Journal articles: 'Laws (form)'

1

Denton, Michael, and Craig Marshall. "Laws of form revisited." Nature 410, no. 6827 (March 2001): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35068645.

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Étkin, V. A. "Alternative form of generalized transfer laws." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 72, no. 4 (July 1999): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02699286.

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TURNEY, PETER. "LAWS OF FORM AND FINITE AUTOMATA." International Journal of General Systems 12, no. 4 (September 1986): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081078608934939.

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4

Berensmeyer, I. ""Twofold Vibration": Samuel Beckett's Laws of Form." Poetics Today 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 465–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-25-3-465.

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Díaz-García, José A., and Francisco J. Caro-Lopera. "Estimation of mean form and mean form difference under elliptical laws." Electronic Journal of Statistics 11, no. 1 (2017): 2424–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/17-ejs1289.

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Kostytsky, V. V. "Interpretation of laws as form of law implementation." INTERPRETATION OF LAW: FROM THE THEORY TO THE PRACTICE, no. 12 (2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2021-12-4.

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1. Kostytskyi M. V. Psykholohichni pytannia yurydychnoi vidpovidalnosti (krytyka prezumptsii «neznannia zakonu nezvilniaie vid vidpovidalnosti») / M. V. Kostytskyi // Yurydychna psykholohiia ta pedahohika. – 2011. – № 2 (10). – S. 3. 2. Opotiak S. Z. Teorii tlumachennia pravovykh norm (iurydychna pryroda ta pidkhody do tlumachennia pravovykhnorm) / S. Z. Opotiak // Biuleten Ministerstva yustytsii Ukrainy. – 2011. - № 4. – S. 122-127. – Rezhym dostupu: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/bmju_2011_4_18 3. Molyboha M. P. Funktsii ta metody tlumachennia prava / M. P. Molyboha // Biuleten Ministerstva yustytsii Ukrainy. –2010. – № 11. – S. 12; Paleshnyk S. I. Tlumachennia v sudovii praktytsi: poniattia, osoblyvosti, vydy : dys. ... kand.yuryd. nauk : 12.00.01 / S. I. Paleshnyk ; Nats. yuryd. un-t im. Yaroslava Mudroho. – Kharkiv, 2016. – S. 11-12. 4. Malynova Y. P. Fylosofyia prava (ot metafyzyky k hermenevtyke) : monohrafyia / Y. P. Malynova. – Ekaterynburh: UrHIuA, 1995. – S. 82. 5. Sadovskyi M. M. Teoretyko-pravovi zasady doktrynalnoho tlumachennia prava : dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.01 /M. M. Sadovskyi; Klasychnyi pryvatnyi universytet. – Zaporizhzhia, 2017. – S. 21. 6. Dvorkin R. Serioznyi pohliad na prava / R. Dvorkin ; per. z anhl. A. Frolkin. – Kyiv : Vyd-vo Solomii Pavlychko «Osnovy», 2000. – S. 52. 7. Cherdantsev A. F. Tolkovanye prava y dohovora / A. F. Cherdantsev. – Moskva : Yunyty-Dana, 2003. – S. 104. 8. Pryima S. V. Pryntsypy tlumachennia norm prava : avtoref. dys ... kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.01 / S.V. Pryima; Natsionalna yuryd. akademiia Ukrainy imeni Yaroslava Mudroho. – Kharkiv, 2011 – 18 s.; Samilo H. O. Problemy tlumachennia pravovykh norm : navch.-metod. posib. / H. O. Samilo. – Zaporizhzhia : ZNTU, 2017. – S. 47. 9. Rysheliuk A. M. Zakonotvorchist v Ukraini: navch. posib / A. M. Rysheliuk. – Kyiv : Vyd-vo NADU, 2004 // https://pidruchniki.com/83139/pravo/tlumachennya_zakonu. 10. Shevchuk S. Osnovy konstytutsiinoi yurysprudentsii / S. Shevchuk. – Kyiv : Ukrainskyi tsentr pravnychykh studii, 2001. – S. 210-211. 11. Sadovskyi M. M. Teoretyko-pravovi zasady doktrynalnoho tlumachennia prava : dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk : 12.00.01 /M. M. Sadovskyi; Klasychnyi pryvatnyi universytet. – Zaporizhzhia, 2017. – S. 113. 12. Havrylov D. A. Pravoprymenytelnoe tolkovanye: dyss. … kand. yuryd. nauk : 12.00.01 / D. A. Havrylov; Volhohradskyi hos. un-t. – Volhohrad, 2000. – S. 5-6. 13. Sotsuro L. V. Neofytsyalnoe tolkovanye norm rossyiskoho prava : avtoref. dys. … dokt. yuryd. nauk : 12.00.01 / L.V. Sotsuro. – Moskva, 1998. – S. 17. 14. Skakun O. F. Teoriia derzhavy i prava : pidruchnyk / O. F. Skakun. – Kharkiv : Konsum, 2008. – S. 410. 15. Sadovskyi M. M. Teoretyko-pravovi zasady doktrynalnoho tlumachennia prava : dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk : 12.00.01 /M. M. Sadovskyi; Klasychnyi pryvatnyi universytet. – Zaporizhzhia, 2017. – S. 139. 16. Zahalna teoriia derzhavy i prava: pidruchnyk / za zah. red. M. V. Tsvika, O. V. Petryshyna. – Kharkiv : Pravo, 2009. –S. 419-420.

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7

Rao, M. P. R. V. "P+I form laws for combined adaptive control." Electronics Letters 29, no. 21 (1993): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19931264.

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8

Schmidt, Michael, and Hod Lipson. "Distilling Free-Form Natural Laws from Experimental Data." Science 324, no. 5923 (April 3, 2009): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1165893.

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Fuhrmann, Jan Tobias. "Die Gewalt der Zwei-Seiten-Form: Von der Kritik der Zwei-Seiten-Form zur Viel-Seiten-Form der Kritik." Soziale Systeme 28, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 163–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sosys-2023-0009.

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Zusammenfassung Im Folgenden werden Operationen sozialer Systeme als Vollzug von différance (Derrida) aufgefasst. Um das zu plausibilisieren, muss die Interpretation der Laws of Form (Spencer-Brown) seitens Luhmann zurückgewiesen werden. Das erfolgt, indem davon ausgegangen wird, dass eine Indikation statt notwendig eine Distinktion zu vollziehen, eine Unbestimmtheit produziert. Die Stabilität von Zwei-Seiten-Formen wird erst durch die Wiederholung einer sie herstellenden Gewalt produziert. In einem ersten Schritt werden die Laws of Form als eine Abfolge von Befehlen im Medium des Visuell-Simultanen rekonstruiert und die Übertragung Luhmanns auf sequenziell vollzogene Kommunikationsereignisse zurückgewiesen (I). Dadurch wird es möglich, différance als konstitutive Unbestimmtheit sozialer Operationen zu markieren (II). Die Einschränkung der radikalen Unbestimmtheit der différance in Zwei-Seiten-Formen wird mit der Operation der Kompensation nachvollzogen und als epistemic violence (Spivak) markiert (III). Diese Gewalt gewinnt ihre Autorität maßgeblich aus der Wiederholung (IV). Die Unterbrechung dieser Wiederholung kann durch Kritik gelingen. Der Beitrag schließt, indem er der Systemtheorie der Kritik den Vorschlag macht, Kritik als Unterbrechung der Autorität der Wiederholung aufzufassen (V).

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10

Pervez, Anis. "Information as Form." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 7, no. 1 (July 2, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v7i1.68.

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An interpretive understanding of information can be developed by drawing on a number of premises of autopoiesis in combination with Spencer-Brown’s laws of form. Such understanding views information as self-referential meaning construction by observing an object. Therefore, information can be perceived as form resulted from individuals’ making distinction of their environment. By analyzing forms - token of indications - one can empirically understand what information is constructed. Such investigation is a qualitative exploration of human actions and interpretations.

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11

Kassab, Ghassan S. "Scaling laws of vascular trees: of form and function." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 290, no. 2 (February 2006): H894—H903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00579.2005.

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The branching pattern and vascular geometry of biological tree structure are complex. Here we show that the design of all vascular trees for which there exist morphometric data in the literature (e.g., coronary, pulmonary; vessels of various skeletal muscles, mesentery, omentum, and conjunctiva) obeys a set of scaling laws that are based on the hypothesis that the cost of construction of the tree structure and operation of fluid conduction is minimized. The laws consist of scaling relationships between 1) length and vascular volume of the tree, 2) lumen diameter and blood flow rate in each branch, and 3) diameter and length of vessel branches. The exponent of the diameter-flow rate relation is not necessarily equal to 3.0 as required by Murray's law but depends on the ratio of metabolic to viscous power dissipation of the tree of interest. The major significance of the present analysis is to show that the design of various vascular trees of different organs and species can be deduced on the basis of the minimum energy hypothesis and conservation of energy under steady-state conditions. The present study reveals the similarity of nature's scaling laws that dictate the design of various vascular trees and the underlying physical and physiological principles.

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Yang, Ciann-Dong, and Fang-Bo Yeh. "Closed-form solution for a class of guidance laws." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 10, no. 4 (July 1987): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.20234.

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13

Lu, Ping. "Approximate nonlinear receding-horizon control laws in closed form." International Journal of Control 71, no. 1 (January 1998): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002071798221902.

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14

Ping Lu. "Closed-form control laws for linear time-varying systems." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 45, no. 3 (March 2000): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/9.847739.

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15

RICHMOND, PETER, and SORIN SOLOMON. "POWER LAWS ARE DISGUISED BOLTZMANN LAWS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 12, no. 03 (March 2001): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183101001754.

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Using a previously introduced model on generalized Lotka–Volterra dynamics together with some recent results for the solution of generalized Langevin equations, we derive analytically the equilibrium mean field solution for the probability distribution of wealth and show that it has two characteristic regimes. For large values of wealth, it takes the form of a Pareto style power law. For small values of wealth, w ≤ wm, the distribution function tends sharply to zero. The origin of this law lies in the random multiplicative process built into the model. Whilst such results have been known since the time of Gibrat, the present framework allows for a stable power law in an arbitrary and irregular global dynamics, so long as the market is "fair", i.e., there is no net advantage to any particular group or individual. We further show that the dynamics of relative wealth is independent of the specific nature of the agent interactions and exhibits a universal character even though the total wealth may follow an arbitrary and complicated dynamics. In developing the theory, we draw parallels with conventional thermodynamics and derive for the system some new relations for the "thermodynamics" associated with the Generalized Lotka–Volterra type of stochastic dynamics. The power law that arises in the distribution function is identified with new additional logarithmic terms in the familiar Boltzmann distribution function for the system. These are a direct consequence of the multiplicative stochastic dynamics and are absent for the usual additive stochastic processes.

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BIRTEA, PETRE, and RĂZVAN M. TUDORAN. "NON-NOETHER CONSERVATION LAWS." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 09, no. 04 (May 6, 2012): 1220004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887812200046.

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In this paper we will give a formula for computing conservation laws for a Hamiltonian system that admits non-Noether infinitesimal symmetry. The formula involves the differential operator associated with the dual Lefschetz operator corresponding to a symplectic form.

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Benn, Douglas I., Nicholas R. J. Hulton, and Ruth H. Mottram. "‘Calving laws’, ‘sliding laws’ and the stability of tidewater glaciers." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871161.

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AbstractA new calving criterion is introduced, which predicts calving where the depth of surface crevasses equals ice height above sea level. Crevasse depth is calculated from strain rates, and terminus position and calving rate are therefore functions of ice velocity, strain rate, ice thickness and water depth. We couple the calving criterion with three ‘sliding laws’, in which velocity is controlled by (1) basal drag, (2) lateral drag and (3) a combination of the two. In model 1, velocities and strain rates are dependent on effective pressure, and hence ice thickness relative to water depth. Imposed thinning can lead to acceleration and terminus retreat, and ice shelves cannot form. In model 2, ice velocity is independent of changes in ice thickness unless accompanied by changes in surface gradient. Velocities are strongly dependent on channel width, and calving margins tend to stabilize at flow-unit widenings. Model 3 exhibits the combined characteristics of the other two models, and suggests that calving glaciers are sensitive to imposed thickness changes if basal drag provides most resistance to flow, but stable if most resistance is from lateral drag. Ice shelves can form if reduction of basal drag occurs over a sufficiently long spatial scale. In combination, the new calving criterion and the basal–lateral drag sliding function (model 3) can be used to simulate much of the observed spectrum of behaviour of calving glaciers, and present new opportunities to model ice-sheet response to climate change.

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Kauffman, Louis H. "A Review of Majorana fermions and the laws of form." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2197, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2197/1/012001.

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Luo, Jihao, and Panagiotis Tsiotras. "Exponentially convergent control laws for nonholonomic systems in power form." Systems & Control Letters 35, no. 2 (September 1998): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6911(98)00039-5.

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20

Sever, Michael. "Canonical form and symmetry group of systems of conservation laws." Journal of Differential Equations 255, no. 7 (October 2013): 1607–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2013.05.018.

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Beloussov, Lev V., and Vassily I. Grabovsky. "Information about a form (on the dynamic laws of morphogenesis)." Biosystems 87, no. 2-3 (February 2007): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2006.09.015.

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Dimitrakopoulos, Elias G., and Matthew J. DeJong. "Revisiting the rocking block: closed-form solutions and similarity laws." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2144 (April 4, 2012): 2294–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0026.

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In this paper, the dynamic response of the rocking block subjected to base excitation is revisited. The goal is to offer new closed-form solutions and original similarity laws that shed light on the fundamental aspects of the rocking block. The focus is on the transient dynamics of the rocking block under finite-duration excitations. An alternative way to describe the response of the rocking block, informative of the behaviour of rocking structures under excitations of different intensity, is offered. In the process, limitations of standard dimensional analysis, related to the orientations of the involved physical quantities, are revealed. The proposed dimensionless and orientationless groups condense the response and offer a lucid depiction of the rocking phenomenon. When expressed in the appropriate dimensionless–orientationless groups, the rocking response becomes perfectly self-similar for slender blocks (within the small rotations range) and practically self-similar for non-slender blocks (larger rotations). Using this formulation, the nonlinear and non-smooth rocking response to pulse-type ground motion can be directly determined, and need only be scaled by the intensity and frequency of the excitation.

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Сherniak, Olena, Sergіі Panchenko, Mykola Stefanchuk, Alla Kiryk, and Tetiana Fedorenko. "Requirements for Contract’s Form According to Ukrainian and EU Laws." Cuestiones Políticas 41, no. 79 (October 20, 2023): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4179.08.

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The purpose of the article was to determine the peculiarities of the legal norms concerning the form of the contract in the law of the European Union EU. For this purpose, the following methods were used: special-legal, analysis and synthesis, inductive, systemic, generalization, forecasting and comparative. The authors insist on the need to rethink conventional law through the prism of European contract law. Attention was paid to the desirability of refusing to regulate issues related to the form of the contract, without dividing into certain requirements for the form of contracts. It is emphasized that “soft law” acts themselves require in some cases a certain formality (for example, a written form on a durable medium) for a specific legal act, and national laws often require a written form or other formalities. Especially with regard to specific objects, in particular land and other real estate. Unilateral gift obligations and consumer contracts are cited as examples of restrictions to the requirements for the free choice of the form of the contract. It concludes by arguing for the importance of rethinking national approaches to understanding contract form and its legal simplification.

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Jagers op Akkerhuis, Gerard A. J. M. "General Laws and Centripetal Science." European Review 22, S1 (May 2014): S113—S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279871300080x.

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The large number of discoveries in the last few decades has caused a scientific crisis that is characterised by overspecialisation and compartmentalisation. To deal with this crisis, scientists look for integrating approaches, such as general laws and unifying theories. Representing what can be considered a general form law, the operator hierarchy is used here as a bridge between existing integrating approaches, including: a cosmic timeline, hierarchy and ontology, a periodic table of periodic tables, the unification of evolutionary processes, a general evolution concept, and general aspects of thermodynamics. At the end of the paper an inventory of unifying concepts is presented in the form of a cross table. The study ends with a discussion of major integrating principles in science.

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Lyerly, Eric. "The anatomy of an OCR complaint form." Disability Compliance for Higher Education 29, no. 4 (October 18, 2023): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dhe.31612.

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The Office for Civil Rights is responsible for enforcing federal civil rights laws that prohibit discrimination in programs or activities that receive federal funding. To this end, it investigates complaints of disability discrimination (as well as other forms of discrimination) against colleges and universities.

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Frisch, Mathias. "Laws in Physics." European Review 22, S1 (May 2014): S33—S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000768.

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This paper critically discusses different philosophical conceptions of laws of nature by examining how putative laws are treated in physical theorizing. These different conceptions are, first, views that take laws to be metaphysically basic; second, Humean views, which take laws to be reducible to patterns of instantiations of non-modal properties; and, third, a cluster of conventionalist or instrumentalist views that understand laws as part of the epistemic toolkit for building models and a reflection of a particular perspective of investigation. I argue that scientific practice best supports a moderate version of the third view: while the laws of physics do not form a single tightly organized axiomatic structure and there exists a multiplicity of frameworks in which putative laws are justified by their predictive use and relevance in a particular context, general overarching principles nevertheless play an important role in physics and provide some integration of different domains.

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Mustapa, Iqbal, Zamroni Abdussamad, and Mellisa Towadi. "Positive Fictional Authority Legislative Ratio in Government Administration Laws and Job Creation Laws." Damhil Law Journal 1, no. 1 (May 28, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56591/dlj.v1i1.1726.

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<p><em>This study aims to determine the causes of the low fulfillment of wife and children's income after divorce and the efforts that can be made to optimize the fulfillment of wife and children's income, especially in divorce cases. The research method used is normative with a case approach (statute approach) and a conceptual approach. The results of the study show that the percentage of women's and children's rights in religious courts has a very low percentage, so it is necessary for judges to use their ex officio rights massively for the optimal fulfillment of women's and children's rights. In addition, the position of the SEMA which is considered to be a guideline or policy and does not have strong binding power, it is necessary to have rules recognized by the national legislation formation system, preferably in the form of a Supreme Court Regulation or Government Regulation. The results of the study show that the percentage of women's and children's rights in religious courts has a very low percentage, so it is necessary for judges to use their ex officio rights massively for the optimal fulfillment of women's and children's rights. In addition, the position of the SEMA which is considered to be a guideline or policy and does not have strong binding power, it is necessary to have rules recognized by the national legislation formation system, preferably in the form of a Supreme Court Regulation or Government Regulation. The results of the study show that the percentage of women's and children's rights in religious courts has a very low percentage, so it is necessary for judges to use their ex officio rights massively for the optimal fulfillment of women's and children's rights. In addition, the position of the Sema which is considered to be a guideline or policy and does not have strong binding power, it is necessary to have rules recognized by the national legislation formation system, preferably in the form of a Supreme Court Regulation or Government Regulation.</em></p>

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Niklas, K. J., and S. T. Hammond. "Biophysical Effects on the Scaling of Plant Growth, Form, and Ecology." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 5 (May 9, 2019): 1312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz028.

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Abstract Physical laws and processes influence the ability of plants to exchange mass and energy with their external environments, thereby directly influencing global ecosystem functions such as water and CO2 cycles. Six fundamental physical laws and processes (e.g., Fick’s law of diffusion and the Euler–Greenhill equation for elastic self-similarity) are reviewed in the context of how they affect growth, body size, shape, and ecology. This review shows that biophysical effects on energy–mass exchange rates significantly influence the scaling of plant growth and form, while simultaneously providing opportunities for adaptation and the exploration of unoccupied regions in the plant morphospace.

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Hildebrand, Tyler. "Platonic Laws of Nature." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 50, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/can.2019.41.

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AbstractDavid Armstrong accepted the following three theses: universals are immanent, laws are relations between universals, and laws govern. Taken together, they form an attractive position, for they promise to explain regularities in nature—one of the most important desiderata for a theory of laws and properties—while remaining compatible with naturalism. However, I argue that the three theses are incompatible. The basic idea is that each thesis makes an explanatory claim, but the three claims can be shown to run in a problematic circle. I then consider which thesis we ought to reject (hint: see the title) and suggest some general lessons for the metaphysics of laws.

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Putra, Ariska Ade, and Nailur Rahmi. "OTORITAS PRESIDEN DALAM MENETAPKAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH PENGGANTI UNDANG-UNDANG (Tinjauan Fiqh Siyasah Dusturiyyah dan Hukum Positif)." JISRAH: Jurnal Integrasi Ilmu Syariah 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jisrah.v2i2.4340.

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The problem in this research is how the president's authority in determining government regulations to replace laws is reviewed from the fiqh siyasah, a form of urgency that forces the establishment of government regulations to substitute laws according to positive law. The purpose of this discussion is to find out how the president's authority in issuing government regulations in lieu of laws is reviewed from the fiqh siyasah, a form of urgency that forces the establishment of government regulations in lieu of laws according to positive law.

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von Vacano, Diego. "The Form of Freedom in Plato's Laws: An Interpretation." Theoria 59, no. 132 (September 11, 2012): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/th.2012.5913204.

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32

Schiltz, Michael. "Space is the Place: The Laws of Form and Social Systems." Thesis Eleven 88, no. 1 (February 2007): 8–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513607072452.

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33

Bialy, Misha. "Hamiltonian form and infinitely many conservation laws for a quasilinear system." Nonlinearity 10, no. 4 (July 1, 1997): 925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0951-7715/10/4/007.

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34

Garretson, Craig M. "A combined form of the laws of Ampere and Biot–Savart." American Journal of Physics 54, no. 3 (March 1986): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14639.

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35

Alexeyeva, L. A. "Biquaternionic Form of Laws of Electro-Gravimagnetic Charges and Currents Interactions." Journal of Modern Physics 07, no. 11 (2016): 1351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.711121.

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36

Bodnar, Troyan A. "The Conservation Laws and Stability of Fluid Waves of Permanent Form." Applied Mathematics 04, no. 03 (2013): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/am.2013.43072.

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37

Prozorova, Evelina. "NFLUENCE OF THE FORM OF WRITING CONSERVATION LAWS IN COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS." JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 19, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/hm019010129.

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38

Hayward, Sean A. "Spin coefficient form of the new laws of black hole dynamics." Classical and Quantum Gravity 11, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 3025–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/11/12/016.

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39

Mumford, Stephen. "Normative and Natural Laws." Philosophy 75, no. 2 (April 2000): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100000280.

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A theory of laws is developed that takes from E. J. Lowe the claim of natural laws being consistent with certain classes of exceptions. Neither abnormal cases, such as albino ravens, nor miracles falsify covering laws. This suggests that law statements cannot have the form of a universally quantified conditional. Lowe takes it that this is best explained by natural laws having normative force in the same way as moral laws and laws of the land. I argue that there is a non-normative, descriptivist account that also explains the exception cases and which is preferable, given our reservations about normative laws of nature. I also suggest an improved account of miracles within the descriptivist account.

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Kobelev, Vladimir. "Unification proposals for fatigue crack propagation laws." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 13, no. 2 (August 14, 2017): 262–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-10-2016-0052.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose the new dependences of cycles to failure for a given initial crack length upon the stress amplitude in the linear fracture approach. The anticipated unified propagation function describes the infinitesimal crack-length growths per increasing number of load cycles, supposing that the load ratio remains constant over the load history. Two unification functions with different number of fitting parameters are proposed. On one hand, the closed-form analytical solutions facilitate the universal fitting of the constants of the fatigue law over all stages of fatigue. On the other hand, the closed-form solution eases the application of the fatigue law, because the solution of nonlinear differential equation turns out to be dispensable. The main advantage of the proposed functions is the possibility of having closed-form analytical solutions for the unified crack growth law. Moreover, the mean stress dependence is the immediate consequence of the proposed law. The corresponding formulas for crack length over the number of cycles are derived. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the method of representation of crack propagation functions through appropriate elementary functions is employed. The choice of the elementary functions is motivated by the phenomenological data and covers a broad region of possible parameters. With the introduced crack propagation functions, differential equations describing the crack propagation are solved rigorously. Findings The resulting closed-form solutions allow the evaluation of crack propagation histories on one hand, and the effects of stress ratio on crack propagation on the other hand. The explicit formulas for crack length over the number of cycles are derived. Research limitations/implications In this paper, linear fracture mechanics approach is assumed. Practical implications Shortening of evaluation time for fatigue crack growth. Simplification of the computer codes due to the elimination of solution of differential equation. Standardization of experiments for crack growth. Originality/value This paper introduces the closed-form analytical expression for crack length over number of cycles. The new function that expresses the damage growth per cycle is also introduced. This function allows closed-form analytical solution for crack length. The solution expresses the number of cycles to failure as the function of the initial size of the crack and eliminates the solution of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation of the first order. The different common expressions, which account for the influence of the stress ratio, are immediately applicable.

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Kaźmierczak, Bartosz. "Adaptation of form based code method in the Polish spatial planning system." Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.1514.

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This paper aims to present a problematic issue of the spatial planning system in Poland in the context of landscape protection. In his research, the author proves that statutory spatial planning tools fail to be efficient in the area of aesthetic and spatial order. The author has analysed the provisions of the local laws on an example of a selected Polish municipality to answer the question whether local laws effectively protect local natural and cultural landscape that is a major factor for the development of sustainable tourism (a strategic aspect of the business activity in the municipality).

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Quilter, Julia, and Luke McNamara. "‘Zero Tolerance’ Drug Driving Laws in Australia: A Gap Between Rationale and Form?" International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i3.416.

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Legislation in all Australian states and territories creates offences and provides for police roadside testing in relation to ‘drug driving’. Ostensibly motivated by the same road safety objectives and impairment paradigm as drink driving laws, drug driving laws adopt a significantly different approach. Whereas random breath testing tests for all forms of alcohol and is designed to determine whether there is a sufficient concentration of alcohol in the driver’s body that s/he should be deemed to be impaired, random drug testing typically tests for the presence of any quantity of only the three most widely used illicit drugs—cannabis, methamphetamine and ecstasy—in the driver’s oral fluids, without reference to what is known about the different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic qualities of different drugs. This article examines this idiosyncratic approach to the criminalisation of drug driving, highlighting its weak correlation with the important road safety objective of deterring substance-impaired driving, and the risks of both over- and under-criminalisation that it creates. It argues that public policy on the prohibition of certain drugs and the criminalisation of their use should be disentangled from public policy on impaired driving. It recommends that drug driving laws in all Australian jurisdictions should be brought back into line with drink driving laws, via legislation and testing practices that turn on substance-specific prescribed concentrations for all drugs (illicit and licit) that have the potential to impair drivers.

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Cai, Yi Ming. "Material Form and Nature of Depth Space Resources." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3398.

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In this paper, based on the theory of breadth space and depth space energy and other resources utilization innovatively and scientifically divided by the author, the material form and nature of depth space resources including energy are demonstrated and the laws and formulas are also put up which hold profound meanings both in natural sciences and social sciences.

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Amin, Khoirul. "Lembaga Pembentuk Peraturan Perundang-Undangan." Syntax Idea 5, no. 6 (June 25, 2023): 654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/syntax-idea.v5i6.2276.

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Microsoft Office Translator This research was conducted by the author with the aim of knowing more details about state institutions that have the authority to form laws. This study intends to review the 1945 Constitution before it is amended and after the amendment, in addition to reviewing with Law Number: 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of Laws and Regulations. The method that the author used in this study, is the normative juridical research method. While the material or data used to answer the problems discussed in this study, by searching and collecting material derived from literature data. The results of this study show that law-forming state institutions are state institutions that take part in the process of forming laws. Before the amendment of the 1945 Constitution, the state institutions authorized to form laws were the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) and the DPR. And after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution, the authority to form laws changed, consisting of the DPR, the President and the DPD. However, the power to form laws is in the hands of the DPR, while the DPD legislative power is still very limited and only has the authority to participate in discussing draft laws related to Regional Autonomy, Central and Regional Relations, the Establishment of the expansion and processing of natural resources and other economic resources, and the balance of central and regional finances.

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Kopelman, Loretta M. "The Forced Marriage of Minors: A Neglected Form of Child Abuse." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 1 (2016): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516644208.

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The forced marriage of minors is child abuse, consequently duties exist to stop them. Yet over 14 million forced marriages of minors occur annually in developing countries. The American Bar Association (ABA) concludes that the problem in the US is significant, widespread but largely ignored, and that few US laws protect minors from forced marriages. Although their best chance of rescue often involves visits to health care providers, US providers show little awareness of this growing problem. Strategies discussed to stop forced marriages include recommendations from the UN, the ABA, and the UK. The author anticipates and responds to criticisms that first, no duty to intervene exists without better laws and practice guidelines; and second, that such marriages are not child abuse in traditions where parental rights or familism allegedly justify them.

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Krutto, Annika. "Empirical cumulant function based parameter estimation in stable laws." Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis de Mathematica 22, no. 2 (January 2, 2019): 311–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/acutm.2018.22.26.

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Stable distributions are a subclass of infinitely divisible distributions that form the only family of possible limiting distributions for sums of independent identically distributed random variables. A challenging problem is estimating their parameters because many have densities with no explicit form and infinite moments. To address this problem, a class of closed-form estimators, called cumulant estimators, has been introduced. Cumulant estimators are derived from the logarithm of empirical characteristic function at two arbitrary distinct positive real arguments. This paper extends cumulant estimators in two directions: (i) it is proved that they are asymptotically normal and (ii) a sample based rule for selecting the two arguments is proposed. Extensive simulations show that under the provided selection rule, the closed-form cumulant estimators generally outperform the well-known algorithmic methods.

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GIACHETTA, GIOVANNI, LUIGI MANGIAROTTI, and GENNADI SARDANASHVILY. "NOETHER CONSERVATION LAWS IN HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL CHERN–SIMONS THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 37 (December 7, 2003): 2645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303012313.

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Sokolov, Kirill. "On The Need For More Rigorous Thinking About The Laws Of Form." Leonardo 34, no. 1 (February 2001): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002409401300052389.

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Aczél, J. "On the general form of the laws of science without dimensional constants." Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico e Fisico di Milano 55, no. 1 (December 1985): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02924862.

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Kolmanovsky, Ilya, Mahmut Reyhanoglu, and N. Harris McClamroch. "Switched mode feedback control laws for nonholonomic systems in extended power form." Systems & Control Letters 27, no. 1 (January 1996): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6911(95)00036-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Laws (form)'

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