Journal articles: 'Laws fo the sea'

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Gamito, S., H. Quental-Ferreira, A. Parejo, J. Aubin, V. Christensen, and ME Cunha. "Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems: energy transfers and food web organization in coastal earthen ponds." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 12 (November 5, 2020): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00375.

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Three Ecopath models were built to reproduce 3 experimental treatments carried out in earthen ponds located in Olhão, southern Portugal, to understand the energy transferred and the ecosystem state in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). These earthen ponds behave as simplified ecosystems or mesocosms, with well-defined borders, where the relationships between trophic groups can be described through ecosystem modeling. Different combinations of species were produced in these ponds, corresponding to the 3 treatments: (1) fish, oysters and macroalgae (FOM); (2) fish and oysters (FO); and (3) fish and macroalgae (FM). The managed species were meagre Argyrosomus regius, white seabream Diplodus sargus, flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus, Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas and sea lettuce Ulva spp. The results showed that the total amount of energy throughput was 15 to 17 times higher when compared with an equivalent naturalized system. The high biomass and low recycling indicated an immature system with low resilience and low stability that demands high rates of water renewal and aeration to maintain good water-quality levels for finfish production. The addition of oysters and macroalgae in the FOM treatment appeared to improve the water quality, since oysters controlled the excess of phytoplankton produced in the ponds by ingesting a fair amount of the phytoplankton, while the macroalgae helped in the absorption of excess nutrients and created a habitat for periphyton and associated macroinvertebrates. Some ecosystem attributes of the FOM ponds approached the values of the naturalized model, suggesting a possible path towards more sustainable aquaculture.

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Kriton, Grigorakis, Kogiannou Dimitra, Genevieve Corraze, Pérez-Sánchez Jaume, Agnes Adorjan, and J. Sándor Zsuzsanna. "Impact of Diets Containing Plant Raw Materials as Fish Meal and Fish Oil Replacement on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata), and Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Freshness." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (February 15, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1717465.

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The present study aimed to evaluate whether the total or high substitution of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) by sustainable plant raw materials (plant meal and oils) in long-term feeding for rainbow trout, gilthead sea bream, and common carp can result in spoilage alterations during ice storage. These three species were fed throughout their whole rearing cycle with plant-based diets and compared to counterparts that received FM/FO-based diets or commercial-like diets. Sensory QIM schemes adopted for these species and ATP breakdown products (K-value and components) were used to evaluate the freshness. Sensory acceptability of 14, 15, and 12 days was found for rainbow trout, gilthead sea bream, and common carp, respectively. This corresponded to K-values of approximately 80%, 35%, and 65% for rainbow trout, gilthead sea bream, and common carp, respectively. No major effect of dietary history on postmortem shelf life was shown for gilthead sea bream and common carp; neither sensory-perceived nor chemical freshness showed diet-related differences. Rainbow trout fed with the plant-based diet exhibited slightly worse sensory freshness than fish fed with FM/FO-based diets, at the end of shelf life. These findings imply that FM and FO can be successfully substituted without major impacts on shelf life of fish.

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Lin, Ruirong, Hongfei Yuan, Changrong Wang, Qingyu Yang, and Zebin Guo. "Study on the Flavor Compounds of Fo Tiao Qiang under Different Thawing Methods Based on GC–IMS and Electronic Tongue Technology." Foods 11, no. 9 (May 3, 2022): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091330.

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“Fo Tiao Qiang” is a famous dish with Chinese characteristics. It is delicious, rich in materials, and high in nutritional value. Through physical and chemical analysis, electronic tongue, gas chromatography–ion mobility spectroscopy, and other technologies, the present study explored the quality characteristics and flavor differences of Fo Tiao Qiang by using different thawing methods (natural thawing, ultrasonic thawing, microwave thawing, and water bath thawing). The results show that the protein content was slightly higher in Fo Tiao Qiang with ultrasonic thawing than others. The fat content of the microwave-thawed Fo Tiao Qiang was significantly lower than the other three kinds of samples. After ultrasonic thawing, the number of free amino acids in the samples were the highest and the umami taste was the best. Compared with natural thawing, most of the flavor substances decreased in ultrasonic thawing, microwave thawing, and water bath thawing. However, several substances increased, such as alpha-terpineol, beta-phenylethyl alcohol, phenylacetaldehyde, cis-rose oxide, isobutyl acetate, and 2–3-pentanedione. This study revealed the changing laws of different thawing methods on the quality characteristics and flavor characteristics of Fo Tiao Qiang. It provides theoretical guidance for the industrial production and quality control of Fo Tiao Qiang.

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Guballa, Jose Dominick S., and Alyssa M. Peleo-Alampay. "Pleistocene Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy and Gephyrocapsid Occurrence in Site U1431D, IODP 349, South China Sea." Geosciences 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100388.

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We reinvestigated the Pleistocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of Site U1431D (International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 349) in the South China Sea (SCS). Twelve calcareous nannofossil Pleistocene datums are identified in the site. The analysis confirms that the last occurrence (LO) of Calcidiscus macintyrei is below the first occurrence (FO) of large Gephyrocapsa spp. (>5.5 μm). The FO of medium Gephyrocapsa spp. (4–5.5 μm) is also identified in the samples through morphometric measurements, which was unreported in shipboard results. Magnetobiochronologic calibrations of the numerical ages of LO of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa and FO of Emiliania huxleyi are underestimated and need reassessment. Other potential markers such as a morphological turnover of circular to elliptical variants of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa and a small Gephyrocapsa acme almost synchronous with the FO of Emiliania huxleyi may offer biostratigraphic significance in the SCS. The morphologic changes in Gephyrocapsa coccoliths are also examined for the first time in Site U1431D. Placolith length and bridge angle changes are comparable with other ocean basins, suggesting that morphologic changes are most likely evolutionary novelties rather than being caused by local climate anomalies.

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Földváry, Lorant, Victor Statov, and Nizamatdin Mamutov. "Applicability of GRACE and GRACE-FO for monitoring water mass changes of the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 2 (2020): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-2-26-443-453.

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The GRACE gravity satellite mission has provided monthly gravity field solutions for about 15 years enabling a unique opportunity to monitor large scale mass variation processes. By the end of the GRACE, the GRACE-FO mission was launched in order to continue the time series of monthly gravity fields. The two missions are similar in most aspects apart from the improved intersatellite range rate measurements, which is performed with lasers in addition to microwaves. An obvious demand for the geoscientific applications of the monthly gravity field models is to understand the consistency of the models provided by the two missions. This study provides a case-study related consistency investigation of GRACE and GRACE-FO monthly solutions for the Aral Sea region. As the closeness of the Caspian Sea may influence the monthly mass variations of the Aral Sea, it has also been involved in the investigations. According to the results, GRACE-FO models seem to continue the mass variations of the GRACE period properly, therefore their use jointly with GRACE is suggested. Based on the justified characteristics of the gravity anomaly by water volume variations in the case of the Aral Sea, GRACE models for the period March–June 2017 are suggested to be neglected. Though the correlation between water volume and monthly gravity field variations is convincing in the case of the Aral Sea, no such a correlation for the Caspian Sea could have been detected, which suggests to be the consequence of other mass varying processes, may be related to the seismicity of the Caspian Sea area.

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RIGOS, G., V. ZONARAS, X. NIKOLOUDAKI, E. COTOU, M. HENRY, I. VARO, and M. ALEXIS. "Distribution and depletion of sulfadiazine after a multiple per os dosing in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed two different diets." Mediterranean Marine Science 14, no. 2 (June 25, 2013): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.490.

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The distribution and depletion profile of sulfadiazine (SDZ) were investigated in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed on fish oil (FO) or plant oil-based (PO) diets. Fish averaging 230 g were given medicated feed containing 25 mg SDZ kg-1 fish for 5 days at 24-26oC. Blood and muscle plus skin were sampled on days 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9. Differences in plasma and fillet SDZ levels between the two groups were statistically insignificant. The maximum drug concentrations in plasma were 3.2 ± 1.9 μg mL-1 and 2.9 ± 1.2 μg mL-1 in the PO and FO groups, respectively. In post-medicated samples depletion rapidly reached concentrations close to the level of quantification at 72 h post medication. Withdrawal times to reach consumer safety levels were calculated to be 103 and 118 h for the FO and the PO groups, respectively. N4-acetylation was found to be the major metabolic pathway of SDZ in gilthead sea bream fillet accounting for 23 and 19% of the parent compound in the FO and the PO groups, respectively. Overall, alteration of the dietary lipid profile induced insignificant effects on the kinetics of SDZ. The high tissue SDZ levels during medication and the fast removal of the parent compound and its metabolites from edible tissues of gilthead sea bream reflect a promising antibacterial profile.

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Turkmen, Serhat, Maria J. Zamorano, Hipólito Fernández-Palacios, Carmen M. Hernández-Cruz, Daniel Montero, Lidia Robaina, and Marisol Izquierdo. "Parental nutritional programming and a reminder during juvenile stage affect growth, lipid metabolism and utilisation in later developmental stages of a marine teleost, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 7 (February 10, 2017): 500–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002434.

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AbstractNutrition during periconception and early development can modulate metabolic routes to prepare the offspring for adverse conditions through a process known as nutritional programming. In gilthead sea bream, replacement of fish oil (FO) with linseed oil (LO) in broodstock diets improves growth in the 4-month-old offspring challenged with low-FO and low-fishmeal (FM) diets for 1 month. The present study further investigated the effects of broodstock feeding on the same offspring when they were 16 months old and were challenged for a second time with the low-FM and low-FO diet for 2 months. The results showed that replacement of parental moderate-FO feeding with LO, combined with juvenile feeding at 4 months old with low-FM and low-FO diets, significantly (P<0·05) improved offspring growth and feed utilisation of low-FM/FO diets even when they were 16 months old: that is, when they were on the verge of their first reproductive season. Liver fatty acid composition was significantly affected by broodstock or reminder diets as well as by their interaction. Moreover, the reduction of long-chain PUFA and increase in α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in broodstock diets lead to a significant down-regulation of hepatic lipoprotein lipase (P<0·001) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 6 (P<0·01). Besides, fatty acid desaturase 2 values were positively correlated to hepatic levels of 18 : 4n-3, 18 : 3n-6, 20 : 5n-3, 22 : 6n-3 and 22 : 5n-6. Thus, this study demonstrated the long-term nutritional programming of gilthead sea bream through broodstock feeding, the effect of feeding a ‘reminder’ diet during juvenile stages to improve utilisation of low-FM/FO diets and fish growth as well as the regulation of gene expression along the fish’s life-cycle.

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ALDHAHHAR, RAWIYAH. "Some Sea-Laws in Islam." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Educational Sciences 11, no. 1 (1998): 325–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/edu.11-1.12.

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Clark, R. B. "Laws of the sea, 1986." Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, no. 1 (January 1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(86)90775-7.

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Mondal, Dibyendu, Sanna Kotrappanavar Nataraj, Alamaru Venkata Rami Reddy, Krishna K. Ghara, Pratyush Maiti, Sumesh C. Upadhyay, and Pushpito K. Ghosh. "Four-fold concentration of sucrose in sugarcane juice through energy efficient forward osmosis using sea bittern as draw solution." RSC Advances 5, no. 23 (2015): 17872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00617a.

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Gnecco, F., and A. M. Beccaria. "Corrosion behaviour fo Al–Si/SiC composite in sea water." British Corrosion Journal 34, no. 1 (January 1999): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bcj.1999.34.1.57.

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Mendoza-Carranza, Manuel, and João Paes Vieira. "Ontogenetic niche feeding partitioning in juvenile of white sea catfish Genidens barbus in estuarine environments, southern Brazil." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408002403.

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Ontogenetic diet changes (prey species richness and size) in juveniles of white sea catfish (Genidens barbus) were tested in three southern Brazilian estuaries: Mampituba (29°12′S), Tramandaí (30°02′S), Chuí (33°44′S). Cluster analysis revealed that white sea catfish juvenile populations in the three estuaries are composed of two feeding groups. These two feeding groups are coincident with a bimodal size–age distribution of the juveniles of white sea catfish. In small catfish (5 to 10 cm TL) copepods were the most numerous prey (Chuí = 86.66%N, Tramandaí = 85.52%N and Mampituba = 52.34%N). In large catfish (10 to 20 cm TL) the most abundant and frequent prey was fish (Chuí: 73.19%N and 74.56%FO; Tramandaí: 85.92%N and 73.33%FO; Mampituba: 52.34%N and 61.54%FO). The Morisita overlap index among small and large fish was low in all estuaries; high values of Morisita's similarity index were observed among same size catfish groups. In all cases, no differences were observed among prey bio-volume curves of same size predator groups (small, F = 0.41, P = 0.65; large, F = 2.19, P = 0.11). In all estuaries, prey size increased significantly with increasing predator size. The 90th regression quantile estimated with most precision the predator–prey size relationship.

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Menoyo, D., M. S. Izquierdo, L. Robaina, R. Ginés, C. J. Lopez-Bote, and J. M. Bautista. "Adaptation of lipid metabolism, tissue composition and flesh quality in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) to the replacement of dietary fish oil by linseed and soyabean oils." British Journal of Nutrition 92, no. 1 (July 2004): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041165.

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Linseed (LO) and soyabean (SO) oils were evaluated as fish-oil (FO) substitutes in the diets of marketable-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Practical diets were designed factorially with the lipid added as follows (%): FO 100, LO 60+FO 40, LO 80+FO 20, SO 60+FO 40, SO 80+FO 20. The effects of experimental diets on growth, fatty acids patterns in liver and muscle, flesh quality variables and activities of selected enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and catabolism were determined at the end of a 7-month trial. Fatty acid composition of liver and muscle generally reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets. Then−3 PUFA levels were significantly reduced by the inclusion of vegetable oils. This tendency was more pronounced for EPA than for docosahexaenoic acid. Then−3:n−6 fatty acid ratio reached the lowest values in fish fed the SO diets; this was associated with a higher liver lipid deposition. No differences were found in fillet texture and pH. However, under conditions of forced peroxidation, muscles from fish fed the SO diets had lower peroxidation levels. Vegetable oil substitution decreased lipogenesis in liver and this effect was greatest at the highest substitution level. In contrast, muscle β-oxidation enzymes had increased activities with vegetable oil substitution. Thus, the lower hepatic lipogenesis was correlated with an increased lipid utilisation in muscle. It is concluded that growth and lipid metabolism were affected by experimental diets.

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Zhang, Xin, and Jing-Gang Gai. "Single-layer graphyne membranes for super-excellent brine separation in forward osmosis." RSC Advances 5, no. 83 (2015): 68109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09512c.

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Renfrew, I. "Air-sea interaction: Laws and mechanisms." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 82, no. 50 (2001): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/01eo00364.

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Csanady,, GT, and JL Lumley,. "Air-Sea Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms." Applied Mechanics Reviews 55, no. 6 (October 16, 2002): B117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1508156.

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Pan, Weiqiu, Tianzeng Li, and Yu Wang. "The Multi-Switching Sliding Mode Combination Synchronization of Fractional Order Non-Identical Chaotic System with Stochastic Disturbances and Unknown Parameters." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6020102.

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This paper deals with the issue of the multi-switching sliding mode combination synchronization (MSSMCS) of fractional order (FO) chaotic systems with different structures and unknown parameters under double stochastic disturbances (SD) utilizing the multi-switching synchronization method. The stochastic disturbances are considered as nonlinear uncertainties and external disturbances. Our theoretical part considers that the drive-response systems have the same or different dimensions. Firstly, a FO sliding surface is established in terms of the fractional calculus. Secondly, depending on the FO Lyapunov stability theory and the sliding mode control technique, the multi-switching adaptive controllers (MSAC) and some suitable multi-switching adaptive updating laws (MSAUL) are designed. They can ensure that the state variables of the drive systems are synchronized with the different state variables of the response systems. Simultaneously, the unknown parameters are assessed, and the upper bound values of stochastic disturbances are examined. Selecting the suitable scale matrices, the multi-switching projection synchronization, multi-switching complete synchronization, and multi-switching anti-synchronization will become special cases of MSSMCS. Finally, examples are displayed to certify the usefulness and validity of the scheme via MATLAB.

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Huyben, David, Simona Rimoldi, Chiara Ceccotti, Daniel Montero, Monica Betancor, Federica Iannini, and Genciana Terova. "Effect of dietary oil from Camelina sativa on the growth performance, fillet fatty acid profile and gut microbiome of gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata)." PeerJ 8 (December 9, 2020): e10430. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10430.

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Background In the last two decades, research has focused on testing cheaper and sustainable alternatives to fish oil (FO), such as vegetable oils (VO), in aquafeeds. However, FO cannot be entirely replaced by VOs due to their lack of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids. The oilseed plant, Camelina sativa, may have a higher potential to replace FO since it can contains up to 40% of the omega-3 precursors α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6). Methods A 90-day feeding trial was conducted with 600 gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) of 32.92 ± 0.31 g mean initial weight fed three diets that replaced 20%, 40% and 60% of FO with CO and a control diet of FO. Fish were distributed into triplicate tanks per diet and with 50 fish each in a flow-through open marine system. Growth performance and fatty acid profiles of the fillet were analysed. The Illumina MiSeq platform for sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and Mothur pipeline were used to identify bacteria in the faeces, gut mucosa and diets in addition to metagenomic analysis by PICRUSt. Results and Conclusions The feed conversion rate and specific growth rate were not affected by diet, although final weight was significantly lower for fish fed the 60% CO diet. Reduced final weight was attributed to lower levels of EPA and DHA in the CO ingredient. The lipid profile of fillets were similar between the dietary groups in regards to total saturated, monounsaturated, PUFA (n-3 and n-6), and the ratio of n-3/n-6. Levels of EPA and DHA in the fillet reflected the progressive replacement of FO by CO in the diet and the EPA was significantly lower in fish fed the 60% CO diet, while ALA was increased. Alpha and beta-diversities of gut bacteria in both the faeces and mucosa were not affected by any dietary treatment, although a few indicator bacteria, such as Corynebacterium and Rhodospirillales, were associated with the 60% CO diet. However, lower abundance of lactic acid bacteria, specifically Lactobacillus, in the gut of fish fed the 60% CO diet may indicate a potential negative effect on gut microbiota. PICRUSt analysis revealed similar predictive functions of bacteria in the faeces and mucosa, although a higher abundance of Corynebacterium in the mucosa of fish fed 60% CO diet increased the KEGG pathway of fatty acid synthesis and may act to compensate for the lack of fatty acids in the diet. In summary, this study demonstrated that up to 40% of FO can be replaced with CO without negative effects on growth performance, fillet composition and gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream.

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Trung, Nguyen Quang, Le Van Nhan, Pham Thi Phuong Thao, and Le Truong Giang. "Novel draw solutes of iron complexes easier recovery in forward osmosis process." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2017): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2017.150.

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Abstract Forward osmotic (FO) membrane is a new process for producing fresh water from salt water. The study of draw solute is essential in the development and application of FO technology; draw solution should be good at drawing water and easy at recovery. In this paper, three complex draw solutes such as ammonium iron (II) sulfate, ammonium iron (III) sulfate and ammonium iron (III) citrate with different concentrations were studied. The physical properties such as pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) have simultaneously been investigated. The pH of most ammonium complexes was decreased whereas TDS increased with increasing of draw solution concentrations. We found that high water flux of these iron complexes was reported in the range of 8.88–11.24 LMH which was higher than the ammonium bicarbonate draw solution. In addition, more than 90% iron complexes draw solutions were recovered by NF-90 membrane, which plays an important role in the FO process to produce fresh water. This study provides direct evidence for the ability of permeate water from feed solution to draw solution, which shows the potential applications of iron complexes in FO process to produce fresh water from sea-, brackish or river water.

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Castro, Carolina, Geneviève Corraze, Amalia Pérez-Jiménez, Laurence Larroquet, Marianne Cluzeaud, Stéphane Panserat, and Aires Oliva-Teles. "Dietary carbohydrate and lipid source affect cholesterol metabolism of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 8 (August 26, 2015): 1143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515002731.

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AbstractPlant feedstuffs (PF) are rich in carbohydrates, which may interact with lipid metabolism. Thus, when considering dietary replacement of fishery by-products with PF, knowledge is needed on how dietary lipid source (LS) and carbohydrates affect lipid metabolism and other metabolic pathways. For that purpose, a 73-d growth trial was performed with European sea bass juveniles (IBW 74 g) fed four diets differing in LS (fish oil (FO) or a blend of vegetable oils (VO)) and carbohydrate content (0 % (CH–) or 20 % (CH+) gelatinised starch). At the end of the trial no differences among diets were observed on growth and feed utilisation. Protein efficiency ratio was, however, higher in the CH+ groups. Muscle and liver fatty acid profiles reflected the dietary LS. Dietary carbohydrate promoted higher plasma cholesterol and phospholipids (PL), whole-body and hepatic (mainly 16 : 0) lipids and increased muscular and hepatic glycogen. Except for PL, which were higher in the FO groups, no major alterations between FO and VO groups were observed on plasma metabolites (glucose, TAG, cholesterol, PL), liver and muscle glycogen, and lipid and cholesterol contents. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme – lipogenesis-related enzymes – increased with carbohydrate intake. Hepatic expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism was up-regulated with carbohydrate (HMGCR and CYP3A27) and VO (HMGCR and CYP51A1) intake. No dietary regulation of long-chain PUFA biosynthesis at the transcriptional level was observed. Overall, very few interactions between dietary carbohydrates and LS were observed. However, important insights on the direct relation between dietary carbohydrate and the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in European sea bass were demonstrated.

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Benedito-Palos, Laura, Juan C. Navarro, Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla, J. Gordon Bell, Sadasivam Kaushik, and Jaume Pérez-Sánchez. "High levels of vegetable oils in plant protein-rich diets fed to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.): growth performance, muscle fatty acid profiles and histological alterations of target tissues." British Journal of Nutrition 100, no. 5 (November 2008): 992–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508966071.

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The feasibility of fish oil (FO) replacement by vegetable oils (VO) was investigated in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in a growth trial conducted for the duration of 8 months. Four isolipidic and isoproteic diets rich in plant proteins were supplemented with l-lysine (0·55 %) and soya lecithin (1 %). Added oil was either FO (control) or a blend of VO, replacing 33 % (33VO diet), 66 % (66VO diet) and 100 % (VO diet) of FO. No detrimental effects on growth performance were found with the partial FO replacement, but feed intake and growth rates were reduced by about 10 % in fish fed the VO diet. The replacement strategy did not damage the intestinal epithelium, and massive accumulation of lipid droplets was not found within enterocytes. All fish showed fatty livers, but signs of lipoid liver disease were only found in fish fed the VO diet. Muscle fatty acid profiles of total lipids reflected the diet composition with a selective incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in polar lipids. The robustness of the phospholipid fatty acid profile when essential fatty acid requirements were theoretically covered by the diet was evidenced by multivariate principal components analysis in fish fed control, 33VO and 66VO diets.

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Švábenická, Lilian. "Nannofossil record across the Cenomanian-Coniacian interval in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin and Tethyan foreland basins (Outer Western Carpathians), Czech Republic." Geologica Carpathica 63, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-012-0018-2.

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Nannofossil record across the Cenomanian-Coniacian interval in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin and Tethyan foreland basins (Outer Western Carpathians), Czech Republic Nannofossil biostratigraphy and mutual correlation was worked out for the Cenomanian-Coniacian deposits of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (BCB) and Outer Western Carpathians (OWC) in the territory of the Czech Republic. Similar assemblages of the BCB and from sediments deposited on the SE slopes of West European Platform, Waschbergždánice-Subsilesian Unit, OWC support the hypothesis that the two areas were connected by a sea way (nowadays the Blansko trough). The nannoflora of the Silesian Unit, OWC show more afinity to high latitudes as is documented by the presence of Marthasterites furcatus in the Lower Turonian, UC6b and UC7 Zones. Turonian and Coniacian deep-water flysch sediments of the Silesian Unit and Magura Group of Nappes provide nannofossils on rare occassions. Strongly atched nannofossils dominated by W. barnesiae from Cenomanian black shales of the BCB are comparable to those of the Silesian Unit and reflect a similar shallow nearshore sea. In the BCB, uppermost Cenomanian is marked by the last occurrence (LO) of Axopodorhabdus albianus and first occurrence (FO) of Quadrum intermedium (6 and 7 elements) and lowermost Turonian by a sudden quantitative rise in nannoflora and by the FO Eprolithus octopetalus. First Eiffellithus eximius and thus the base of the UC8 Zone was recorded in the upper part of ammonite Zone Collignoniceras woollgari in the lower Middle Turonian. Lithastrinus grillii is the stratigraphically youngest nannofossil species in this region and indicates the uppermost Coniacian. In the OWC, the Albian-Cenomanian boundary was recorded in the Silesian Unit and is marked by the LO Crucicribrum anglicum and FO Prediscosphaera cretacea and Corollithion kennedyi in the uppermost Albian. The Turonian-Coniacian boundary found both in the BCB and Waschberg-Ždánice-Subsilesian Unit, OWC is indicated by the FO Broinsonia parca expansa and by the base of the interval with common Marthasterites furcatus. In both areas, events were found closely below the FO inoceramid species Cremnoceramus waltersdorfensis. The Coniacian-Santonian boundary interval (Waschberg-Ždánice-Subsilesian and Foremagura Units, OWC) is indicated by Lithastrinus grillii occasionally accompanied by Lucianorhabdus ex gr. cayeuxii, Hexalithus sp. and Arkhangelskiella specillata.

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Orr, A. J., G. R. VanBlaricom, R. L. DeLong, V. H. Cruz-Escalona, and S. D. Newsome. "Intraspecific comparison of diet of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) assessed using fecal and stable isotope analyses." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 2 (February 2011): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-101.

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The diet of juvenile and adult female California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828)) at San Miguel Island, California, was estimated and compared using fecal and stable isotope analyses to determine dietary differences by age. Fecal samples were collected during 2002–2006 and prey remains were identified. Stable carbon (δ13C) and stable nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values were determined from plasma and fur obtained from yearlings, 2- to 3-year-old juveniles, and adult females during 2005 and 2006. Juveniles ate more than 15 prey taxa, whereas adult females consumed more than 33 taxa. Relative importance of prey was determined using percent frequency of occurrence (%FO). Engraulis mordax Girard, 1854, Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842), Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855), genus Sebastes Cuvier, 1829, and Loligo opalescens Berry, 1911 were the most frequently occurring (%FO > 10%) prey in the feces of both juvenile and adult female sea lions, although their importance varied between age groups. Only yearlings had significantly different isotopic values than older conspecifics, indicating that older juveniles were feeding at a similar trophic level and in similar habitats as adult females. Whereas each method had biases, combining the two provided a better understanding of the diet of California sea lions and intraspecific differences.

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Bourassa, Mark. "BOOK REVIEW | Air-Sea Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms." Oceanography 16, no. 3 (2003): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2003.48.

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Cooper, Richard I., Robert O. Gould, Simon Parsons, and David J. Watkin. "The derivation of non-merohedral twin laws during refinement by analysis of poorly fitting intensity data and the refinement of non-merohedrally twinned crystal structures in the programCRYSTALS." Journal of Applied Crystallography 35, no. 2 (March 22, 2002): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889802000249.

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Although non-merohedrally twinned crystal structures can normally be solved without difficulty, problems usually arise during refinement. Careful analysis of poorly fitting data reveals that they belong predominantly to certain distinct zones in which |Fo|2is systematically larger than |Fc|2. In the computer programROTAX, a set of data with the largest values of (|F_{o}^{\,2}| − |F_{c}^{\,2}|)/u(|F_{o}^{\,2}|) is identified and their indices transformed by rotations or roto-inversions about possible direct- and reciprocal-lattice directions. Matrices that transform the indices of the poorly fitting data to integers are identified as possible twin laws.

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Marques, F. M. S. F. "Magnitude-frequency of sea cliff instabilities." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 5 (October 22, 2008): 1161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1161-2008.

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Abstract. The magnitude-frequency relationship of sea cliff failures in strong, low retreat rate cliffs, was studied using systematic historical inventories carried out in the coasts of Portugal and Morocco, in different geological and geomorphological settings, covering a wide size scale, from small to comparatively large rockslides, topples and rockfalls, at different time and spatial scales. The magnitude-frequency expressed in terms of volume displaced and of horizontal area lost at the cliff top showed good fit by inverse power laws of the type p=a.x−b, with a values from 0.2 to 0.3, and exponents b close to 1.0, similar to those proposed for rockfall inventories. The proposed power laws address the magnitude-frequency for sea cliff failures, which is an important component of hazard assessment, to be completed with adequate models for space and time hazard components. Maximum local retreat at the cliff top provided acceptable fitting to inverse power laws only for failures wider than 2m, with a = 4.0, and exponent b = 2.3, which may be useful to assess the cliff retreat hazard for the use of areas located near the cliff top.

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Riquelme-Pérez, Nicolás, Catalina A. Musrri, Wolfgang B. Stotz, Osvaldo Cerda, Oscar Pino-Olivares, and Martin Thiel. "Coastal fish assemblages and predation pressure in northern-central Chilean Lessonia trabeculata kelp forests and barren grounds." PeerJ 7 (June 12, 2019): e6964. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6964.

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Kelp forests are declining in many parts of the globe, which can lead to the spreading of barren grounds. Increased abundances of grazers, mainly due to reduction of their predators, are among the causes of this development. Here, we compared the species richness (SR), frequency of occurrence (FO), and maximum abundance (MaxN) of predatory fish and their predation pressure between kelp forest and barren ground habitats of northern-central Chile. Sampling was done using baited underwater cameras with vertical and horizontal orientation. Two prey organisms were used as tethered baits, the black sea urchin Tetrapygus niger and the porcelanid crab Petrolisthes laevigatus. SR did not show major differences between habitats, while FO and MaxN were higher on barren grounds in vertical videos, with no major differences between habitats in horizontal videos. Predation pressure did not differ between habitats, but after 24 h consumption of porcelanid crabs was significantly higher than that of sea urchins. Scartichthys viridis/gigas was the main predator, accounting for 82% of the observed predation events on Petrolisthes laevigatus. Most of these attacks occurred on barren grounds. Scartichthys viridis/gigas was the only fish observed attacking (but not consuming) tethered sea urchins. High abundances of opportunistic predators (Scartichthys viridis/gigas) are probably related to low abundances of large predatory fishes. These results suggest that intense fishing activity on large predators, and their resulting low abundances, could result in low predation pressure on sea urchins, thereby contributing to the increase of T. niger abundances in subtidal rocky habitats.

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Koch, Igor, Mathias Duwe, Jakob Flury, and Akbar Shabanloui. "Earth’s Time-Variable Gravity from GRACE Follow-On K-Band Range-Rates and Pseudo-Observed Orbits." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091766.

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During its science phase from 2002–2017, the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking mission Gravity Field Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) provided an insight into Earth’s time-variable gravity (TVG). The unprecedented quality of gravity field solutions from GRACE sensor data improved the understanding of mass changes in Earth’s system considerably. Monthly gravity field solutions as the main products of the GRACE mission, published by several analysis centers (ACs) from Europe, USA and China, became indispensable products for quantifying terrestrial water storage, ice sheet mass balance and sea level change. The successor mission GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) was launched in May 2018 and proceeds observing Earth’s TVG. The Institute of Geodesy (IfE) at Leibniz University Hannover (LUH) is one of the most recent ACs. The purpose of this article is to give a detailed insight into the gravity field recovery processing strategy applied at LUH; to compare the obtained gravity field results to the gravity field solutions of other established ACs; and to compare the GRACE-FO performance to that of the preceding GRACE mission in terms of post-fit residuals. We use the in-house-developed MATLAB-based GRACE-SIGMA software to compute unconstrained solutions based on the generalized orbit determination of 3 h arcs. K-band range-rates (KBRR) and kinematic orbits are used as (pseudo)-observations. A comparison of the obtained solutions to the results of the GRACE-FO Science Data System (SDS) and Combination Service for Time-variable Gravity Fields (COST-G) ACs, reveals a competitive quality of our solutions. While the spectral and spatial noise levels slightly differ, the signal content of the solutions is similar among all ACs. The carried out comparison of GRACE and GRACE-FO KBRR post-fit residuals highlights an improvement of the GRACE-FO K-band ranging system performance. The overall amplitude of GRACE-FO post-fit residuals is about three times smaller, compared to GRACE. GRACE-FO post-fit residuals show less systematics, compared to GRACE. Nevertheless, the power spectral density of GRACE-FO and GRACE post-fit residuals is dominated by similar spikes located at multiples of the orbital and daily frequencies. To our knowledge, the detailed origin of these spikes and their influence on the gravity field recovery quality were not addressed in any study so far and therefore deserve further attention in the future. Presented results are based on 29 monthly gravity field solutions from June 2018 until December 2020. The regularly updated LUH-GRACE-FO-2020 time series of monthly gravity field solutions can be found on the website of the International Centre for Global Earth Models (ICGEM) and in LUH’s research data repository. These operationally published products complement the time series of the already established ACs and allow for a continuous and independent assessment of mass changes in Earth’s system.

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Chowdhury, Arnab Roy. "Against Unjust Laws." South Atlantic Quarterly 120, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-9155381.

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In Myanmar, the Citizenship Law of 1982 made the Rohingya “stateless.” The Rohingya consider Bangladesh a haven and take to the sea on rickety boats to cross borders. If they do, however, they become “illegal migrants.” Considering such laws unjust, local and international NGOs have been leading struggles to uphold the Rohingyas’ rights in Bangladesh. This article registers the struggles of these organizations against the production of illegality and statelessness. It discusses how they contest and negotiate the thick mix of politics, the local labor control regime, laws, and national regulations, and how in turn the refugees assert their agency through resilience and resistance, individually and collectively.

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Pan, Weiqiu, Tianzeng Li, Muhammad Sajid, Safdar Ali, and Lingping Pu. "Parameter Identification and the Finite-Time Combination–Combination Synchronization of Fractional-Order Chaotic Systems with Different Structures under Multiple Stochastic Disturbances." Mathematics 10, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10050712.

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This paper researches the issue of the finite-time combination-combination (C-C) synchronization (FTCCS) of fractional order (FO) chaotic systems under multiple stochastic disturbances (SD) utilizing the nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (NTSMC) technique. The systems we considered have different characteristics of the structures and the parameters are unknown. The stochastic disturbances are considered parameter uncertainties, nonlinear uncertainties and external disturbances. The bounds of the uncertainties and disturbances are unknown. Firstly, we are going to put forward a new FO sliding surface in terms of fractional calculus. Secondly, some suitable adaptive control laws (ACL) are found to assess the unknown parameters and examine the upper bound of stochastic disturbances. Finally, combining the finite-time Lyapunov stability theory and the sliding mode control (SMC) technique, we propose a fractional-order adaptive combination controller that can achieve the finite-time synchronization of drive-response (D-R) systems. In this paper, some of the synchronization methods, such as chaos control, complete synchronization, projection synchronization, anti-synchronization, and so forth, have become special cases of combination-combination synchronization. Examples are presented to verify the usefulness and validity of the proposed scheme via MATLAB.

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Azarkohan, Azam, Farzaneh Shemirani, and Mahrouz Alvand. "Fast Analysis of Water Samples for Trace Amount of Crystal Violet Dye Based on Solid Phase Extraction Using Nanoporous SBA-3 prior to Determination by Fiber Optic-Linear Array Detection Spectrophotometry." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/530843.

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A solid phase preconcentration procedure using SBA-3 nanosorbent for the fast separation and preconcentration of crystal violet (CV) in water samples by fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry (FO-LADS) is presented. Experimental parameters including pH, sample volume, amount of sorbent, type, volume, and concentration of eluent that affect the recovery of crystal violet have been optimized. Under optimized experimental conditions, analytical parameters including limit of detection, linear working range, and relative standard deviation have also been determined. A preconcentration factor of 200 was achieved in this method. In the initial solution, the detection limit for CV was found as 1.3 μg L−1. Under optimal conditions maximum adsorption capacity was obtained as 344.83 mg g−1. Also, the relative standard deviation was less than ±1.3% (n=5). The presented procedure was applied to the determination of crystal violet in water samples (fish, fish farming water, and river water) with good results.

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Ganga, Rachid, J. G. Bell, D. Montero, E. Atalah, Y. Vraskou, L. Tort, A. Fernandez, and M. S. Izquierdo. "Adrenocorticotrophic hormone-stimulated cortisol release by the head kidney inter-renal tissue from sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed with linseed oil and soyabean oil." British Journal of Nutrition 105, no. 2 (September 14, 2010): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510003430.

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The mode of action of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in regulating gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) head kidney (HK) cortisol production was studied through in vitro trials using a dynamic superfusion system. Fish were previously fed with different diets containing several inclusion levels of linseed oil (LO) or soyabean oil (SO) for 26 weeks. Five diets were tested; anchovy oil was the only lipid source for the control diet (fish oil, FO) and two different substitution levels (70 and 100 %) were tested using either LO or SO (70LO, 70SO, 100LO and 100SO). Fatty acid compositions of the HK reflected the dietary input, thus EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid and n-3 HUFA were significantly (P < 0·05) reduced in fish fed vegetable oils compared with fish fed the FO diet. Feeding 70 or 100 % LO increased significantly (P < 0·05) cortisol release in HK after stimulation with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), while feeding SO had no effect on this response. Cortisol stimulation factor (SF) was increased in fish fed the 70LO and 100LO diets compared with fish fed the control diet. Moreover, eicosanoid inhibition by incubating the HK tissue with indomethacin (INDO) as a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) as a lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor, significantly reduced (P < 0·05) the cortisol release after ACTH stimulation in the 70LO and 100LO diets. Cortisol SF was reduced in the FO, 70LO and 100LO diets when incubating the HK with INDO or NDGA, while it was increased in the 70SO diet. The present results indicate that changing the fatty acid profile of gilthead sea bream HK by including LO and/or SO in the fish diet affected the in vitro cortisol release, and this effect is partly mediated by COX and/or LOX metabolites.

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Wiber, Melanie G. "Blue Legalities. The Life & Laws of the Sea." Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2020.1833574.

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Jansen, Okka E., Mardik F. Leopold, Erik H. W. G. Meesters, and Chris Smeenk. "Are white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris food specialists? Their diet in the southern North Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 8 (September 1, 2010): 1501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001190.

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The white-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris is the most numerous cetacean after the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the North Sea, including Dutch coastal waters. In this study, the diet of 45 white-beaked dolphins stranded on the Dutch coast between 1968 and 2005 was determined by analysis of stomach contents. Although 25 fish species were identified, the diet was dominated by Gadidae (98.0% by weight, 40.0% in numbers), found in all stomachs. All other prey species combined contributed little to the diet by weight (2.0%W). The two most important prey species were whiting Merlangius merlangus (91.1% frequency of occurrence (FO), 30.5%N, 37.6%W) and cod Gadus morhua (73.3%FO, 7.4%N, 55.9%W). In numbers, gobies were most common (54.6%N), but contributed little to the diet by weight (0.6%W). Three stomachs contained different prey compared to the others: one animal had taken 2250 gobies, accounting for 96.4% of all gobies found; one animal had fed on 29 small sepiolids; and one animal had solely taken haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus. Squid and haddock were not found in any other stomach. The overall diet showed a lasting predominance of whiting and cod, without clear changes over time (35 years) or differences between sexes or size-classes of dolphins. This study adds to earlier published and unpublished data for Dutch coastal waters and agrees well with studies of white-beaked dolphins from other parts of the species’ range, in the North Sea and in Canadian waters, with Gadidae dominating the diet on both sides of the Atlantic.

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Yoshioka, Tomohisa, Keisuke Kotaka, Keizo Nakagawa, Takuji Shintani, Hao-Chen Wu, Hideto Matsuyama, Yu Fujimura, and Takahiro Kawakatsu. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Polyamide Membrane Structures and RO/FO Water Permeation Properties." Membranes 8, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8040127.

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Polyamide (PA) membranes possess properties that allow for selective water permeation and salt rejection, and these are widely used for reverse osmotic (RO) desalination of sea water to produce drinking water. In order to design high-performance RO membranes with high levels of water permeability and salt rejection, an understanding of microscopic PA membrane structures is indispensable, and this includes water transport and ion rejection mechanisms on a molecular scale. In this study, two types of virtual PA membranes with different structures and densities were constructed on a computer, and water molecular transport properties through PA membranes were examined on a molecular level via direct reverse/forward osmosis (RO/FO) filtration molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A quasi-non-equilibrium MD simulation technique that uses applied (RO mode) or osmotic (FO mode) pressure differences of several MPa was conducted to estimate water permeability through PA membranes. A simple NVT (Number, Volume, and Temperature constant ensemble)-RO MD simulation method was presented and verified. The simulations of RO and FO water permeability for a dense PA membrane model without a support layer agreed with the experimental value in the RO mode. This PA membrane completely rejected Na+ and Cl− ions during a simulation time of several nano-seconds. The naturally dense PA structure showed excellent ion rejection. The effect that the void size of PA structure exerted on water permeability was also examined.

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Serradell, Antonio, Daniel Montero, Álvaro Fernández-Montero, Genciana Terova, Alex Makol, Victoria Valdenegro, Félix Acosta, María Soledad Izquierdo, and Silvia Torrecillas. "Gill Oxidative Stress Protection through the Use of Phytogenics and Galactomannan Oligosaccharides as Functional Additives in Practical Diets for European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles." Animals 12, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 3332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233332.

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The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential of two functional additives as gill endogenous antioxidant capacity boosters in European sea-bass juveniles fed low-FM/FO diets when challenged against physical and biological stressors. For that purpose, two isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with low FM (10%) and FO (6%) contents were supplemented with 5000 ppm plant-derived galactomannan–oligosaccharides (GMOS) or 200 ppm of a mixture of garlic and labiate plant essential oils (PHYTO). A control diet was void from supplementation. Fish were fed the experimental diet for nine weeks and subjected to a confinement stress challenge (C challenge) or a confinement stress challenge combined with an exposure to the pathogen Vibrio anguillarum (CI challenge). Both GMOS and PHYTO diets attenuated fish stress response, inducing lower circulating plasma cortisol and down-regulating nfκβ2 and gr relative gene-expression levels in the gill. This attenuated stress response was associated with a minor energetic metabolism response in relation to the down-regulation of nd5 and coxi gene expression.

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BRONDEX, JULIEN, OLIVIER GAGLIARDINI, FABIEN GILLET-CHAULET, and GAËL DURAND. "Sensitivity of grounding line dynamics to the choice of the friction law." Journal of Glaciology 63, no. 241 (October 2017): 854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.51.

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ABSTRACTBasal slip accounts for a large part of the flow of ice streams draining ice from Antarctica and Greenland into the ocean. Therefore, an appropriate representation of basal slip in ice flow models is a prerequisite for accurate sea level rise projections. Various friction laws have been proposed to describe basal slip in models. Here, we compare the influence on grounding line (GL) dynamics of four friction laws: the traditional Weertman law and three effective pressure-dependent laws, namely the Schoof, Tsai and Budd laws. It turns out that, even when they are tuned to a common initial reference state, the Weertman, Budd and Schoof laws lead to thoroughly different steady-state positions, although the Schoof and Tsai laws lead to much the same result. In particular, under certain circumstances, it is possible to obtain a steady GL located on a reverse slope area using the Weertman law. Furthermore, the predicted transient evolution of the GL as well as the projected contributions to sea level rise over a 100-year time horizon vary significantly depending on the friction law. We conclude on the importance of choosing an appropriate law for reliable sea level rise projections and emphasise the need for a coupling between ice flow models and physically based subglacial hydrological models.

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Krivoguz, Denis, Sergey Chernyi, and Artur Manukov. "New Approach for Analyzing Marine Ecosystem Structure Using Bayesian Networks." Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 21, no. 6 (November 20, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2205/2021es000782.

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Aquatic ecosystems of the Black Sea are complex multiparametric systems with a hierarchical structure. Thus, the main goal of our research was to investigate possibilities of using Bayesian networks to study the structure fo the natural systems in the Black Sea. We used CMEMS Black Sea environmental dataset, which consists of 7 different variables, that, in our opinion, can describe structural relations in the Black Sea ecosystem -- sea surface temperature and salinity, concentrations of nitrates and phosphates, amount of chlorophyll-a and net primary production and also dissolved oxygen concentration. We think, that these variables can generally define interactions in water environment of the Black Sea, organisms, that live there and human activity. As a modelling result, we receive a structure of environmental variables interactions. At the top of this structure is a dissolved oxygen, as a final result of the ecosystem functioning. Further, we think it's more appropriate to use Dynamic Bayesian networks for investigation of spatio-temporal changes to distinguish main drivers of changes and provide more balanced management of natural territories.

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Jenisch, Uwe K. "Old laws for new risks at sea: mineral resources, climate change, sea lanes, and cables." WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2012): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13437-012-0018-1.

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40

Yamani, Muhammad. "Harmonizing Conservation Values of National and Customary Laws on Turtles Conservation." Jambe Law Journal 2, no. 1 (November 3, 2019): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jlj.2.1.61-77.

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Sea turtle populations on the Enggano Island are almost extinct as a result of over exploitation. This article aims to discuss harmonization of conservation values between national law and Enggano customary people in protectng sea turtles. It is found that the Enggano customary law norms have conservation values which stated prohibition of catching sea turtles by any means except for adat grandeur ceremonies (yakadea) use only. Sanctions are imposed to those who break the law with customary ﬁnes and a compulsary to apology to the chiefs and other Enggano Island communities. It is also learned that to harmonize conservation values between national law and Enggano customary law in protecting sea turtles can be conducted by implementing the norms of turtle protection in the national laws into the Village Regulation, which is an integral part of the hierarchical systems of laws and regulations in Indonesia. Harmonization of the conservation values of the sea turtles through the integration of legal substance is the best model in optimizing the protection of sea turtles without sacriﬁcing the interests of traditional rituals that are still maintained for generations in the life of the Enggano community

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Hu, Nien-Tsu Alfred. "The two Chinese Territorial Sea Laws: Their implications and comparisons." Ocean & Coastal Management 20, no. 1 (January 1993): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(93)90014-p.

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42

Dolgen, D. "Legal aspects of sea water quality: Turkish and EU directives." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0389.

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This paper primarily addresses underlying laws and regulations related to protection of the coastal environment and examines their implementation. In this context, Directive 76/160/EEC which is the leading directive on the quality of bathing water and its revision, i.e. Commission Proposal COM (2000) 860 Final, is investigated particularly and criticized on technical and scientific manner; and similar and dissimilar issues between the Community Directives and Turkish Laws are evaluated. The conducted study reveals that although the Turkish legislation in the field of water quality is largely in line with the acquis, further efforts are also needed with respect to implementation in order to achieve full harmonization.

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Haines, Steven. "War at sea: Nineteenth-century laws for twenty-first century wars?" International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 902 (August 2016): 419–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383117000418.

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AbstractWhile most law on the conduct of hostilities has been heavily scrutinized in recent years, the law dealing with armed conflict at sea has been largely ignored. This is not surprising. There have been few naval conflicts since 1945, and those that have occurred have been limited in scale; none has involved combat between major maritime powers. Nevertheless, navies have tripled in number since then, and today there are growing tensions between significant naval powers. There is a risk of conflict at sea. Conditions have changed since 1945, but the law has not developed in that time. Elements of it, especially that regulating economic warfare at sea, seem outdated and it is not clear that the law is well placed to regulate so-called “hybrid” warfare at sea. It seems timely to review the law, to confirm that which is appropriate and to develop that which is not. Perhaps a new edition of theSan Remo Manualwould be timely.

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Zagorodniuk, S. "Preventive measures to ensure the sea fishing regime." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 68 (March 24, 2022): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.68.37.

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Marine areas that contain living resources are subject to international protection; their species, one of which is the maritime economic zone, have a special legal status: they can be marine - fishing and territorial areas of general purpose. The legislation of Ukraine actualizes the problem of environmental protection, creation of conditions of inviolability of law enforcement activity of a set of norms of various branches of law. The general causes and conditions of environmental crime are in the system of contradictions that arise from the interaction of man, society and nature. Their essence is that society, being part of the biosphere, resists the ecosystem due to limited opportunities for nature. The growth of environmental crime is facilitated by the shortcomings of current legislation and its protection by relevant government agencies, the lack of mechanisms for its effective implementation. Within the zones of general definition, the laws of Ukraine apply to all offenses. Such a zone is recognized as the territory of the respective state and the laws apply to persons who have committed the relevant offenses. In this case, there may be peculiarities in the application of laws that contain a blanket disposition. An example is environmental offenses, the responsibility for which is based on other regulations. In the conditions of such zones, the corresponding normative acts have specifics which distinguish their application in the territory of other states. Within the exclusive (marine) economic zone, coastal states have the right to carry out exploration, development, management of natural resources, to exercise jurisdiction over the conservation of the marine environment, to conduct marine research

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Li, Chun Liu, and Yun Peng Zhao. "Motion Characteristics of Composite-Type Sea Cage under Pure Wave." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3405.

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To study motion range changes with wave condition and motion relationship between cages, physical model experiments were carried out. The authors designed 2 models of composite-type sea cages. Experimental data obtained by the CCD data acquisition system. The experiment results showed that 1.in the same period, horizontal motion range,vertical motion range and inclination changes of float collar increase with wave height; 2.In the same wave height, horizontal motion range of the float collar increases with period; 3.The laws between vertical motion and period are not obvious 4.The laws between inclination changes and period are not obvious 5.Motion range of the first cage along the direction of waves is less than other cages.

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Rudrud, ReginaWoodrom. "Forbidden sea turtles: Traditional laws pertaining to sea turtle consumption in Polynesia (Including the Polynesian Outliers)." Conservation and Society 8, no. 1 (2010): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.62669.

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Ishii, Y. "Review and Perspective on the Studies of Traditional Laws in Thailand." Southeast Asia: History and Culture, no. 20 (1991): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5512/sea.1991.102.

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Bindi, Luca, and Marta Morana. "Twinning, Superstructure and Chemical Ordering in Spryite, Ag8(As3+0.50As5+0.50)S6, at Ultra-Low Temperature: An X-Ray Single-Crystal Study." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030286.

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Spryite (Ag7.98Cu0.05)Σ=8.03(As5+0.31Ge0.36As3+0.31Fe3+0.02)Σ=1.00S5.97, and ideally Ag8(As3+0.5As5+0.5)S6, is a new mineral recently described from the Uchucchacua polymetallic deposit, Oyon district, Catajambo, Lima Department, Peru. Its room temperature structure exhibits an orthorhombic symmetry, space group Pna21, with lattice parameters a = 14.984(4), b = 7.474(1), c = 10.571(2) Å, V = 1083.9(4) Å3, Z = 4, and shows the coexistence of As3+ and As5+ distributed in a disordered fashion in a unique mixed position. To analyze the crystal-chemical behaviour of the arsenic distribution at ultra-low temperatures, a structural study was carried out at 30 K by means of in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (helium-cryostat) on the same sample previously characterized from a chemical and structural point of view. At 30 K, spryite still crystallizes with orthorhombic symmetry, space group Pna21, but gives rise to a a × 3b × c superstructure, with a = 14.866(2), b = 22.240(4), c = 10.394(1) Å, V = 3436.5(8) Å3 and Z = 4 (Ag24As3+As5+Ge4+S18 stoichiometry). The twin laws making the twin lattice simulating a perfect hexagonal symmetry have been taken into account and the crystal structure has been solved and refined. The refinement of the structure leads to a residual factor R = 0.0329 for 4070 independent observed reflections [with Fo > 4σ(Fo)] and 408 variables. The threefold superstructure arises from the ordering of As3+ and (As5+, Ge4+) in different crystal-chemical environments.

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Benn, Douglas I., Nicholas R. J. Hulton, and Ruth H. Mottram. "‘Calving laws’, ‘sliding laws’ and the stability of tidewater glaciers." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871161.

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AbstractA new calving criterion is introduced, which predicts calving where the depth of surface crevasses equals ice height above sea level. Crevasse depth is calculated from strain rates, and terminus position and calving rate are therefore functions of ice velocity, strain rate, ice thickness and water depth. We couple the calving criterion with three ‘sliding laws’, in which velocity is controlled by (1) basal drag, (2) lateral drag and (3) a combination of the two. In model 1, velocities and strain rates are dependent on effective pressure, and hence ice thickness relative to water depth. Imposed thinning can lead to acceleration and terminus retreat, and ice shelves cannot form. In model 2, ice velocity is independent of changes in ice thickness unless accompanied by changes in surface gradient. Velocities are strongly dependent on channel width, and calving margins tend to stabilize at flow-unit widenings. Model 3 exhibits the combined characteristics of the other two models, and suggests that calving glaciers are sensitive to imposed thickness changes if basal drag provides most resistance to flow, but stable if most resistance is from lateral drag. Ice shelves can form if reduction of basal drag occurs over a sufficiently long spatial scale. In combination, the new calving criterion and the basal–lateral drag sliding function (model 3) can be used to simulate much of the observed spectrum of behaviour of calving glaciers, and present new opportunities to model ice-sheet response to climate change.

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Weiss, Jérôme, and Véronique Dansereau. "Linking scales in sea ice mechanics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2086 (February 13, 2017): 20150352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0352.

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Mechanics plays a key role in the evolution of the sea ice cover through its control on drift, on momentum and thermal energy exchanges between the polar oceans and the atmosphere along cracks and faults, and on ice thickness distribution through opening and ridging processes. At the local scale, a significant variability of the mechanical strength is associated with the microstructural heterogeneity of saline ice, however characterized by a small correlation length, below the ice thickness scale. Conversely, the sea ice mechanical fields (velocity, strain and stress) are characterized by long-ranged (more than 1000 km) and long-lasting (approx. few months) correlations. The associated space and time scaling laws are the signature of the brittle character of sea ice mechanics, with deformation resulting from a multi-scale accumulation of episodic fracturing and faulting events. To translate the short-range-correlated disorder on strength into long-range-correlated mechanical fields, several key ingredients are identified: long-ranged elastic interactions, slow driving conditions, a slow viscous-like relaxation of elastic stresses and a restoring/healing mechanism. These ingredients constrained the development of a new continuum mechanics modelling framework for the sea ice cover, called Maxwell–elasto-brittle. Idealized simulations without advection demonstrate that this rheological framework reproduces the main characteristics of sea ice mechanics, including anisotropy, spatial localization and intermittency, as well as the associated scaling laws. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Laws fo the sea'

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