Journal articles: 'Lay citizens'

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Halkier, Bente. "Mundane science use in a practice theoretical perspective: Different understandings of the relations between citizen-consumers and public communication initiatives build on scientific claims." Public Understanding of Science 26, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662515596314.

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Public communication initiatives play a part in placing complicated scientific claims in citizen-consumers’ everyday contexts. Lay reactions to scientific claims framed in public communication, and attempts to engage citizens, have been important subjects of discussion in the literatures of public understanding and public engagement with science. Many of the public communication initiatives, however, address lay people as consumers rather than citizens. This creates specific challenges for understanding public engagement with science and scientific citizenship. The article compares five different understandings of the relations between citizen-consumers and public issue communication involving science, where the first four types are widely represented in the Public Understanding of Science discussions. The fifth understanding is a practice theoretical perspective. The article suggests how the public understanding of and engagement in science literature can benefit from including a practice theoretical approach to research about mundane science use and public engagement.

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Bedessem, Baptiste, and Stéphanie Ruphy. "Citizen Science and Scientific Objectivity: Mapping Out Epistemic Risks and Benefits." Perspectives on Science 28, no. 5 (October 2020): 630–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00353.

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Given the importance of the issue of scientific objectivity in our democratic societies and the significant development of citizen science, it is crucial to investigate how citizen science may either undermine or foster scientific objectivity. This paper identifies a variety of epistemic risks and benefits that participation of lay citizens in scientific inquiries may bring. It also discusses concrete actions and pending issues that should be addressed in order to foster objectivity in citizen science programs.

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Juchacz, Piotr W. "Trzy tezy o sędziach społecznych i ich udziale w sprawowaniu wymiaru sprawiedliwości w Polsce." Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczna 5, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fped.2016.5.1.8.

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In the article author states and justifies three theses on the lay judges and their participation in the exercise of justice in Poland. First thesis claims that the statement about the lack of integration in the community of lay judges in Poland is not true any longer and it is possible to observe the beginning of a process of its integration and cooperation connected with the recent establishment and activity of the Association National Council of Lay Judges. The second thesis states, that it is necessary to broaden the participation of citizens in the exercise of justice as a remedy for a low level of legitimacy and credibility of the judiciary. According to the third thesis Poland is presently in need of a widespread public debate concerning the reform of the institution of lay judges which should lead to a real fulfilment of the constitutional right of citizens to participate in the exercise of justice.

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Lidskog, Rolf. "Scientised citizens and democratised science. Re-assessing the expert-lay divide." Journal of Risk Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669870701521636.

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Anderson, Elizabeth. "Democracy, Public Policy, and Lay Assessments of Scientific Testimony." Episteme 8, no. 2 (June 2011): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/epi.2011.0013.

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Responsible public policy making in a technological society must rely on complex scientific reasoning. Given that ordinary citizens cannot directly assess such reasoning, does this call the democratic legitimacy of technical public policies in question? It does not, provided citizens can make reliable second-order assessments of the consensus of trustworthy scientific experts. I develop criteria for lay assessment of scientific testimony and demonstrate, in the case of claims about anthropogenic global warming, that applying such criteria is easy for anyone of ordinary education with access to the Web. However, surveys show a gap between the scientific consensus and public opinion on global warming in the U.S. I explore some causes of this gap and argue that democratic reforms of our culture of political discourse may be able to address it.

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Kim, Sung Hwan, Hyomin Kim, and Sungsoo Song. "Public Deliberation on South Korean Nuclear Power Plants: How Can Lay Knowledge Resist against Expertise?" East Asian Science, Technology and Society 14, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): 459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-8697878.

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Abstract Through a public engagement exercise held in 2017, 471 Korean citizens decided to resume construction of two nuclear reactors. This article examines the white paper, academic articles, and interview accounts to discuss how distinct groups in their contexts articulated “lay knowledge” as the basis of participatory science and technology governance enacted in Korea. Reflecting on both Brian Wynne’s emphasis on public meanings and the STS literatures’ attention to lay actors’ knowledge-ability, the article reveals the articulation of “lay knowledge” as a process of simultaneously empowering and disempowering the lay public.

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Abrams, Joel I., Ernesto A. Pretto, Derek Angus, and Peter Safar. "Guidelines for Rescue Training of the Lay Public." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8, no. 2 (June 1993): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0004022x.

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AbstractThe fundamental goal of emergency medical response in disaster is to save lives and reduce injury and permanent disability. It has been observed that urgent emergency medical care of seriously injured earthquake casualties trapped under building rubble, cannot be provided unless the victims have been extricated and transported to medical facilities by friends or relatives, or are accessible to field rescue and medical teams. Equally important is the fact that extrication of seriously injured, trapped victims by laypersons is hazardous, unless the following conditions are met: 1) the rescuer has basic knowledge of extrication, and; 2) there is early application of effective life-supporting first-aid (LSFA) and/or advanced trauma life support (ATLS) at the scene. Time is the critical factor in such an effort. In previous studies of death and dying in earthquakes, it was noted that extrication of trapped victims will be attempted by survivors. Therefore, it is suggested that citizens living in regions of high seismic risk and trained in basic search and rescue and in LSFA are the most immediate resource for early response after an earthquake. An accompanying paper addresses the issue of citizen LSFA training. This paper focuses on the basic concepts of search and rescue training for the lay public.

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Soriano, Vanessa Souza, Clive Julian Christie Phillips, Cesar Augusto Taconeli, Alessandra Akemi Hashimoto Fragoso, and Carla Forte Maiolino Molento. "Mind the Gap: Animal Protection Law and Opinion of Sheep Farmers and Lay Citizens Regarding Animal Maltreatment in Sheep Farming in Southern Brazil." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071903.

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We aimed to study the gaps between the law and sheep farmer and citizen opinions regarding animal maltreatment by discussing the risk of sheep maltreatment in regular farming practices in Southern Brazil. We surveyed the perception of 56 farmers and 209 citizens regarding general animal and specific on-farm sheep maltreatment issues. The main themes from these two groups about the key components of animal maltreatment were similar: failing to provide for the basic animal needs (27.0%; 96 of 355 total quotes) and aggression or physical abuse (23.9%; 85/355). However, citizens (19.8%; 60/303) were more sensitive than farmers (9.6%; 5/52) to animal stress, suffering, fear, pain or painful procedures (p < 0.05). The perspective of citizens was closer than that of farmers to expert definitions for three situations: emaciation, movement restriction and tail docking without anesthetic use (p < 0.05). More citizens (71.6%; 116/162) than sheep farmers (49.0%; 24/49) believed that animal maltreatment occurs in sheep farming (p < 0.05), but nearly half of the farmers recognized sheep maltreatment within regular production practices. Most citizens (86.4%; 140/162) and all farmers (100.0%; 0/51) were unaware of any Brazilian animal protection law. Most citizens (79%; 131/167) stated that they would not purchase products from animals exposed to maltreatment. We suggest painful procedures as a major risk of animal maltreatment in sheep farming and a priority issue. With the many decades of animal protection laws and scientific recognition of animal sentience and welfare requirements, the level of cognitive dissonance and practical contradictions observed in our results indicate that mitigation policies are urgently needed.

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Mordaunt, Enid. "The citizens’ journey: an exploration of the term lay’ in four inspectorates." Research Papers in Education 13, no. 3 (October 1998): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267152980130304.

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Chiou, Wen-Tsong. "What Roles Can Lay Citizens Play in the Making of Public Knowledge?" East Asian Science, Technology and Society 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-7542785.

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Poama, Andrei. "Whither Equality? Securing the Lay Citizens' Place Inside the Criminal Justice System." Swiss Political Science Review 19, no. 4 (December 2013): 472–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12054.

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Leshem, Oded Adomi, and Eran Halperin. "Lay theories of peace and their influence on policy preference during violent conflict." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 31 (July 20, 2020): 18378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005928117.

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We often talk about peace as if the concept is self-explanatory. Yet people can have various theories about what peace “is.” In this study, we examine the lay theories of peace of citizens embroiled in a prolonged ethnonational conflict. We show that lay theories of peace 1) depend on whether one belongs to the high-power or low-power party and 2) explain citizens’ fundamental approaches to conflict resolution. Specifically, we explore the link between power asymmetry, lay theories of peace, and preference for conflict resolution strategies within large-scale samples of Palestinian residents of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and Jewish residents of Israel. Results reveal that members of the high-power group (in this case Jewish-Israelis) are more likely to associate peace with harmonious relationships (termed “positive peace”) than with the attainment of justice (termed “structural peace”), while members of the low-power group (in this case Palestinians) exhibit an opposite pattern. Yet both groups firmly and equally interpret peace as the termination of war and bloodshed (termed “negative peace”). Importantly, across societies, associating peace with negative peace more than with positive or structural peace predicts citizens’ desire for a solution that entails the partition of land (the Two-State Solution) whereas associating peace with structural or positive peace more than with negative peace predicts citizens’ desire to solve the conflict by sharing the land (the One-State Solution). This study demonstrates the theoretical and policy-relevant utility of studying how those most affected by war understand the concept of peace.

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Kużelewski, Dariusz. "The Non-Professional Judge as a Component of Civic Culture in Poland." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 65, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0051.

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Abstract The objective of the paper is to present the role of the non-professional judge in Poland as an important manifestation of civic culture based on citizens’ activity in the sphere of justice among other things. The paper also highlights the importance of an appropriate selection of citizens who are to adjudicate and possibly place restrictions on access to judicial functions using the example of Polish law. The last part addresses the problem of the gradual reduction of the participation of lay judges in the Polish justice system and the controversial attempts to halt this trend, such as the introduction of lay judges to the Supreme Court and the start of discussions on the introduction of the justice of the peace to common courts.

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Shikhovtsova, Albina Olegovna. "Certain issues of exercising the right of citizens to participate in administration of criminal justice in the Russian Federation at the current stage." Юридические исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2021.4.35375.

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The object of this research is the constitutional framework of the institution of citizens’ participation in administration of justice, viewed as the fundamental principles of relationship between the democratic state and its citizens. Participation of citizens in court as lay judges is of constitutional nature. One of the forms of citizen’s participation in administration of criminal justice in particular is the jury trial. The goal of this research consists in the analysis of certain aspects of mechanism of exercising the right of citizens to participate in administration of criminal justice in the Russian Federation, as well as in development of recommendations for its improvement.  Leaning on the dialectical, systematic, formal-legal, comparative-legal, structural-functional and sociological methods, the author analyzes the current situation pertinent of exercising by the citizens of the Russian Federation of the constitutional right to participate in administration of justice, and substantiated the feasibility of measures for creating conditions for the more active implementation of such right in the area of criminal justice. The author reveals the reasons of passive attitude of the citizens of the Russian Federation towards implementation of their constitutional right to participate in administration of justice as jury, and concludes on the need for taking certain measures on the federal level aimed at attraction of citizens in administration of justice: increase of the legal culture of population, increase of the level of information awareness of the citizens about the jury trial; revision of legal regulation of the procedure of formation of the jury.

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Weltge, A., and L. Larsen. "Novice use of the sealeasy® mask by lay citizens trained in CPR." Annals of Emergency Medicine 23, no. 3 (March 1994): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(94)80340-4.

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Miyamoto, Keiko, Miho Iwakuma, and Takeo Nakayama. "Social capital and health: implication for health promotion by lay citizens in Japan." Global Health Promotion 22, no. 4 (October 15, 2014): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975914547547.

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Mathiesen, Wenche Torunn, Conrad Arnfinn Bjørshol, Sindre Høyland, Geir Sverre Braut, and Eldar Søreide. "Exploring How Lay Rescuers Overcome Barriers to Provide Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Qualitative Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16001278.

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AbstractBackgroundSurvival rates after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary considerably among regions. The chance of survival is increased significantly by lay rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before Emergency Medical Services (EMS) arrival. It is well known that for bystanders, reasons for not providing CPR when witnessing an OHCA incident may be fear and the feeling of being exposed to risk. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of why barriers to providing CPR are overcome.MethodsUsing a semi-structured interview guide, 10 lay rescuers were interviewed after participating in eight OHCA incidents. Qualitative content analysis was used. The lay rescuers were questioned about their CPR-knowledge, expectations, and reactions to the EMS and from others involved in the OHCA incident. They also were questioned about attitudes towards providing CPR in an OHCA incident in different contexts.ResultsThe lay rescuers reported that they were prepared to provide CPR to anybody, anywhere. Comprehending the severity in the OHCA incident, both trained and untrained lay rescuers provided CPR. They considered CPR provision to be the expected behavior of any community citizen and the EMS to act professionally and urgently. However, when asked to imagine an OHCA in an unclear setting, they revealed hesitation about providing CPR because of risk to their own safety.ConclusionMutual trust between community citizens and towards social institutions may be reasons for overcoming barriers in providing CPR by lay rescuers. A normative obligation to act, regardless of CPR training and, importantly, without facing any adverse legal reactions, also seems to be an important factor behind CPR provision.MathiesenWT, BjørsholCA, HøylandS, BrautGS, SøreideE. Exploring how lay rescuers overcome barriers to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a qualitative study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(1):27–32.

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Kimura, Aya H., and Abby Kinchy. "Citizen Science: Probing the Virtues and Contexts of Participatory Research." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 2 (December 4, 2016): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2016.99.

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Citizen science is an increasingly popular activity, from bird counts to amateur water sample collection to air quality monitoring. Researchers and theorists in the field of science and technology studies (STS) have typically applauded these efforts because they make science more participatory, providing an example of the democratization of science, or, at least, more equitable engagement between experts and the lay public. However, a broader review of the literature on citizen science suggests that participation is but one of many virtues that practitioners and observers find in the practices of citizen science. This literature review makes two interventions. First, we discuss the dimensions of citizen science that do not easily fit in a typology or spectrum of participatory practices. We identify seven different virtues claimed of citizen science: increasing scientific data; increasing citizens' scientific literacy and awareness; building community capacity for environmental protection; building more equal relationship between scientists and citizens; filling knowledge gaps and challenging official accounts; driving policy change; and catching polluters. Second, we consider the social and political contexts that often create contradictory situations or dilemmas for citizen scientists. Going forward, a robust framework for the analysis of citizen science would not only address the ways scientific data is collected and put to a particular use, but also situate the project in relation to broader structural forces of scientization, neocolonialism, globalization, and neoliberalization.

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STEELE, Stacey, Carol LAWSON, Mari HIRAYAMA, and David T. JOHNSON. "Lay Participation in Japanese Criminal Justice: Prosecution Review Commissions, the Lay-Judge System, and Penal Institution Visiting Committees." Asian Journal of Law and Society 7, no. 1 (February 2020): 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2019.22.

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AbstractThis article highlights reliance on lay participation as a mechanism for solving perceived problems in Japanese criminal justice by examining three reforms aimed at increasing lay participation in Japanese criminal justice: the mandatory prosecution power given to Prosecution Review Commissions, the saiban’in seido (lay-judge system), and Penal Institution Visiting Committees. The article argues that lay participation plays an important role in legitimizing aspects of the current system. Despite the Nagoya Prison Scandal in 2002–03, Japan’s extraordinary achievements in order inside prisons have been maintained and citizens are comforted that the system has oversight by Visiting Committees. Although PRCs and saiban’in seido represent a more open approach to eligibility and selection than Visiting Committees, they too help to legitimize existing structures. The article concludes by considering challenges to the continued reliance on lay participation in Japan including reform fatigue, the demographic crisis, the impact of geography, and technological developments.

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Mosley, Jennifer E. "Nonprofit Organizations’ Involvement in Participatory Processes: The Need for Democratic Accountability." Nonprofit Policy Forum 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npf-2015-0038.

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AbstractParticipatory processes – defined as formal efforts to involve constituents in government decision-making – are an increasingly common tool adopted by public agencies and other elite decision making bodies in many developed nations. Unfortunately, although conceptualized as a way to incorporate lay citizens as stakeholders, participation in such processes takes time and expertise that many citizens do not have. As a result, nonprofit leaders are often invited to participate as a logistical shortcut for citizen involvement. This representation, albeit nonelected and unaccountable, is an increasingly important way vulnerable groups are represented and a key aspect of many nonprofit organizations’ advocacy involvement. It is important to ask, then, how well nonprofits do when attempting to represent specific claimed constituents. It is likely their success varies greatly. While many organizations work to engage constituents in democratic ways – including ongoing outreach and communication strategies, establishing participatory mechanisms within their own organizations, and soliciting resident feedback – other nonprofits do not. Based on the authors’ collaborative research, his brief identifies four specific policy proposals that may help facilitate the inclusionary goals of participatory processes, promote democratic accountability among nonprofit representatives, and make sure the needs of vulnerable citizens are met.

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Komporozos-Athanasiou, Aris, Nina Fudge, Mary Adams, and Christopher McKevitt. "Citizen Participation as Political Ritual: Towards a Sociological Theorizing of ‘Health Citizenship’." Sociology 52, no. 4 (August 26, 2016): 744–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038516664683.

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This article examines citizen participation in health research, where funders increasingly seek to promote and define ‘patient and public involvement’ (PPI). In England, the focus of our study, government policy articulates a specific set of meanings attached to PPI that fuse patients’ rights and responsibilities as citizens, as ‘consumers’ and as ‘lay experts’. However, little is known about the meanings those who take part in PPI activities attach to this participation. Drawing on ethnographic data of PPI in three clinical areas (stroke, cancer and pre-term birth) we investigate citizen participation in health research as political ritual. We identify tensions between policy-driven and ground-level performance of citizenship, and use ritual theory to show how such tensions are accommodated in participatory structures. We argue that the ritual performance of PPI neutralizes the transformational potential of citizen participation, and we draw wider sociological implications for citizen participation beyond the health arena.

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Cardoso, Clarissa S., MarinaA G. von Keyserlingk, and Maria José Hötzel. "Views of dairy farmers, agricultural advisors, and lay citizens on the ideal dairy farm." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 2 (February 2019): 1811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14688.

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Jimenez, Benedict S. "Raise Taxes, Cut Services, or Lay Off Staff: Citizens in the Fiscal Retrenchment Process." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 24, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 923–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut018.

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Kużelewski, Dariusz. "Appealing the Judgments Issued in Criminal Trial with the Participation of Lay Judges in Poland and Jury in England." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 59, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2019-0030.

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Abstract The objective of the paper is to present the differences in the grounds of appeal and the appeal proceedings against judgments issued by a court composed of representatives of the public in a criminal trial at first instance. At present, citizens are allowed to adjudicate most often in one of three forms: persons adjudicating independently without the participation of a professional factor, who are not professionals in the field of law and criminal procedure (e.g. judges of the peace in the common law system); a jury composed of citizens and adjudicating mostly on guilt of the accused; or lay judges adjudicating all aspects of the case in one panel together with professional judges. However, the participation of laymen in adjudication is not a prevailing rule. Many countries legal systems do not allow the citizens to co-decide in criminal cases. The paper also indicates the arguments for the democratization of the judiciary through a wider admission of citizens to participate in criminal justice. This issue has been examined on the background of three aspects of democracy: representative, deliberative and participatory.

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Coen, Deborah R. "The Tongues of Seismology in Nineteenth-Century Switzerland." Science in Context 25, no. 1 (January 27, 2012): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889711000305.

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ArgumentBetween 1878 and 1880, Switzerland, Italy, and Japan initiated the world's first national earthquake commissions, but only the Swiss made ordinary citizens a vital part of this undertaking. This paper examines the texture of communication between Swiss scientists and lay observers and traces the development of a language for seismology that was simultaneously scientific and vernacular. This is the story of an aborted dialogue between scientists and citizens about living with environmental risk, an alternative abandoned on the way to the increasingly technical science of the twentieth century.

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Spasiano, Andrea, Salvatore Grimaldi, Alessio Maria Braccini, and Fernando Nardi. "Towards a Transdisciplinary Theoretical Framework of Citizen Science: Results from a Meta-Review Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 7904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147904.

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This work intends to lay the foundations for a theoretical framework of citizen science combining social and organizational implications with the support of information technologies. The proposed theoretical framework moves towards a shared and common research process between experts and citizens to deal with environmental and social challenges. The role and capacity of online communities is explored and their engagement capacity by means of web-based digital platforms supporting crowdsourcing activities. In this contribution, authors highlight the most common practices, methods and issues of citizen science approaches adopted from multidisciplinary application fields to obtain insights for designing a new participative approach for organizational studies. To reach this goal, authors illustrate the results of a systematic meta-review analysis, consisting of an accurate selection and revision of journal review articles in order to highlight concepts, methods, research design approaches and tools adopted in citizen science approaches.

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Segault, Antonin, Federico Tajariol, Yang Ishigaki, and Ioan Roxin. "Sharing Radiation Measurements Through Social Media." International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management 8, no. 2 (April 2016): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiscram.2016040102.

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Radiation measurements are key information for risk communication in post-nuclear accident situations. Among the different social media platforms, Twitter offers automated accounts which have been used to share the readings, but often in an incomplete way from the perspective of data sharing and risk communication between citizen and radiation experts. In this paper, the authors investigate the requirements for radiation measurements, by analysing the perceived usefulness of several metadata items that may go along the measurement itself. They carried out a benchmark of existing usages, and conducted a survey with both experts and lay citizens. They thus produced a set of guidelines regarding the metadata that should be used. Furthermore, they created a prototype of a software tool to publish complete measurements and metadata containing suitable information for both experts and citizen based on the requirements.

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Morris, Jonathan. "Traders, taxpayers, citizens: The lower middle classes from Liberalism to Fascism." Modern Italy 7, no. 2 (November 2002): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353294022000012952.

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SummaryThis article argues that it was through their common relationship to the commercial environment formed by the city that the independent lower middle classes were able to construct a collective identity. The article examines these identities first in the context of a comparison between Rome and Milan, and then within the provincial towns of Lombardy. It suggests that the concern of the petite bourgeoisie towards their city and its administration lay at the heart of an ‘apolitical’ conception of politics that privileged their own interests as traders, taxpayers and citizens over those of other residents. The consequences of this are explored in a final section devoted to the immediate post-war era.

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Lázaro, Marila, Isabel Bortagaray, Micaela Trimble, and Cristina Zurbriggen. "Citizen deliberation in the context of Uruguay's first National Water Plan." Water Policy 23, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.199.

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Abstract As part of the formulation of the first National Water Plan (NWP) in Uruguay, a mini-public process called ‘Citizen Deliberation on Water (Deci Agua)’ was developed in 2016. While the draft of the plan was being discussed in the formal arenas of water governance (Basin Commissions and Regional Water Resources Councils), a University research team (led by the authors), in coordination with the national water authority, adapted the mechanism of consensus conferences in order to incorporate the citizens’ visions and to contribute to public understanding of the NWP challenges. This article analyses the main aspects of the developed participation strategy and discusses them regarding a set of quality criteria used to evaluate deliberative processes. Although the final version of the NWP (passed by decree in 2017) incorporated some of the contributions of the Citizen Panel, an in-depth analysis of the scope of the deliberative process of Deci Agua allows us to delve into some key aspects related to the quality of participation processes and the challenges. A mixed approach that combines stakeholder participation and lay citizens is novel and desirable in water governance since it increases the scope of participation, deepens the legitimacy of decision-making and improves the public debate.

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Raza, Gauhar, and Surjit Singh. "Peoples' response in times of Corona crisis: a survey of indian public." Journal of Science Communication 19, no. 07 (December 14, 2020): A02. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.19070202.

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The pandemic now known as COVID-19 crisis, took humanity by surprise. The highly infectious virus designated as SARS-CoV-2, with it epicentre in Wuhan City, crossed international boundaries at an unprecedented pace. Scientific community rose to the occasion, investigated etiology and clinical features, RNA sequence , pathological attributes, prognostic factors, transmission law and preventive measures, etc. of the virus [Harapan, Naoya, Amanda et al., 2020]. Usually, the cycle of generation of scientific knowledge, its publication in specialised journals, validation by international community of experts and then dissemination among the public is a time consuming process [Raza, Singh and Shukla, 2009]. The intensity of pandemic and risk involved reduced the time lag between generation of knowledge and its percolation among the lay public. The scientific knowledge generated in laboratories, within a brief period, shaped perceptions and attitude of both the governments and the lay public. Emergent situations, especially life-threatening episodes also invoked myths, superstitions and conspiracy theories [Van Bavel, Baicker, Boggio et al., 2020]. Media channels publicised scientific information, myths, superstitions and conspiracy theories with equal zeal. However, the study conducted in India suggests that common citizens rejected myths, superstitions and conspiracy theories. In a short period of time common citizens gathered scientific information through multiple channels of media and used it to increase their health security. The authority of science was never so sharply delineated in a highly religious and traditional society. This article looks at the pandemic's disruptive nature, sudden changes in scientific knowledge, rapid crystallisation of perceptions and thereby attitudinal transformation and behavioural changes among the public in India.

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Deem, Rosemary. "Free marketeers or good citizens? Educational policy and lay participation in the administration of schools." British Journal of Educational Studies 42, no. 1 (March 1994): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071005.1994.9973981.

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Yu, Luodi, Sheri Stronach, and Ashley J. Harrison. "Public knowledge and stigma of autism spectrum disorder: Comparing China with the United States." Autism 24, no. 6 (April 27, 2020): 1531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319900839.

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Autism spectrum disorder in China differs considerably from autism spectrum disorder in the West in terms of prevalence estimates, education opportunities, and life outcomes of autistic people. The lack of autism spectrum disorder awareness could be a key factor underlying the disparities. To date, there has been no evaluation of autism spectrum disorder knowledge among the general public of China. Using the Autism Stigma and Knowledge Questionnaire developed for use in diverse cultural contexts, this study uncovered profoundly different public views about autism spectrum disorder in China compared with the United States. Determined by cognitive diagnosis modeling, 86%–91% of the surveyed U.S. citizens ( N = 1127) achieved adequate autism spectrum disorder knowledge in diagnosis/symptoms, etiology, and treatment, whereas for the Chinese citizens ( N = 1254) the percentages were only 57%–65%. Moreover, 14% of the participants from the United States were classified to endorse autism spectrum disorder stigma; in comparison, 38% of the Chinese participants endorsed autism spectrum disorder stigma. The Chinese citizens displayed knowledge deficits primarily in the areas of autism spectrum disorder core symptoms, comorbid intellectual impairment, and prognosis. Sociodemographic factors associated with the Chinese citizen’s misconceptions included gender, ethnicity, social economic factors, among others. These results have important implications for increasing public awareness and promoting community participation for autistic individuals in China. Lay abstract ASD in China differs considerably from ASD in the West in terms of prevalence estimates, education opportunities and life outcomes of autistic people. The lack of ASD awareness could be a key factor underlying these disparities. We asked 1127 U.S. citizens and 1254 Chinese citizens about their autism knowledge using the Autism Stigma and Knowledge Questionnaire (ASK-Q).The results indicated profoundly different public views about ASD in China compared to the U.S. Specifically, only 57%-65% of the Chinese citizens demonstrated adequate ASD knowledge compared to 86%-91% in the U.S. citizens. Fourteen percent of the U.S. citizens were shown to hold stigma beliefs towards ASD; in comparison, 38% of the Chinese citizens indicated ASD stigma. The Chinese citizens displayed misconceptions about ASD related to symptoms, causes, and possible long-term outcomes. In China but not in the U.S., male citizens and citizens with lower social economic status were more likely to have misconceptions about ASD than others were. The findings of this research can help increase public awareness about ASD and create a more inclusive environment for autistic people in China.

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Korablyova, Valeria. "Europe as an Object of Desire: Ukraine between “Psychological Europe” and the “Soviet Mentality”." Culturology Ideas, no. 18 (2'2020) (2020): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37627/2311-9489-18-2020-2.37-54.

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The article explores the idea of Europe in the Ukrainian national imaginary and its correlates in behavioral modes of modern Ukrainians. The conceptual tension exists between the imaginary “Us” (an affirmative “Ukraine is Europe”) and the real “Us” rooted in Soviet practices and mental attitudes. The main actors articulating the concept of Europe are distinguished: political elites/“officials”; cultural elites/“intellectuals”; civil society/“activists”; lay citizens/“electorate”. It is proved that for most Ukrainians Europe is not a value-in-itself; it is an empty signifier with variable content defined by divergent agendas. For Ukrainian politicians, declarative European integration is a geopolitical tool aimed at obtaining prestige/recognition and a protective umbrella of the EU, with no internal reforms by the European model. For cultural elites, “Europe” stands as a “civilizational standard” setting a framework for the search for national authenticity. Immanent Europeanness of the Ukrainian culture is proclaimed in the “frontstage” discourse, while in the “backstage” discourse, the lack of (self)recognition manifests itself through the symptom of being “more European than Europe”. Attempts “to acquire ourselves via Europe” are complemented with the desire “to rescue Europe via acquiring ourselves”. For citizens, “Europe” is a path to prosperity (“to build Europe at home”); yet, the content remains vague. A political struggle unfolds between the stakeholders of the captured state and public activists for the cornerstone ideas and principles, as well as for the trust of lay citizens as a political resource.

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Prowancki, Maciej, Michał Kaczmarczyk, and Kazimierz Marszał. "COMMENCING A PRIVATE PROSECUTION AND THE GROUNDS FOR DISMISSING A LAY JUDGE FROM HIS FUNCTION." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 4, no. XX (December 30, 2020): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8425.

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The institution of the participation of the social factor in the justice in Poland has a long and well-established tradition. In accordance with Art. 4 of the Law on the System of Common Courts, citizens take part in administering justice through the participation of lay judges in hearing cases before courts in the first instance. The jurors are elected by the borough councils for a four-year term. Dismissal of a lay judge before the end of his term of office is possible in the cases enumerated in the Act. This article attempts to analyse the issue of the impact of the circumstances of instituting private indictment against a lay judge on the possibility of dismissing a lay judge from his function at the request of the president of the court. The article presents the following problems and issues: is the initiation of a general criminal procedure against a lay judge for an offense prosecuted on a private indictment basis for the dismissal of a lay judge by the municipal council?; Does instituting criminal proceedings against a person for an offense prosecuted by private indictment prevent that person from standing for the post of a common court lay judge? Is a person running for the post of a common court lay judge obliged to disclose in the course of the procedure of electing lay judges (before being elected by the borough council) that there are private criminal proceedings against that person? The findings made by the authors lead to the conclusion that in the event of instituting private criminal proceedings against a lay judge, the provision of Art. 166 § 2 point 3 of the Act on the System of Common Courts does not apply, and the fact of prosecuting a lay judge as a result of bringing a private indictment to a court should not constitute the basis for a motion by the president of the court to the municipal council to dismiss a lay judge from his function.

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Groleau, Danielle. "Embodying 'health citizenship' in health knowledge to fight health inequalities." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 64, no. 5 (October 2011): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71672011000500002.

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This paper wishes to contribute to the debate around citizen participation in health system decision-making that has been present internationally for the last 30 years. I argue that if we aim to change health inequalities, health professionals and planners need to understand the illness and health service experience of citizens. The concept of 'health citizenship' introduced here refers to health knowledge that integrates the lay knowledge of patients and that this integration is translated into health actions such as clinical communication and the planning of health care, programs, and policy. We illustrate our argument with the two cases: health literacy and the promotion of breastfeeding in a Canadian population living in context of poverty. This paper then concludes by addressing the leadership role, Brazilian graduate nursing schools can play in promoting 'health citizenship' and by doing so, contribute to fight health inequalities.

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Brown, Lawrence H., N. Heramba Prasad, and Kirk Grimmer. "Public Perceptions of a Rural Emergency Medical Services System." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00041509.

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AbstractIntroduction:To determine the awareness of citizens and physicians concerning the capabilities of a rural emergency medical services (EMS) system.Hypothesis:Citizens and physicians are unaware of the capabilities of the EMS system.Methods:Residents were selected randomly from the local telephone directory and asked a series of structured questions about their EMS agency. A written survey was distributed to area physicians. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the proportion of respondents who knew the available interventions in their community with the proportion of those who did not. Statistical significance was inferred at p <0.01.Results:A total of 49% of the citizens were able to identify available skills, and 41.4% of the physicians were able to identify available skills. Physicians were less likely than were the citizens to be able to identify the skills performed by each provider (p <0.001).Conclusion:This study indicates that both physicians and the lay public have little understanding of the capabilities of their EMS system.

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Spierings, Niels, Kristof Jacobs, and Nik Linders. "Keeping an Eye on the People: Who Has Access to MPs on Twitter?" Social Science Computer Review 37, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439318763580.

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Twitter is credited for allowing ordinary citizens to communicate with politicians directly. Yet few studies show who has access to politicians and whom politicians engage with, particularly outside campaign times. Here, we analyze the connection between the public and members of parliament (MPs) on Twitter in the Netherlands in-between elections in 2016. We examine over 60,000 accounts that MPs themselves befriended or that @-mentioned MPs. This shows that many lay citizens contact MPs via Twitter, yet MPs respond more to elite accounts (media, other politicians, organized interests,…), populist MPs are @-mentioned most but seem least interested in connecting and engaging with “the” people, and top MPs draw more attention but hardly engage—backbenchers are less contacted but engage more.

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Deslippe, Dennis. "“As in a Civics Text Come to Life”: The East Brooklyn Congregations’ Nehemiah Housing Plan and “Citizens Power” in the 1980s." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 5 (June 13, 2019): 1030–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144219855025.

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In the early 1980s the East Brooklyn Congregations (EBC) began to build the first of 4,500 affordable, single-family homes, known as Nehemiah Houses. This essay examines how the EBC’s many trained local clergy and lay church members forged a potent body of ideas that drew on civic republicanism, nineteenth century populism, and the rich religious traditions of neighborhood churches to bring about the localization of author and decision making in the Plan’s rationale, design, building, process, and price. I argue that, as a “citizens power organization,” it succeeded in countering neoliberal solutions to urban decline that focused on privatization, deregulation, and subsidies to private developers. The adoption of the Nehemiah Plan elsewhere illustrates the cross-fertilization among citizen power organizations. In turn, the EBC took up new projects for East Brooklyn, including a living wage campaign launched first in Baltimore in the early 1990s.

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Lupton, Deborah. "Crime control, citizenship and the state: lay understandings of crime, its causes and solutions." Journal of Sociology 35, no. 3 (December 1999): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078339903500303.

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Recent policies in Western countries have emphasised the notion of personal responsibility in crime control, drawing attention away from the role of government agencies in dealing with crime. This article explores how this approach to crime control has been taken up in lay ideas about the causes of and solutions to crime. Drawing on a major empirical study on fear of crime among a group of Australians living in urban and rural areas, it is argued that the discourse of personal responsibility was indeed evident in lay accounts. However, the participants also resisted the notion that the state should relinquish paternal protection of its citizens and direct intervention into crime. Their understandings of crime located it within a wider causal network that incorporated ideas about the role of social institutions, welfare and the state in preventing crime.

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Buslón, Nataly, Regina Gairal, Susana León, Maria Padrós, and Emanuela Reale. "The Scientific Self-Literacy of Ordinary People: Scientific Dialogic Gatherings." Qualitative Inquiry 26, no. 8-9 (July 30, 2020): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800420938725.

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In the last decade, researchers have responded to a social demand for science to become more responsible and have a greater effect on society by looking for innovative ways to link science and lay people. The movement to democratize expert knowledge is growing. This movement is creating tools that are used for improving the scientific literacy of citizens. This article presents dialogues between researchers and lay people of low socioeconomic status and low educational level on the social impact of a Scientific Dialogic Gathering (SDG) as a tool for promoting scientific self-literacy that is being developed at an urban adult school in Spain. Based on a communicative and qualitative approach, an SDG encourages people of low socioeconomic status and low educational level to learn about the latest scientific breakthroughs on issues that interest them, such as health-related topics. Participants in a SDG, together with researchers and educators, discuss scientific articles in an egalitarian dialog. One of the main results of this experience is that SDGs are helping lay people to make better decisions in the face of the challenges of today’s society.

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Suman, Anna Berti, Sven Schade, and Yasuhito Abe. "Exploring legitimization strategies for contested uses of citizen-generated data for policy." Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 11, no. 3 (December 25, 2020): 74–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2020.03.04.

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In this article, we investigate how citizens use data they gather as a rhetorical resource for demanding environmental policy interventions and advancing environmental justice claims. While producing citizen-generated data (CGD) can be regarded as a form of ‘social protest’, citizens and interested institutional actors still have to ‘justify’ the role of lay people in producing data on environmental issues. Such actors adopt a variety of arguments to persuade public authorities to recognize CGD as a legitimate resource for policy making and regulation. So far, scant attention has been devoted to inspecting the different legitimization strategies adopted to push for institutional use of CGD. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we examine which distinctive strategies are adopted by interested actors: existing legitimization arguments are clustered, and strategies are outlined, based on a literature review and exemplary cases. We explore the conceivable effects of these strategies on targeted policy uses. Two threads emerge from the research, entailing two complementary arguments: namely that listening to CGD is a governmental obligation and that including CGD is ultimately beneficial for making environmental decisions. We conclude that the most used strategies include showing the scientific strength and contributory potential of CGD, whereas environmental rights and democracy-based strategies are still rare. We discuss why we consider this result to be problematic and outline a future research agenda.

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Welzel, Christian. "Meanings of democracy: mapping lay perceptions on scholarly norms." Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 15, no. 1 (March 2021): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12286-021-00477-6.

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AbstractI am grateful for the honor to write this comment because it gave me the opportunity to read this truly exquisite compilation of works collected under the editorship of Osterberg-Kaufmann, Stark and Mohamad-Klotzbach. The focus of the special section is on new frontiers in the empirical investigation of citizens’ subjective understandings of democracy. It is a methodologically and phenomenologically diverse, and yet thematically cohesive, assemblage of studies that comes at due time and in which the various pieces indeed speak to each other. The compendium covers a significant portion of the innovations going on in the field of measuring lay perceptions of democracy across cultures.To me, the key point is how lay perceptions of democracy map on scholarly norms and where and why mismatches between lay perceptions and scholarly norms exist and what the implications of such mismatches are in terms of global regime-culture coevolution. My comments to the individual articles in the special issue are framed within this broader question. I am phrasing my reflections in a more brainstorming manner, rather than systematically going through each contribution in a point-by-point style. For this reason, my discussion will not address each contribution equally but rather in terms of what I feel should loom large on our research agenda. In a nutshell, I am advocating a decidedly cultural theory of autocracy-vs-democracy—cultural in the sense that we need to triangulate people’s support for and their notions of democracy in the context of encultured values.

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Nerlich, Brigitte, David D. Clarke, and Robert Dingwall. "The Influence of Popular Cultural Imagery on Public Attitudes towards Cloning." Sociological Research Online 4, no. 3 (September 1999): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.330.

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This article shows how public attitudes towards cloning and geneticallymodified food and crops are influenced by dystopian science fictionliterature, films, images and metaphors. We analyse a body of textsproduced in the wake of the announcement of the successful cloning of Dollythe sheep by the Roslin Institute in February 1997, using methods fromdiscourse analysis and cognitive semantics. It is hoped that a betterunderstanding of the emergence and structure of lay imagery of issues suchas cloning will facilitate more effective communication between experts, policy makers and citizens.

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Nunes, João Arriscado. "“I have become a microscope for my own body”: local biologies and the embodiment of biomedical knowledge." Antropologia Portuguesa, no. 29 (July 11, 2014): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-7982_29_5.

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This paper explores the way those commonly described as “lay persons”, “the public” or “patients” appropriate biomedical and biological knowledge and make it part of their repertoires of experience, including embodied experience, as well as the specific apparatuses or dispositifs associated with health promotion or education. The paper draws on an extenexperimentalinitiative in health promotion in Brazil. This initiative raises intriguing challenges to current approaches to what counts as knowledge and how it is associated with the empowerment of citizens in relation to health.

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Fienieg, Barbara, Vera Nierkens, Evelien Tonkens, Thomas Plochg, and Karien Stronks. "Why play an active role? A qualitative examination of lay citizens' main motives for participation in health promotion." Health Promotion International 27, no. 3 (September 6, 2011): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dar047.

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Ferrell, Robyn. "Pinjarra 1970: Shame and the Country Town." Cultural Studies Review 9, no. 1 (September 13, 2013): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v9i1.3581.

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Pinjarra in 1970 lay on an extraordinary cusp. It lagged along a fault line between one order and another; or rather, it squatted at a precipice, over which its cherished values had already been dashed to pieces. In 1967, Aboriginal people were at last, by national referendum, declared citizens of Australia. In 1969, Alcoa began to prepare the site in the hills behind Pinjarra for the open-cut mining of the largest bauxite deposit so far discovered in the world. The past met the future, and they didn’t recognise each other.

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Yu, Esther. "Tears in Paradise." Representations 142, no. 1 (2018): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2018.142.1.1.

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The “tender conscience” of seventeenth-century British discourse redirected the course of political history and the history of the emotions. In the 1640s, the unimpeachable repute of the tender conscience as a spiritual identity provided lay citizens with the authority needed to voice political dissent. The growing antiprelatical movement found in the tender conscience a ready-made resistance theory. For John Milton, the work of defining this conscience is so closely tied to arguments for the legitimacy of revolutionary action that his oeuvre can be read as a protracted struggle to establish its boundaries.

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Shailoobek Kyzy, Aizat. "Discussing Sinophobia in Kyrgyzstan." Central Asian Affairs 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/22142290-bja10001.

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Abstract This paper investigates how Chinese migrants are perceived by different groups in Kyrgyzstan—and in what domains local people turn to Sinophobia. To date, Kyrgyzstani political leaders have tended to be Sinophilic, whereas bazaar traders and ordinary citizens, fearing large inflows of Chinese migrants, are Sinophobic. The article paints a picture of Chinese migrants’ lives in Bishkek and their negative and positive experiences with local people. It concludes by demonstrating that lay people and radical nationalist groups alike deploy Sinophobic rhetoric in relation to China and Chinese immigrants living in Kyrgyzstan.

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Hendriks, Carolyn M., John S. Dryzek, and Christian Hunold. "Turning up the Heat: Partisanship in Deliberative Innovation." Political Studies 55, no. 2 (June 2007): 362–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00667.x.

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Two forum types have featured prominently in deliberative practice: (1) forums involving partisans (such as key ‘stakeholders’) and (2) forums involving non-partisans (such as ‘lay citizens’). Drawing on deliberative theory and cases from Germany, we explore the relative merits of these forum types in terms of deliberative capacity, legitimacy and political impact. The two types offer deliberative governance something different. Non-partisan forums such as citizens' juries or consensus conferences rate favorably in deliberative capacity, but can fall short when it comes to external legitimacy and policy impact. Contrary to expectations, partisan forums can also encounter substantial legitimation and impact problems. How can designed forums contribute to deliberative democratization, given that partisanship is an inevitable fact of politics? We offer some suggestions about how deliberative theory and practice might better accommodate the reality of partisanship, while securing benefits revealed in non-partisan forums.

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Rudiak-Gould, Peter. "“We Have Seen It with Our Own Eyes”: Why We Disagree about Climate Change Visibility." Weather, Climate, and Society 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-12-00034.1.

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Abstract Can the phenomenon called “global climate change” be witnessed firsthand with the naked senses? The question provokes sharply divergent answers from different individuals and ideational communities. Physical scientists and experimental psychologists tend to regard climate change as inherently undetectable to the lay observer, while others, such as anthropologists, indigenous advocates, and environmentally inclined Western citizens, often claim that the phenomenon is not only visible in principle but is indeed already being seen. A third understanding of the visibility of climate change is held by some scholars who portray climate change as invisible at the outset but capable of being made visible via communication tactics such as the miner’s canary. This paper queries the motivations for and consequences of these divergent answers to a deceptively simple question, ultimately suggesting that the dispute between climate change “visibilism” and “invisibilism” is not scientific so much as political, being a proxy war for a larger debate on scientific versus lay knowledge and the role of expertise in democratic society.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lay citizens'

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