Journal articles: 'Layer by layer optimization'

1

Lychev, S. A., G. V. Kostin, K. G. Koifman, and T. N. Lycheva. "Modeling and Optimization of Layer-by-Layer Structures." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1009 (April 2018): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1009/1/012014.

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Swetanshu, ,., and Vijay Sharma. "Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Bilayer Tablet of Antihypertensive Drug." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4 (July 15, 2019): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4.3098.

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Hypertension or high blood pressure occurs when the high cardiac output exerts pressure on the arterial wall as the blood flow increases. Bi-layer tablets are prepared with one layer of drug for immediate release while second layer designed to release drug later, either as second dose or in an extended release manner. Bi-layered tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination, separate two incompatible substances, and also for sustained release tablet in which one layer is immediate release as initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose. Bilayer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination, separate two incompatible substances and also for sustained release tablet in which one Layer is immediate release as initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose. The preparation of tablets in the form of multi layers is used to provide systems for the administration of drugs. Keywords: Hypertension, Bi-layered tablet, Enalapril, Immediate release and Sustained release.

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Zhang, Chao, Jianjun Song, and Jie Zhang. "Optimization of Laser Recrystallization Process for GeSn Films on Si Substrates Based on Finite Difference Time Domain and Finite Element Method." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2020.2705.

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GeSn alloy on Si substrate has the advantages of high carrier mobility, high radiation recombination efficiency, compatibility with the Si process, and is widely used in the field of semiconductor optoelectronics. However, due to the high lattice mismatch between the GeSn epitaxial layer and the Si substrate, how to prepare a perfect GeSn film on the Si substrate is an issue. The 808 nm continuous wave laser recrystallization technology can significantly improve the quality of the GeSn alloy epitaxial layer by melting and recrystallization, which provide another technical way for solving this problem. Optimized laser recrystallization related process parameters is necessary when laser recrystallization technology is used to prepare high quality GeSn alloy on Si substrate. For this purpose, the absorption, reflection and transmission models of GeSn alloy epitaxial layer/Si substrate system irradiated by 808 nm continuous wave laser are established using finite difference time domain software FDTD Solutions. The thickness-related process parameters of GeSn alloy epitaxial layer and SiO2 capping layer are optimized. In addition, the temperature distribution model of 808 nm continuous wave laser irradiation of GeSn alloy epitaxial layer on Si substrate system is obtained by COMSOL Multiphysics simulation. The process parameters related to laser recrystallization temperature are optimized and listed, which can be used as important technical references for the growth of low defect density GeSn layer on Si substrate assisted by the laser recrystallization technology.

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Abdalla, M., J. Yamin, and E. Al-Khawaldeh. "Multi-layer optimization algorithm." Journal of Algorithms & Computational Technology 16 (January 2022): 174830262110604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17483026211060469.

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The optimization of experimental results has repeatedly posed major challenges for scientist and engineers. In this work, a systematic multi-layer optimization scheme is proposed in conjunction with particle swarm optimization algorithm to locate a global optimum that fits a cost function. The technique utilizes SP-lines to form three-dimensional patches surfaces from experimental data in multi-layer fashion and incorporates a multi-layer search using particle swarm optimization. The novel technique is illustrated and verified over two layers of experimental data to show its effectiveness.

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Zhao, Xiaohui, Zhenfu Shi, Chao Deng, Yu Liu, and Xin Li. "The Effect of Laser Offset Welding on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 301L to TA2 with and without Cu Intermediate Layer." Metals 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091138.

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Based on dissimilar materials of 301L/TA2, the effect of laser offset and copper intermediate layer on welded joints was investigated. First, the process optimization of laser offsets indicated that the tensile strength of welded joint without intermediate layer was reached to the highest value when the laser was applied on the TA2 side. On the other hand, the tensile strength of welded joint with intermediate layer performed well when laser was applied in the middle position. Then, microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of welded joints were observed and tested. Based on eutectic reaction and peritectic reaction: TiFe and TiFe2 compounds were produced for welded joint without intermediate layer. Cu-Fe solid solutions and Cu-Ti compounds were generated when copper was used as the intermediate layer. The maximum tensile strength of welded joint with and without copper intermediate layer were 396 and 193 MPa, respectively. Finally, fracture mechanism of 301L/TA2 welded joint was studied: Fe-Ti compounds caused brittle fracture of welded joints without intermediate layer; brittle fracture took place in rich copper and Cu-Ti compounds area of welded joints with copper intermediate layer.

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Baloni, Sunil Dutt, Somesh K. Sharma, Jagroop Singh, and Sushant Negi. "SLS Process Parameter Optimization to Improve Surface Quality and Accuracy of Polyamide Parts." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2021100104.

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The contribution of selective laser sintering (SLS) technique in the 4.0 manufacturing industry is undisputedly significant. SLS part quality exhibits high dependence on SLS process parameters and is a major challenge. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of input parameters (i.e., part orientation, bed temperature, and layer thickness) on the surface roughness and accuracy of laser-sintered polyamide specimens. Response surface methodology (RSM) and ANOVA analysis aided the testing and evaluation. Optimal working conditions for minimum shrinkage were 0.17 mm layer thickness, 177.89°C part bed temperature, and part orientation at 88.91 degrees. The surface quality deteriorated with the increment in part bed temperature and layer thickness, and it shows an inverse trend (or improves) with the part orientation in the prescribed range. The optimal surface roughness was at a layer thickness of 0.11 mm, bed temperature at 174.55°C, and part orientation at 86.5 degrees.

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Lee, Alvin, Jay Su, Baron Huang, Ram Trichur, Dongshun Bai, Xiao Liu, Wen-Wei Shen, et al. "Optimization of laser release layer, glass carrier, and organic build-up layer to enable RDL-first fan-out wafer-level packaging." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 000190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-wa34.

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Abstract With increasing demand for mobile devices to be lighter and thinner and consume less power while operating at high speed and high bandwidth, many equipment suppliers and assembly participants have invested great efforts to achieve fine-line fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP). However, the inherent warp of reconstituted wafers, which can contribute to poor die placement accuracy and/or delamination at the interface of the build-up layer and carrier, remains a major challenge. In this study, the interactions among laser release layer, glass carrier, and build-up layer were evaluated for optimization of redistribution layer (RDL)–first FOWLP as a foundation to move toward fine-line FOWLP. In this study, a series of experiments incorporating glass carrier, laser release layer, and build-up layers were carried out to determine the optimal setup for RDL-first FOWLP. First, glass carriers (300 mm × 300 mm × 0.7 mm) with coefficients of thermal expansion of 3 and 8 ppm/°C were treated with 150-nm laser release layers. After deposition of 0.1 μm of sacrificial material on the glass carrier, 8-μm build-up layers were coated and patterned by lithography to electroplate Cu interconnections with a density of approximately 10% of the surface area. Subsequent to die attachment, molding compound was applied on top to form a 200-μm protective overcoat. The reconstituted wafer was then separated from the glass carrier through a laser ablation process using a 308-nm laser to complete the design of experiments (DOE). An experiment to study the correlation of glass carrier, laser release layer, build-up layers, and molding compound in RDL-first FOWLP processes is discussed to address full process integration on 300-mm glass substrates. The combination of glass carrier, laser release layer, build-up layer, and molding compound will pave the way for realizing cost-effective RDL-first FOWLP on panel-size substrates.

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Kimmel, G., G. Shafirstein, and M. Bamberger. "Fast Thickness Measurement of Thin Crystalline Layers by Relative Intensities in XRPD Method." Advances in X-ray Analysis 32 (1988): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020607.

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In this work a continuous wave CO2 laser was used for melting a layer of amorphous alumina obtained by anodizing 6061 aluminum plates. Melting the surface of the anodized plates led to the formation of a new uniform corundum layer at the expense of some of the amorphous coating, resulting in a double layer coating of crysta11ine on amorphous.The characterization of the corundum layer is essential for process optimization study. Among the non-destructive methods X-ray diffraction is useful, because it provides us with selected data on the crystalline layer.

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Ju, Jiang, Yang Zhou, Maodong Kang, and Jun Wang. "Optimization of Process Parameters, Microstructure, and Properties of Laser Cladding Fe-Based Alloy on 42CrMo Steel Roller." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102061.

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The mould foot roller is a key component of a continuous casting machine. In order to investigate the possibility of using laser cladding to repair mould foot roller, Fe-based powders and 42CrMo steel are used in this work. The laser cladding process parameters were optimized by orthogonal experiments. The chemical compositions, microstructure, properties of the cladding layer under the optimum process parameters, and substrate were systematically investigated by using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness test, wear test, and salt spray corrosion test. The results indicate that the primary factor affecting the width and depth of the cladding layer is laser power. The scanning speed also has a significant effect on the height of the cladding layer. The optimum process parameters for repairing the mould foot roller are 2 kW laser power, 4 mm/s scanning speed, and 15 g/min feeding rate of powder. Along the depth direction of the cladding layer, the microstructure of the coating gradually transforms from plane crystal, cell grains, or dendrites to equiaxed grains. The matrix is mainly martensite with retained austenite; the eutectic phase is composed of netlike M2B, particulate M23(C,B)6, and M7(C,B)3 phase. The hardness of the cladding layer is significantly improved, about three times that of the substrate. The weight loss of the cladding layer is just half that of the substrate. Its wear resistance and corrosion resistance have been significantly improved. The work period of the laser cladding-repaired foot roller is much longer than for the surfacing welding-repaired one. In summary, laser cladding technology can increase the life of mould foot rollers.

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10

Lin, Jin Lan, and Jian Hong Fan. "Research on the Theory of the Laser Shock Processing Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 610 (August 2014): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.610.1021.

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In this paper the laser shock processing technology (LSPT) is investigated theoretically. A one-dimensional theoretical model is presented to express analytically the transmission coefficient of the incident laser beam through four different layers, i.e., the air layer, the constrained layer, the plasma layer, and the absorbing coating. Based on this model, the key parameters of LSPT can be further optimized to obtain the maximum transmission coefficient and the best surface-hardening effect. This one-dimensional theoretical model presented can be further used in guiding the parameter optimization for this technology.

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Tendere, Takudzwa Lewis, and Natasha Sacks. "Regression analysis and optimization of direct energy deposition parameters for functionally graded 316L stainless steel-tungsten carbide coatings." MATEC Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338803003.

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In this study, the manufacturing of a two-layered functionally graded 316L stainless steel-tungsten carbide coating using directed energy deposition was investigated. The aim was to determine the optimal deposition parameters to achieve minimum porosity using a thickness of 1mm per layer. The input factors considered were laser scanning power and scanning speed, which were varied at different levels according to a full factorial design of an experimental matrix. To determine the optimum parameters regression analysis using analysis of variance was carried out. The optimum parameters were found at a laser scanning power of 607.4 W and a scanning speed of 8.5 mm/s for the first coated layer, and at a laser scanning power of 700 W and a scanning speed of 11 mm/s for the second coated layer. Minimum porosities of 0.0065 % and 0.0554 % were achieved for each coated layer respectively.

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12

Song, Moo-Keun, Su-Han Park, Su-Jin Lee, and Jong-Do Kim. "Study on optimization of laser cladding using Stellite 6 powder for exhaust valve face of marine engine." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 14n15 (May 28, 2019): 1940037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919400372.

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In this study, experiments with various parameters were performed to apply laser cladding to the exhaust valve face of a marine engine and optimum conditions were derived. The used specimen was an actual exhaust valve, and the heat source was a high-power diode laser. Cladding was applied to the exhaust valve face using the optimum conditions, and a sound clad layer without internal defects, such as pores and cracks, was formed. The average hardness of the clad layer formed under the optimum conditions was higher than 529 Hv. Component analysis showed a very low dilution rate inside the clad layer.

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SHARIFI, M., J. ARGHAVANI, and M. R. HEMATIYAN. "OPTIMUM ARRANGEMENT OF LAYERS IN MULTI-LAYER COMPOUND CYLINDERS." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 06, no. 05 (October 2014): 1450057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825114500574.

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In this paper, using an analytical optimization method, optimum design of multi-layer compound cylinders with different materials in layers is investigated. For this purpose, considering Tresca criterion, maximum shear stress in each layer is minimized. At the optimum condition, the maximum shear stress at all layers occurs simultaneously. The general analytical relations for optimum dimension of layers, residual pressures and radial interferences are derived. The existence condition of the optimum solution is also investigated and the constraints for materials selection are derived too. It is shown that the allowable shear stress ratio of materials must be close to their geometric mean value. An optimization method is then presented to minimize different objective functions (weight, cost, etc.) by finding the optimum arrangement of layers. Several examples with different number of layers and different materials are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. For compound cylinders with different materials, it is shown that the objective function is minimized when the materials that have higher cost values are used in inner layers. Moreover, it is shown that the shear stress distribution becomes near to uniform across the wall thickness when the number of layers is increased.

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Abidi, Mustufa Haider, Muneer Khan Mohammed, Mohamed K. Aboudaif, and Hisham Alkhalefah. "Multi-objective optimization of Nd:Yag laser machining’s conflicting responses while milling micro-channels." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 10 (October 2022): 168781322211341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221134196.

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Laser processing of materials finds application in micro-nano devices mainly because of its accuracy, flexibility, and ability to machine almost any material. Although it offers numerous advantages, it is a complex process involving a large number of factors. The quality of machining often depends on the appropriate selection of parameters. Moreover, the output responses in machining processes have conflicting nature; some are to be minimized, and others have to be maximized. This work uses grey relationship analysis coupled with principal component analysis for multi-response optimization of conflicting responses during laser machining of micro-channels. Micro-channels with a cross-sectional size of 200 × 100 µm were created using Nd:YAG laser beam micro-milling in steel alloy (AISI 1045). The scan speed, layer thickness, and scan strategy were found to have a significant effect on the dimensional accuracy of the microchannel. At the same time, the material removal rate was mostly influenced by layer thickness. Multi-response optimization results suggest low pulse frequency, high scan speed, low layer thickness, and S3 scan strategy for accurately fabricating micro-channels.

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Degang, Liu, and Zhang Xiangsun. "Modified optimization layer by layer algorithm for learning multilayer perceptrons." Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02670965.

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Zhang, Xiaoning, Feng Shen, Li Wang, Sheng Wang, Lemin Li, and Hongbin Luo. "Two-layer mesh network optimization based on inter-layer decomposition." Photonic Network Communications 21, no. 3 (December 1, 2010): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11107-010-0301-z.

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Salinas, Alejandro, Imad L. Al-Qadi, Khaled I. Hasiba, Hasan Ozer, Zhen Leng, and Derek C. Parish. "Interface Layer Tack Coat Optimization." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2372, no. 1 (January 2013): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2372-07.

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Jang, Chang Sun, Hyung Jin Shim, and Chang Hyo Kim. "Optimization layer by layer networks for in-core fuel management optimization computations in PWRs." Annals of Nuclear Energy 28, no. 11 (July 2001): 1115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4549(00)00113-4.

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Santo, Loredana, and Fabrizio Quadrini. "Mold Production by Selective Laser Sintering of Resin Coated Sands." International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science 1, no. 2 (July 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseims.2013070101.

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Small sand molds for aluminum casting were produced by selective laser sintering (SLS) of pre-coated sands. A diode laser source with a rectangular laser beam spot was used to perform single and multi-layer processing tests. Subsequently, small sand molds were produced and tested in casting operations. Single layer processing was performed by changing laser power, scan rate and distance of the processed surface from the beam focus. In multiple layer processing, some process changes were made to achieve a perfect joining of adjacent layers. More changes were necessary for the mold production so as to compensate the negative cooling effect of the metallic frame during the sand laser heating. At the end of the process optimization, final molds showed good soundness even if the morphology of internal mold surfaces was affected by the layering procedure.

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Jain, Ashish, Mitra G. Rahimian, and V. R. Bhardwaj. "Optimization of Multi-Layer Data Recording and Reading in an Optical Disc." Photonics 9, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100690.

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Storage capacity of a conventional optical disc can be enhanced significantly by recording data within the three-dimensional volume. However, spherical aberrations and light-scattering limit the number of layers that can be efficiently recorded and retrieved. In this paper, we show that by optimizing the multi-layer data recording and reading parameters, the number of fabricated layers could be tripled to 60 in commercial grade poly-methyl-methacrylate polycarbonate and reduce the read laser power by a factor of 7 by the 20th layer. Influence of spherical aberration on write laser spot size was studied by using vector diffraction theory and compared with experimental values obtained by monitoring the threshold energy of the write laser with depth. Scattering losses of the read laser were studied by simulating the propagation of light through multi-layered micro-structured material. The main advantage of our technique is its practical implementation, as it refrains from the use of index-matching liquids and specialized optics during the read–write process.

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Lian, Guofu, Hao Zhang, Yang Zhang, Mingpu Yao, Xu Huang, and Changrong Chen. "Computational and Experimental Investigation of Micro-Hardness and Wear Resistance of Ni-Based Alloy and TiC Composite Coating Obtained by Laser Cladding." Materials 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12050793.

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The influence of processing parameters on the micro-hardness and wear resistance of a Ni-based alloy and titanium carbide (TiC) composite cladding layer was studied. Mathematical models were developed to predict the micro-hardness and wear resistance of the cladding layer by controlling the laser cladding processing parameters. Key processing parameters were the laser power, scanning speed, gas flow, and TiC powder ratio. The models were validated by analysis of variance and parameter optimization. Results show that the micro-hardness is positively correlated with laser power and TiC powder ratio, where the TiC powder ratio shows the most significant impact. The wear volume decreased with an increasing TiC powder ratio. The targets for the processing parameter optimization were set to 62 HRC for micro-hardness and a minimal volume wear. The difference between the model prediction value and experimental validation result for micro-hardness and wear volume were 1.87% and 6.33%, respectively. These models provide guidance to optimize the processing parameters to achieve a desired micro-hardness and maximize wear resistance in a composite cladding layer.

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Zheng, Huadong, Ming Cong, Dong Liu, Hang Dong, and Yi Liu. "Robot path optimization for laser cladding forming." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 46, no. 2 (March 18, 2019): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-07-2018-0148.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an optimization method of robot cladding path, which is helpful to solve the problem of path under-optimization in laser cladding forming (LCF) based on robot. Design/methodology/approach First, the error influence parameters need setting before the cladding path generation, and the model of seeking appropriate error influence parameters is established based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO). Second, to solve the problem of collapse during the LCF process, the reason for collapse is analyzed and a robot cladding path error optimization method based on the layer path interpolation is proposed. Finally, the simulation and experiments are carried out. Findings Under the premise of giving the expected error of stereo lithography (STL) model, the optimal range of the chord height and the angle control can be quickly found by using PSO algorithm. Aiming at the collapse problem in the laser cladding process, a robot cladding path optimization method based on the layer path interpolation is proposed. A four-layer path interpolation simulation and the contrast experiments before and after the path optimization are completed; the results show that the robot cladding path optimization method can solve the problem of the collapse in laser cladding. Practical implications Robot cladding path optimization is one of the key technologies of LCF, and the quality of the robot cladding path is affected by STL model error and the path optimization method. This paper proposed a robot cladding path optimization method for LCF. This method can be used in other additive manufacturing techniques. Originality/value The quality of cladding path is important for LCF; this paper first proposed the optimization method of the robot cladding path for LCF to solve the collapse problem.

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Gorbylev, V. A., A. I. Petrov, A. B. Petukhov, and A. A. Chel'niĭ. "Optimization of InGaAs/GaAs quantum-well strain-layer heterojunction laser structures." Quantum Electronics 23, no. 5 (May 31, 1993): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1993v023n05abeh003059.

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Zheng, Huadong, Ming Cong, Dong Liu, Hang Dong, and Yi Liu. "Optimization of STL model and layer shape for laser cladding forming." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 100, no. 1-4 (September 27, 2018): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2714-2.

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Paraschiv, Alexandru, Gheorghe Matache, Mihaela Raluca Condruz, Tiberius Florian Frigioescu, and Laurent Pambaguian. "Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process Parameters’ Optimization for Fabrication of Dense IN 625." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 5777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165777.

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This paper presents an experimental study on the influence of the main Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) process parameters on the density and surface quality of the IN 625 superalloy manufactured using the Lasertec 30 SLM machine. Parameters’ influence was investigated within a workspace defined by the laser power (150–400 W), scanning speed (500–900 m/s), scanning strategy (90° and 67°), layer thickness (30–70 µm), and hatch distance (0.09–0.12 µm). Experimental results showed that laser power and scanning speed play a determining role in producing a relative density higher than 99.5% of the material’s theoretical density. A basic set of process parameters was selected for generating high-density material: laser power 250 W, laser speed 750 mm/s, layer thickness 40 µm, and hatch distance 0.11 mm. The 67° scanning strategy ensures higher roughness surfaces than the 90° scanning strategy, roughness that increases as the laser power increases and the laser speed decreases.

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Sood, Anoop Kumar, Azhar Equbal, Zahid A. Khan, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, and Mohamed Hussien. "FEM-Based Simulative Study for Multi-Response Optimization of Powder Bed Fusion Process." Mathematics 10, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10142505.

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Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an additive manufacturing technology which uses a heat source (laser) to sinter or fuse atomized powder particles together. A new layer of powder is spread over the previous layer using a roller, and then the laser power fuses them. This mechanism is repeated until the part model is completed. To reduce the time, effort, and cost, the present study incorporated the design of an experimental approach conjoined with finite element analysis (FEA) to simulate the LPBF process. A three-dimensional (3D) bi-material model was subjected to FEA with variations in temporal and spatial material characteristics. A Gaussian moving heat source model for the multi-scanning of a single layer was developed to understand the effect of process parameters, namely laser power, scan speed, and scan pattern on melt pool dimensions. Although, similar simulation models have been reported in the literature, the majority of these did not consider parametric variations. A few studies adopted multiple parameters which varied simultaneously, but the major limitation of these studies was that most of them did not consider multiple characteristics under a constrained environment. In the present research, the multi-parameter multi-level simulation study was performed to understand the process mechanism with fewer simulations. Results showed that the studied dimensions were sensitive to parameter setting, and that temperature variation within the melt pool was dependant on the material phase in the vicinity of the melt pool. This research proposed that melt pool dimensions must be accurately controlled for optimum process performance to achieve proper overlap between the adjacent scan lines and sufficient depth to complete bonding with the bottom layer. Since the involved criteria were of a conflicting nature, the problem of determining a single factor setting to obtain the desired results was solved using grey relational analysis (GRA). It was found that, among all the considered process parameters, scan velocity was the most significant one. This research recommended a maximum scan velocity i.e., v = 1.5 m/s, with a minimum laser power i.e., P = 80 W. In addition, it was also suggested that low energy density be used to melt the powder layer properly.

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Qi, Kun, Wenxing Wu, Pinghu Chen, Hao Liu, and Changjun Qiu. "The Relevance of Process Parameter Optimization and Geometric Figure for Direct Laser Deposition of Inconel 738 Alloy and Its Theoretical Modeling." Coatings 13, no. 11 (November 10, 2023): 1926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111926.

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In order to minimize the gaps between the direct laser deposition channels and improve the quality and performance of the formed parts, the process of direct laser deposition is utilized in laser additive manufacturing to create sequential, single- and double-channel deposition layers on 304 stainless steel plates. Under the premise of keeping the layer rate and defocusing amount unchanged, this study investigates the effects of laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate on the morphology and inclusions of single- and double-channel deposited layers. The aim is to determine the optimal process parameter values for direct laser deposition of single-layer, single-channel Inconel 738. The effects of the three process parameters on the response values were investigated using a multi-factor, multi-level experimental design. The evaluation indexes for the analysis included the deposited layer wetting angle and aspect ratio. The analysis involved one-way extreme analysis and ANOVA analysis. The optimal process parameters are a laser power of 550~750 W, a scanning speed of 7~13 mm/s, and the powder feeding rate was 2.1~4.33 g/min. At the same time, the relationship between surface tension and gravity was integrated with the spherical coronal model and Young’s equation to develop a mathematical model of the direct laser deposition process at a theoretical level. The mathematical model of the direct laser deposition process was utilized to analyze the correlation between the geometric parameters of the cross-section of the deposited layer. This analysis provides a valuable data reference for future Inconel 738 direct laser deposition.

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Park, Jeong Eun, Won Seok Choi, and Donggun Lim. "Optimization of Laser Fired Contact Process for the Formation of an Al-BSF Layer." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 2689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062689.

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The back-surface field (BSF) layer obtained through the laser fired contact (LFC) process is the key to increasing the efficiency of solar cells. In this paper, we studied the optimization of LFC process parameters—focusing on laser frequency, influence, and speed—to achieve good ohmic contacts, and to reduce the heat-affected zone (HAZ). As frequency increases, interactions between the laser and particles increase, with the particles becoming overly heated. This generates the thermal effect, in which heat is transferred to particles not directly affected by the laser—resulting in the HAZ becoming wider and deeper. Under different laser power conditions, depths of approximately 18 and 8.3 μm were observed at laser speeds of 10 and 100 mm/s, respectively. This analysis of performance variables allowed us to identify those best suited to forming an Al-BSF layer approximately 1.2 μm thick, which resulted in the best LFC procedure while minimizing the HAZ area. HAZ size was minimized at a frequency of 400 kHz, using 5 W laser power, and a laser speed of 100 mm/s, while the best cell characteristics were obtained using a laser pitch of 500 μm and a single laser process.

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Cheng, Rong, Xiao Yu Wu, and Jian Ping Zheng. "The Optimization Design Study of Selective Laser Sintering Process Parameters on the Pro-Coated Sand Mold." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.853.

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This paper presents experimental investigations on inﬂuence of important process parameters viz., laser power, scan speed, layer thickness, hatching space along with their interactions on dimensional accuracy of Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) processed pro-coated sand mold. It is observed that dimensional error is dominant along length and width direction of built mold. Optimum parameters setting to minimize percentage change in length and width of standard test specimen have been found out using Taguchi’s parameter design. Optimum process conditions are obtained by analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to understand the signiﬁcance of process variables affecting dimension accuracy. Scan speed and hatching space are found to be most signiﬁcant process variables inﬂuencing the dimension accuracy in length and width. And laser power and layer thickness are less influence on the dimension accuracy. The optimum processing parameters are attained in this paper: laser power 11 W; scan speed 1200 mm/s; layer thickness 0.5 mm and hatching space 0.25 mm. It has been shown that, on average, the dimensional accuracy under this processing parameters combination could be improved by approximately up to 25% compared to other processing parameters combinations.

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Piluso, Nicolò, Andrea Severino, Ruggero Anzalone, Maria Ausilia di Stefano, Enzo Fontana, Marco Salanitri, Simona Lorenti, Alberto Campione, Patrick Fiorenza, and Francesco La Via. "Growth of 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layer through Optimization of Buffer Layer." Materials Science Forum 924 (June 2018): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.84.

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In this work the deposition of buffer layer has been studied in order to increase the quality of the epitaxial layer and improve the performance of device. The comparison between two different thicknesses of buffer layer reveals a decrease of crystallographic defects and an improvement of electrical parameters of MOSFET device as leakage current and breakdown voltage.

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Ergezinger, S., and E. Thomsen. "An accelerated learning algorithm for multilayer perceptrons: optimization layer by layer." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 6, no. 1 (1995): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/72.363452.

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Li, Tiankai, Haiyang Long, Changming Qiu, Mingming Wang, Dongdong Li, Zhen Dong, and Yongliang Gui. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Process Parameters of 45 Steel Laser Cladding Ni60PTA Alloy Powder." Coatings 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070939.

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When laser cladding is used to repair parts, the interaction of parameters has a significant influence on equipment performance. In order to explore the process parameters and quality of Ni60PTA coating, the statistical relationship between the process parameters (laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate) and the responses (dilution ratio, ratio of layer width to height, and contact angle) was established by experiments using the response surface method (RSM) and variance analysis. The results show that the laser power is the dominant factor affecting the dilution ratio. However, the scanning speed has the greatest influence on the ratio of layer width to height and contact angle. These experimental results show that the proposed model can predict the actual data. In addition, the microstructure and microhardness of the samples prepared with the optimum process parameters were characterized. The results show that the quality of the cladding layer is good without cracks, deformation, and pores. The microstructure of the cladding zone is mainly composed of γ (Ni), FeNi3, M (M = Fe, Ni, Cr)23C6, M7C3, and CrB. The average microhardness of the coating is about 620 HV0.2, which is about 3.1 times that of 45 steel substrate.

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Wu, Ming Jun, Shi Hong Shi, Ge Yan Fu, and Yu Liu. "Process Parameters Control of Deposition of Hollow Cylindrical Part with Internal Wire Feeding through a Hollow Laser Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.305.

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A new inside-laser coaxial wire feeding processing is adopted that can ensure a good axiality between wire and laser beam through transmitting wire along the centerline of the laser beam. Basing on the optimization of process parameters and single beads cladding experiments, the causes of the uneven surface of the formed part is analyzed. By putting forward a method of the real-time control of the defocusing amount and the laser power, a fine multi-layer hollow rotary part is formed. The formed part has no subsidence damage and crack on the whole cladding layer. The size of the error is small and the hardness of the laser cladding is uniformly distributed.

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Ma, Da Wei, and Wen Bin Zhang. "Integrated Design and Manufacturing of Aviation Aluminum Alloy Support Based on SLM Technology." Key Engineering Materials 921 (May 30, 2022): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-82fvaw.

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Laser selective melting (SLM) is a manufacturing process that uses laser to melt metal powder layer by layer to form parts, which can realize the integrated manufacturing of complex parts. In this paper, SLM technology and topology optimization technology are combined to carry out the integrated design of the aviation aluminum alloy support . After optimization, the weight of the support is reduced by 24%, the maximum displacement is reduced by 82%, and the maximum stress is reduced by 65%. The process simulation analysis of the whole SLM forming process is carried out by using Simufact Additive software. On this basis, AlSi10Mg powder is selected for laser selective melting of the support, The forming of the whole structure meets the expectation, is in good agreement with the process simulation results, and there is no visible cracking failure.

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Allaire, Grégoire, and Lukas Jakabčin. "Taking into account thermal residual stresses in topology optimization of structures built by additive manufacturing." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 28, no. 12 (November 2018): 2313–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202518500501.

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We introduce a model and several constraints for shape and topology optimization of structures, built by additive manufacturing techniques. The goal of these constraints is to take into account the thermal residual stresses or the thermal deformations, generated by processes like Selective Laser Melting, right from the beginning of the structural design optimization. In other words, the structure is optimized concurrently for its final use and for its behavior during the layer-by-layer production process. It is well known that metallic additive manufacturing generates very high temperatures and heat fluxes, which in turn yield thermal deformations that may prevent the coating of a new powder layer, or thermal residual stresses that may hinder the mechanical properties of the final design. Our proposed constraints are targeted to avoid these undesired effects. Shape derivatives are computed by an adjoint method and are incorporated into a level set numerical optimization algorithm. Several 2D and 3D numerical examples demonstrate the interest and effectiveness of our approach.

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Wang Mengzhen, 王梦真, 王瑶 Wang Yao, 魏士钦 Wei Shiqin, 王芳 Wang Fang, 全智 Quan Zhi, and 刘玉怀 Liu Yuhuai. "基于空穴存储层的深紫外激光二极管性能优化." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, no. 23 (2022): 2314004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.2314004.

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Özkan, Burcu, Yusuf Dilsiz, Burak Küçükelyas, Ahmet Sever, Ali Bademlioğlu, Cihan Kaboğlu, and Deniz Uzunsoy. "Comprehensive optimization of selective laser melting process parameters for microstructure, density, hardness, and tribological performance of pure copper." Science of Sintering, no. 00 (2024): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos240215007o.

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This study is concerned with the optimisation of the processing parameters for the selective laser melting (SLM) of pure copper. The influence of these parameters on the microstructure, density and mechanical properties of copper samples produced by SLM is investigated in detail. Taguchi analysis is used to assess the importance of key building parameters including layer thickness, laser spot size and hatch distance on density. In addition, ANOVA is used to describe the contribution of each parameter to the density. The results reveal that layer thickness is the most effective parameter on density with an impact rate of 88.86%. Contrary to this situation, it appears that the effect of laser spot size and hatch distance on the density is quite limited, with an impact rate of 2.57% and 0.10%, respectively. Optimum results, including a relative density of 95.4% and a hardness of 63 HV, are achieved under specific parameters: a layer thickness of 0.03 mm, a hatch distance of 110 mm and a laser spot size of 70?m. This study provides a valuable insight into SLM processing of pure copper and offers practical recommendations for optimising the parameters used.

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Wang, Zisheng, Xingyu Jiang, Boxue Song, Guozhe Yang, Weijun Liu, Tongming Liu, Zhijia Ni, and Ren Zhang. "PSO-BP-Based Morphology Prediction Method for DED Remanufactured Deposited Layers." Sustainability 15, no. 8 (April 10, 2023): 6437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15086437.

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Directed energy deposition is a typical laser remanufacturing technology, which can effectively repair failed parts and extend their service life, and has been widely used in aerospace, metallurgy, energy and other high-end equipment key parts remanufacturing. However, the repair quality and performance of the repaired parts have been limited by the morphological and quality control problems of the process because of the formation mechanism and process of the deposition. The main reason is that the coupling of multiple process parameters makes the deposited layer morphology and surface properties difficult to be accurately predicted, which makes it difficult to regulate the process. Thus, the deposited layer forming mechanism and morphological properties of directed energy deposition were systematically analyzed, the height and width of multilayer deposition layers were taken as prediction targets, and a PSO-BP-based model for predicting the morphology of directed energy deposited layers was settled. The weights and thresholds of Back Propagation (BP) neural networks were optimized using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, the predicted values of deposited layer morphology for different process parameters were obtained, and the problem of low accuracy of deposited layer morphology prediction due to slow convergence and poor uniformity of the solution set of traditional optimization models was addressed. Remanufacturing experiments were conducted, and the experimental results showed that the deposited layer morphology prediction model proposed in this paper has a high prediction accuracy, with an average prediction error of 1.329% for the layer height and 0.442% for the layer width. The research of the paper provided an effective way to control the morphology and properties of the directed energy deposition process. A valuable contribution is made to the field of laser remanufacturing technology, and significant implications are held for various industries such as aerospace, metallurgy, and energy.

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Du, Yong, Zhenzhen Kong, Muhammet S. Toprak, Guilei Wang, Yuanhao Miao, Buqing Xu, Jiahan Yu, et al. "Investigation of the Heteroepitaxial Process Optimization of Ge Layers on Si (001) by RPCVD." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040928.

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This work presents the growth of high-quality Ge epilayers on Si (001) substrates using a reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition (RPCVD) chamber. Based on the initial nucleation, a low temperature high temperature (LT-HT) two-step approach, we systematically investigate the nucleation time and surface topography, influence of a LT-Ge buffer layer thickness, a HT-Ge growth temperature, layer thickness, and high temperature thermal treatment on the morphological and crystalline quality of the Ge epilayers. It is also a unique study in the initial growth of Ge epitaxy; the start point of the experiments includes Stranski–Krastanov mode in which the Ge wet layer is initially formed and later the growth is developed to form nuclides. Afterwards, a two-dimensional Ge layer is formed from the coalescing of the nuclides. The evolution of the strain from the beginning stage of the growth up to the full Ge layer has been investigated. Material characterization results show that Ge epilayer with 400 nm LT-Ge buffer layer features at least the root mean square (RMS) value and it’s threading dislocation density (TDD) decreases by a factor of 2. In view of the 400 nm LT-Ge buffer layer, the 1000 nm Ge epilayer with HT-Ge growth temperature of 650 °C showed the best material quality, which is conducive to the merging of the crystals into a connected structure eventually forming a continuous and two-dimensional film. After increasing the thickness of Ge layer from 900 nm to 2000 nm, Ge surface roughness decreased first and then increased slowly (the RMS value for 1400 nm Ge layer was 0.81 nm). Finally, a high-temperature annealing process was carried out and high-quality Ge layer was obtained (TDD=2.78 × 107 cm−2). In addition, room temperature strong photoluminescence (PL) peak intensity and narrow full width at half maximum (11 meV) spectra further confirm the high crystalline quality of the Ge layer manufactured by this optimized process. This work highlights the inducing, increasing, and relaxing of the strain in the Ge buffer and the signature of the defect formation.

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Wan, Hao Chuan, Ling Zheng, and Yi Nong Li. "Thickness Optimization Study of Constrained Damping Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.436.

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Based on Kirchhoff hypothesis, the vibration equations of constrained damping plate are established and the equations are solved. Influence of the thicknesses of constrained layer and viscoelastic layer on structural vibration character are analyzed, the curves of natural frequency and loss factor with different thicknesses of viscoelastic layer and constrained layer are obtained. The figures indicated that it is not the more thickness of the viscoelastic layer and constrained layer the higher of the loss factor. Both of the thicknesses have optimum values, which are interact. The relationship between of loss factor and added mass is investigated. The results show that various thickness plans can obtain the same loss factor but very different added mass. So it is very necessary to optimize the thickness of viscoelastic layer and constrained layer to obtain the best damping effect.

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Guzmán, Eduardo, Francisco Ortega, and Ramón G. Rubio. "Layer-by-Layer Nanoassemblies for Vaccination Purposes." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 5 (May 10, 2023): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051449.

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In recent years, the availability of effective vaccines has become a public health challenge due to the proliferation of different pandemic outbreaks which are a risk for the world population health. Therefore, the manufacturing of new formulations providing a robust immune response against specific diseases is of paramount importance. This can be partially faced by introducing vaccination systems based on nanostructured materials, and in particular, nanoassemblies obtained by the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method. This has emerged, in recent years, as a very promising alternative for the design and optimization of effective vaccination platforms. In particular, the versatility and modularity of the LbL method provide very powerful tools for fabricating functional materials, opening new avenues on the design of different biomedical tools, including very specific vaccination platforms. Moreover, the possibility to control the shape, size, and chemical composition of the supramolecular nanoassemblies obtained by the LbL method offers new opportunities for manufacturing materials which can be administered following specific routes and present very specific targeting. Thus, it will be possible to increase the patient convenience and the efficacy of the vaccination programs. This review presents a general overview on the state of the art of the fabrication of vaccination platforms based on LbL materials, trying to highlight some important advantages offered by these systems.

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Paven, Maxime, Periklis Papadopoulos, Lena Mammen, Xu Deng, Hermann Sachdev, Doris Vollmer, and Hans-Jürgen Butt. "Optimization of superamphiphobic layers based on candle soot." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-5015.

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Abstract Liquid repellent layers can be fabricated by coating a fractal-like layer of candle soot particles with a silicon oxide layer, combusting the soot at 600 °C and subsequently silanizing with perfluoroalkylsilanes. Drops of different liquids deposited on these so called “superamphiphobic” layers easily roll off thanks to the low liquid-solid adhesion. The lower value of the surface tension of liquids that can be repelled depends on details of the processing. Here, we analyze the influence of the soot deposition duration and height with respect to the flame on the structure and wetting properties of the superamphiphobic layer. The mean diameter of the soot particles depends on the distance from the wick. Close to the wick, the average diameter of the particles varies between 30 and 50 nm as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Close to the top of the flame, the particles size decreases to 10–20 nm. By measuring the mass of superamphiphobic layers and their thickness by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in reflection mode, we could determine that the average porosity is 0.91. The height-dependent structural differences affect the apparent contact and roll-off angles. Lowest contact angles are measured when soot is deposited close to the wick due to wax that is not completely burnt, smearing out the required overhanging structures. The small particle size close to the top of the flame also reduces contact angles, again due to decreasing size of overhangs. Sooting in the middle of the flame led to optimal liquid repellency. Furthermore, for sooting times longer than 45 s the properties of the layer did not change with sooting time, verifying the self-similarity of the layer.

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Shang, Xiaoyu. "Research on fast identification model of water-flooded layer in old oilfield-- Taking Xingbei area of Daqing Oilfield as an example." E3S Web of Conferences 358 (2022): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235801027.

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After long-term water flooding development in old oilfields, oil layers are generally flooded. Accurate and rapid recognize the water flooding layer is the key to later infill well layout and development plan adjustment. In this paper, taking Xingbei area of Daqing Oilfield as an example, on the basis of clarifying the characteristics of the water-flooded layer curve, through logging curve optimization, data preprocessing and algorithm model optimization processes, a rapid identification model of water-flooded layer suitable for this block is established. The results show that the HAC, CAL, RLLS and RMG curves with hidden duplicate information can be removed through the correlation screening of logging curves and the importance score of the tree model, which can reduce the amount of data calculation. When the four algorithms are used to identify the flooding level of each layer, the recognition rate of the XGboost algorithm can reach up to 95.45%; the reliability of this result has been confirmed in the model verification process (87.89%), which further shows that the model can be used to identify Xingbei area flooded.

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SHEN, Ye, Jing FENG, Min YIN, Weijun MA, and Lei JIANG. "Optimization methods for application layer multicast." Journal of Computer Applications 33, no. 12 (December 18, 2013): 3389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2013.03389.

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Liu, Derong, Bei Yu, Salim Chowdhury, and David Z. Pan. "Incremental Layer Assignment for Timing Optimization." ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems 22, no. 4 (July 22, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3083727.

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Spyker, R. L., and R. M. Nelms. "Optimization of double-layer capacitor arrays." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 36, no. 1 (2000): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.821815.

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Calian, V., G. Stoenescu, M. Ursache, M. Socaciu, and P. Rotaru. "Optimization of multiple layer semiconductor waveguides." Thin Solid Films 474, no. 1-2 (March 2005): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.05.129.

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Grzywiński, Maksym. "Optimization of Single-Layer Braced Domes." Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series. 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsb-2017-0006.

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Abstract The paper deals with discussion of optimization problem in civil engineering structural space design. Minimization of mass should satisfy the limit state capacity and serviceability conditions. The cross-sectional areas of bars and structural dimensions are taken as design variables. Variables are used in the form of continuous and discrete. The analysis is done using the Structural and Design of Experiments modules of Ansys Workbench v17.2. As result of the method a mass reduction of 46,6 % is achieved.

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Bogomol'nyi, V. M., and L. A. Vol'fson. "Optimization of double-layer plastic pipes." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 27, no. 7 (July 1991): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01262666.

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ZHANG, Zufan, Yu ZHANG, and Lisha LUO. "Layer rate allocation optimization algorithm with user cluster}{Layer rate allocation optimization algorithm with user cluster." SCIENTIA SINICA Informationis 47, no. 1 (September 30, 2016): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n112015-00256.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Layer by layer optimization'

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