Academic literature on the topic 'Law – United States – Miscellanea'

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Journal articles on the topic "Law – United States – Miscellanea"

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Worrall, John L. "Kyllo v. United States." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 19, no. 2 (May 2003): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986203251618.

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Levinson, S. "United States: Assessing Heller." International Journal of Constitutional Law 7, no. 2 (March 16, 2009): 316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/mop002.

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Whalen, Thomas J., and Anthony A. Santangelo. "United States Regulation of Non-US Airlines Operating to the United States." Air and Space Law 30, Issue 4/5 (September 1, 2005): 330–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2005024.

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Wiet, Elizabeth J. "Witte v. United States: Double Jeopardy and the United States Sentencing Guidelines." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 86, no. 4 (1996): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1144067.

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Thielges, S., C. Unger, and C. Mewes. "United States." Carbon & Climate Law Review 16, no. 1 (2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/cclr/2022/1/9.

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Wuerth, Ingrid. "International Law, Domestic Law, and the United States." American Journal of International Law 108, no. 1 (January 2014): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.1.0116.

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Kontorovich, Eugene. "United States v. Dire." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 3 (July 2013): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.3.0644.

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In the first criminal piracy decision by a United States court in nearly a century, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ruled that the federal piracy statute’s reference to the “law of nations” explicitly ties the scope of the offense to evolving customary international law definitions of the crime. The court went on to find that under current customary and treaty law, attempted piracy falls within the scope of the international crime. In doing so, it joined several courts in nations around the world that have confronted the issue as a result of the outbreak of Somali piracy that began in 2008.
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Weber Waller, Spencer. "United States Antitrust Law and Economics." World Competition 31, Issue 4 (December 1, 2008): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2008050.

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Pisani, Donald J., and Gordon Morris Bakken. "Law in the Western United States." Western Historical Quarterly 33, no. 1 (2002): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144726.

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Prince, Willam B. "Mining Law in the United States." Mineral Resources Engineering 07, no. 04 (December 1998): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0950609898000419.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Law – United States – Miscellanea"

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Straubel, Michael S. "United States' regulation of commercial space activity." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55691.

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Koo, Gerald M. F. "Foreign equity participation in United States airlines." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55702.

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Porwancher, Andrew. "American legal thought and the law of evidence, 1904-1940." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609802.

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Bruneau, Jonathan M. "Antitrust law enforcement within the U.S. airline industry : fact or fiction?" Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22505.

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The overriding theme of this thesis concerns the level of antitrust enforcement within the U.S. airline industry by the agencies entrusted with this task.
After a brief Introduction, Chapter I will examine whether concentration within the U.S. airline industry is a natural phenomenon or an ordinary monopoly/oligopoly resulting from the behaviour of competitors. In concluding that a natural monopoly/oligopoly does not exist, Chapter II will analyse the policy being antitrust enforcement in the industry.
Chapter III will then use the implementation of S 408 of the Federal Aviation Act (FAA) by the Department of Transportation (DOT) as an example of such a policy. Finally, the remaining chapters are dedicated to an analysis of the CRS industry. By using this industry as an example, the writer will suggest that, by removing barriers to entry through aggressive use of S 411 of the FAA, the future may see new entrants enter the market. Emphasis will be placed on the attitude of the DOT in this regard.
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Byrom, Robert M. (Robert Milton). "Product liability of United States' aircraft and component manufacturers." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69752.

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The history of products liability law affecting aircraft manufacturers today is rooted in the early decisions of English courts and, in America, still remains largely judge-made law. The cost of the legal diversity of more than fifty jurisdictions has been devastating to the American general aviation industry. This segment of American industry is no longer competitive, largely due to the cost of product liability litigation, and major corporations have abandoned the effort. At this time, the United Kingdom is forging ahead with its European Economic Community partners to achieve uniform products liability laws. In America, manufacturers must design, select materials for, manufacture, and test their aircraft according to uniform federal standards. This thesis examines the present law and proposes needed uniform federal tort reform for this industry, which must supply entry-level aircraft to train and develop young American pilots. Our aviation industry is vital to national security and to world stability.
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Sorge, Keith M. "Legal implications of United States ballistic missile defense systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23967.

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Following the extensive use of ballistic missiles in the 1991 Persian Gulf War, there has been a renewed emphasis within the United States to develop and deploy anti-ballistic missile defenses.
This thesis examines whether the current ballistic missile defense programs of the United States comply with the limitations imposed by the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States.
The thesis begins with a review of the development of ballistic missiles and the systems designed to defend against them. Next an analysis of the ABM Treaty is offered, including its differing interpretations. The Treaty's legal restrictions are then applied to current ABM defensive systems in various stages of research and development. The thesis concludes with an examination of the various lawful possibilities to modify the restrictive provision of the Treaty.
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Glennon, Colin. "Arizona v. United States”, Snyder v. Phelps”, and “United States v. Windsor." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7772.

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Book Summary: Thoroughly updated and featuring 75 new entries, this monumental four-volume work illuminates past and present events associated with civil rights and civil liberties in the United States. This revised and expanded four-volume encyclopedia is unequaled for both the depth and breadth of its coverage. Some 650 entries address the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the Colonial Era to the present. In addition to many updates of material from the first edition, the work offers 75 new entries about recent issues and events; among them, dozens of topics that are the subject of close scrutiny and heated debate in America today. There is coverage of controversial issues such as voter ID laws, the use of drones, transgender issues, immigration, human rights, and government surveillance. There is also expanded coverage of women's rights, gay rights/gay marriage, and Native American rights. Entries are enhanced by 42 primary documents that have shaped modern understanding of the extent and limitations of civil liberties in the United States, including landmark statutes, speeches, essays, court decisions, and founding documents of influential civil rights organizations. Designed as an up-to-date reference for students, scholars, and others interested in the expansive array of topics covered, the work will broaden readers' understanding of―and appreciation for―the people and events that secured civil rights guarantees and concepts in this country. At the same time, it will help readers better grasp the reasoning behind and ramifications of 21st-century developments like changing applications of Miranda Rights and government access to private Internet data. Maintaining an impartial stance throughout, the entries objectively explain the varied perspectives on these hot-button issues, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions.
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Kelley, Brian D. "Coast Guard strategic management : law enforcement in the 1990s /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA232105.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990.
Thesis Advisor(s): Evered, Roger D. Second Reader: Coy, Craig P. "June 1990." Description based on signature page. DTIC Identifier(s): Coast Guard operations, law enforcement, management strategy, theses. Author(s) subject terms: Coast Guard strategy; Coast Guard strategic management; Coast Guard strategic management, law enforcement. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-89). Also available online.
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Malloy, Meghan Mary. "United States-Colombian Negotiations on Narcotics Control 1975-1980." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625531.

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Garcia, Maria E. "Governing Gambling in the United States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/3.

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The role risk taking has played in American history has helped shape current legislation concerning gambling. This thesis attempts to explain the discrepancies in legislation regarding distinct forms of gambling. While casinos are heavily regulated by state and federal laws, most statutes dealing with lotteries strive to regulate the activities of other parties instead of those of the lottery institutions. Incidentally, lotteries are the only form of gambling completely managed by the government. It can be inferred that the United States government is more concerned with people exploiting gambling than with the actual practice of wagering. In an effort to more fully understand the gambling debate, whether it should be allowed or banned, I examined different types of sources. Historical sources demonstrate how ingrained in American culture risk taking, the core of gambling, has been since the formation of this nation. Sources dealing with the economic implications of gambling were also studied. Additionally, sources dealings with the political and legal aspects of gambling were essential for this thesis. Legislature has tried to reconcile distinct problems associated with gambling, including corruption. For this reason sports gambling scandals and Mafia connections to gambling have also been examined. The American government has created much needed legislature to address different concerns relating to gambling. It is apparent that statutes will continue to be passed to help regulate the gambling industry. A possible consideration is the legalization of sports wagering to better regulate that sector of the industry.
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Books on the topic "Law – United States – Miscellanea"

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Susan, Paradise, ed. A compendium of odd laws. Cambridge: Apple-wood Books, 1985.

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author, Castagnera James, ed. Employment law answer book. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2013.

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L, Boyer Thomas, and Castagnera James, eds. Employment law answer book. 4th ed. New York: Panel Publishers, 1998.

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L, Boyer Thomas, and Castagnera James, eds. Employment law answer book. 5th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2001.

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James, Castagnera, ed. Employment law answer book. 7th ed. Austin: Aspen Publishers/Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2010.

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Shae, Irving, and Nolo Press, eds. Nolo's little law book: Answers to everyday legal questions. Berkeley, Calif: Nolo Press, 1996.

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R, Baldwin Carl. Immigration questions & answers. New York: Allworth Press, 1995.

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Shae, Irving, ed. Nolo's everyday law book: Answers to your most frequently asked legal questions. 2nd ed. Berkeley: Nolo Press, 1999.

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(Firm), Nolo, ed. Nolo's encyclopedia of everyday law: Answers to your most frequently asked legal questions. 8th ed. Berkeley, CA: Nolo, 2010.

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Shae, Irving, and Nolo (Firm), eds. Nolo's encyclopedia of everyday law: Answers to your most frequently asked legal questions. 5th ed. Berkeley, CA: Nolo, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Law – United States – Miscellanea"

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Czachorska-Jones, Barbara, Jay Gary Finkelstein, and Bahareh Samsami. "United States." In International Handbook of Cooperative Law, 759–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30129-2_36.

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Balboni, Paolo. "United States." In Information Technology and Law Series, 65–94. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-493-6_4.

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Wolohan, John. "United States." In ASSER International Sports Law Series, 345–73. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-541-4_19.

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Palmedo, Michael. "United States." In Intellectual Property Law and Access to Medicines, 274–92. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003176602-17.

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Karol, Peter J. "United States." In International Perspectives on Disability Exceptions in Copyright Law and the Visual Arts, 138–53. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2020]: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429342677-15.

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Hunter, Ian, David Saunders, and Dugald Williamson. "United States Obscenity Law." In On Pornography, 198–228. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22417-3_7.

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Suk, Julie C., and Fred L. Morrison. "The United States." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 513–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90068-1_28.

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Ray, Douglas E. "The United States." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 595–618. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16977-0_23.

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Head, Michael. "The United States." In Domestic Military Powers, Law and Human Rights, 38–59. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: International and comparative criminal justice: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429325489-4.

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Bergelson, Vera. "United States of America." In Homicide in Criminal Law, 216–44. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Substantive issues in criminal law: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351016315-13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Law – United States – Miscellanea"

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Dellapenna, Joseph W. "Primer on Groundwater Law in the United States." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)195.

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Gergely, Beáta. "Financial Consumer Protection Cases in the United States' Case-Law." In MultiScience - XXXI. microCAD International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference. University of Miskolc, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26649/musci.2017.106.

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Ritter, Jeffrey B. "Global law for commercial digital products: work in progress at the United Nations and in United States commercial law." In Photonics East '95, edited by Viktor E. Hampel, Clifford B. Neuman, and John P. Barlow. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.232259.

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Bocharnikov, Andrey, and Viktor Shagaev. "CINEMA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INFORMATION WAR: IDEOLOGICAL, MORAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS." In Law and law: problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02033-3/019-030.

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Campbell, Megan L. "United States Arctic Ocean management & the Law of the Sea Convention." In OCEANS 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.2008.5152086.

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Grigalashvili, Vephkhvia, and Khatuna Abiashvili. "CONCEPTUAL REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE: POLICY, LAW AND ADMINISTRATION." In Proceedings of the XXVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25042021/7522.

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The United States` Critical Infrastructure System (CIs) represents an umbrella concept grouping all those resources that are essential for national economic, financial, and social system. These critical infrastructures are vital and without them, or with any damages to them, would cripple the nation, states, and/or local communities and tribes. Based on a systematic review approach (methodology), this paper aims to review the United States’ Critical Infrastructure Protection System (USCIPS) at tree aspects. In section one, the policy pillars of USCIPS are outlined based on studding Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21) and National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). Section two discusses the interdependent nature of the sixteen critical infrastructure sectors and identified the further designation of life-line sectors. Final sector introduces USCIPS stakeholders, collaboration and partnership across between the private sector and public sector stakeholders.
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Biczysko-Pudełko, K. "Algorithmic Contracts in European and United States Contract Law - A Comparative Legal Analysis." In 2023 46th MIPRO ICT and Electronics Convention (MIPRO). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/mipro57284.2023.10159844.

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Ahmed, T., B. Laramee, and A. Hawari. "Thermal Scattering Law Data Development for Paraffin Wax [Slides]." In 2023 ANS Winter Conference and Expo, Washington, DC (United States), 15 Nov 2023. US DOE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2217321.

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Jin, Luo, and He Hongwei. "Trade Dispute on Rare Earths Export from China to the United States." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emle-18.2018.70.

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Aris, Mohammad Syaiful, and Radian Salman. "Public Participation in the Law Making Process in Change Era: A Comparative Study between Indonesia (East Java) and the United States (California)." In International Law Conference 2018. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010052501510155.

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Reports on the topic "Law – United States – Miscellanea"

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Davies, Kirk L. The Imposition of Martial Law in the United States. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada372427.

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Bloomer, Stephen M. National Guard Domestic Counterdrug Support to United States Law Enforcement Agencies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada424197.

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Hilt, Eric. Corporation Law and the Shift toward Open Access in the Antebellum United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21195.

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Shawhan, Karl J. Vital Interests, Virtual Threats: Reconciling International Law with Information Warfare and United States Security. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387690.

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Shawhan, Karl J. Vital Interests, Virtual Threats: Reconciling International Law with Information Warfare and United States Security. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388343.

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Swan, R. Drone Strikes: An Overview, Articulation and Assessment of the United States' Postion Under International Law. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1580679.

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Ashley, Caitlyn, Elizabeth Spencer Berthiaume, Philip Berzin, Rikki Blassingame, Stephanie Bradley Fryer, John Cox, E. Samuel Crecelius, et al. Law and Policy Resource Guide: A Survey of Eminent Domain Law in Texas and the Nation. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.eminentdomainguide.

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Eminent Domain is the power of the government or quasi-government entities to take private or public property interests through condemnation. Eminent Domain has been a significant issue since 1879 when, in the case of Boom Company v. Patterson, the Supreme Court first acknowledged that the power of eminent domain may be delegated by state legislatures to agencies and non-governmental entities. Thus, the era of legal takings began. Though an important legal dispute then, more recently eminent domain has blossomed into an enduring contentious social and political problem throughout the United States. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Thus, in the wake of the now infamous decision in Kelo v. City of New London, where the Court upheld the taking of private property for purely economic benefit as a “public use,” the requirement of “just compensation” stands as the primary defender of constitutionally protected liberty under the federal constitution. In response to Kelo, many state legislatures passed a variety of eminent domain reforms specifically tailoring what qualifies as a public use and how just compensation should be calculated. Texas landowners recognize that the state’s population is growing at a rapid pace. There is an increasing need for more land and resources such as energy and transportation. But, private property rights are equally important, especially in Texas, and must be protected as well. Eminent domain and the condemnation process is not a willing buyer and willing seller transition; it is a legally forced sale. Therefore, it is necessary to consider further improvements to the laws that govern the use of eminent domain so Texas landowners can have more assurance that this process is fair and respectful of their private property rights when they are forced to relinquish their land. This report compiles statutes and information from the other forty-nine states to illustrate how they address key eminent domain issues. Further, this report endeavors to provide a neutral third voice in Texas to strike a more appropriate balance between individual’s property rights and the need for increased economic development. This report breaks down eminent domain into seven major topics that, in addition to Texas, seemed to be similar in many of the other states. These categories are: (1) Awarding of Attorneys’ Fee; (2) Compensation and Valuation; (3) Procedure Prior to Suit; (4) Condemnation Procedure; (5) What Cannot be Condemned; (6) Public Use & Authority to Condemn; and (7) Abandonment. In analyzing these seven categories, this report does not seek to advance a particular interest but only to provide information on how Texas law differs from other states. This report lays out trends seen across other states that are either similar or dissimilar to Texas, and additionally, discusses interesting and unique laws employed by other states that may be of interest to Texas policy makers. Our research found three dominant categories which tend to be major issues across the country: (1) the awarding of attorneys’ fees; (2) the valuation and measurement of just compensation; and (3) procedure prior to suit.
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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Jessics Burniske. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate and International Humanitarian Law: Preliminary Considerations for States. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qiaf4598.

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In developing international humanitarian law (IHL), States have aimed in part to lay down the primary normative and operational framework pertaining to principled humanitarian action in situations of armed conflict. The possibility that certain counterterrorism measures may be instituted in a manner that intentionally or unintentionally impedes such action has been recognized by an increasingly wide array of States and entities, including the United Nations Security Council and the U.N. Secretary-General. At least two aspects of the contemporary international discourse on intersections between principled humanitarian action and counterterrorism measures warrant more sustained attention. The first concerns who is, and who ought to be, in a position to authentically and authoritatively interpret and apply IHL in this area. The second concerns the relationships between IHL and other possibly relevant regulatory frameworks, including counterterrorism mandates flowing from decisions of the U.N. Security Council. Partly in relation to those two axes of the broader international discourse, a debate has emerged regarding whether the U.N. Security Council may authorize one particular counterterrorism entity — namely, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) — to interpret and assess compliance with IHL pertaining to humanitarian action in relation to certain counterterrorism contexts. In a new legal briefing for the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC), Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Jessica S. Burniske seek to help inform that debate by raising some preliminary considerations regarding that possibility. The authors focus on the possible implications of States and other relevant actors pursuing various responses or not responding to this debate. One of the authors’ goals is to help raise awareness of this area with a focus on perspectives drawn from international law. Another is to invite a broader engagement with the question of the preservation of the humanitarian commitments laid down in IHL in a period marked by a growing number — and a deepening — of the intersections between situations of armed conflict and measures to suppress terrorism.
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Flagg, Melissa, and Zachary Arnold. A New Institutional Approach to Research Security in the United States: Defending a Diverse R&D Ecosystem. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200051.

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U.S. research security requires trust and collaboration between those conducting R&D and the federal government. Most R&D takes place in the private sector, outside of government authority and control, and researchers are wary of federal government or law enforcement involvement in their work. Despite these challenges, as adversaries work to extract science, technology, data and know-how from the United States, the U.S. government is pursuing an ambitious research security initiative. In order to secure the 78 percent of U.S. R&D funded outside the government, authors Melissa Flagg and Zachary Arnold propose a new, public-private research security clearinghouse, with leadership from academia, business, philanthropy, and government and a presence in the most active R&D hubs across the United States.
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Salazni, Mariana, and Valerie Mercer-Blackman. Unemployment and Growth: Does Okun's Law Apply to Trinidad and Tobago? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008447.

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Are output changes and the unemployment rate related in Trinidad and Tobago? According to the economic theory known as Okun's Law, the two variables should be negatively correlated, and for the United States this relation holds quite well. We test this hypothesis for the economy of Trinidad and Tobago using annual data between 1980 and 2012 and also look at more recent quarterly data, accounting for the fact that the energy sector is a large contributor to the country's GDP. We find that the relation between unemployment and real growth is negative but weaker in Trinidad and Tobago, compared with the United States, but seems to be clearly affected by underestimation of the unemployment rate in recent years. This exercise also reinforces the importance of improving labor and GDP statistics in the country.
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