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Journal articles on the topic 'Layer-2 and Layer-3 handoff'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Mohanty, S., and I. F. Akyildiz. "A Cross-Layer (Layer 2 + 3) Handoff Management Protocol for Next-Generation Wireless Systems." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 5, no. 10 (October 2006): 1347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2006.142.

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2

Blondia, C., O. Casals, Ll Cerdà, N. Van den Wijngaert, and G. Willems. "Performance Evaluation of Layer 3 Low Latency Handoff Mechanisms." Mobile Networks and Applications 9, no. 6 (December 2004): 633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mone.0000042502.65518.b5.

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3

Anwar, Farhat, Mosharrof H. Masud, and Suhaimi A. Latif. "Fuzzy Logic based Handoff Latency Reduction Mechanism in Layer 2 of Heterogeneous Mobile IPv6 Networks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 53 (December 20, 2013): 012085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/53/1/012085.

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4

Li, Ji-rui, Xiao-yong Li, and Rui Zhang. "Cross-layer collaboration handoff mechanism based on multi-attribute decision in mobile computation offloading." Soft Computing 23, no. 1 (October 11, 2017): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-017-2881-3.

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Abraham, Joanna, Christopher R. King, and Alicia Meng. "Ascertaining Design Requirements for Postoperative Care Transition Interventions." Applied Clinical Informatics 12, no. 01 (January 2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721780.

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Abstract Background Handoffs or care transitions from the operating room (OR) to intensive care unit (ICU) are fragmented and vulnerable to communication errors. Although protocols and checklists for standardization help reduce errors, such interventions suffer from limited sustainability. An unexplored aspect is the potential role of developing personalized postoperative transition interventions using artificial intelligence (AI)-generated risks. Objectives This study was aimed to (1) identify factors affecting sustainability of handoff standardization, (2) utilize a human-centered approach to develop design ideas and prototyping requirements for a sustainable handoff intervention, and (3) explore the potential role for AI risk assessment during handoffs. Methods We conducted four design workshops with 24 participants representing OR and ICU teams at a large medical academic center. Data collection phases were (1) open-ended questions, (2) closed card sorting of handoff information elements, and (3) scenario-based design ideation and prototyping for a handoff intervention. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Card sorts were further tallied to characterize handoff information elements as core, flexible, or unnecessary. Results Limited protocol awareness among clinicians and lack of an interdisciplinary electronic health record (EHR)-integrated handoff intervention prevented long-term sustainability of handoff standardization. Clinicians argued for a handoff intervention comprised of core elements (included for all patients) and flexible elements (tailored by patient condition and risks). They also identified unnecessary elements that could be omitted during handoffs. Similarities and differences in handoff intervention requirements among physicians and nurses were noted; in particular, clinicians expressed divergent views on the role of AI-generated postoperative risks. Conclusion Current postoperative handoff interventions focus largely on standardization of information transfer and handoff processes. Our design approach allowed us to visualize accurate models of user expectations for effective interdisciplinary communication. Insights from this study point toward EHR-integrated, “flexibly standardized” care transition interventions that can automatically generate a patient-centered summary and risk-based report.

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Boggan, Joel C., Tian Zhang, Chris DeRienzo, Karen Frush, and Kathryn Andolsek. "Standardizing and Evaluating Transitions of Care in the Era of Duty Hour Reform: One Institution's Resident-Led Effort." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-12-00287.

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Abstract Background Compliance with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hour standards may necessitate more frequent transitions of patient responsibility. Intervention We created a multidisciplinary Patient Safety and Quality Council with a Task Force on Handoffs (TFH), engaging residents at a large, university-based institution. Methods The TFH identified core content of effective handoffs and patterned institutional content on the SIGNOUTT mnemonic. A web-based module highlighting core content was developed for institutional orientation of all trainees beginning summer 2011 to standardize handoff education. The TFH distributed handoff material and catalogued additional program initiatives in teaching and evaluating handoffs. A standard handoff evaluation tool, assessing content, culture, and communication, was developed and “preloaded” into the institution-wide electronic evaluation system to standardize evaluation. The TFH developed questions pertaining to handoffs for an annual institutional survey in 2011 and 2012. Acceptability of efforts was measured by program participation, and feasibility was measured by estimating time and financial costs. Results Programs found the TFH's efforts to improve handoffs acceptable; to date, 13 program-specific teaching initiatives have been implemented, and the evaluation tool is being used by 5 programs. Time requirements for TFH participants average 2 to 3 h/mo, and financial costs are minimal. More residents reported having education on handoffs (58% [388 of 668] versus 42% [263 of 625], P < .001) and receiving adequate signouts (69% [469 of 680] versus 61% [384 of 625], P = .004) in the 2012 survey, compared with 2011. Conclusions Use of a multispecialty resident leadership group to address content, education, and evaluation of handoffs was feasible and acceptable to most programs at a large, university-based institution.

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Mohammed, Hussaim, M. M. A. Hashem, and Palash Gupta. "AN EFFICIENT PACKET SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR 4G IP-BASED MOBILE NETWORKS." IIUM Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (September 29, 2010): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v10i1.103.

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Next generation mobile networks are expected to provide seamless personal mobile communication and quality of service (QoS). Lossless handoff is a key issue for providing the QoS. This paper presents 4G node B Architecture, a two-layer downlink queuing model and proposes a scheduling mechanism for providing lossless handoff and QoS in mobile networks, which exploit IP as a transport technology for transferring datagrams between base stations and the high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) at the radio layer. In order to reduce handoff packet dropping rate at the radio layer and packet forwarding rate at the IP layer and to provide high system performance, new scheduling algorithms are performed at both IP and radio layer, which exploit handoff priority scheduling principles and take into account buffer occupancy and channel conditions. Performance results obtained by computer simulation show that, by exploiting the downlink queuing model and scheduling algorithms, the system is able to provide low handoff packet dropping rate, low packet forwarding rate, and high downlink throughput.

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Davis, Joshua, Catherine Roach, Cater Elliott, Matthew Mardis, Ellen M. Justice, and Lee Ann Riesenberg. "Feedback and Assessment Tools for Handoffs: A Systematic Review." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-16-00168.1.

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ABSTRACT Background Resident handoff communication skills are essential components of medical education training. There are no previous systematic reviews of feedback and evaluation tools for physician handoffs. Objective We performed a systematic review of articles focused on inpatient handoff feedback or assessment tools. Methods The authors conducted a systematic review of English-language literature published from January 1, 2008, to May 13, 2015 on handoff feedback or assessment tools used in undergraduate or graduate medical education. All articles were reviewed by 2 independent abstractors. Included articles were assessed using a quality scoring system. Results A total of 26 articles with 32 tools met inclusion criteria, including 3 focused on feedback, 8 on assessment, and 15 on both feedback and assessment. All tools were used in an inpatient setting. Feedback and/or assessment improved the content or organization measures of handoff, while process and professionalism measures were less reliably improved. The Handoff Clinical Evaluation Exercise or a similar tool was used most frequently. Of included studies, 23% (6 of 26) were validity evidence studies, and 31% (8 of 26) of articles included a tool with behavioral anchors. A total of 35% (9 of 26) of studies used simulation or standardized patient encounters. Conclusions A number of feedback and assessment tools for physician handoffs in several specialties have been studied. Limited research has been done on the studied tools. These tools may assist medical educators in assessing trainees' handoff skills.

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Mardis, Matthew, Joshua Davis, Branden Benningfield, Cater Elliott, Mallory Youngstrom, Brittany Nelson, Ellen M. Justice, and Lee Ann Riesenberg. "Shift-to-Shift Handoff Effects on Patient Safety and Outcomes." American Journal of Medical Quality 32, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1062860615612923.

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Multiple health care organizations have identified handoffs as a source of clinical errors; however, few studies have linked handoff interventions to improved patient outcomes. This systematic review of English-language research articles, published January 2008 to May 2015 and focusing on shift-to-shift handoff interventions and patient outcomes, yielded 10 774 unique articles. Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria, measuring each of the following: patient falls (n = 7), reportable events (n = 6), length of stay (n = 4), mortality (n = 4), code calls (n = 4), medication errors (n = 4), medical errors (n = 3), procedural complications (n = 2), pressure ulcers (n = 2), weekend discharges (n = 2), and nosocomial infections (n = 2). One study each also measured time to first intervention, restraint use, overnight transfusions, and out-of-hours deteriorations. Studies that reported funding had higher quality scores. It is difficult to identify trends in the handoff research because of simultaneous implementation of multiple interventions and heterogeneity of the interventions, outcomes measured, and settings. The authors call for increased handoff research funding, especially for studies that include patient outcome measures.

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Rathee, Geetanjali, Farhan Ahmad, Chaker A. Kerrache, and Muhammad Ajmal Azad. "A Trust Framework to Detect Malicious Nodes in Cognitive Radio Networks." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111299.

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Cognitive radio is considered as a pioneering technique in the domain of wireless communication as it enables and permits the Cognitive Users (CU) to exploit the unused channels of the Primary Users (PU) for communication and networking. The CU nodes access the vacant bands/channels through the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) cycle by executing its different phases, which are comprised of sensing, decision making, sharing (accessing) and hand-off (mobility). Among these phases, hand-off is the most critical phase as the CU needs to switch its current data transmissions to another available channel by recalling all the previous functions upon the emergence of a PU. Further, from the security perspective, a Malicious User (MU) may imitate the PU signal with the intention to never allow the CU to use its idle band, which ultimately degrades the overall network performance. Attacks such as the Cognitive User Emulation Attack (CUEA) and Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA) may be encountered by the handoff procedure, which need to be resolved. To address this issue, a secure and trusted routing and handoff mechanism is proposed specifically for the CRN environment, where malicious devices are identified at the lower layers, thus prohibiting them from being part of the communication network. Further, at the network layer, users need to secure their data that are transmitted through various intermediate nodes. To ensure a secure handoff and routing mechanism, a Trust Analyser (TA) is introduced between the CU nodes and network layer. The TA maintains the record of all the communicating nodes at the network layer while also computing the rating and trust value of the Handoff Cognitive User (HCUs) using the Social Impact Theory Optimizer (SITO). The simulation results suggest that the proposed solution leads to 88% efficiency in terms of better throughput of CRN during data communication, the packet loss ratio, the packet delivery ratio and the maximum and average authentication delay and clearly outperforms the prevailing mechanisms in all the parameters.

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Aylward, Michael, Lemuel Vawter, and Craig Roth. "An Interactive Handoff Workshop to Improve Intern Readiness in Patient Care Transitions." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-11-00067.1.

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Abstract Introduction Patient handoffs are common during residency and are often performed with little or no training. We devised a simple intervention to improve the readiness of interns to perform handoffs. Methods We administered a 90-minute interactive workshop during intern orientation in 2009 and 2010. It consisted of a discussion, a case presentation, and a trigger video, followed by debriefing and a role-play exercise. The workshop required minimal technology and materials. Interns were surveyed on their readiness to perform handoffs before and after the workshop as well as 3 to 6 months after the workshop. Results Eighty-nine interns participated in the workshop during a 2-year period. Seventy-four survey responses were collected. Self-reported readiness to perform a handoff increased by 26%. A total of 91% and 81% of respondents in 2010 and 2009, respectively, reported using aspects of the workshop up to 6 months later. Conclusion A brief workshop can improve interns' readiness to perform handoffs.

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12

Ozugur, T., and B. Sarikaya. "Combining layer 2-layer 3 paging for wireless LANs." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 5, no. 9 (September 2006): 2605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2006.1687785.

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13

Bagubali, A., Tanmay Verma, Anurag Anand, V. Prithiviraj, and P. S. Mallick. "Performance Analysis of Handover Schemes in Heterogeneous Networks." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 11 (June 6, 2018): 1850177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618501773.

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Internet protocol (IP)-based mobile systems are ushering new and faster technologies in wireless mobile networking. Therefore, the expectations from these network services with respect to data transfer rate and quality of service (QoS) are high. As such, meeting these requirements is the recent trend in modern wireless technologies. An important aspect regarding such improvements is the modification of handoff schemes between different networks. In this paper, we are focusing on the recent trends based on seamless handoff scheme in heterogeneous networks such as worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and long term evolution (LTE). The development of the session initiation protocol (SIP) Prior-INVITE scheme is an improvement on the earlier used SIP Re-INVITE method, which comes a long way in decreasing the average handoff delay. The performance analysis using software simulation on account of various parameters, such as handoff delay, cost of signaling and packet loss rate are accomplished in this work. The performance analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme outperforms the ordinary cross-layer scheme and noncross-layer scheme in a vertical handover scenario.

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Bhuvaneswari, A., and E. George Dharma Prakash Raj. "A Cross Layer based Vertical Handoff Decision Making Framework." International Journal of Computer Applications 50, no. 19 (July 31, 2012): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/7912-1160.

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15

Ei, Thazin, and Wang Furong. "Cross-Layer Handoff Management Algorithm on Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." Information Technology Journal 7, no. 5 (June 15, 2008): 820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2008.820.824.

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16

Janée, Greg, James Frew, and Terry Moore. "Relay-supporting Archives: Requirements and Progress." International Journal of Digital Curation 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2009): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v4i1.78.

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We characterize long-term preservation of digital content as an extended relay in time, in which repeated handoffs of information occur independently at every architectural layer: at the physical layer, where bits are handed off between storage systems; at the logical layer, where digital objects are handed off between repository systems; and at the administrative layer, where collections of objects and relationships are handed off between archives, curators, and institutions. We examine the support of current preservation technologies for these handoffs, note shortcomings, and argue that some modest improvements would result in a "relay-supporting" preservation infrastructure, one that provides a baseline level of preservation by mitigating the risk of fundamental information loss. Finally, we propose a series of tests to validate a relay-supporting infrastructure, including a second Archive Ingest and Handling Test (AIHT).

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Gupta, Kriti Priya. "Performance Analysis of Cellular Radio System Using Artificial Neural Networks." International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences 2, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v2i9.73.

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In this paper, we exploit one of the fastest growing techniques of Soft Computing, i.e. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for obtaining various performance measures of a cellular radio system. A prioritized channel scheme with subrating is considered in which a fixed number of channels are reserved for handoff calls and in case of heavy traffic, these reserved channels are subrated into two channels of equal frequency to deal with more handoff calls. Two models dealing with infinite and finite number of subscribers are considered and the blocking probabilities of new and handoff calls are computed analytically as well as by using ANNs. A feedforward two-layer ANN is considered for obtaining the blocking probabilities. The backpropagation algorithm is used for training the ANN. The analytical and ANN results are compared by taking the numerical illustrations.

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Noori, Roman. "Network Security Attacks and Countermeasures on Layer 2 and Layer 3 Network Devices." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 1173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33462.

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Larkum, Matthew E., Shigeo Watanabe, Takeshi Nakamura, Nechama Lasser‐Ross, and William N. Ross. "Synaptically Activated Ca 2+ Waves in Layer 2/3 and Layer 5 Rat Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons." Journal of Physiology 549, no. 2 (June 2003): 471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037614.

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Huang, Chung-ming, and Chao-hsien Lee. "Layer 7 Multimedia Proxy Handoff Using Anycast/Multicast in Mobile Networks." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 6, no. 4 (April 2007): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2007.55.

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Mishra, Arunesh, Minho Shin, and William Arbaugh. "An empirical analysis of the IEEE 802.11 MAC layer handoff process." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 33, no. 2 (April 2003): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/956981.956990.

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Wei Kuang Lai and Jung Chia Chiu. "Improving handoff performance in wireless overlay networks by switching between two-layer IPv6 and one-layer IPv6 addressing." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 23, no. 11 (November 2005): 2129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2005.856828.

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TAKIMORI, Tohru, Tetsuro OGAWA, and Makoto NISHIDA. "Excitatory Synaptic Connections to Layer 5 Neurons from Layer 2/3 in Visual Cortex." International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources 4, no. 1 (1996): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5188/ijsmer.4.30.

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Takata, Norio, and Hajime Hirase. "Cortical Layer 1 and Layer 2/3 Astrocytes Exhibit Distinct Calcium Dynamics In Vivo." PLoS ONE 3, no. 6 (June 25, 2008): e2525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002525.

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Hang, Giao B., and Yang Dan. "Asymmetric Temporal Integration of Layer 4 and Layer 2/3 Inputs in Visual Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 1 (January 2011): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00159.2010.

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Neocortical neurons in vivo receive concurrent synaptic inputs from multiple sources, including feedforward, horizontal, and feedback pathways. Layer 2/3 of the visual cortex receives feedforward input from layer 4 and horizontal input from layer 2/3. Firing of the pyramidal neurons, which carries the output to higher cortical areas, depends critically on the interaction of these pathways. Here we examined synaptic integration of inputs from layer 4 and layer 2/3 in rat visual cortical slices. We found that the integration is sublinear and temporally asymmetric, with larger responses if layer 2/3 input preceded layer 4 input. The sublinearity depended on inhibition, and the asymmetry was largely attributable to the difference between the two inhibitory inputs. Interestingly, the asymmetric integration was specific to pyramidal neurons, and it strongly affected their spiking output. Thus via cortical inhibition, the temporal order of activation of layer 2/3 and layer 4 pathways can exert powerful control of cortical output during visual processing.

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Wang, Jiang-Jing, Jun Wang, Yazhi Xu, Tianjiao Xin, Zhitang Song, Marc Pohlmann, Marvin Kaminski, et al. "Layer‐Switching Mechanisms in Sb 2 Te 3." physica status solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters 13, no. 10 (July 26, 2019): 1900320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201900320.

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27

Mohini Joshi and Kishore Kumbhare. "A Review on Efficient Mac Layer Handoff Protocol to Reduce Handoff Latency for Wi-Fi Based Wireless Network." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science and Engineering 6, no. 2 (April 2018): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijsrcse/v6i2.8286.

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Byun, Sang-Seon, Kimmo Kansanen, Ilangko Balasingham, and Joon-Min Gil. "Achieving Fair Spectrum Allocation and Reduced Spectrum Handoff in Wireless Sensor Networks: Modeling via Biobjective Optimization." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/406462.

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This paper considers the problem of centralized spectrum allocations in wireless sensor networks towards the following goals: (1) maximizing fairness, (2) reflecting the priority among sensor data, and (3) avoiding unnecessary spectrum handoff. We cast this problem into a multiobjective mixed integer nonconvex nonlinear programming that is definitely difficult to solve at least globally without any aid of conversion or approximation. To tackle this intractability, we first convexify the original problem using arithmetic-geometric mean approximation and logarithmic change of the decision variables and then deploy weighted Chebyshev norm-based scalarization method in order to collapse the multiobjective problem into a single objective one. Finally, we apply simple rounding method in order to obtain approximate integer solutions. The results obtained from the numerical experiments show that, by adjusting the weight on each objective function, the proposed algorithm allocates spectrum bands fairly with well observing each sensor’s priority and reduced spectrum handoffs.

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Kim, DongHwi, and Jongpil Jeong. "Analytical Approach of Cross-Layer-Based Handoff Scheme in Heterogeneous Mobile Networks." Journal of the Institute of Webcasting, Internet and Telecommunication 13, no. 6 (December 31, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiibc.2013.13.6.1.

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Hamdaoui, B., and P. Ramanathan. "A Network-Layer Soft Handoff Approach for Mobile Wireless IP-Based Systems." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 22, no. 4 (May 2004): 630–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2004.825986.

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Lin, Pochiang, Tsungnan Lin, and Chiapin Wang. "Performance analysis of a cross-layer handoff ordering scheme in wireless networks." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 7, no. 12 (December 2008): 5166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/t-wc.2008.070747.

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32

Goth, Greg. "Major Players Battle over Layers: Layer-2 and Layer-3 Vendors Tussle over Metro Links." IEEE Internet Computing 11, no. 5 (September 2007): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mic.2007.112.

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Qin, Dan, Tian-Jiao Zhang, Cheng-Bing Ma, and Guo-Yu Yang. "Two novel 3D borates: porous-layer and layer-pillar frameworks." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 12 (2020): 3824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt03867a.

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Two new borates, NaK_1.5[B{B₅O₉(OH)}{B₅O₈(OH)₂}_1/2] (1) and Na_3.5[Al{B₃O₆(OH)}{B₅O₁₀}_1/2{BO(OH)}] (2), have been made solvothermally, showing a 3D porous-layered and a 3D layer-pillared framework, respectively.

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Sinky, Hassan, Bechir Hamdaoui, and Mohsen Guizani. "Seamless Handoffs in Wireless HetNets: Transport-Layer Challenges and Multi-Path TCP Solutions with Cross-Layer Awareness." IEEE Network 33, no. 2 (March 2019): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2018.1800017.

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Brazdeikis, A., A. Vailionis, and A. S. Flodström. "Layer-by-layer growth of Bi2Sr2Can-1CunOx films with n≥3 by molecular beam epitaxy." Physica C: Superconductivity 235-240 (December 1994): 711–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(94)91579-2.

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Jang, Hyun-Jong, Kwang-Hyun Cho, Sung-Won Park, Myung-Jun Kim, Shin Hee Yoon, and Duck-Joo Rhie. "Layer-specific serotonergic facilitation of IPSC in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 1 (January 2012): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00535.2011.

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Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) inhibits the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity in layer 2/3 of the visual cortex at the end of its critical period in rats. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Since inhibitory influence is crucial in the induction of synaptic plasticity, the effect of 5-HT on inhibitory transmission was investigated in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the primary visual cortex. The amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC), but not excitatory postsynaptic current, evoked by stimulation of the underlying layer 4, was increased by ∼20% with a bath application of 5-HT. The amplitude of miniature IPSC was also increased by the application of 5-HT, while the paired-pulse ratio was not changed. The facilitating effect of 5-HT on IPSC was mediated by the activation of 5-HT2 receptors. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ via release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive stores, which was confirmed by confocal Ca2+ imaging, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) were involved in the facilitation of IPSC by 5-HT. However, 5-HT failed to facilitate IPSC evoked by the stimulation of layer 1. These results suggest that activation of 5-HT2 receptors releases intracellular Ca2+ via IP3-sensitive stores, which facilitates GABAAergic transmission via the activation of CaMKII in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the visual cortex in a layer-specific manner. Thus facilitation of inhibitory transmission by 5-HT might be involved in regulating the information flow and the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity, in a pathway-specific manner.

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Takata, Norio, and Hajime Hirase. "Spontaneous calcium activities of astrocytes in vivo differ between cortical layer 1 and layer 2/3." Neuroscience Research 58 (January 2007): S198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.889.

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Abdelaty, Momen S. A. "Layer by Layer Photo-Cross-Linked Environmental Functional hydrogel Thin Films Based on Vanillin: Part 3." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 27, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 1212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01421-2.

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Yang, Juan, Xin Zhang, Biao Liu, Wei Sun, and Ya-Xi Huang. "K2[FeII 3(P2O7)2(H2O)2]." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68, no. 6 (May 19, 2012): i47—i48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536812021484.

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The title compound, dipotassium diaquabis(diphosphato)triferrate(II), K2[FeII 3(P2O7)2(H2O)2], was synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The crystal structure is isotypic with its Co analogue. In the structure, there are two crystallographically distinct Fe positions; one lies on an inversion center, the other on a general position. The first Fe2+ cation adopts a regular octahedral coordination with six O atoms, whereas the other is coordinated by five O atoms and a water molecule. The [FeO6] octahedron shares its trans-edges with an adjacent [FeO5(H2O)] octahedron; in turn, the [FeO5(H2O)] octahedron shares skew-edges with a neighbouring [FeO6] octahedron and an [FeO5(H2O)] octahedron, resulting in a zigzag octahedral chain running along [001]. The zigzag chains are linked to each other by the P2O7 diphosphate groups, leading to a corrugated iron diphosphate layer, [Fe3(P2O7)2(H2O)2]2−, parallel to (100). The interlayer space is occupied by K+ cations, which adopt an eight-coordination to seven O atoms and one water molecule from a neighbouring iron diphosphate layer. Thus, the K+ ions not only compensate the negative charge of the layer but also link the layers into a network structure.

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T, Sasikala, and Srivatsa S.K. "MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF HANDOFF IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS USING NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOL." International Journal on Information Sciences and Computing 2, no. 1 (2008): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18000/ijisac.50023.

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QIAO, Xiaoyu, Zhenhui TAN, Bo AI, and Jiaying SONG. "Spectrum Handoff for Cognitive Radio Systems Based on Prediction Considering Cross-Layer Optimization." IEICE Transactions on Communications E93-B, no. 12 (2010): 3274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e93.b.3274.

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SHU, Tong, Min LIU, and Zhong-Cheng LI. "Performance Analysis of a Network-Layer Soft Vertical Handoff Scheme Without Packet Reordering." Chinese Journal of Computers 33, no. 1 (April 22, 2010): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1016.2010.00023.

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Ben-Jye Chang and Jun-Fu Chen. "Cross-Layer-Based Adaptive Vertical Handoff With Predictive RSS in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 57, no. 6 (November 2008): 3679–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2008.921619.

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Chien-Chao Tseng, Li-Hsing Yen, Hung-Hsin Chang, and Kai-Cheng Hsu. "Topology-aided cross-layer fast handoff designs for IEEE 802.11/mobile IP environments." IEEE Communications Magazine 43, no. 12 (December 2005): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2005.1561933.

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Chen, Yuh-Shyan, Wei-Han Hsiao, and Kau-Lin Chiu. "A cross-layer partner-based fast handoff mechanism for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks." International Journal of Communication Systems 22, no. 12 (December 2009): 1515–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.1033.

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Mousa, Allam. "Prioritization Schemes in Queuing Handoff and New Calls to Reduce Call Drops in Cellular Systems." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 3, no. 2 (April 2011): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmcmc.2011040104.

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This paper proposes different queuing scenarios to avoid dropping of handoff and new calls in a cellular phone network, which is essential when the network has certain restrictions on the available frequencies. This limitation degrades the performance of the system and more sites are required to achieve the desired capacity and coverage. However, this leads to a higher percentage of call drops during handoff. This paper presents a queuing technique for both new and handoff calls to reduce the probability of call drop in such a system, leading to improvement in QoS. The proposed scenarios show better system performance. The blocking probability is reduced from 2% down to 0.04% for queuing handoff calls and from 2% to 1.14% when queuing new calls using the same technique. The four different presented approaches are: 1) only new calls are queued; 2) only handoff calls are queued; 3) by using all available channels; 4) by using only half. The queuing size also plays an important role for both new and handoff calls.

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Shah, Tuhin, RK Agarwal, RK Gupta, CS Agrawal, and S. Khaniya. "Single-layer versus double-layer intestinal anastomosis: A comparative study." Health Renaissance 13, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v13i2.17563.

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Background: Intestinal anastomosis is essential to maintain the continuity after resection. There has been constant controversy due to various repair options. Adequate apposition can be achieved by either single- or double-layer anastomosis which may affect the post-operative outcome.Objective: To compare the outcome of single-layer versus double-layer anastomosis of small and large intestine.Method: This prospective comparative study was conducted over a period of 16 months, and included 78 patients who underwent intestinal anastomosis (without diverting stoma) after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomized into double-layer and single-layer intestinal anastomosis groups by a computer generated series. Double layer anastomosis was constructed using inner continuous Polyglactin 3-0 and outer interrupted Silk 3-0, while single layer anastomosis was done with interrupted PDS 2-0.Result: The mean age was 39.79±17.78 years. A total of 59% were operated in emergency room while 41% in elective setting. Overall mean time for anastomosis was 31.81±6.03 (21-50) minutes. In double- and single-layer intestinal anastomosis mean time was 34.35±5.80 (26-50) and 29.13±5.08 (21-45) minutes respectively, which was statistically significant (p value < 0.05). Single-layer was completed 5 minutes earlier than double layer anastomosis in average. Clinical anastomotic leak was seen in six (7.7%) patients, three in each group. Eight (10.3%) patients had surgical site infection: 3 in double-layer and 5 in single-layer groups. One (1.3%) mortality was seen, from single-layer anastomosis group.Conclusion: Single-layer anastomosis can be constructed in significantly shorter time with similar complication rate when compared to doublelayer anastomosis.Health Renaissance 2015;13(2): 134-143

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Sarid, L., D. Feldmeyer, A. Gidon, B. Sakmann, and I. Segev. "Contribution of Intracolumnar Layer 2/3-to-Layer 2/3 Excitatory Connections in Shaping the Response to Whisker Deflection in Rat Barrel Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 25, no. 4 (October 27, 2013): 849–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht268.

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Oishi, Koji, Michihiko Aramaki, and Kazunori Nakajima. "Mutually repressive interaction between Brn1/2 and Rorb contributes to the establishment of neocortical layer 2/3 and layer 4." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 12 (March 7, 2016): 3371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515949113.

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Although several molecules have been shown to play important roles in subtype specification of neocortical neurons, the entire mechanism involved in the specification, in particular, of upper cortical plate (UCP) neurons still remains unclear. The UCP, which is responsible for intracortical connections in the neocortex, comprises histologically, functionally, and molecularly different layer 2/3 (L2/3) and L4. Here, we report the essential interactions between two types of transcription factors, Rorb (RAR-related orphan receptor beta) and Brn1/2 (Brain-1/Brain-2), for UCP specification. We found that Brn2 expression was detected in all upper layers in the immature UCP, but was subsequently restricted to L2/3, accompanied by up-regulation of Rorb in L4, suggesting demarcation of L2/3 and L4 during cortical maturation. Rorb indeed inhibited Brn2 expression and the expression of other L2/3 characteristics, revealed by ectopic expression and knockdown studies. Moreover, this inhibition occurred through direct binding of Rorb to the Brn2 locus. Conversely, Brn1/2 also inhibited Rorb expression and the expression of several L4 characteristics. Together, these results suggest that a mutually repressive mechanism exists between Brn1/2 and Rorb expression and that the established expression of Brn1/2 and Rorb further specifies those neurons into L2/3 and L4, respectively, during UCP maturation.

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Putri, Saskia Biyakto, Endang Sri Lestari, and Vincentia Rizke Ciptaningtyas. "Sterility of Gauze Packed in One and Three Layer Layer Parchment Paper." Sains Medika 8, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/sainsmed.v8i1.1005.

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Intoduction: Sterile gauze is one of the medical devices that are often used to prevent infection. Several things, one of them is materials for packaging, can affect the sterility of gauze. Parchment paper is one of the packaging materials for sterilization. The study was done to analyze the sterility of gauze packed with parchment paper one layer and three layers on the growth of microorganism.Method: This study was an experimental study with a quasi-experimental design. Samples were 60 gauze packed with one layer parchment paper and 60 gauze packed with three layers of parchment paper. The sterility of sterile gauze tested at weeks 0, 2 and 4. Results: There was no significant difference in the sterility of gauze packed with 1 layer of parchment paper on the growth of microorganisms at 0, 2, 4 weeks (p = 0.126). No significant difference in the sterility of sterile gauze packed with 3 layers of parchment paper at 0, 2, 4 weeks (p = 0.675). There was a significant difference in the sterility of sterile gauze packed with parchment paper 1 layer and 3 layers on the growth of microorganisms (p = 0.002).Conclusion There is a significant difference of sterile gauze packed with parchment paper 1 layer and 3 layers against the growth of microorganisms. The sterility of the packaged sterile gauze with a layer of parchment paper is better than the three layers.

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