the vertically distributed sources and sinks within the canopy volume as well as for modifications introduced by the screen on the flow field and microenvironment. The effect of the screen on fetch as a function of its relative height above the canopy is then studied for the first time and compared to the case where the screen is absent. The model calculations agreed with field experiments based on EC measurements from two screenhouse experiments. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of four simple TT techniques for ET estimates within large agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable the future development of lowcost ET monitoring system which will be attainable for day-to-day use by growers in improving irrigation management.
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Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.
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Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
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Bortz, Tyler, Molly Davis, and Ryan Manuel. Plant community composition and structure monitoring at Fort Laramie National Historic Site: 2020 data report. National Park Service, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293003.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents the results of vegetation monitoring efforts in 2020 at Fort Laramie National Historic Site (FOLA) by the Northern Great Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network (NGPN) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This was the tenth year of combined monitoring efforts. Crew members from USGS visited 9 long-term monitoring plots to collect data on the plant communities at FOLA. This work is part of a long-term monitoring effort designed to provide a better understanding of the condition of the vegetation community at FOLA and how it changes over time. USGS staff measured species richness, herb-layer height, native and non-native species abundance, ground cover, and site disturbance at each of the nine plots. In plots where woody species were present, tree regeneration, tall shrub density, tree density, and woody fuel loads were also measured. Data collection at seven plots was incomplete, where only point-intercept, site disturbance, and invasive species presence data were collected, while in two plots the previously listed protocols as well as the quadrat protocol were performed. In 2020, the monitoring crews identified 44 unique plant species in 9 monitoring plots. Of those species, 19 were exotic species. In a majority of plots (5 of 9), there was a greater percent of native species cover compared to exotic species cover. However, exotic plants were found at every plot in FOLA. No rare species were observed during our surveys
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Shifrin, Kusiel S., and Ilia G. Zolotov. The Determination of the Aerosol Spatial Structure in the Lower Part of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer from Horizontal Lidar Data. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada626496.
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Mazari, Mehran, Siavash F. Aval, Siddharth M. Satani, David Corona, and Joshua Garrido. Developing Guidelines for Assessing the Effectiveness of Intelligent Compaction Technology. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1923.
Full textAbstract:
Many factors affect pavement compaction quality, which can vary. Such variability may result in an additional number of passes required, extended working hours, higher energy consumption, and negative environmental impacts. The use of Intelligent Compaction (IC) technology during construction can improve the quality and longevity of pavement structures while reducing risk for contractors and project owners alike. This study develops guidelines for the implementation of IC in the compaction of pavement layers as well as performing a preliminary life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of IC technology compared to the conventional compaction approach. The environmental impacts of the improved construction process were quantified based on limited data available from the case studies. The LCCA performed in this study consisted of different scenarios in which the number of operating hours was evaluated to estimate the cost efficiency of the intelligent compaction technique during construction. The analyses showed a reduction in energy consumption and the production of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with the use of intelligent compaction. The LCCA showed that the use of IC technology may reduce the construction and maintenance costs in addition to enhancing the quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) process. However, a more comprehensive analysis is required to fully quantify the benefits and establish more accurate performance indicators. A draft version of the preliminary guidelines for implementation of IC technology and long-term monitoring of the performance of pavement layers compacted thereby is also included in this report.
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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas, and S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.