Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lay citizens'
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Hendriks, Carolyn Maree, and C. M. Hendriks@uva nl. "Public Deliberation and Interest Organisations: a Study of Responses to Lay Citizen Engagement in Public Policy." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050921.103047.
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This thesis empirically examines how lobby groups and activists respond to innovative forms of public participation. The study centres on processes that foster a particular kind
of deliberative governance including citizens’ juries, consensus conferences and planning cells. These deliberative designs bring together a panel of randomly selected lay citizens
to deliberate on a specific policy issue for a few days, with the aim of providing decision makers with a set of recommendations. While policy makers worldwide are attracted to these novel participatory processes, little consideration has been given to how well they work alongside more adversarial and interest-based politics. This doctoral research project examines this interface by studying what these processes mean to different kinds of policy actors such as corporations, advocacy groups, government agencies, experts
and professionals. These entities are collectively referred to in this thesis as ‘interest organisations’ because in some way they are seeking a specific policy outcome from the
state – even government-based groups.¶
The empirical research in this thesis is based on comparative case studies of four deliberative design projects in Australia and Germany. The Australian cases include a citizens’ jury on waste management legislation and a consensus conference on gene
technology in the food chain. The German case studies include a planning cells project on consumer protection in Bavaria, and a national consensus conference on genetic diagnostics. Together the cases capture a diversity of complex and contested policy
issues facing post-industrialised societies. In each case study, I examine how relevant interest organisations responded to the deliberative forum, and then interpret these responses in view of the context and features of the case.¶
The picture emerging from the in-depth case studies is that interest organisations respond to deliberative designs in a variety of ways. Some choose to participate actively,
others passively decline, and a few resort to strategic tactics to undermine citizens’ deliberations. The empirical research reveals that though responses are variable, most
interest organisations are challenged by several features of the deliberative design model including: 1) that deliberators are citizens with no knowledge or association with the
issue; 2) that experts and interest representatives are required to present their arguments before a citizens’ panel; and 3) that policy discussions occur under deliberative conditions which can expose the illegitimate use of power.¶
Despite these challenges, the paradox is that many interest organisations do decide to engage in lay citizen deliberations. The empirical research indicates that groups and experts value deliberative designs if they present an opportunity for public relations, customer feedback, or advocacy. Moreover, the research finds that when policy actors
intensively engage with ‘ordinary’ citizens, their technocratic and elite ideas about public participation can shift in a more inclusive and deliberative direction.¶
The thesis finds that, on the whole, weaker interest organisations are more willing to engage with lay citizens than stronger organisations because they welcome the chance to influence public debate and decision makers. It appears that powerful groups will only
engage in a deliberative forum under certain policy conditions, for example, when the dominant policy paradigm is unstable and contested, when public discussion on the issue is emerging, when policy networks are interdependent and heterogeneous, and when the broader social and political system supports public accountability, consensus and
deliberation. Given that these kinds of policy conditions do not always exist, I conclude that tensions between interest organisations and deliberative governance will be common. In order to create more cooperative and productive interfaces, I recommend
that interest organisations be better supported and integrated into citizens’ deliberations, and that steps be taken to safeguard forums from strategic attempts to undermine their
legitimacy.¶
The thesis also sends out three key messages to democratic theorists. First, the empirical research shows that different kinds of groups and actors in civil society vary in their
willingness and capacity to participate to public deliberation. Second, the deliberative design model demonstrates that partisan actors, such as interest organisations, will engage in public deliberation when they can participate as strategic deliberators. In this role
partisans are not expected to relinquish their agendas, but present them as testimonies before a group of deliberators. Third, the empirical research in this thesis should bring
home to theorists that deliberative forums are closely linked to the discursive context within which they operate.
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Cherry, David A. "The marriage of Roman citizens and non-citizens law and practice." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4669.
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La, Pointe-Aitchison Corin Shanti. "Citizens United, the Marketplace, and Influence." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4911.
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This study analyzes the rationale used by the Supreme Court in the 2010 case, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. The majority opinion and dissent were dissected and scrutinized for any weaknesses. After careful review and comparison with First Amendment theories and scholarly articles, it was found that the majority opinion and final decision were poorly reasoned and created a dangerous political communication landscape and a weakened Marketplace of Ideas.
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Phillips, Robert. "The Bee Lab kit : activities engaging motivated lay users in the use of open technologies for citizen science activities." Thesis, Royal College of Art, 2015. http://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/1694/.
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The PhD work aligns technological opportunities with self-selecting motivated participants, investigating their desire to monitor wildlife within their custody. It used an ethnographic and user- centred design approach with amateur beekeepers. The work built reciprocal interest in data which users could gather from self-assembled monitoring tools. This PhD explores the relationship between Open Design and Citizen Science, testing it ‘in-the-wild’ through the Bee Lab kit. The development of the kit and territory research was carried out in close collaboration with a local beekeeping community based in the South East of England. The work engaged with the British Beekeepers Association (BBKA), a Citizen Science stakeholder and technology provider Technology Will Save Us (TWSU), informing the project at each stage. The PhD territory was highlighted in scoping design workshops with the public (Phillips. R, Baurley. S, Silve. S) and developed into: cultural probes deployed nationally investigating beekeepers’ ‘making’ activities (Phillips. R, Baurley. S, Silve. S 2013b), ethnographic studies identifying beekeepers’ product creations and re-appropriations for beekeeping praxis, participatory design workshops establishing lay users’ ‘technologically enabled conversations with bees’ (Phillips. R, Ford. Y, Sadler. K, Silve. S, Baurley. S 2013), technology kit assembly workshops testing kit design and competence of lay users (Phillips, Blum et al. 2014), and mental models of creating instructional content (Phillips, Robert., Lockton, Dan., Baurley, Sharon & Silve, Sarah 2013). The Bee Lab Kit: activities engaging motivated lay users in the use of open technologies for CS activities Page 2 of 265 The creation of a repeatable Open Design/Citizen Science model based upon the live testing from the Bee Lab project appendix (O) Open Design Standards (paper pending publication) appendix (K) The project worked with Citizen Science Vendors, Sussex Wildlife Trust and Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, ascertaining the framing of Open Design/Citizen Science projects through a design toolkit. The design toolkit invention and testing was carried out with conservation organisations (Phillips, R & Baurley, S 2014) and technology kit deployment ‘in-the-wild’ with end users (Phillips, R., Blum, J., Brown, M. & Baurley, S 2014). Finally, the work identified the motivations of the individual stakeholders within the project.
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Rahman, Kazi Sabeel Al-Jalal. "Governing the Economy: Markets, Experts, and Citizens." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10822.
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The 2008 financial crisis provoked a debate over how we as a democratic society ought to govern the modern market economy. Our prevailing response to this problem of economic governance has been to appeal either to free markets as self-regulating, self-optimizing systems, or to technocratic rule by neutral experts. Both these systems are appealing because of they claim to promote the public good free of the corruption, irrationality, conflict, and vagaries of democratic politics. This project aims to overcome this skepticism to sketch an account of a democratic approach to economic governance, inspired by the thought and reforms of the Progressive Era.Government
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Williams, Rosalind. "Citizens' Perceptions of Body-Worn Camera Usage by Law Enforcement." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7096.
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A need for more transparency and accountability of police misconduct was obvious from citizen' complaints and media coverage of inhumane actions of law enforcement offers unequipped with body-worn cameras (BWCs). With the fatalities of citizens by law enforcement on the rise, it was incumbent upon the officials in two communities to deliver measures to improve citizens' perceptions of police officers' use of BWCs and how much trust the citizens have in the use of these instruments, as a whole. The purpose of this study was to explore citizens' confidence levels, sense of safety, and perception of civility when police officers use body cameras. The two research questions asked how has being made aware of the usage of BWCs by law enforcement impacted the perception of rural area citizens, and what is the perception of law enforcement officers' usage of BWCs among rural area citizens? The theoretical framework for this study was the self-awareness theory. Data were collected via interviews The data were collected and coded for analysis. Coded data were generated from responses in face to face interviews of participants. Themes were developed from key words in the context and word repetition. Seven main themes were created. The findings of the research show that the usage of body-worn cameras is wanted by citizens in small rural cities and the citizens have a positive perception of officers who utilize body-worn cameras. The results of the study have substantial implication for social change and suggest the people are calling for the use of BWC's by law enforcement officers to aid in increased transparency and trust in police officers on patrol. By carrying out this research, I was able to validate the perception of the citizens.
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Vester, Christina. "Citizen production, citizen identity : the role of the mother in Euripides and Menander /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11477.
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Wilson, Mary G. "The Unintended Consequences of Megan's Law for Citizens, Law Enforcement, and Offenders: An Empirical Analysis." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1278943499.
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Matshakaile, Thabani Nkosiyapha. "Access to justice for non-citizens : a constitutional analysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86576.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The rights entrenched in the Bill of Rights in South Africa’s final Constitution are, with a few exceptions, guaranteed to citizens and non-citizens alike. South Africa has seen an influx of migrants, asylum seekers and refugees since 1994, and this migratory movement has posed significant challenges to the post-apartheid legal order. This thesis is concerned with the State’s implementation of its constitutional obligations to protect and guarantee the constitutional rights of everyone within the borders of South Africa. It is important that these constitutional obligations do not remain mere aspirations but should translate into reality. Most non-citizens living in South Africa face numerous barriers to accessing justice and the processes that could enable them to realise their rights. The thesis examines the concept of “access to justice” and investigates a number of obstacles encountered by different categories of non-citizens – such as refugees, asylum seekers and documented and undocumented migrants – in trying to access justice and to realise their rights. Against this background, arrest, detention and deportation under the Immigration Act and Refugees Act are examined because these processes have often been abused by State officials to prevent non-citizens from accessing the rights and protections guaranteed in these Acts and the Constitution, and to frustrate the implementation of court orders vindicating the rights of non-citizens. The application of the Immigration and Refugees Acts is discussed through the lens of sections 12(1), 33, 34 and 35(2) of the Constitution which ensure that arrest, detention and deportation are done in a lawful and procedurally fair manner, as opposed to the arbitrariness that most non-citizens experience on a daily basis. Secondly, the thesis also examines access to justice for non-citizens in the context of xenophobia and bias based crimes. The State has in the past failed to respond in a coordinated and timely fashion in the face of violent manifestations of xenophobia. Against this background, the State’s obligation to protect non-citizens from violence from either public or private sources in terms of section 12(1)(c) of the Constitution is discussed and analysed. The role, accessibility and effectiveness of Equality Courts are also examined in light of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act and the cases that were brought before them emanating from xenophobic incidents. The thesis concludes with proposals on areas which require better implementation of existing laws; and areas in which legislative reform is needed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die regte wat in die Handves van Regte in Suid-Afrika se finale Grondwet veranker is, word op enkele uitsonderings na vir burgers en nie-burgers gewaarborg. Sedert 1994 het Suid- Afrika instroming van migrante, asielsoekers en vlugtelinge beleef, en hierdie verskuiwing het wesenlike uitdagings aan die post-apartheid regsorde gestel. Hierdie tesis is gemoeid met die Staat se implementering van sy grondwetlike verpligting om die grondwetlike regte van almal wat hul binne Suid-Afrika se landsgrense bevind, te beskerm en te waarborg. Dit is belangrik dat hierdie grondwetlike verpligtinge nie blote aspirasies bly nie, maar ’n werklikheid word. Die meeste nie-burgers wat in Suid-Afrika woon staar talle hindernisse in die gesig wat dit vir hulle moeilik maak om toegang tot geregtigheid te verkry en om hul regte te verwesenlik. Die tesis ondersoek die begrip “toegang tot geregtigheid” en bekyk aantal struikelblokke in die weg van verskillende kategorieë nie-burgers – soos vlugtelinge, asielsoekers en gedokumenteerde en nie-gedokumenteerde migrante – wat toegang tot geregtigheid probeer verkry en hul regte probeer verwesenlik. Teen hierdie agtergrond word arrestasie, aanhouding en deportering ingevolge die Wet op Immigrasie en die Wet op Vlugtelinge ondersoek, aangesien hierdie prosesse dikwels deur staatsamptenare misbruik word om nie-burgers te verhinder om toegang te verkry tot die regte en beskermings wat in hierdie wetgewing en in die Grondwet gewaarborg word, en om geregtelike bevele wat die regte van nie-burgers afdwing, te verydel. Die toepassing van die Wet op Immigrasie en die Wet op Vlugtelinge word deur die lens van artikels 12(1), 33, 34 en 35(2) van die Grondwet bespreek, wat probeer verseker dat arrestasie, aanhouding en deportering op regmatige en prosedureel billike manier geskied, in teenstelling met die willekeur wat nie-burgers op daaglikse basis ervaar. Tweedens ondersoek die tesis toegang tot geregtigheid vir nie-burgers in die konteks van vreemdelingehaat en misdade wat op vooroordeel gebaseer is. Die Staat het in die verlede in gebreke gebly om in die aangesig van gewelddadige manifesterings van vreemdelingehaat op gekoördineerde en tydige manier te reageer. Die Staat se verpligting om ingevolge artikel 12(1)(c) van die Grondwet nie-burgers teen geweld van hetsy openbare hetsy private oorsprong te beskerm, word bespreek en ontleed. Die rol, toeganklikheid en doeltreffendheid van gelykheidshowe word ook bespreek in die lig van die Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act en die sake wat deur hierdie howe beslis is wat uit xenofobiese voorvalle voortspruit. Die tesis sluit af met voorstelle oor terreine waar beter implementering van bestaande wetgewing benodig word, asook terreine waar wetgewende hervorming verlang word.
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Keßler, Stefan. "David Weissbrodt, The Human Rights of Non-Citizens / [rezensiert von] Stefan Keßler." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/4016/.
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Karatzia, Anastasia. "The European Citizens'Initiative : a laboratory for citizens' participation in EU law-making." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/810037/.
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The European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI), introduced as an instrument for citizens’ democratic participation in the EU, has been in existence for just over three years. It is a participatory mechanism by which a proposal supported by one million signatures may influence the Commission’s legislative initiatives. In addition to an express reference in Article 11(4) TEU, the ECI has a detailed legal framework by virtue of Regulation 211/2011. This thesis explores the ECI both as an opportunity for EU citizens to access the EU-law making process, and as part of the wider EU institutional and constitutional order. This is done via an in-depth legal analysis of the ECI’s regulatory framework vis-à-vis an examination of the empirical reality of the ECI’s operation. In this way, the findings of the thesis combine a doctrinal perspective on the legal issues arising from the ECI Regulation, with an empirical element based on primary data collected through interviews with ECI organisers, and detailed observations of the experiences with the first three years of the ECI. By focusing on specific aspects of the ECI that are connected with pertinent EU law debates, such as EU citizenship, the Commission’s competence to propose EU legislation, and the CJEU’s role in adjudicating elements of EU participatory democracy, the thesis lends a legal perspective to the academic understanding of the ECI and - more broadly - citizens’ participation in the EU. At the same time, it demonstrates what can be realistically expected from the ECI as a participatory mechanism. In this respect, it is argued that the ECI does not offer a strong potential to EU citizens to influence EU legislative output. Any future changes to the ECI’s regulatory framework should thus give EU citizens a stronger incentive to make the effort to organise and promote an ECI.
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Gregory, Kristine Angela. "Citizen Perceptions of Law Enforcement Shootings Involving Imitation Firearms." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7006.
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The purpose of this qualitative ethnographic study was to explore citizen perceptions of the phenomenon of law enforcement shootings involving an imitation firearm. A secondary purpose was to document knowledge of current imitation firearm policies and thoughts on the effectiveness of said policies. Kingdon's multiple streams approach was used as the theoretical framework. This theory addressed the sources of power that influence policy decisions, the stakeholders involved in agenda setting, and factors that shape policy debates. Data were collected using a combination of secondary data analysis, field observations and semi structured, face-to-face interviews with 23 citizens. Sampling strategies included a combination of snowball, purposeful, and variation sampling to identify interviewees from four specific subject groups: law enforcement, parents of children aged 10-17-years-old, citizens with no law enforcement experience and no children aged 10-17-years-old, and leaders in the community. Results from domain and taxonomic coding revealed the themes of safety, responsibility, and accountability. Specifically, subjects wanted to ensure both law enforcement and citizens were safe in the community, they wanted to see parents take responsibility for their children, and they wanted to see legislation that held people accountable for their actions when using imitation firearms during the commission of a crime. Findings may be used for positive social change by enhancing imitation firearm policies, recognizing ways to improve data tracking, and identifying educational opportunities for both citizens and law enforcement. Enhanced firearm policies can also help mitigate unnecessary shootings and reduce community conflicts between citizens and police.
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Hendriks, Carolyn Maree. "Public deliberation and interest organisations : a study of responses to lay citizen engagement in public policy /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20050921.103047/index.html.
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Gultekin, Sebahattin. "Citizen Involvement and Law Enforcement: Does Coproduction Affect Organizational Efficiency and Organizational Effectiveness?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11039/.
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Citizen involvement in the production and delivery of public service has been a long time topic of interest and controversial debate among scholars. Essentially, the belief has been that if citizens are actively involved in the process, public organizations and communities benefit in numerous ways that will ultimately lead to increased citizen satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between citizen involvement in the production of public safety and security and its effects on organizational efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. To test the assumption that citizen involvement is positively correlated to organizational success and organizational efficiency of law enforcement agencies, a citizen involvement index was developed and used as the independent variable in ordinary least square regression (OLS) analysis. Three separate models are developed to measure the impact of citizen involvement on law enforcement. Findings obtained through bivariate and multivariate analyses indicate mixed results. Bivariate analysis revealed that citizen involvement was negatively correlated to organizational efficiency while no statistically significant correlation was found in multiple regressions. In addition, through bivariate analyses, citizen involvement was positively correlated with crime rates reported to city police departments, whereas multivariate regression analyses indicated that citizen involvement does not have a statistically significant impact on crime rates. Both analyses, however, provided support for the positive impact of citizen involvement on crime clearance rates. Finally, findings suggested that citizen involvement in public organizations and its effects on the production and delivery of public goods and services are overestimated from the perspective of law enforcement.
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Kita, Yumiko. "Lay adjudication system as a democratic institution : an evaluation of the citizen judge system [Saiban-in Seido] in Japan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/72787/.
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A lay adjudication system that has been the subject of international and domestic reforms democratising criminal justice procedures often reveals a challenging balance amongst the intertwined principles of criminal procedures. In addition, the various stages of lay adjudication procedures, such as its introduction, practice, development, and abolition, have been influenced by political and societal force. Lay adjudicator participation may be an important mechanism for introducing and sustaining the concept of democracy in criminal trial procedures. Whilst the establishment of well-balanced links between international fundamental human rights principles, efficiency and popular justice are significant features in judicial reforms internationally and domestically, the introduction of a lay adjudication procedure can be an appealing addition to judicial reform. A fundamental concern is whether it represents a successful mechanism for democratising criminal procedures. This thesis addresses the issue by examining the 'Saiban-in no Sankasuru Keijisaiban ni kansuru Horitsu', promulgated in 2009, as a result of the 1999 judicial reform in Japan. It does this by firstly setting out evaluative criteria developed through an examination of theoretical perspectives of lay adjudication. It then applies these criteria using quantitative data derived from the Japanese Supreme Court and qualitative data from interviews with former citizen judges and legal professionals who have experience of citizen judge trials. It argues that the introduction and practice of the citizen judge system has been successful. Both procedural and practice tests of the citizen judge system have shown the extent to which citizen judge participation has been accepted and has achieved its targets. The representative and engaging format of the citizen judge system has led to satisfaction and confidence in their duties as citizen judges. However, powerful controls by legal professionals have remained in place throughout the four stages of the citizen judge procedures - the pre-trial arrangement conference process, the selection process of citizen judges, the decision-making process, and the post-trial phrase. Moreover, the controls have supported citizen judges' participation but, at the same time, they could be a direct and indirect impediment to the democratic functions of citizen judges.
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Adams, Joshua L. "The Role of Organizational Justice in Police Interaction Decisions With Citizens Post-Ferguson." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10748929.
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Recent negatively publicized police-citizen interactions in the media, followed by a subsequent rise in crime rates in the United States, has been named the Ferguson Effect. The Ferguson Effect has been explored by prominent scholars in the criminal justice community; however, little is known about how police officers in small police agencies perceive the Ferguson Effect. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions and lived experiences of police officers regarding the Ferguson Effect in small police agencies, as well as police officers’ perceptions of their own organizational justice. The theoretical framework for this study was Greenberg’s theory of organizational justice. Research questions focused on exploring police officers’ perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of the Ferguson Effect phenomenon and willingness to partner with the community. A qualitative phenomenological study design was employed, using purposeful random sampling and semistructured interviews of 9 active sworn law enforcement personnel in southcentral Virginia. Data were analyzed through In Vivo coding, pattern coding, and structural analysis utilizing NVivo 11 Pro. Themes included: (a) racial division, (b) rush to judgment, and (c) steadfast leadership. Findings indicated participants demanded clear and fair policies and procedures from leadership, increased effort of transparency in policing, feelings of racial tension, and the need to regain community trust post-Ferguson. Implications for social change include refinement and development of leadership training for police leadership and refinement in organizational policies that support fairness, community engagement, and community interaction.
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Gurrola, Cassandra. "Judging the Justices: A Critical Analysis of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/205.
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This thesis examines the recently decided Supreme Court case Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. The case regards campaign finance reform, and has raised significant controversy recently. This thesis will evaluate the arguments from both the dissent and the majority opinions, contextualize these arguments with respect to the history of campaign finance reform and the history of the legislation with regard to corporations, and will ultimately pass judgment on whether the Court was correct in its decision. Implications for the post-Citizens world will also be considered.
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Mell, Shana M. "THE ROLE OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE WITHIN POLICE-CITIZEN CONTACTS IN EXPLAINING CITIZEN BEHAVIORS AND OTHER OUTCOMES." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4603.
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American policing is shaped by an array of challenges. Police are expected to address crime and engage the community, yet police are held to higher expectations of accountability, effectiveness, and efficiency than ever before. Police legitimacy is the ability of the police to exercise their authority in the course of maintaining order, resolving conflicts, and solving problems (PERF, 2014). The procedural justice and police legitimacy literature suggest that by exhibiting procedurally just behaviors within police-citizen encounters, officers are considered legitimate by the public (PERF, 2014; Tyler, 2004, Tyler & Jackson, 2012).
This study examines procedural justice through systematic observations of police-citizen encounters recorded by body worn cameras in one mid-Atlantic police agency. The four elements of procedural justice (participation, neutrality, dignity and respect, and trustworthiness) are assessed to examine police behavior and its outcomes. The research questions concern how police acting in procedurally just ways may influence citizen behaviors.
Descriptive statistics indicate high levels of procedural justice. Regression analyses suggest that procedural justice may predict positive citizen behaviors within police-citizen encounters. This study highlights the significance of procedural justice as an antecedent to police legitimacy and offers a new mode of observation: body worn camera footage.
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Gultekin, Sebahattin Benavides Abraham David. "Citizen involvement and law enforcement does coproduction affect organizational efficiency and organizational effectiveness? /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11039.
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DeMeola, Zachariah J. "The Corporate Person: How U.S Courts Transformed a Legal Phantom into a Powerful Citizen." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626779.
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Genem, Suaad. "The right of self-determination of the Palestinians in Israel : a study in the light of international law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369980.
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Walter, Kerstin. "Mind the gap : exposing the protection gaps in international law for environmentally displaced citizens of small island states." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40097.
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The President of the Maldives, Mr. Mohamed Nasheed, has stressed repeatedly that if current trends in sea level rise continue, the Maldives and other island countries would disappear before the end of the century. Despite the growing awareness of the nexus between climate change and migration, academic research into the legal protection, or even the legal definition, of people who may be induced or forced to leave their homeland due to the effects of climate change is scarce. Citizens of Small Island States, displaced as a result of climate change, have very specific characteristics that make them unique in international law but so far it is unclear what status and protection they will have under international law. This thesis aims to provide an overview over existing legal instruments, their capacity to protect island citizen and the ensuing duties and obligations on signatory states and the international community in the hope that it will provide a roadmap for future actions. The author first confirms the leading opinion that environmentally displaced people are not refugees before moving on to explore the protection capacity of international human rights law, the international legal principle of non-refoulement and the legal framework on statelessness.
This thesis reaches the unwelcome conclusion that current legal frameworks are not equipped to provide displaced citizen of disappearing islands with the necessary and effective protection they require and none of the discussed legal instruments can confer on them a secure and stable legal status, comparable to that of a refugee. It further concludes that - seeing how specific the needs of these geographically remote islands are and taking into account the wishes of the populations at risk - the most promising way forward for the protection of small island states citizen therefore lies in regional agreements aimed at gradual and dignified migration and the preservation of island communities and culture within the host countries.
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Baer, G. "The right to travel : United Kingdom and United States Constitutional Law and the citizen's freedom of movement." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375874.
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Gill, Sheila Dawn. "Who can be a citizen?, decoding the law of the land in contemporary Manitoba politics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0006/MQ46176.pdf.
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Dabal, Ibrahim M. "The role of Islamic shari'a in drug abuse prevention and its impact on the citizens of the U.A.E." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.682996.
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Waldman, Lorne. "The limits on a state's right to exclude and expel non-citizens under customary international and human rights treaty law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54071.pdf.
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Doyle, Daniel S. "A Discourse-Proceduralist Case for Election and Media Reform after Citizens United." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1339711190.
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Ridenour, Kathryn. "Corruption, Coordination, and Corporate Cash: Re-examining Citizens United in the Era of Super PACs and Dark Money." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1864.
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This work argues that the Supreme Court incorrectly decided the case of Citizens United v. FEC (2010). Beginning with an analysis of past campaign finance law and jurisprudence, this paper then outlines the fact of the case in Citizens United and assesses each of the principle claims made by the majority and dissenting opinions. The analysis then pivots to a practical examination of the immediate legal and regulatory consequences of the decision, namely detailing the advent of super PACs. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the magnitude of super PAC and related dark money spending in the years following the decision and speculates about its impact on elections and shifting public opinion. Drawing from the historical precedent and empiric spending reality, this paper formally reargues the Citizens United case, striking down the five identified premises in the majority opinion’s ruling. These premises are as follows: money is speech, corporations are entitled to the same rights as natural persons, the governmental anticorruption interest is limited to only quid pro quo exchanges, the antidistortion rationale is unconstitutional, and disclosure requirements provide sufficient information to ensure transparency. This inquiry concludes that unlimited corporate independent expenditures have a distortionary impact on the electoral system, presenting a unique corruption threat. As such, Citizens United should be formally overturned.
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Fullerton, Hannah S. "Post Citizen United: The Lack of Political Accountability and Rise of Voter Suppression in a Time of Newly Defined Corruption." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/229.
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In 2010, our definition of democracy in America was drastically changed by the Supreme Court case Citizens United v. FEC. The Court ruled that under the First Amendment, corporations have the right to free speech. The decision removed the final ban on corporations, which prohibited corporate money used for direct advocacy. The consequences of this have been tremendous. The decision has allowed for the creation and rise of Super PACs and political active nonprofits. As a result, Super PACs and nonprofits now act as “shadow campaigns”. Outside groups have the ability to engage in voter suppression tactics without politically hurting the candidate. Unlike political candidates, there are no direct ramifications for an outside organization to get caught engaging in voter suppression. They are not held accountable by anyone. The ability to take political action that is independent from the government or campaigns allows for a new form of corruption. Corruption is no longer a coordinated act between corporate money and a candidate, but rather political actions that take place outside the public sphere. Political actions that take place in the private sphere are outside the realm of political accountability. The people stand powerless against private outside organizations.
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Vermilion, Christopher. "Analysis of the constitutionality of the Bush administration's Military Order on the Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-citizens in the War against Terrorism." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/471.
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Gómez, Uribe Jorge Ignacio Simón, and Vargas Marcelo Alejandro Ugalde. "Comparación de los modos de participación ciudadana en la gestión pública local: el caso de las comunas de Las Condes y La Pintana (2012-2017)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151186.
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Seminario para optar al Grado de
Licenciado en Ciencias Políticas y Gubernamentales
Mención: Gestión PúblicaEsta investigación se enmarca entre los estudios cualitativos y busca comparar los modos de participación ciudadana en base a dos casos de comunas en Chile: La Pintana y Las Condes en el período 2012-2017. El resultado de esta investigación señala que las principales diferencias entre ambas comunas se enmarcan en 5 dimensiones, frecuencia de los usos de los modos de participación ciudadana, los enfoques sobre la participación ciudadana que presenta cada una de estas comunas, la voluntad de los funcionarios hacia la participación ciudadana, el entorno organizacional que rodea al Municipio (organizaciones de la sociedad civil) y la capacidad de incidencia de los vecinos de estas comunas.
This works is a qualitative effort which general purpose is to compare the ways of citizen governance, based in two cases of comunas in Chile: La Pintana and Las Condes during 2012-2017. The results of this efforts points out that the most important differences between both cases are basically categorized in 5 dimensions, the frequency, the approach to the topic from the local government, bureaucrats willingness to citizen governance, the civil society organizations and the impact that citizens can have in public policy in this comunas.
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Hymon, Drema Ann. "Use of Force Citizen Complaints, Use of Force Violations, and Early Intervention." ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7875.
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Abstract
Mounting public protests, increasing expensive payouts, and shootings of unarmed victims by police is a call to reexamine options to problem solving, service recovery, and preventing police misconduct as it pertains to the use of force. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the correlation between early intervention system data
(a) use of force, citizens' complaints (race and gender), and use of force violations (race, gender, and years of service for officers). The disruptive theoretical framework provided an innovative lens to examine police misconduct of a large midwestern large law enforcement agency. This secondary data study did not find significant relationships between stated variables using chi-square analyses. Although consistent with other studies, males were found likely victims of excessive use of force (X2 = 114.093, p =.000) using multiple regression. By expanding the characteristics of basic variables based on a (use of force) continuum model, the data can be treated as a disruptor with potential to reach maintenance or high productivity and sustainability. The fields of healthcare and education have made strides using this model, and this model may also add to the existing knowledge to create greater transparency, service recovery, and policy modification needed to reduce the use of force police misconduct. As society changes with varying political mandates, public opinions and technological communications, it is apparent that law enforcement must also continually improve efforts to enhance accountability and transparency relating to the use of force
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Thompson, Bryan Matthew. "Rashomon Comes to the Courtroom: The Adoption of the Lay Judge System in Japan, Its Impact on Jurisprudence, and the Implications for Civic Engagement." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/440.
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In May of 2009, Japan began formal operations of the saiban-in seido or lay judge system, a quasi-jury means of criminal trial adjudication that represents the first occasion since 1943 that average Japanese citizens will be required to fulfill a role in the criminal jurisprudential process. While the lay judge system promises to affect the methods and procedures of criminal trials in Japan, recent scholarship in the United States has raised an interesting question: to what degree can the lay participatory adjudication process facilitate greater levels of civic engagement in past citizen jurists once their service has completed? It is with this question in mind that the Japanese lay judge system is examined. In this work I first analyze how the Japanese judicial system fits within the global context, measuring it against the adversarial and inquisitorial archetypes that are followed by other liberal democracies. I then look to describe how lay adjudication is handled elsewhere around the world, finding that two major systems are employed - the Anglo-American jury and the European mixed-tribunal - with the Japanese lay judge system bearing great resemblance towards the latter. In investigating the origins of the lay judge system, and the changes this new method brings to Japanese criminal jurisprudence, I seek to detail the goals of this recent reform and the opportunities the lay judge system has to realize those aims. Finally, I look to how lay participation in the courtroom can inspire individuals to be more civically active once their service at trial is finished. In this pursuit, I look to relevant theoretical literature that describes how deliberative participation can spur further participation in civil society, as well as recent research in the United States that document linkages between jury service and an individual`s later inclination to be more civically engaged. With this evidence in hand, I return the focus to Japan and the lay judge system and ask what results can be expected under this new system. As sufficient data is not readily available to make definitive declarations as to the civic engagement-enhancing potential of the lay judge system - due to the relative newness of the institution - this thesis instead offers theories and hypotheses that may prove fruitful to later investigations on this very question. Moreover, I examine opinions prevalent in the current literature that would question the ability of the lay judge system to invigorate the civic engagement-tendencies of past lay jurists and analyze their veracity. In this manner, I seek to provide future research in this area with a more stable footing to proceed.
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Berneri, Chiara. "The movement and residence rights of third country national family members of EU citizens : a historical and jurisprudential approach." Thesis, City, University of London, 2014. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/18070/.
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Granting family residence rights to third country national EU family members is a controversial issue that has been the object of a lively debate, especially in recent years. The debate has been particularly focused on the role played by the Court of Justice of the European Union in deciding cases involving EU citizens and their third country national family members. The Court has been criticized for inconsistent judgments and providing a lack of legal certainty. The object of this thesis is to analyse the intricate jurisprudential scenario of family reunifications between EU citizens and third country nationals. In order to do so I will place the Court’s case law in its broader historical context. Through my analysis, I will show how the phenomenon of family reunification between EU citizens and third country nationals is the fruit of a development that, starting from the legislation of the first post World War II era reached its climax in the more recent judgments of the CJEU. Using a historical prospective, I will outline that the original meaning of the first family reunification legislative provisions, their more recent CJEU interpretation and the new application of the concept of EU citizenship find their ground on specific trends that have characterized the process of European integration for years. I will look in particular at the development of the Common Market project, focused on eliminating obstacles that would hinder the right of free movement of workers and at the strengthening of the rights deriving from the EU citizenship status. I will also show how since the oil economic crises these two currents begun to clash with the stricter immigration policies adopted by some Member States. I will argue that the approach of the Court can be better appreciated when placed at the interplay of this clash.
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Gibson, Dana M. "State Authority versus Citizens’ Rights: An Analysis of Police Use of Deadly Force Regulations and their Implications for Ferguson." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/987.
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The recent shooting of unarmed teenager Michael Brown by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri rekindled the age-old debate of how the authority of the state to enact the law and guard public safety, specifically in terms of police use of deadly force, ought to properly be balanced against citizens’ rights. The social consequences of this incident illustrate the profound importance of policy governing this issue. This thesis provides an analysis of the governing Supreme Court precedent which informs this issue, as well as the state statutes of Missouri and the police department regulations of Ferguson, Seattle, Denver, and New Hampshire which govern the police use of deadly force. The application of these standards to varying scenarios of the Ferguson shooting serves to demonstrate how these standards operationalize and highlights the discrepancies that exist across jurisdictions in terms of restricting and evaluating police use of deadly force. Ultimately, ambiguity in the current standards, incongruities and difficulties in their implementation, as well as significant concerns of inherent injustice lead to the conclusion that the police use of deadly force should be limited to instances in which such force is necessary to protect human life or prevent serious physical injury.
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Balzac, Josephine M. "CAFTA-DR's Citizen Submission Process| Is It Protecting the Indigenous Peoples Rights and Promoting the Three Pillars of Sustainable Development?" Thesis, The George Washington University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1537313.
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The Central American population consists of a majority of indigenous people and the parties to the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) must strive to protect the culture, heritage and rights of the region’s people. Trade agreements must recognize the rights of the indigenous peoples that are affected by environmental degradation resulting from trade activities, which can result in the forceful removal of their lands. The balance between the three pillars of sustainable development must be struck because international trade is necessary by fueling much of the economic growth in the developed world. Public engagement of the indigenous people through participation, information, consultation and consent are necessary to fulfill the goals of sustainable development and protect their right to property and traditional lands. We have to continue to incorporate the objectives of sustainable development in free trade agreements in order to preserve the global environment for future generations.
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Muftic, Lamija. "Protection of human rights in the case of immigration related detention in the EU: Between international law and international relations." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22392.
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The aim of this thesis is to explore the relation between the extent of abidance to human rights international law provisions in regard to the detention of immigrants in the countries of EU, and the motivations for doing so, as presented in the international relations theories. The principal research question is: Why are immigrants facing problems in obtaining human rights in the context of immigration related detention? The answers are implicitly found in the answers to the underlying question: Why do states crate and obey international law? Methodologically, the problematic is approached through the theoretical analysis of International Relation theories: Realist, Institutionalism, Liberalism and Constructivism. Each of these theories provides different factors as explanatory for the actions of the states, respectively: power, existence of institutions, interest of individuals and social practices. National law remains the key system in the protection of rights due to its enforceability. Despite the existence of provisions relating to the rights of aliens, national law primarily protects the rights of nationals. From the second half of the 20th century international law has developed rapidly and has influenced the development and advancement of human rights and standards. However, due to the lack of strength in its enforceability, its application is dependent of the political interest and motivation of individual states, both in their inclusion of international law provisions into their national legal systems and its enforcement, and in the use of the constellation of power in international relations in applying pressure on other states to do the same. Entities like European Union bring a new quality to this problematic, given its specific legal structure that has influenced the rethinking of national sovereignty as the uncontested authority in creating and abiding the law. Nonetheless, provision and protection of individual's rights remains tightly knit to and dependent upon citizenship.
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Belvedere, Kimberly Joy. "Why do they resist? Exploring dynamics of police-citizen violence during arrest encounters." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2177.
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This study seeks to identify a relationship between Rational Choice/Classical thought and resisting arrest among criminal offenders. It seeks also to fill the gap that currently exists with regard to the effects of situational dynamics and police-citizen violence.
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Marchant, Steven. "Rebecca, Laura and Kane : the event in 1940s Hollywood." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365166.
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Schindler, Ralph George. "The continuing evolution of policing: community oriented policing in the civilian sector and its applicability in the military environment." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1115.
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The history of urban policing paints an evolutionary picture describing the various forces that impinged on society's earliest efforts at public policing and led to numerous reforms culminating in what has been termed the professional model of policing. The dynamics of an ever-changing urban society continued to present new challenges to policing and have driven police administrators and politicians to seek new methods of responding to society's criminal element.
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Lima, Newton de Oliveira. "O conceito de estado e a fundamentação do estado de direito em Kant e Kelsen." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8347.
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The theory of Hans Kelsen's Law came from Kant who gave the law the power to coerce the freedom under the law in order to ensure the freedom of all. So Kelsen defined the law as State’s “pure” coercive order and defended the unity of Law and State. The purpose of the thesis is to rethink Kelsen’s legitimacy solution law and, by criticizing it, resume Kantian reflection aimed at protecting political freedom with a citizens' function: the response to the State by a 'critical freedom' able to take the proposition against standards by political individual to parliament. In defended proposal, the political freedom of the subject theory possesses sufficient powers to criticize the State within constitutional limits, but maintaining state sovereignty. In Kant liberal basis in policy implies the idea of political freedom as the founding of the state, this is the guardian of the law as a normative body. For Kant, the application of legal-rational principles within the legal procedures is of fundamental importance to ensure the republican function of the state, which is the fulfillment of the Constitution and the state unity by maintaining the original political contract. We understand that in Kant legitimizing the state is to support it in the innate freedom expressed in its legal and practical function as political freedom, being that effective form of protection involves interpreting the legal-rational principles by giving them a function "critical" in drafting a proposed citizenship contestation to the State. Thinking of political judgments delivered by the citizens as a directly normative possibility makes them keep the State in Law limits as an expression of political freedom.
A teoria do Direito de Hans Kelsen partiu de Kant que atribuiu ao Direito a faculdade de coagir a liberdade segundo a lei no intuito de assegurar a liberdade de todos. Assim, Kelsen definiu o Direito como ordem coercitiva estatal “pura” e defendeu a unidade entre Direito e Estado. A proposta da tese é repensar a solução de legitimidade do Direito kelseniana e, ao criticá-la, retomar a reflexão kantiana no sentido de defender a liberdade política com uma função de cidadania: a contestação ao Estado mediante uma ‘liberdade crítica’ capaz de assumir a função de proposição de normas pelo indivíduo político perante o parlamento. Na proposta defendida, a liberdade política do sujeito teria de possuir poderes suficientes para criticar o Estado dentro dos limites constitucionais, mas mantendo a soberania estatal. Em Kant a fundamentação liberal na Política implica na ideia da liberdade política como fundante do Estado, este é o guardião do Direito como corpo normativo. Para Kant, a aplicação dos princípios jurídico-racionais dentro dos procedimentos legais é de fundamental importância para assegurar a função republicana do Estado, que é o cumprimento da Constituição e a unidade do Estado através da manutenção do contrato político original. Entendemos que em Kant legitimar o Estado é fundamentá-lo na liberdade inata expressa em sua função jurídico-prática como liberdade política, sendo que a forma eficaz dessa proteção implica interpretar os princípios jurídico-racionais dotando-os de uma função “crítica” na elaboração de uma proposta de cidadania contestatória ao Estado. Pensar em juízos políticos proferidos pelos cidadãos como possibilidade normativa direta ao Estado faz com que se mantenha o Estado nos limites do Direito enquanto expressão da liberdade política.
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Moore, Brendan J. "Personhood, Democratic Debate, and Limitations on Corporate Speech Rights." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338489386.
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Schmidt, Christopher. "Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, Verwaltungsprozessrecht und Kommunalrecht: Finanzhaie in Ludwigswerk?: Referendarexamensklausur." De Gruyter, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71409.
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Die einfach gelagerte Klausur ist im Kommunalrecht verortet, dessen Grundzüge Gegenstand der ersten Prüfung sind. Aufgabenstellung und Lösung orientieren sich an zwei jüngeren Entscheidungen des OVG Münster aus dem Mai 2014, in denen es um die Zulässigkeit von Bürgerbegehren in Bornheim bzw. Schwelm ging1, wobei es für eine gelungene Klausur darauf ankommt, die wesentlichen Probleme zu erkennen und entsprechend zu diskutieren. Zusätzlich sind Problemlagen des allgemeinen Verwaltungsrechts und des Verwaltungsprozessrechts berücksichtigt.
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Rodríguez-Arana, Muñoz Jaime. "Users and Services of General Energy Interest." Derecho & Sociedad, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118152.
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Modern Administrative Law must be considered within the Social and Democratic Rule of Law. Citizens, as users of services of general interest, are at the centre of all the categories of Regulatory Law. They have a legal status that enables them to be present in the decisions that affect them and they can contest decisions that harm their rights.El Derecho Administrativo moderno debe enmarcarse en el Estado Social y Democrático de Derecho. Los ciudadanos, usuarios de los servicios de interés general, ocupan un lugar central en todas las categorías del Derecho Regulatorio. Disponen de un estatuto jurídico que les permite estar presentes en las decisiones que le afectan y poder impugnar las decisiones que lesionen sus derechos.
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夏春利 and Chunli Xia. "Autonomous legislatures under China's regional ethnic autonomy: law, reality and potential." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40988120.
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Bourcet, Marie. "How can innovations foster collaboration and participation inthe development of sustainableneighbourhoods? Insights from Lyon Living Lab." Thesis, KTH, Samhällsplanering och miljö, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209797.
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While sustainability issues take an ever-larger part in city planning, citizens aspirations toinclusion in projects rise. In France, the government encourages the development ofcollaboration between actors and the emergence of innovations in the creation ofsustainable neighbourhoods. These incentives allow for the development of projects thataim at being demonstrators of French know how. Through these large-scale projects,partnerships are created, thus leading to more inclusive projects and to the creation ofsynergies between actors of the creation of urban fabric. Through an in-depth study of one of these projects, this research aimed at assessing theoutcomes of the top down approach implemented by the government. The idea was tostudy the government that was implemented and its outcomes in terms of creation ofinnovation but also regarding citizen participation. To identify citizens’ aspirations forinclusion and for the creation of fitted housing solutions, in coherence with sustainabilityissues, some research about a successful participatory housing project was conducted. Through the implementation of a fitted governance system, collaboration between actorsfrom different backgrounds and with varying interests lead to the creation of a creativeprocess of innovation and to the development of many pilot projects. Through the analysisof these projects, it appeared that information and communication technologies are onetool to the implementation of a more efficient, of a more resilient city. However, theycannot be presented as one goal and need to take part of a bigger process with other toolsthat are necessary for the creation of new uses for urban dwellers. Though citizen inclusion is an aspiration from various actors of the production of the city,some limits to citizen power in a really framed process of project development wereraised. Despite a strong will, from various actors, there are still many obstacles to thecreation of fitted housing solutions that would meet the deepest expectations of citizens.
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Handschumacher, Konstantin. "In the light of the Crimean Crisis will International law have to accept that it is to the advantage of the citizens of Crimea that, in this case, the law of state succession applies De Facto in preference to that of occupied territory law?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20866.
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The Crimea Crisis didn't just influenced the political world, it also challenged the international law system. It is one of the major crisis after the Cold War where the relationship between western states and Russia were at a point of collapsing. After the fled of the former Russian president, the "Little Green Man" entered Crimea and took over the control over the territory. In the beginning Russia denied any connection to this rebel group, but according to the effecting control test, their action can be attributed to Russia. Therefore Russia used illegally force in Crimea. After holding a referendum, which didn't met the international standards, Crimea singed a treaty, which lead to the incorporation into the Russian Federation. Because of the link to the illegal use of force these actions violated international law. Crimea is therefore occupied territory and the law of occupation applies to the area. But because Russia considers the territory as part of the Russian Federation, it considers the law of state succession as the applicable law. When we compare the two legal systems in regards to the rights and citizenship, it can be concluded that none of the two legal systems are more beneficent for the inhabitants than the other. As a consequence one can hypothetical ask if there are legal arguments in international law, which can be put forward to underpin the assumption that for the benefit of the inhabitants the de jure legal system has to evade in favor for the de facto system. There are several possible legal arguments, but none of them is in the position to underpin the raised question. Even there are no legal arguments the current discussion in international has the possibility to strengthen the law of occupation.
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Antanavičiūtė, Roma. "Gyventojų dalyvavimas nusikalstamumo prevencijoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140603_134457-66576.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuotas gyventojų dalyvavimas nusikalstamumo prevencijoje. Pirmame darbo skyriuje teoriniu aspektu nagrinėjamos prevencijos, nusikalstamumo sampratos. Antrame skyriuje analizuojamos nusikalstamumo prevencijos formos, kuriose dalyvauja ar gali dalyvauti gyventojai. Pateikiama užsienio šalių patirtis. Trečiame skyriuje pristatomas tyrimas, kuriame atskleidžiamas Mažeikių rajono savivaldybės gyventojų dalyvavimas, požiūris į nusikalstamumo prevenciją.Final master work analyzes citizenry’s participation in delinquency prevention. The first part in theory studies conceptions of prevention and delinquency. The second part analyzes forms of delinquency prevention, where the citizenry participate or can participate. The countries’ experience is supplied. The third part supplies the research, where citizenry‘s participation of Mažeikiai city and region municipalities, citizenry‘s attitude towards delinquency prevention are displayed.
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Enssle, Patricia. "A bottom-up and citizen-centred approach to transitional justice: public opinion towards reparations in post-Franco Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672559.
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Forty-five years after the death of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco dealing with the legacies of the country's repressive past and addressing the needs of the regime's victims of human rights violations continues to be a highly current and controversial topic in contemporary Spain. The exhumation of the former dictator from the mausoleum 'Valley of the Fallen', carried out by state authorities in October 2019, was praised as a long overdue step by relatives of victims, while right-wing conservative circles criticized it as an unnecessary resurgence of old supposedly overcome conflicts. However, what does the broader Spanish population think about repairing victims of Francoism? An open question in the research field of transitional justice remains the opinion of the public towards state- sponsored victim reparations including different measures ranging from material compensation payments and recognition of individual pension rights to symbolic and collective measures such as renaming of streets or the establishment of public memorial sites and places of remembrance. Using a qualitative bottom-up research approach applying a combination of online-survey and focus group methodology various forms of reparations are identified, which seem to meet with positive feedback from both the victims and the general public. Based on theoretical considerations of the academic literature on transitional justice such publicly supported reparations measures could possibly contribute to reconcile divided societies resurging from a conflicting past.Cuarenta y cinco años después de la muerte del dictador español Francisco Franco, abordar los legados del pasado represivo del país y atender las necesidades de las víctimas de violaciones de los derechos humanos del régimen sigue siendo un tema muy actual y controvertido en la España contemporánea. La exhumación del ex dictador del mausoleo "Valle de los Caídos", llevada a cabo por las autoridades estatales en octubre de 2019, fue elogiada como un paso largamente esperado por los familiares de las víctimas, mientras que los círculos conservadores de derecha la criticaron como un resurgimiento innecesario de viejos conflictos supuestamente superados. Sin embargo, ¿qué piensa la población española en general sobre la reparación de las víctimas del franquismo? Una cuestión abierta en el campo de la investigación de la justicia de transición sigue siendo la opinión del público sobre las reparaciones de las víctimas patrocinadas por el Estado, que incluyen diferentes medidas que van desde el pago de compensaciones materiales y el reconocimiento de los derechos individuales de pensión hasta medidas simbólicas y colectivas como el cambio de nombre de las calles o el establecimiento de lugares de conmemoración pública y lugares de recuerdo. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo de investigación ascendente que aplica una combinación de encuestas en línea y la metodología de grupos de discusión, se identifican diversas formas de reparación que parecen recibir una respuesta positiva tanto de las víctimas como del público en general. Sobre la base de consideraciones teóricas de la literatura académica sobre la justicia de transición, esas medidas de reparación apoyadas públicamente podrían contribuir a reconciliar a las sociedades divididas que resurgen de un pasado conflictivo.
Quaranta-cinc anys després de la mort del dictador espanyol Francisco Franco, abordar els llegats del passat repressiu del país i abordar les necessitats de les víctimes de violacions dels drets humans del règim continua sent una qüestió molt actual i controvertida a l'Espanya contemporània. L'exhumació de l'exdictador del mausoleu "Vall dels Caiguts", duta a terme per les autoritats estatals a l'octubre de 2019, va ser elogiada com un pas esperat pels familiars de les víctimes, mentre que els cercles conservadors de dretes la van criticar com un ressorgiment innecessari dels vells conflictes suposadament superats. Però, què pensa la població espanyola en general sobre la reparació de les víctimes del franquisme? Una qüestió oberta en l'àmbit de la investigació de la justícia transicional segueix sent l'opinió pública sobre les reparacions de les víctimes patrocinades per l'Estat, incloent diverses mesures que van des del pagament de la indemnització material i el reconeixement dels drets individuals de pensions a mesures simbòliques i col·lectives, com canviar els noms dels carrers o establir memorials públics i llocs de record. Mitjançant un enfocament qualitatiu de recerca a l'alça que aplica una combinació d'enquestes en línia i metodologia de grup de discussió, s'identifiquen diverses formes de reparació que semblen rebre una resposta positiva tant de les víctimes com del públic en general. Basant-se en consideracions teòriques en la literatura acadèmica sobre justícia transicional, aquestes mesures de reparació recolzades públicament podrien ajudar a conciliar societats dividides que ressorgeixen d'un passat conflictiu
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Morales, Morales Ernesto. "Empoderamiento y transformación de las relaciones de poder. Un análisis crítico de los procesos institucionales de participación ciudadana." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400078.
Full textAbstract:
La presente es una tesis doctoral por compendio de publicaciones que tiene como objetivo conocer si los procesos institucionales de participación ciudadana —aquellos que la Administración promueve— pueden contribuir al empoderamiento de la ciudadanía y a la transformación de las relaciones de poder. Para ello, a través de cuatro artículos, se muestran los resultados de una investigación fundamentada en los estudios de caso de dos experiencias consolidadas y de largo recorrido, los Presupuestos Participativos de Porto Alegre en Brasil y los Planes de Desarrollo Comunitario de Barcelona en España.
El problema de investigación parte de la paradoja de si quién sustenta el poder estará dispuesto a generar un empoderamiento que le supondría ser cuestionado o perder poder. Para abordar este tema se hace una aproximación pluridisciplinar y compleja, incorporando visiones y conceptos de la ciencia política, la sociología, la psicología comunitaria, el trabajo social o la pedagogía.
El marco de análisis pone en relación cuatro conceptos clave: poder, empoderamiento, participación ciudadana y democracia.
El poder se nos presenta desde dos acepciones. Por una parte el poder sobre (el que permite definir e incidir sobre las políticas), y por otra parte el poder para (el que permite desarrollar acciones o ejecutar políticas). El empoderamiento se nos presenta como un proceso y como un estado. Y la participación ciudadana se nos muestra como un mecanismo de mejora de la democracia.
La metodología se basa en dos estudios de caso de experiencias de largo recorrido, los presupuestos participativos de Porto Alegre y la acción comunitaria institucional de Barcelona. Se combinan métodos de investigación etnográficos con análisis documental, aportando un análisis complejo de las relaciones de poder entre los actores de las experiencias y de la evolución de las políticas públicas.
La tesis concluye que la participación ciudadana contribuye a la transformación de las relaciones de poder y al empoderamiento ciudadano, aunque con claros condicionantes y límites.
Por último se aportan recomendaciones para fortalecer la dimensión transformadora y empoderadora de la participación ciudadana: diseñar la participación ciudadana como procesos educativos a largo plazo, la generación de “ecosistemas facilitadores del empoderamiento”, la incorporación de estrategias de concienciación y la incorporación de mecanismos de autoevaluación en base a las transformaciones y al empoderamiento al que se aspira.This is a doctoral thesis by compendium of publications. Its aim is to determine whether institutional participation processes can contribute to the empowerment of citizens and the transformation of power relations. To do this, the four articles of the compendium show the results of an investigation based on the case studies of two consolidated and long-term practices: Porto Alegre’s Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, and the Barcelona’s Community Development Plans in Spain. The research problem tackles the paradox of whether people upholding the power will be ready to generate an empowerment that would end up questioning this power or make them lose it. To address this issue, a multi-disciplinary and complex analysis is made, incorporating visions and concepts of political science, sociology, community psychology, social work or pedagogy. The framework of analysis is based on the relationship between four key concepts: power, empowerment, citizen participation and democracy. The notion of power is approached from two perspectives: power over – which allows the definition and influence on policies; and power to – which allows developing or implementing policy actions. Empowerment is presented as a process and as a state. Eventually, citizen participation is seen as a mechanism for improving democracy. The methodology of case studies combines ethnographic research methods and documentary analysis, which provides a complex analysis of power relations between the actors and the making of public policies. The conclusions of this thesis show that public participation contributes to the transformation of power relations and citizen empowerment, but with strong conditions and limits. Finally, recommendations to strengthen the transformative dimension and empowering citizen participation are provided, such as: designing citizen participation as an educational long-term process; the generation of ecosystems that facilitate empowerment; the adoption of awareness raising strategies; and the incorporation of mechanisms of self-assessment based on the transformation and empowerment that is pursued.