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Academic literature on the topic 'Layer-2 and Layer-3 handoff'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Layer-2 and Layer-3 handoff"

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Mohanty, S., and I. F. Akyildiz. "A Cross-Layer (Layer 2 + 3) Handoff Management Protocol for Next-Generation Wireless Systems." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 5, no. 10 (October 2006): 1347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2006.142.

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Blondia, C., O. Casals, Ll Cerdà, N. Van den Wijngaert, and G. Willems. "Performance Evaluation of Layer 3 Low Latency Handoff Mechanisms." Mobile Networks and Applications 9, no. 6 (December 2004): 633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mone.0000042502.65518.b5.

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Anwar, Farhat, Mosharrof H. Masud, and Suhaimi A. Latif. "Fuzzy Logic based Handoff Latency Reduction Mechanism in Layer 2 of Heterogeneous Mobile IPv6 Networks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 53 (December 20, 2013): 012085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/53/1/012085.

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Li, Ji-rui, Xiao-yong Li, and Rui Zhang. "Cross-layer collaboration handoff mechanism based on multi-attribute decision in mobile computation offloading." Soft Computing 23, no. 1 (October 11, 2017): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-017-2881-3.

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Abraham, Joanna, Christopher R. King, and Alicia Meng. "Ascertaining Design Requirements for Postoperative Care Transition Interventions." Applied Clinical Informatics 12, no. 01 (January 2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721780.

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Abstract Background Handoffs or care transitions from the operating room (OR) to intensive care unit (ICU) are fragmented and vulnerable to communication errors. Although protocols and checklists for standardization help reduce errors, such interventions suffer from limited sustainability. An unexplored aspect is the potential role of developing personalized postoperative transition interventions using artificial intelligence (AI)-generated risks. Objectives This study was aimed to (1) identify factors affecting sustainability of handoff standardization, (2) utilize a human-centered approach to develop design ideas and prototyping requirements for a sustainable handoff intervention, and (3) explore the potential role for AI risk assessment during handoffs. Methods We conducted four design workshops with 24 participants representing OR and ICU teams at a large medical academic center. Data collection phases were (1) open-ended questions, (2) closed card sorting of handoff information elements, and (3) scenario-based design ideation and prototyping for a handoff intervention. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Card sorts were further tallied to characterize handoff information elements as core, flexible, or unnecessary. Results Limited protocol awareness among clinicians and lack of an interdisciplinary electronic health record (EHR)-integrated handoff intervention prevented long-term sustainability of handoff standardization. Clinicians argued for a handoff intervention comprised of core elements (included for all patients) and flexible elements (tailored by patient condition and risks). They also identified unnecessary elements that could be omitted during handoffs. Similarities and differences in handoff intervention requirements among physicians and nurses were noted; in particular, clinicians expressed divergent views on the role of AI-generated postoperative risks. Conclusion Current postoperative handoff interventions focus largely on standardization of information transfer and handoff processes. Our design approach allowed us to visualize accurate models of user expectations for effective interdisciplinary communication. Insights from this study point toward EHR-integrated, “flexibly standardized” care transition interventions that can automatically generate a patient-centered summary and risk-based report.
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Boggan, Joel C., Tian Zhang, Chris DeRienzo, Karen Frush, and Kathryn Andolsek. "Standardizing and Evaluating Transitions of Care in the Era of Duty Hour Reform: One Institution's Resident-Led Effort." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-12-00287.

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Abstract Background Compliance with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hour standards may necessitate more frequent transitions of patient responsibility. Intervention We created a multidisciplinary Patient Safety and Quality Council with a Task Force on Handoffs (TFH), engaging residents at a large, university-based institution. Methods The TFH identified core content of effective handoffs and patterned institutional content on the SIGNOUTT mnemonic. A web-based module highlighting core content was developed for institutional orientation of all trainees beginning summer 2011 to standardize handoff education. The TFH distributed handoff material and catalogued additional program initiatives in teaching and evaluating handoffs. A standard handoff evaluation tool, assessing content, culture, and communication, was developed and “preloaded” into the institution-wide electronic evaluation system to standardize evaluation. The TFH developed questions pertaining to handoffs for an annual institutional survey in 2011 and 2012. Acceptability of efforts was measured by program participation, and feasibility was measured by estimating time and financial costs. Results Programs found the TFH's efforts to improve handoffs acceptable; to date, 13 program-specific teaching initiatives have been implemented, and the evaluation tool is being used by 5 programs. Time requirements for TFH participants average 2 to 3 h/mo, and financial costs are minimal. More residents reported having education on handoffs (58% [388 of 668] versus 42% [263 of 625], P < .001) and receiving adequate signouts (69% [469 of 680] versus 61% [384 of 625], P = .004) in the 2012 survey, compared with 2011. Conclusions Use of a multispecialty resident leadership group to address content, education, and evaluation of handoffs was feasible and acceptable to most programs at a large, university-based institution.
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Mohammed, Hussaim, M. M. A. Hashem, and Palash Gupta. "AN EFFICIENT PACKET SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR 4G IP-BASED MOBILE NETWORKS." IIUM Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (September 29, 2010): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v10i1.103.

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Next generation mobile networks are expected to provide seamless personal mobile communication and quality of service (QoS). Lossless handoff is a key issue for providing the QoS. This paper presents 4G node B Architecture, a two-layer downlink queuing model and proposes a scheduling mechanism for providing lossless handoff and QoS in mobile networks, which exploit IP as a transport technology for transferring datagrams between base stations and the high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) at the radio layer. In order to reduce handoff packet dropping rate at the radio layer and packet forwarding rate at the IP layer and to provide high system performance, new scheduling algorithms are performed at both IP and radio layer, which exploit handoff priority scheduling principles and take into account buffer occupancy and channel conditions. Performance results obtained by computer simulation show that, by exploiting the downlink queuing model and scheduling algorithms, the system is able to provide low handoff packet dropping rate, low packet forwarding rate, and high downlink throughput.
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Davis, Joshua, Catherine Roach, Cater Elliott, Matthew Mardis, Ellen M. Justice, and Lee Ann Riesenberg. "Feedback and Assessment Tools for Handoffs: A Systematic Review." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-16-00168.1.

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ABSTRACT Background Resident handoff communication skills are essential components of medical education training. There are no previous systematic reviews of feedback and evaluation tools for physician handoffs. Objective We performed a systematic review of articles focused on inpatient handoff feedback or assessment tools. Methods The authors conducted a systematic review of English-language literature published from January 1, 2008, to May 13, 2015 on handoff feedback or assessment tools used in undergraduate or graduate medical education. All articles were reviewed by 2 independent abstractors. Included articles were assessed using a quality scoring system. Results A total of 26 articles with 32 tools met inclusion criteria, including 3 focused on feedback, 8 on assessment, and 15 on both feedback and assessment. All tools were used in an inpatient setting. Feedback and/or assessment improved the content or organization measures of handoff, while process and professionalism measures were less reliably improved. The Handoff Clinical Evaluation Exercise or a similar tool was used most frequently. Of included studies, 23% (6 of 26) were validity evidence studies, and 31% (8 of 26) of articles included a tool with behavioral anchors. A total of 35% (9 of 26) of studies used simulation or standardized patient encounters. Conclusions A number of feedback and assessment tools for physician handoffs in several specialties have been studied. Limited research has been done on the studied tools. These tools may assist medical educators in assessing trainees' handoff skills.
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Mardis, Matthew, Joshua Davis, Branden Benningfield, Cater Elliott, Mallory Youngstrom, Brittany Nelson, Ellen M. Justice, and Lee Ann Riesenberg. "Shift-to-Shift Handoff Effects on Patient Safety and Outcomes." American Journal of Medical Quality 32, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1062860615612923.

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Multiple health care organizations have identified handoffs as a source of clinical errors; however, few studies have linked handoff interventions to improved patient outcomes. This systematic review of English-language research articles, published January 2008 to May 2015 and focusing on shift-to-shift handoff interventions and patient outcomes, yielded 10 774 unique articles. Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria, measuring each of the following: patient falls (n = 7), reportable events (n = 6), length of stay (n = 4), mortality (n = 4), code calls (n = 4), medication errors (n = 4), medical errors (n = 3), procedural complications (n = 2), pressure ulcers (n = 2), weekend discharges (n = 2), and nosocomial infections (n = 2). One study each also measured time to first intervention, restraint use, overnight transfusions, and out-of-hours deteriorations. Studies that reported funding had higher quality scores. It is difficult to identify trends in the handoff research because of simultaneous implementation of multiple interventions and heterogeneity of the interventions, outcomes measured, and settings. The authors call for increased handoff research funding, especially for studies that include patient outcome measures.
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Rathee, Geetanjali, Farhan Ahmad, Chaker A. Kerrache, and Muhammad Ajmal Azad. "A Trust Framework to Detect Malicious Nodes in Cognitive Radio Networks." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111299.

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Cognitive radio is considered as a pioneering technique in the domain of wireless communication as it enables and permits the Cognitive Users (CU) to exploit the unused channels of the Primary Users (PU) for communication and networking. The CU nodes access the vacant bands/channels through the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) cycle by executing its different phases, which are comprised of sensing, decision making, sharing (accessing) and hand-off (mobility). Among these phases, hand-off is the most critical phase as the CU needs to switch its current data transmissions to another available channel by recalling all the previous functions upon the emergence of a PU. Further, from the security perspective, a Malicious User (MU) may imitate the PU signal with the intention to never allow the CU to use its idle band, which ultimately degrades the overall network performance. Attacks such as the Cognitive User Emulation Attack (CUEA) and Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA) may be encountered by the handoff procedure, which need to be resolved. To address this issue, a secure and trusted routing and handoff mechanism is proposed specifically for the CRN environment, where malicious devices are identified at the lower layers, thus prohibiting them from being part of the communication network. Further, at the network layer, users need to secure their data that are transmitted through various intermediate nodes. To ensure a secure handoff and routing mechanism, a Trust Analyser (TA) is introduced between the CU nodes and network layer. The TA maintains the record of all the communicating nodes at the network layer while also computing the rating and trust value of the Handoff Cognitive User (HCUs) using the Social Impact Theory Optimizer (SITO). The simulation results suggest that the proposed solution leads to 88% efficiency in terms of better throughput of CRN during data communication, the packet loss ratio, the packet delivery ratio and the maximum and average authentication delay and clearly outperforms the prevailing mechanisms in all the parameters.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Layer-2 and Layer-3 handoff"

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Venkatachalaiah, Suresh, and suresh@catt rmit edu au. "Mobility prediction and Multicasting in Wireless Networks: Performance and Analysis." RMIT University. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070301.130037.

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Handoff is a call handling mechanism that is invoked when a mobile node moves from one cell to another. Such movement may lead to degradation in performance for wireless networks as a result of packet losses. A promising technique proposed in this thesis is to apply multicasting techniques aided by mobility prediction in order to improve handoff performance. In this thesis, we present a method that uses a Grey model for mobility prediction and a fuzzy logic controller that has been fine-tuned using evolutionary algorithms in order to improve prediction accuracy. We also compare the self-tuning algorithm with two evolutionary algorithms in terms of accuracy and their convergence times. Our proposed method takes into account signal strengths from the base stations and predicts the signal strength of the next candidate base station in order to provide improved handover performance. The primary decision for mobility prediction is the accurate prediction of signal strengths obtained from the base stations and remove any unwanted errors in the prediction using suitable optimisation techniques. Furthermore, the model includes the procedures of fine-tuning the predicted data using fuzzy parameters. We also propose suitable multicasting algorithms to minimise the reservation of overall network resource requirements during handoff with the mobility prediction information. To be able to efficiently solve the problem, the situation is modelled using a multicast tree that is defined to maintain connectivity with the mobile node, whilst ensuring bandwidth guarantees and a minimum hop-count. In this approach, we have tried to solve the problem by balancing two objectives through putting a weight on each of two costs. We provide a detailed description of an algorithm to implement join and prune mechanisms, which will help to build an optimal multicast tree with QoS requirements during handoff as well as incorporating dynamic changes in the positions of mobile nodes. An analysis of how mobility prediction helps in the selection of potential Access Routers (AR) with QoS requirements - which affects the multicast group size and bandwidth cost of the multicast tree -- is presented. The proposed technique tries to minimise the number of multicast tree join and prune operations. Our results show that the expected size of the multicast group increases linearly with an increase in the number of selected destination AR's for multicast during handoff. We observe that the expected number of joins and prunes from the multicast tree increases with group size. A special simulation model was developed to demonstrate both homogeneous and heterogeneous handoff which is an emerging requirement for fourth generation mobile networks. The model incorporates our mobility prediction model for heterogeneous handoff between the Wireless LAN and a cellular network. The results presented in this thesis for mobility prediction, multicasting techniques and heterogeneous handoff include proposed algorithms and models which aid in the understanding, analysing and reducing of overheads during handoff.
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Mola, Guilo. "Interactions of Vertical Handoffs with 802.11b wireless LANs : Handoff Policy." Thesis, KTH, Mikroelektronik och Informationsteknik, IMIT, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93067.

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Nomadic computing aims to be a leading short term revolution in the Internet, however to succeed in this the infrastructure, the protocols, the handoff mechanisms have to be designed and implemented to provide mobile computing with both reliability and transparency. A good deal of the work is addressed by mobile IP itself, but addressing wireless diversity is perhaps the most important next step. Many different wireless technologies are available; while one technology might provide wide coverage, another provides higher bandwidth, but can only be deployed locally, even uni-directional ad-hoc links can be used to carry IP traffic. To take full advantage of the potential infrastructure, a mobile device, with multiple network interfaces, should be able to dynamically switch from one link technology to another; hopefully totally transparently to the user. Moreover, having multiple interfaces allows the device to choose, each time a new connection is established, which interface to select to route the datagrams through, based on the type of service desired. In this thesis a possible solution is presented, involving both vertical handoff optimization and policy management. Our testing device is the the SmartBadge v4, provided with a GPRS link and a 802.11b WLAN interface.
Nomadic Computing har för avsikt att revolutionera dagens Internet tillämpningar. För att lyckas måste dock infrastrukturen, IT protokollen och handoff procedurer utformas och implementeras med intentionen att förse mobilt dataöverföring med både driftsäkerhet och autonoma processer. En stor del av de nödvändiga förutsättningarna är tillgängliga tack vare Mobile IP, men mångfalden inom de befintliga Wireless teknologierna utgör fortfarande ett problem. Det stora antalet disponibla Wireless tekniker varierar från teknologierer som förser användaren med en stor täckningsgrad, till sådana som förser användaren med högre bandbredd, begränsad till lokala anv ändningområden. Även Uni-directional ad-hoc links kan läggas i denna lista av mångfald. För att förverkliga fördelarna med den tänkta infrastrukturen fullt ut måste den mobila enheten kunna utföra omkopplingar från den ena wireless teknologin till den andra, med syftet att vara osynlig för användaren. Utöver detta är det meningen att en apparat med många anslutningar ska kunna välja den anslutning som passar bäst, var gång en ny koppling ska göras, beroende på den tjänst som efterfrågas. Det här examensarbetet presenterar en möjlig lösning, som utnyttjar både Vertical Handoff optimering och Policy Management. Prototyp-enheten vi anv änder oss av för att genomföra undersökningen är Smart Badge v4, utrustad med GPRS och 802.11b Wireless LAN anslutningar.
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Holmgren, Carl. "Neocortical layer 2/3 microcircuits /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-092-3/.

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Bender, Kevin James. "Mechanisms of deprivation-induced map plasticity at layer 4 to layer 2/3 synapses in rat barrel cortex /." Diss., Connected to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3187822.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 11, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wen, Jing. "Experience-dependent plasticity of layer 2/3 circuits in developing somatosensory neocortex." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2012. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/121.

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Experience-dependent plasticity is the adaptability of brain circuits as a result of changes in neural activity, a phenomenon that has been proposed as the neural basis for important brain function in health and disease. The underlying mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity can take different forms, depending on the organisms and brain areas under investigation. A better understanding of these mechanisms will help to interpret normal brain function as well as to guide therapies for neurological diseases. Mouse vibrissa system offers great experimental advantages to studying experience-dependent plasticity and the underlying molecular mechanisms at different levels. Using sensory experience paradigms of unbalanced whisker activity, we find that sensory experience induces rapid synaptic strengthening at excitatory synapses converged onto single layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons, although the plasticity at these synapses displays remarkable input specificity. Furthermore, we discover that recently potentiated layer 4-2/3 excitatory synapses are labile and subject to activity-dependent weakening in vitro. Calcium-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) that are sometimes associated with synaptic strengthening are not essential for activity-induced synaptic weakening. Finally, we demonstrate that ongoing sensory experience triggers distinct phases of synaptic plasticity, which are tightly correlated with changes in NMDAR properties and function. Taken together, the results from this thesis show distinct manifestations and mechanisms of how sensory experience modulates synaptic properties and neuronal function that may provide insights into information processing and coding in the neocortex.
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Waindim, Mbu. "On Unsteadiness in 2-D and 3-D Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1511734224701396.

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Cavallaro, Andrea. "Optimisation of CSD buffer layers for YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) coated conductor development." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3218.

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Las cintas superconductoras de alta temperatura (HTS) han emergido como materiales prometedores para sus uso en el campo de l'energía puesto que permiten reducir a mitad el tamaño de los equipos de energía eléctrica respecto a los convencionales, reducir las pérdidas de energía, aumentar la eficacia en la generación, la transmisión y la distribución de la misma, y así la reducir el impacto ambiental.
Sin embargo, diversamente de los conductores típicos, los materiales superconductores basados en óxido son frágiles, se dañado fácilmente y son así difíciles de procesar. Hasta ahora ha sido posible producir longitudes de un kilómetro de cables HTS de primera generación, para el uso en el trasporte de corriente eléctrica. Las cintas superconductoras de YBCO, por ejemplo, pueden soportar altas densidades de corrientes críticas y por esto representan un candidato prometedor en el trasporte de electricidad.
Uno del los substratos disponible para suportar el superconductor es un acero policristalino con una película epitaxial de YSZ en cima, YSZ(IBAD)/Stainless. El segundo que hemos utilizado es el NiO(SOE)/Ni(Rabit), una cinta de nickel previamente texturada por laminación y sucesivamente oxidata de manera controlada. Numerosas técnicas están disponible para la deposición de YBCO epitaxiale, nosotros elegimos el proceso más barato y industrialmente interesante: la técnica sol-gel. Para evitar la interacción entre el YBCO superconductor y el substrato epitaxial, evitando así la reducción de la corriente que el superconductor puede trasportar, es importante interponer un material inerte que transfiera su epitaxia al YBCO; este clase de películas se llaman capas tampón.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis ha sido optimizar el crecimiento de las capas tampón por técnica química y finalmente estudiar la deposición del YBCO por TFA sobres esas muestras optimizadas. Las capas de cerámica que hemos estudiados han sido: CeO2, BaZrO3, CaZrO3, SrZrO3, SrTiO3, BaCeO3 , y depositadas por el método químico: metal 2-4--diketone disuelto en ácido acético, o los metales isopropoxidos disuelto en metanol. Por depositar las soluciones precursoras hemos utilizado la técnica de spin coating. Controlando los diversos parámetros, velocidad, aceleración y la concentración de la solución obtuvimos películas homogéneas con diverso grosor. La fase de la cristalización se alcanza en un horno donde se controla l'atmósfera, la temperatura y la velocidad de calefacción. Durante esta investigación hemos adquirido un conocimiento total del acrecimiento de las películas delgada de MOD-CeO2. De una combinación de las análisis de TEM, de XRD y de RHEED observamos que el mecanismo de crecimiento tiene un comportamiento anómalo comparado con el otro materiales crecidos con la misma técnica.
En este proceso de síntesis de la ceria, la nucleation homogénea de hecho esta favorita debido al bajo valor de Tnuc./Tmel ceria (Tnuc./Tmel=0.21). Solamente los granos nucleados sobre el substrato resultan texturados. La dependencia del tamaño de grano con temperatura sigue una relación de tipo Arrhenius, características de un crecimiento 3D del grano. Los análisis de EELS revelaron una fracción significativa de C residual que adorna los límites de grano, es probable que el crecimiento del límite de grano se quede bloqueando debido estas impurezas.
Un proceso del recocido en aire a posteriores, ha demostrado la posibilidad de crecer las películas de CeO2 totalmente epitaxiales. Los análisis de EELS de tales muestras tratadas en oxígeno demuestran claramente que los límites de grano quedan limpios de las impurezas de C, desbloqueando así el crecimiento del grano. Después de un proceso largo de optimización de los parámetros de síntesis, podemos ahora controlar exactamente el crecimiento epitaxiale de la ceria. Se ha verificado que el óxido del cerio se puede crecer en YSZ(IBAD)/SS con solamente la orientación (00l). Para preservar la cinta del metal contra la oxidación, el proceso optimizado se ha adaptado a la deposición sobre substrato de acero inoxidable reduciendo la temperatura de síntesis a 900ºC.
Hemos optimizado también la preparación de SrTiO3(STO) y BaZrO3(BZO) sobre MgO y YSZ mono-cristales y en seguida también sobre YSZ(IBAD)/SS y NiO(SOE)/Ni.
La arquitectura más prometedora resultó ser STO/BZO/NiO(SOE)/Ni. Por ultimo depositamos YBCO por método TFA (Trifluoracéticetatos) sobre las capas tampones optimizadas. Una muestra de TFA-YBCO sobre CeO2/YSZ(IBAD)/SS preparada en aire a 900ºC en 8 h ha dato como resultado una densidad corriente crítica, Jc de 7 MA/cm2 a 5K, y 6·105A/cm2 a 77K. Estos valores están cerca de objectivo de un millón A/cm2 a 77K. Los experimentos sobre las capas tampón de BZO y de STO han demostrado la posibilidad de usar este sistema doble sobre NiO(SOE)/Ni como plantilla alternativa para el crecimiento de YBCO. Alcanzado una densidad de corriente crítica de Jc(5K) = 5·105A/cm2 con la mejor muestra de YBCO/STO/BZO/NiO(SOE)/Ni.
High-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes have emerged as promising materials for superconducting power applications since they make possible electric power equipment that is half the size of conventional alternatives, with half energy losses, increasing the efficiency in the generation, transmission and distribution of the electric energy, and thus reducing the impact of power delivery on the environment.
However, unlike typical conductors, oxide based superconductor materials are brittle and easily damaged and thus they are difficult to process and handle, specially forming large and flexible wires.
Up to now it has been possible to produce kilometre lengths of the first generation of HTS wires for use in electrical transmission cables. YBCO coated conductors can support high critical current densities and is a promising candidate.
One of the substrate available is a polycrystalline metal substrate with an epitaxial YSZ film on it, the ion-beam assisted deposition YSZ(IBAD)/Stainless Steel. The second is the textured NiO(SOE)/Ni(Rabit).Numerous methods are available for epitaxial deposition of YBCO, including vacuum techniques but we choose the cheaper non vacuum sol-gel processes.
To avoid the interaction between the superconductor it is important to interpose a inert material that can transfer the epitaxy from the substrate to the YBCO, these kind of films are called buffer layers, avoiding than the reduction of the current that the superconductor can support.
The main aim of this thesis was optimising the buffer layer growth by chemical technique and finally studying the deposition of TFA-YBCO on those optimised templates.
The ceramic buffer layers studied:
CeO2 , BaZrO3 , CaZrO3, SrZrO3, SrTiO3,BaCeO3
The Sol-Gel system used was the Metal -diketone dissolved in Acid Acetic, or Metal isopropoxide dissolved in methanol.
The deposition step was performed by spin coating. Controlling the different parameters of rate and acceleration of the spinner and the precursor solution concentration we obtained homogenous films with different thickness. The crystallisation step is achieved in a furnace in a controlled atmosphere, temperature and heating rate.
Important knowledge on the MOD-CeO2 thin film growth has been acquired during this research. From a combination of TEM, XRD and RHEED analyses it was observed that its growth mechanism exhibits an anomalous behaviour compared with other CSD derived films. The homogeneous nucleation in fact is favoured in this MOD process due to the low Tnuc./Tmel value for ceria film (Tnuc./Tmel=0.21). Only grains nucleated on the substrate are textured as observed in XTEM images. The grain size dependence with temperature follows an Arrhenius relation: 2=otexp(-Q/kT), characteristics of 3D undergoing thermally activated grain growth . EELS analyses revealed a significant fraction of residual C decorating the grain boundaries, that very likely acts as a growth by blocking grain boundary motion. A process of post annealing or direct growth in static air, have demonstrated the possibility of growing completely epitaxial CeO2 films. EELS analyses of such samples clearly demonstrates that the oxygen clean up grain boundaries from C impurities thus unblocking grain growth. After a long process of synthesis parameter optimisation, we are now able to control exactly the epitaxial growth of ceria growth. It has been verified that Cerium oxide can be grown on YSZ(IBAD)/SS with only the (00l) orientation. The optimised process has been adapted to stainless steel substrate reducing the synthesis temperature at 900ºC in order to preserve the metal tape against oxidation. We observed an interesting phenomenon of in plane texture improvement of the ceria film with respect to the underlying YSZ(IBAD)/SS substrate, from YSZ = 8.3º and to CeO2 = 7.5º.
The solution preparation and the deposition conditions for STO and BZO on MgO and YSZ have been also optimised. After several experiments of buffer deposition on YSZ(IBAD)/SS and NiO(SOE)/Ni technical metal substrates the most promising architecture resulted to be the STO/BZO/NiO(SOE)/Ni.
We have grown YBCO by the TFA(Trifluor Acetic Acid) method on the optimized buffer layers. A sample of TFA-YBCO on a CeO2/YSZ(IBAD)/SS template prepared in air at 900ºC for 8 h has shown a critical current density, Jc has a value of 7 MA/cm2 at 5K, and 6·105A/cm2 at 77K. These values are near the target of one million A/cm2 at 77K.
The experiments on BZO and STO buffer layers have demonstrated the possibility of using the double buffer on NiO(SOE)/Ni as an alternative template for YBCO deposition. A critical current density of Jc(5K)= 5·105A/cm2 has been achieved for the best sample of YBCO/STO/BZO/NiO(SOE)/Ni.
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Coll, Bau Mariona. "Chemical Solution Deposition of Oxide Buffer and Superconducting Layers for YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) Coated Conductors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3271.

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Nazarzadehmoafi, Maryam. "Electronic properties of metal-In 2 O 3 interfaces." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17771.

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Das Verhalten der elektronischen Eigenschaften von gespaltenen, aus der Schmelze gezüchteten In2O3-(111) Kristallen wurde bei Deposition von Edelmetallen, In und Sn mittels winkelaufgelöster Photoelektronen-Spektroskopie untersucht. Die Stöchiometrie, strukturelle Qualität und Kristall-Orientierung, die Oberflächenmorphologie und die Elektronenkonzentration wurden jeweils mittels energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie, Laue-Beugung, Raster Tunnel-Mikroskopie (STM) und Hall-Effekt untersucht. Die Ähnlichkeit der fundamentalen und Oberflächen-Bandlücken kann auf das fast flache Verhalten der Bänder auf der gespaltenen Oberfläche der Kristalle zurückgeführt werden. Die Grenzflächen von Ag und Au/In2O3 zeigen Schottky-Verhalten, während ein ohmscher in Cu, In und Sn /In2O3-Kontakten beobachtet wurde. Aufgrund der Übereinstimmung zwischen optischen und Oberflächen-Bandlücken, der Bildung eines Gleichrichterkontaktes und des Auftretens der Oberflächenphotospannung auf der frischen Kristalloberfläche kann gefolgert werden, dass SEAL nicht eine intrinsische Eigenschaft der gespaltenen Oberfläche der untersuchten Kristalle ist. Des Weiteren wurden bei dicker Au- und Cu-Beschichtung von In2O3 bei Raumtemperatur Shockley-artige Oberflächenzustände beobachtet. Zusätzlich wurde die erste Phase des Wachstums von Cu und In auf In2O3 von der Ausbildung eines 2-dimensionalen Elektrongases (2DEG) begleitet, welches bei dickeren Schichten verschwand, die von dem auf reinen Oberflächen von dünnen In2O3- Filmen gemessenen 2DEG verschieden sind. Nach Messung der Austrittarbeit von In2O3 und den jeweils untersuchten Metallen in situ und unter Verwendung der Schottky-Mott-Regel trat außer bei Ag/In2O3 eine deutliche Abweichung auf. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse stimmen auch mit fortgeschrittenen Theorien, die auf dem Elektronegativitätskonzept und MIGS–Modellen basieren, nicht überein.
The behavior of the electronic properties of as-cleaved melt-grown In2O3 (111) single crystals was studied upon noble metals, In and Sn deposition using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The stoichiometry, structural quality and crystal orientation, surface morphology, and the electron concentration were examined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Laue diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and Hall-effect measurement, respectively. The similarity of the measured-fundamental and surface-band gaps reveals the nearly flat behavior of the bands at the as-cleaved surface of the crystals. Ag and Au/In2O3 interfaces show Schottky behavior, while an ohmic one was observed in Cu, In, and Sn/In2O3 contacts. From agreement of the bulk and surface band gaps, rectifying contact formation as well as the occurrence of photovoltage effect at the pristine surface of the crystals, it can be deduced that SEAL is not an intrinsic property of the as-cleaved surface of the studied crystals. Moreover, for thick Au and Cu overlayer regime at room temperature, Shockley-like surface states were observed. Additionally, the initial stage of Cu and In growth on In2O3 was accompanied by the formation of a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) fading away for higher coverages which are not associated with the earlier-detected 2DEG at the surface of In2O3 thin films. The application of the Schottky-Mott rule, using in situ-measured work functions of In2O3 and the metals, showed a strong disagreement for all the interfaces except for Ag/In2O3. The experimental data also disagree with more advanced theories based on the electronegativity concept and metal-induced gap states models.
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Davu, Sandeep. "Connection Oriented Mobility Using Edge Point Interactivity." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1206469405.

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Books on the topic "Layer-2 and Layer-3 handoff"

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Lee, Xuhui. Fundamentals of Boundary-Layer Meteorology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60853-2.

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Kluwick, Alfred, ed. Recent Advances in Boundary Layer Theory. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2518-2.

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Hartanto, Ronny. A Hybrid Deliberative Layer for Robotic Agents. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22580-2.

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Stanewsky, Egon, Jean Délery, John Fulker, and Paolo Matteis, eds. Drag Reduction by Shock and Boundary Layer Control. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45856-2.

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Zhu, Quanyan, and Zhiheng Xu. Cross-Layer Design for Secure and Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60251-2.

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Smits, Jasper A. J., Mark B. Powers, and Michael W. Otto. Personalized Exposure Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190602451.001.0001.

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This book comprehensively covers empirically supported exposure methods (e.g., in vivo exposure, imaginal exposure, and interoceptive exposure) to a broad array of mental health symptoms. This transdiagnostic approach emphasizes the importance of a person-centered application, putting case formulation at the center of intervention planning and implementation. Unlike a rigid manualized method, this book provides clinicians with a framework allowing for a more flexible delivery of exposure therapy. The book begins with an introduction to the aims and guiding principles of person-centered exposure therapy (Chapter s1 and 2), an overview of the general approach (Chapter 3), and an overview of assessment strategies (Chapters 4 and 9). Next, the authors discuss specific modifications for treating fears of (a) emotions and related physical sensations (Chapter 5), (b) people (Chapter 6), and (c) thoughts, images, and trauma memories (Chapter 7). This book also discusses combined medication and exposure therapy and ways to effectively manage common pitfalls (Chapter 8). Chapter 10 includes an exposure psychoeducation handout for clinicians to read and give to patients during early sessions. Finally, Chapter 11 is a bibliography of key references and further resources for clinicians.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. The Structure of Single Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0002.

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Chapters 2–3 constitute Part II of the book, ‘Single Networks’, and provide a reference point for the rest of the book devoted exclusively to Multilayer Networks, making the book self-contained. This chapter provides the relevant background on the network structure of complex networks formed by just one layer (single networks). Here the basic definitions of network structure are given, the major network universalities are presented and methods to extract relevant information from network structure including centrality measures and community detection methods are discussed. Finally, modelling frameworks are introduced including random graphs, growing network models (including notably the Barabasi–Albert Model) and network ensembles.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.001.0001.

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The book explains the key notions and fundamental processes in the dynamics of the fluid envelopes of the Earth (transposable to other planets), and methods of their analysis, from the unifying viewpoint of rotating shallow-water model (RSW). The model, in its one- or two-layer versions, plays a distinguished role in geophysical fluid dynamics, having been used for around a century for conceptual understanding of various phenomena, for elaboration of approaches and methods, to be applied later in more complete models, for development and testing of numerical codes and schemes of data assimilations, and many other purposes. Principles of modelling of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic flows, and corresponding approximations, are explained and it is shown how single- and multi-layer versions of RSW arise from the primitive equations by vertical averaging, and how further time-averaging produces celebrated quasi-geostrophic reductions of the model. Key concepts of geophysical fluid dynamics are exposed and interpreted in RSW terms, and fundamentals of vortex and wave dynamics are explained in Part 1 of the book, which is supplied with exercises and can be used as a textbook. Solutions of the problems are available at Editorial Office by request. In-depth treatment of dynamical processes, with special accent on the primordial process of geostrophic adjustment, on instabilities in geophysical flows, vortex and wave turbulence and on nonlinear wave interactions follows in Part 2. Recently arisen new approaches in, and applications of RSW, including moist-convective processes constitute Part 3.
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Xue, Yongkang, Yaoming Ma, and Qian Li. Land–Climate Interaction Over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.592.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest and highest plateau on Earth. Due to its elevation, it receives much more downward shortwave radiation than other areas, which results in very strong diurnal and seasonal changes of the surface energy components and other meteorological variables, such as surface temperature and the convective atmospheric boundary layer. With such unique land process conditions on a distinct geomorphic unit, the TP has been identified as having the strongest land/atmosphere interactions in the mid-latitudes.Three major TP land/atmosphere interaction issues are presented in this article: (1) Scientists have long been aware of the role of the TP in atmospheric circulation. The view that the TP’s thermal and dynamic forcing drives the Asian monsoon has been prevalent in the literature for decades. In addition to the TP’s topographic effect, diagnostic and modeling studies have shown that the TP provides a huge, elevated heat source to the middle troposphere, and that the sensible heat pump plays a major role in the regional climate and in the formation of the Asian monsoon. Recent modeling studies, however, suggest that the south and west slopes of the Himalayas produce a strong monsoon by insulating warm and moist tropical air from the cold and dry extratropics, so the TP heat source cannot be considered as a factor for driving the Indian monsoon. The climate models’ shortcomings have been speculated to cause the discrepancies/controversies in the modeling results in this aspect. (2) The TP snow cover and Asian monsoon relationship is considered as another hot topic in TP land/atmosphere interaction studies and was proposed as early as 1884. Using ground measurements and remote sensing data available since the 1970s, a number of studies have confirmed the empirical relationship between TP snow cover and the Asian monsoon, albeit sometimes with different signs. Sensitivity studies using numerical modeling have also demonstrated the effects of snow on the monsoon but were normally tested with specified extreme snow cover conditions. There are also controversies regarding the possible mechanisms through which snow affects the monsoon. Currently, snow is no longer a factor in the statistic prediction model for the Indian monsoon prediction in the Indian Meteorological Department. These controversial issues indicate the necessity of having measurements that are more comprehensive over the TP to better understand the nature of the TP land/atmosphere interactions and evaluate the model-produced results. (3) The TP is one of the major areas in China greatly affected by land degradation due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Preliminary modeling studies have been conducted to assess its possible impact on climate and regional hydrology. Assessments using global and regional models with more realistic TP land degradation data are imperative.Due to high elevation and harsh climate conditions, measurements over the TP used to be sparse. Fortunately, since the 1990s, state-of-the-art observational long-term station networks in the TP and neighboring regions have been established. Four large field experiments since 1996, among many observational activities, are presented in this article. These experiments should greatly help further research on TP land/atmosphere interactions.
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Book chapters on the topic "Layer-2 and Layer-3 handoff"

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Park, Jongjin, and Youngsong Mun. "The Layer 2 Handoff Scheme for Mobile IP over IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2004, 1144–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24707-4_128.

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Song, Byunghun, Junho Shin, Hana Jang, Yongkil Lee, Jongpil Jeong, and Jun-Dong Cho. "On Cross-Layer Based Handoff Scheme in Heterogeneous Mobile Networks." In Intelligent Computing Methodologies, 482–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42297-8_45.

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Jeong, Jongpil, Dong Ryeol Shin, Seunghyun Lee, and Jaesang Cha. "Performance Analysis of Inter-LMA Handoff Scheme Based on 2-Layer in Hierarchical PMIPv6 Networks." In Advanced Communication and Networking, 393–402. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23312-8_50.

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Ballmann, Bastian. "Layer 2 Attacks." In Understanding Network Hacks, 35–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44437-5_4.

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Ballmann, Bastian. "Layer-2-Angriffe." In Network Hacks - Intensivkurs, 39–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61636-9_4.

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Ballmann, Bastian. "Layer-2-Angriffe." In Network Hacks - Intensivkurs, 35–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24305-9_4.

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Ballmann, Bastian. "Layer 2 attacks." In Understanding Network Hacks, 37–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62157-8_4.

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Horneck, Gerda. "Ozone Layer." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1144-2.

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Popescu-Zeletin, Radu, Ilja Radusch, and Mihai Adrian Rigani. "Physical Layer Technologies." In Vehicular-2-X Communication, 99–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77143-2_7.

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Cardona, Rene. "Encapsulating Layer 2 over Layer 3 with VXLAN." In The Fast-Track Guide to VXLAN BGP EVPN Fabrics, 67–93. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6930-5_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Layer-2 and Layer-3 handoff"

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Yoon, Mahnsuk, Keuchul Cho, Jilong Li, Jeongbae Yun, Minyoung Yoo, Youngil Kim, Qin Shu, JangKyu Yun, and Kijun Han. "AdaptiveScan: The Fast Layer-2 Handoff for WLAN." In 2011 Eighth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itng.2011.26.

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Forte, Andrea G., Sangho Shin, and Henning Schulzrinne. "Improving layer 3 handoff delay in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks." In the 2nd annual international workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1234161.1234173.

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Solouk, Vahid, Borhanuddin M. Ali, Sabira Khatun, Daniel Wong, and M. Adzir Mahdi. "Layer-2 protocol adaptation method to improve fast handoff for mobile IPv6 vertical handoffs." In 2008 11th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccitechn.2008.4803008.

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Bouras, Christos, Vaggelis Kapoulas, Vassilis Papapanagiotou, Leonidas Poulopoulos, Dimitris Primpas, and Kostas Stamos. "Extending QoS support from Layer 3 to Layer 2." In 2008 International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictel.2008.4652614.

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Bianco, Andrea, Jorge M. Finochietto, Giulio Galante, Marco Mellia, Davide Mazzucchi, and Fabio Neri. "NXG05-3: Scalable Layer-2/Layer-3 Multistage Switching Architectures for Software Routers." In IEEE Globecom 2006. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2006.343.

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Cha, Eunchul, Kyounghee Lee, and Myungchul Kim. "Cross Layer Fast Handoff for SIP." In 21st International Conference on Advanced Networking and Applications. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aina.2007.48.

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Bonada, Eduard, Darko Cavic, and Dolors Sala. "Implementation of a layer 2 bridge in ns-3." In 1st International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques for Communications, Networks and Systems. ICST, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.simutools2008.3082.

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Seo, SungHoon, JooSeok Song, Haitao Wu, and Yongguang Zhang. "Throughput-Based MAC Layer Handoff in WLAN." In IEEE INFOCOM 2009 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infcomw.2009.5072197.

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Phoomikiattisak, Ditchaphong, and Saleem N. Bhatti. "Network layer soft handoff for IP mobility." In the 8th ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2512840.2512843.

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Phoomikiattisak, Ditchaphong, and Saleem N. Bhatti. "IP-layer soft handoff implementation in ILNP." In the 9th ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2645892.2645895.

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Reports on the topic "Layer-2 and Layer-3 handoff"

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Teraoka, F., K. Gogo, K. Mitsuya, R. Shibui, and K. Mitani. Unified Layer 2 (L2) Abstractions for Layer 3 (L3)-Driven Fast Handover. RFC Editor, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5184.

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Townsley, M., G. Wilkie, S. Booth, S. Bryant, and J. Lau. Frame Relay over Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3). RFC Editor, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4591.

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Townsley, M., C. Pignataro, S. Wainner, T. Seely, and J. Young. Encapsulation of MPLS over Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3. RFC Editor, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4817.

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Mahalingam, M., D. Dutt, K. Duda, P. Agarwal, L. Kreeger, T. Sridhar, M. Bursell, and C. Wright. Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN): A Framework for Overlaying Virtualized Layer 2 Networks over Layer 3 Networks. RFC Editor, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7348.

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McGill, N., and C. Pignataro. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3) Extended Circuit Status Values. RFC Editor, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5641.

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Singh, S., M. Townsley, and C. Pignataro. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) over Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3). RFC Editor, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4454.

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Aggarwal, R., M. Townsley, and M. Dos, eds. Transport of Ethernet Frames over Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3). RFC Editor, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4719.

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Pignataro, C., and M. Townsley. High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Frames over Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol, Version 3 (L2TPv3). RFC Editor, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4349.

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Saric, William S. Flight Experiments on Local and Global Effects of Surface Roughness on 2-D and 3-D Boundary-Layer Stability and Transition. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada484619.

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Brown, Garry L. An Experimental Study of the Receptivity of a Compressible Laminar Boundary Layer and the Effects on Stability and Receptivity of 2-D and 3-D Pressure Gradients. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada431796.

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