Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Law of professional activity'

Abstract In this thesis a new phenomenon called lay participatory design (PD) is described and defined. The work is based on a long-term historical and ethnographic field study in a non-profit community of dog breeders. The case community is committed to the understanding and support of indigenous dogs and their hunting skills through the improvement of breeding knowledge using information technology. This is conceptualized as a user-field-design perspective within a natural cultural historical IT context. The new design mode based on this perspective can be seen as infrastructuring, which integrates the activity, community, and IT. Once in actual use, new knowledge and IT is put into practice in the field, which is the actual focus of the change. As it is practice field-driven, lay PD differs conceptually and theoretically both from conventional and professional IT expertise and IS design models, and from representative-, design- or project-driven approaches to PD and to design ethnography. Because of the traditional division of labour in IS these approaches often take only the professionalized (IT) design as the starting point and ignore the epistemological interests of ordinary people, non-IT-professional users active in their own, everyday domains and in their own participative and collaborative practices in the field of practice. The use-field-design perspective, which is conceptualized in lay PD, is complementing these approaches because it takes seriously ordinary people/users as local designers who are competent with topics, everyday domains, activity and IT located in the related field of practice. The case shows that IT and the core activity of a community can be developed together, and that this co-development is sensible. The results of this study suggest that lay PD concepts can describe essential features of the design process for everyday communities of practice. As a bottom-up form of systems design using everyday knowledge, lay PD can be adopted in other domains and study areas. Thus, lay PD is one new member in the emerging family of Participatory Design, Social Shaping of Technologies, and End User Development-driven systems.

Дубинська, А. М. Основні форми та методи діяльності правоохоронних органів України : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 262 "Правоохоронна діяльність" / А. М. Дубинська ; керівник роботи Н. В. Марущак ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра правоохоронної діяльності та загальноправових дисциплін. – Чернігів, 2021. – 78 с.
Актуальність проблематики даної роботи зумовлена необхідністю ґрунтовного та усебічного аналізу діяльності правоохоронних органів України заради розробки шляхів удосконалення форм та методів даної діяльності. Існує велика кількість законодавчих актів, наукових досліджень та норм права, які регламентують діяльність правоохоронних органів, однак часто виникають суперечності, - вони починаються із визначення самого поняття правоохоронної діяльності, що викликає труднощі у окресленні основних функцій, форм та методів роботи правоохоронців. Такі нюанси можуть призводити до неповного розуміння суті діяльності правоохоронних органів. Мета даного дослідження полягає у вивченні напрацювань, пов’язаних із діяльністю правоохоронних органів в Україні. У 1 розділі роботи досліджується наукова думка щодо форм та методів діяльності правоохоронних органів, а також поняття та сутність форм та методів правоохоронної діяльності. Другий розділ аналізує форми та методи діяльності правоохоронних органів України у сфері публічного управління, забезпечення основних прав і свобод громадян та запобігання здійсненню правопорушень. У 3 розділі розглядаються проблеми застосування правоохоронними органами у своїй діяльності незаконних форм та методів дії, а також проблеми доказової сили інформації, отриманої за допомогою негласних методів діяльності правоохоронних органів України. Наукова новизна роботи поглядає у наданні пропозицій на зверненні уваги на необхідність більш детальної кодифікації нормативної бази щодо негласних форм та методів оперативно-розшукової діяльності.
The urgency of the issues of this work is due to the need for a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the law enforcement agencies of Ukraine in order to develop ways to improve the forms and methods of this activity. There are a large number of laws, research and legal regulations that regulate the activities of law enforcement agencies, but there are often contradictions - they begin with the definition of the concept of law enforcement, which causes difficulties in defining the basic functions, forms and methods of work law enforcement officers. Such nuances can lead to an incomplete understanding of the nature of law enforcement. The purpose of this study is to examine developments related to the activities of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine. Section 1 of the work examines the scientific opinion on the forms and methods of law enforcement, as well as the concept and essence of forms and methods of law enforcement. The second section analyzes the forms and methods of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine in the field of public administration, ensuring the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens and preventing offenses. Section 3 considers the problems of application of illegal forms and methods of action by law enforcement agencies in their activities, as well as the problems of the probative value of information obtained through covert methods of activity of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the work looks at the provision of proposals to draw attention to the need for more detailed codification of the regulatory framework for covert forms and methods of operational and investigative activities.

Вишинський П. М. Філософська антропологія як теоретико-методологічна основа професійної підготовки юриста: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.12 – філософія права / Вишинський Петро Мар'янович. – Львів: ЛьвДУВС, 2011. - 207 с.
Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню особливостей впливу філософської антропології на підвищення ефективності професійної підготовки юриста. У роботі обґрунтовано умови, на основі яких філософська методологія інтегрує синтез антропологічних концептів у модернізацію юридичної освіти. Визначено можливості та рамки філософської антропології як теоретико-методологічної основи вирішення проблеми професійної підготовки юриста. На основі дослідження філософської антропології у системі інших наук, зокрема філософії права, обґрунтовано багатофункціональність, складноструктурність і багатовимірність методології, котра розуміється як синтез епістемологічних, гносеологічних, аксіологічних та світоглядних знань у межах організації юридичної діяльності. The thesis deals with the peculiarities of the influence of philosophical anthropology to improve training of lawyers. In work the conditions on which philosophical methodology integrates the synthesis of anthropological concepts in the modernization of legal education. Defined the possibilities and limits of philosophical anthropology as a theoretical and methodological basis for solving the problem of training of lawyers. Ascertained theoretical approaches to the definition of methodology as a philosophical system of legal activity factor, which provides for deepening philosophical outlook scientific knowledge and educational processes in the training of a lawyer. Based on the study of philosophical anthropology of some other sciences, especially philosophy of law, multi-grounded, and multidimensionality field texturising methodology, which is understood as an epistemological synthesis, gnosiological, axiological and ideological knowledge in the organization of legal practice.

O autor aborda a conformidade das execuções fiscais de anuidades aos princípios do Devido Processo Legal e da Capacidade Contributiva, especialmente após o advento da Lei nº 12.514/2011, que alterou a definição do fato gerador da Contribuição devida aos Conselhos de Fiscalização Profissional. Valendo-se de pesquisa jurisprudencial sobre a forma como vêm sendo utilizados os meios para salvaguardar os créditos tributários, a presente dissertação questiona os parâmetros adotados para o deferimento de penhoras eletrônicas no âmbito destas execuções, considerando as peculiaridades da constituição do crédito tributário e da extração do título executivo pelas diversas projeções regionais dos Conselhos de Fiscalização. Com base no postulado da razoabilidade, apresenta critérios alternativos aptos a mitigar o caráter confiscatório da ordem de bloqueio e proteger o mínimo existencial dos executados, minimizando o risco de indisponibilidade de valores diretamente comprometidos com despesas de alimentação, saúde e moradia.
The author discusses the compliance of the procedure prior to tax foreclosure to the Due Process of Law and Contributory Capacity, especially after the advent of Law 12.514/2011, which changed the definition of the taxable event of the contribution due to the Supervisory Boards of Professional Activity. Drawing on jurisprudential research on how has been used the tools to safeguard the tax credits, the author also analyzes the parameters that have been used for the acceptance of electronic attachment under these executions, considering the peculiarities of the constitution of the tax credit and the extraction of the enforcement by the various projections of regional councils. Based on the postulate of reasonableness, the author presents alternative proposals able to mitigate the confiscatory nature of the freezing order and protect the vital minimum of the debtors, minimizing the risk of embrancing amounts directly committed to food expenses, health and housing.

Scientific Problem Health care is the underlying value for a society aspiring after quality of life. This is a field where the quality of services is assessed by experts, not by service receivers. For this reason, results can be visible after quite a long time when it is too late to correct them. The inherent human right to have better health, a healthy environment and acceptable, accessible and appropriate health care is defined in the Health System Legislation of the Lithuanian Republic (1994). The main goal of the entire health care system is to assure this inherent human right. Health policy began to take shape in 1990, at the restoration of independence in Lithuania. Financing according to the rigid articles of financial estimates, extensive increase in the number of stationary services and health care specialists, passive policy, oriented only to the treatment of diseases, and a biomedical attitude towards health were all gradually replaced. Attention has been focussed on the creation of active policy. One of the main orientations of health system development has been the reorganization of training for health care specialists – nurses – in accordance with EU standards, especially to ensure that practising nurses have the opportunity for professional expression. The reform of the health care system has also created more tasks – planning of nursing staff demand, licensing of specialists, their motivation, etc. The reform of nursing science, training of general care... [to full text]
Mokslinė problema LR Sveikatos sistemos įstatyme (1994) apibrėžta prigimtinė žmogaus teisė turėti kuo geresnę sveikatą, sveiką aplinką, priimtiną, prieinamą ir tinkamą sveikatos priežiūrą. Visos sveikatos priežiūros sistemos pagrindinis tikslas – užtikrinti šią žmogaus prigimtinę teisę. 1990 m. Lietuvoje atkūrus nepriklausomybę, pradėta formuoti sveikatos politika. Dėmesys koncentruojamas į aktyvios politikos kūrimą. Viena iš pagrindinių sveikatos sistemos plėtotės krypčių - tai sveikatos priežiūros specialistų - slaugytojų - profesinio rengimo pertvarka pagal ES standartus, ypač dirbančių slaugytojų profesinės raiškos galimybių užtikrinimas. Sveikatos priežiūros sistemos reforma iškėlė ir daugiau uždavinių, t.y. slaugos personalo poreikio planavimas, specialistų licencijavimas, jų motyvavimas ir kt. Slaugos mokslo reforma, bendrosios praktikos slaugytojų rengimas, teisinės bazės, reglamentuojančios specialistų teises, pareigas, atsakomybę, sukūrimas liudija, kad sveikatos priežiūros žmogiškųjų išteklių vystymui skiriamas pakankamas dėmesys, tačiau menkas sveikatos sektoriaus finansavimas, netolygus žmogiškųjų išteklių pasiskirstymas, mažėjantis slaugytojų skaičius, didėjanti emigracijos tendencija išlieka aktualūs Lietuvos sveikatos politikos formuotojų darbotvarkės klausimai. Slaugos specialistai - skaitlingiausia sveikatos priežiūros specialistų grupė. Tai savarankiški specialistai, lygiaverčiai asmens sveikatos priežiūros specialistų komandos nariai, gebantys vykdyti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O designer, em seu exercício profissional, encontra dificuldades para o delineamento conceitual do campo de atividade. Tal circunstância vem sinalizar uma carência de identidade, inclusive quando comparado a outras profissões que possuem pilares conceituais melhor fundamentados, como, por exemplo, engenheiros, arquitetos, médicos, físicos, químicos, advogados, jornalistas, etc. A partir da investigação sobre a natureza transversal do Design e sobre as questões ideológicas que delinearam a profissão ao longo do tempo, pode-se compreender a dificuldade em se definir limites para a mesma. Diante dessa constatação, a dissertação mergulha em um debate epistemológico, através da análise de blogs brasileiros de design, questionários e entrevistas com designers, que reflete sobre como o profissional designer é percebido, qualificado e classificado pela sociedade e pelo mercado, considerando, sobretudo, seu alcance diante do âmbito teórico do Design como campo do saber.
The designer, in his professional practice, finds it difficult to design the conceptual field of activity. This circumstance indicates a lack of identity, even when compared to other professions that have stronger conceptual pillars, for example, engineers, architects, doctors, physicists, chemists, lawyers and journalists. From the research of the especific nature of Design and from the ideological questions that shaped the profession over time, we could understand the difficulty of defining the boundaries. Considering this fact, this thesis delves into an epistemological debate, through the analysis of Brazilian design blogs, questionnaires and interviews with designers, that reflects on how the professional designer is perceived, described and classified by the society and the market, considering specially the theoretical framework involved on Design as a field of knowledge.

1. Rouse, M. (2019, October) Logistics. Retrieved from: https://searcherp.techtarget.com/definition/logistics (date of application 19.03.2021) 2. Types of Logistics. Retrieved from: http://surl.li/okui (date of application 19.03.2021)
In a modern world logistics has become one of the most necessary and import processes. The most obvious main tasks of which are delivery of goods, warehousing and meeting of customers’ needs. It is also very profitable activity, since all the procurement and production processes are based on the raw material transportation and timely delivery of components. However, the freshmen-students may not understand this because of the young age when they have to make such a difficult choice of a future probable career. Nowadays, the sphere of logistics is becoming even more popular and needed because of the on-going pandemic of COVID-19. Many businesses have failed and many people have lost their jobs due to the unstable employment level, inflation and worldwide economic crisis. That is why knowing of any future perspectives in the chosen sphere is extremely significant.
У сучасному світі логістика стала одним з найбільш необхідних та імпортних процесів. Найбільш очевидними основними завданнями яких є доставка товарів, складування та задоволення потреб споживачів. Це також дуже вигідна діяльність, оскільки всі закупівельні та виробничі процеси базуються на транспортуванні сировини та своєчасній доставці компонентів. Однак першокурсники можуть цього не зрозуміти через молодий вік, коли їм доводиться робити такий складний вибір майбутньої ймовірної кар'єри. У наш час сфера логістики стає ще більш популярною та необхідною через триваючу пандемію COVID-19. Багато підприємств зазнали краху, а багато людей втратили роботу через нестабільний рівень зайнятості, інфляцію та світову економічну кризу. Ось чому знання про будь-які перспективи майбутнього у вибраній сфері надзвичайно важливе.

The aim of research is to emphasize the significance of career motivation as personality characteristic for successful professional activity. One of the ways of forming students’ professional orientation is to expand their vocational experience, which they acquire in the process of specialty practice.
Мета роботи – підкреслити значення кар’єрної мотивації як характеристики особистості для успішної професійної діяльності. Одним із способів формування професійної орієнтації студентів є розширення їхнього професійного досвіду, який вони набувають у процесі практики.
Цель работы – подчеркнуть значимость карьерной мотивации как характеристики личности для успешной профессиональной деятельности. Одним из способов формирования профессиональной направленности студентов является расширение их профессионального опыта, который они приобретают в процессе практики.

Сийплокі, М. В. Кримінально-правовий захист охоронної діяльності в Україні : дис. ... д-ра юрид. наук (д-ра наук) : 12.00.08 / Микола Васильович Сийплокі; МВС України, Харк. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Харків, 2020. - 474 с.
У дисертації комплексно, з використанням сучасних методів пізнання, урахуванням новітніх досягнень правової науки на системному рівні опрацювання сформовано цілісну концепцію наукового забезпечення кримінально-правового захисту охоронної діяльності в Україні як систему знань про його зміст, форми і засоби, а також основні напрями удосконалення у теоретичній площині й кримінально-превентивній практиці. Охоронна діяльність – це вид господарської діяльності, один із напрямків правоохоронної діяльності, що полягає у системі правових, організаційних, економічних, технологічних, фізичних та інших заходів, які здійснюються суб’єктами, що мають специфічні права й обов’язки із забезпечення охорони життя та здоров’я фізичних осіб та їх власності, власності юридичних осіб чи держави від протиправних посягань, визначені законами, підзаконними актами та цивільно-правовими угодами.
The author of the dissertation has comprehensively formed a holistic concept of scientific provision of criminal and legal protection of safeguarding activity in Ukraine as the system of knowledge about its content, forms and means, as well as the main directions of improvement in theoretical plane and in criminal and preventive practice by using modern methods of cognition, taking into account the latest achievements of legal science at the systematic level of elaboration. Safeguarding activity is a type of economic activity, one of the areas of law enforcement activity, which consists in the system of legal, organizational, economic, technological, physical and other measures carried out by the subjects having specific rights and responsibilities for the protection of life and health of individuals and their property, property of legal entities or the state against unlawful encroachments, defined by laws, regulations and civil agreements.
В диссертации комплексно, с использованием современных методов познания, учетом новейших достижений правовой науки на системном уровне проработки сформирована целостная концепция научного обеспечения уголовно-правовой защиты охранной деятельности в Украине как систему знаний о его содержание, формы и средства, а также основные направления совершенствования в теоретической плоскости и уголовно-превентивной практике. Охранная деятельность - это вид хозяйственной деятельности, одно из направлений правоохранительной деятельности, заключающийся в системе правовых, организационных, экономических, технологических, физических и других мероприятий, которые осуществляются субъектами, имеющими специфические права и обязанности по обеспечению охраны жизни и здоровья физических лиц и их собственности, собственности юридических лиц или государства от противоправных посягательств, определенные законами, подзаконными актами и гражданско-правовым договорам.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe yra pateikiama ir analizuojama neteisėto vertimosi ūkine, komercine, finansine ar profesine veikla normos taikymo problematika, baudžiamosios ir administracinės atsakomybių atribojimo probleminiai kriterijai. Atlikto tyrimo tikslas yra išskirti probleminius šios normos aspektus, juos atskleisti bei apibendrinant mokslinę doktriną ir teismų praktiką pateikti konkrečius normos taikymo sprendimus. Darbe taip pat iškeliama baudžiamosios atsakomybės pagrįstumo bei taikymo sąlygų problematika. Pateikiama užsienio šalių praktika bei alternatyvūs baudžiamosios atsakomybės taikymo variantai. Mokslinio tyrimo metu yra pateikiami pasiūlymai dėl neteisėto vertimosi ūkine, komercine, finansine ar profesine veikla normos tobulinimo, kvalifikuotos normos sudėties panaikinimo.
Problems of using norms of illegal farming, commercial, financial and professional activities, and criminal and administrational liability limitation problem criteria are presented and analyzed. Aim of study, which was carried out, is to distinguish problematic aspects of this norm, to uncover these problematic aspects and to present specific solutions of application of this norm through generalization of scientific doctrine and practice of courts. Practice of foreign countries and alternative variants of application of criminal liability are presented. Suggestion, concerning the improvement of norms of illegal farming, commercial, financial or professional activity and removal of qualified norm content, are presented during this scientific study.

This research study deals mainly with the educator professionalisation in the post democratic South Africa, paying attention to the role of a professional council in promoting educator professionalism. The status and image of teaching in this country seem to have been viewed From the racial and cultural differences of communities previously. The democratic dispensation brought an end to this unfair racial and cultural discrimination in the education system through the establishment of a non-racial professional council for educators (i.e. SACE). The research aims are to determine: - The characteristics of a professions and those needed for educator professionalism; and - the role of the a professional council in promoting educator professionalisation. In order to attain the above-mentioned research aims, a literature review and an empirical investigation were undertaken. The literature study was used to clarify concepts such as occupation, semi-profession, profession, professionalisation and professional status. Secondly, characteristics or common features associated with traditional models of professions (ie. accounting, law and medicine) were discussed from a theoretical point of view. Lastly, the literature study highlighted the establishment of professional councils for educators in other parts of the world, including South Africa. The different forms of legislation and policy documents applicable in education were discussed. In order to determine the extent to which teaching adheres to or fulfils the characteristics associated with a profession, teaching was tested against these characteristics. The history of the establishment of SACE was briefly discussed and the objectives or role of this organisation in educator professionalisation concluded this chapter. The empirical research was conducted by using the questionnaire as a measuring instrument. The advantages and disadvantages of the questionnaire as measuring instrument were highlighted. The target population comprises of 239 educators from a total population of 2070 educators in Lejweleputswa and Northern Free State Education Districts -Free State Province. The data collected in the investigation was processed through the SAS computer package to establish frequencies and percentages of responses mean scores ranking, t-test procedures and the effect sizes. The results were then presented tables, analysed and interpreted in accordance with the literature study. The literature study revealed that like all other occupations, teaching aspires to attain recognition and status as a profession. It was also revealed that teaching partially satisfy characteristics associated with professions. The empirical study revealed that the employment of un- or under qualified educators is still prevalent in South African schools. In the last chapter, Chapter 5, conclusions from the literature review and empirical investigation were drawn. The recommendations with regard to the role of SACE in educator professionalisation were provided. Finally based on the research, future research studies in SACE and educator professionalism were recommended.
Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Thesis (LLD (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Laws at Stellenbosch University.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The state participates in the market place in a large number of ways, spending millions annually. It buys and sells goods and services; it employs a massive workforce; it acquires, develops and disposes of land; it engages in all kinds of financial transactions; it sets up companies, holds shares and enters into partnerships. Yet, the legal treatment of the state as commercial player remains an enigma. In South African law there is no shortage of legal rules that apply or can potentially apply to state commercial activity, but there is nevertheless no coherent view of the conceptualisation of state commercial activity and as a result no clarity on how such conduct should be legally regulated. A voluminous, but extremely fragmented collection of statutory mechanisms aims to regulate a large variety of matters connected to state commercial activity. The courts have shown an almost schizophrenic attitude towards the application of the common law to these state actions, alternating between opting to apply general contract law and general administrative law rules. Constitutional transformation in South Africa necessitates a critical reevaluation of the legal approach to the regulation of state commercial activity. This necessity flows from a number of factors that converge in the judicial regulation of state commercial activity. These factors include a shift in the nature and function of the state, including the judiciary under the new constitutional dispensation; the use of commercial conduct to advance important transformation goals; the proper relationship between courts in protecting fundamental societal values captured in the Constitution and the executive as the key driver of social change; and the role of law in this changing environment. An analysis of the judicial regulation of state commercial activity creates an opportunity to probe basic questions about legal methodology, particularly in a transformative context such as South Africa. A central theme in this reassessment is the role of dichotomous reasoning in legal methodology, based on sharp distinctions between monolithic concepts such as public/private, state/private enterprise, rule/standard, contract/administrative action, delict/contract that no longer seem to adequately relate to experience in the real world. An analysis of South African case law on state commercial activity reveals the underlying judicial premise that all such state action can be classified as either administrative or contractual in nature. Once this conceptual classification is done the rules that apply follow automatically. State commercial activity is consequently subjected to either administrative law or private law rules in a manner that denies or obfuscates the choice on the part of the individual judge. The criteria used to classify the nature of the action under the classification approach have varied over time. The most prominent criteria are the source of the power exercised and the presence of superior power, with the courts currently alternating between these two. However, these criteria cannot be formulated with certainty and they do not provide consistent guidelines. While the criteria identify important aspects of state commercial activity that merit increased judicial control, the relationships between the criteria and the ensuing substantive regulation and particularly the relationships between them remain nebulous. Ultimately, the classification approach is characterised by excessive conceptualism and formalism. The reality that judges choose what regulation to apply to particular instances of state commercial activity is hidden. The application of specific substantive rules is made to seem natural, inevitable and selfevident. This closes off dialogue about that choice. Two alternatives to the classification methodology exist in South African law, namely an exclusively private law approach and a comprehensive public law approach. The exclusively private law approach highlights the commercial nature of the state action to the effect that state contracting is treated on par with all other forms of (private) commercial activity. However, it is questionable whether private law regulation can adequately address the regulatory concerns specific to the public context of state conduct. An analysis of this alternative approach identifies promising private law doctrines that can inspire such regulation, but significant further development is required before the desired level of regulation will be feasible on private law grounds. The comprehensive public law approach insists on the consistent application of public law rules to all state conduct, irrespective of the commercial nature of that conduct. Although this option may seem highly desirable, especially because it ensures public scrutiny of all state conduct, it is not ideal either. Particularly problematic is the high cost of such regulation and resultant inefficiency that may not be realistic given the current demands on South African public administration. The German and French legal systems provide examples of a third alternative approach in the form of distinct legal figures that exist between contract and administrative law. Recognition of such a distinct figure provides the prospect of developing a separate set of regulation tailored to the specific needs of that figure. A separate branch of government contract or government commercial law can thus be created. In South African law it may be possible to stimulate such development by recognising state contracts as a separate class of contract. However, it is doubtful whether the development of a third regulatory category will encourage the integration of public and private law rules to overcome the conceptualism of the current approach; it could also reinforce conceptualism by adding a third conceptual category. The most promising alternative methodology is premised on a more complex view of the interacting factors that inform judicial regulation and, by extension, legal treatment of state commercial activity. Such an approach perceives the distinctions between the various relevant concepts and factors not as sharp dichotomies, but as continuous and fluid relationships. It recognises that the legal treatment of a specific instance of state commercial activity is a function of the relationship between the various concepts and factors. Such an approach calls for more open and direct engagement with all the factors informing the regulation of state commercial activity. Ultimately, it requires individual judges to take responsibility for the choices they make in their involvement in state commercial activity by means of the regulatory control they exercise. It accordingly fosters dialogue and public debate about the role of law in social phenomena such as state commercial activity. This approach is in line with a culture of justification and transformative constitutionalism that ground the democratic enterprise in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die staat neem op 'n groot aantal wyses deel aan die handelsverkeer en spandeer jaarliks miljoene. Dit koop en verkoop goedere en dienste; dit stel 'n massiewe werkerskorps in diens; dit bekom, ontwikkel en vervreem grond; dit sluit allerhande finansiele transaksies; dit rig maatskappye op, hou aandele en sluit vennootskappe. En tog bly die regsbeskouing van die staat as kommersiele speier 'n enigma. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is daar geen tekort aan regsreels wat op kommersiele staatsoptrede van toepassing is of potensieel van toepassing kan wees nie, en tog is daar geen koherente benadering tot die konseptualisering van kommersiele staatsoptrede nie en gevolglik geen duidelikheid oor hoe sodanige optrede deur die reg gereguleer moet word nie. 'n Groot volume uiters gefragmenteerde statutere meganismes poog om 'n verskeidenheid kwessies rakende kommersiele staatsoptrede te reguleer. Die howe toon 'n bykans skisofrene houding jeens die toepassing van gemeneregreels op sodanige staatsoptrede en wissel tussen 'n keuse vir die toepassing van algemene kontraktereg en algemene administratiefreg. Konstitusionele transformasie in Suid-Afrika noodsaak die kritiese herbeskouing van die regsbenadering tot die regulering van kommersiele staatsoptrede. Hierdie noodsaak vloei uit 'n aantal faktore wat ineenloop by die geregtelike regulering van kommersiele staatsoptrede. Sodanige faktore sluit in 'n verskuiwing in die aard en funksie van die staat, insluitende die regbank, onder die nuwe grondwetlike bedeling; die gebruik van kommersiele optrede om belangrike transformasie-oogmerke te bereik; die gepaste verhouding tussen die howe in hul beskerming van fundamentele gemeenskapswaardes in die Grondwet en die uitvoerende gesag as sentrale dryfkrag agter sosiale transformasie; en die rol van die reg in hierdie veranderende omgewing. 'n Analise van die geregtelike regulering van kommersiele staatsoptrede skep die geleentheid om basiese vrae rakende regsmetodologie aan te spreek, spesifiek in 'n transformatiewe konteks soos Suid-Afrika. 'n Sentrale tema in hierdie herbeskouing is die regsmetodologiese rol van digomatiese of tweesydige redenering gebaseer op starre onderskeide tussen een-dimensionele konsepte soos publieklprivaat, staat/private onderneming, reel/standaard, kontrakladministratiewe handeling, deliklkontrak wat skynbaar nie meer genoegsaam in verband staan met ervaring in die werklikheid nie. 'n Analise van Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak rakende kommersiele staatsoptrede openbaar die onderliggende regterlike hipotese dat aile sodanige staatsoptrede geklassifiseer kan word as 6f administratiefregtelik 6f kontraktueel van aard. Sodra hierdie konseptuele klassifikasie gedoen is, volg die regsreels van toepassing outomaties. Kommersiele staatsoptrede word gevoglik 6f deur administratiefregreels 6f uitsluitlik deur reels van die privaatreg gereguleer op 'n wyse wat die keuse van die betrakke regter ontken of verberg. Die kriteria wat gebruik word in die klassifikasiebenadering om die aard van die handeling te klassifiseer het oor tyd verander. Die belangrikste kriteria is die bran van die magte uitgeoefen en die teenwoordigheid van staatsmag, met die howe wat tans hierdie twee kriteria afwissel. Hierdie kriteria kan egter nie met sekerheid geformuleer word nie en dit bied geen konsekwente riglyne nie. Terwyl die kriteria belangrike aspekte van kommersiele staatsoptrede identifiseer wat strenger geregtelike beheer ondersteun, is dit veral die verhouding tussen die onderskeie kriteria sowel as die verhouding tussen die kriteria en die daarapvolgende substantiewe regulasies wat vaag bly. Uiteindelik word die klassifikasie-benadering gekenmerk deur oormatige konseptualisme en formalisme. Die realiteit dat regters kies watter regulasie om toe te pas op besondere gevalle van kommersiele staatsoptrede bly verborge. Die toepassing van spesifieke substantiewe reels word voorgehou as natuurlik, onvermydelik en voor-die-hand-liggend. Hierdie benadering sluit dialoog oor sulke keuses uit. Twee alternatiewe tot die klassifikasie-metodologie bestaan in die SuidAfrikaanse reg, naamlik 'n suiwer privaatregtelike benadering en 'n omvattende publiekregtelike benadering. Die suiwer privaatregtelike benadering fokus op die kommersiele aard van die staatshandelinge, met gevolg dat staatskontraktering soos aile ander vorme van (privaat)kommersiele optrede gehanteer word. Dit is egter te bevraagteken of die suiwer privaatregtelike regulasie op 'n bevredigende wyse al die regulatiewe oogmerke spesifiek tot die publieke konteks van staatsoptrede kan aanspreek. 'n Analise van hierdie alternatiewe benadering dui op belowende privaatreg-leerstukkke wat sodanige regulasie kan onderle, maar aansienlike verdere ontwikkeling van hierdie leerstukke is nodig alvorens die privaatreg die verlangde vlakke van regulasie kan bied. Die omvattende publiekregtelike benadering dring aan op die konsekwente toepassing van publiekregtelike reels op aile staatsoptrede, ongeag die kommersiele aard van sodanige handelinge. Hoewel hierdie opsie uiters wenslik blyk te wees, veral gegewe die wyse waarop dit publieke oorsig oor aile staatsoptrede verseker, is dit ook nie 'n ideale benadering nie. Veral problematies is die hoe koste van sodanige regulasie en die gepaardgaande ondoeltreffende staatsadministrasie wat, gegewe die eise wat tans aan die Suid-Afrikaanse staatsdiens gestel word, onrealisties mag wees. Die Duitse en Franse regstelsels verskaf voorbeelde van 'n derde alternatiewe benadering in die vorm van 'n afsonderlike regsfiguur wat bestaan tussen die kontraktereg en die administratiefreg. Die bestaan van so 'n afsonderlike regsfiguur skep die moontlikheid vir die ontwikkeling van afsonderlike regulasie toegespits op die spesifieke behoeftes van daardie figuur. 'n Afsonderlike veld van staatskontrakte of staatshandelsreg kan gevolglik ontstaan. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg mag dit moontlik wees om sodanige ontwikkeling te stimuleer deur die erkenning van staatskontrakte as 'n afsonderlike, spesifieke klas van kontrakte. Dit is egter te betwyfel of die ontwikkeling van 'n derde kategorie van regulasie die integrasie van privaatregtelike en publiekregtelike reels sal bevorder en die konseptualisme van die huidige benadering sal oorkom; dit mag ook bloot konseptualisme versterk deur 'n derde konseptuele kategorie by te voeg. Die mees belowende alternatiewe metodologie is gegrond op 'n meer komplekse benadering tot die wisselwerkende faktore wat die geregtelike regulering van en die regsbenadering tot kommersiele staatsoptrede onderle. Sodanige benadering beskou die onderskeid tussen die betrokke konsepte en faktore nie as 'n skerp digotomie nie, maar as aaneenlopende en beweeglike verhoudings. Dit beskou die regsbenadering tot 'n spesifieke geval van kommersiele staatsoptrede as 'n funksie van die verhouding tussen die verskeie konsepte en faktore. So 'n benadering vereis 'n openliker en meer direkte omgaan met die faktore wat die regulering van kommersiele staatsoptrede onderls. Uiteindelik vereis dit dat individuele regters verantwoordelikheid sal neem vir die keuses wat hulle maak in hul betrakkenheid by kommersiele staatsoptrede deur middel van die regulatiewe beheer wat hulle daaraor uitoefen. Oit bevorder gevolglik dialoog en publieke debat oor die ral van die reg in sosiale praktyke soos kommersiele staatsoptrede. Hierdie benadering is in Iyn met 'n kultuur van regverdiging (culture ofjustification) en transformatiewe konstitusionalisme (transformative constitutionalism) wat die grandslag vorm van demokratiese ontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika.

Aircraft piloting is one of the types of human activity, which is the ability of the pilot to smoothly and accurately control the aircraft within the established operational limitations of flight parameters, ensuring the successful completion of the flight task. Such activities require the implementation of a number of mental processes of high, strength and intensity in a shortage of time due to the rapid change of flight situations.

The unique contribution to knowledge of this research is the study of the development of judgement capacity in apprentice and undergraduate engineering learners in Activity Led Learning (ALL) environments. Four case studies of engineering students investigated the learners' experiences of making judgements in various engineering undergraduate and apprenticeship programmes. A phenomenological research methodology was used to infer the learner's judgements from the learners' dialogues and actions that were observed during the learning activity. The findings of the study indicate that the experience and incidence of the learners' exertion of judgement is dependent upon the construct of the ALL environment to provide a problem space with potential for disjuncture, and the intentionality of the learners. The learners did not solve problems by a linear progression but repeatedly re-activated experiences and knowledge, exercising judgements until the states of disjuncture were satisfied leading to the conclusion of the problem. Heuristic judgements that may result in decision making errors tended to dominate the problem spaces though their incidence did not appear to be influenced by the technical or socio-technical demands of the project problem spaces. This thesis concludes that in ALL environments, projects of sufficient length and complexity similar to realistic professional practice, may enable students to acquire the practice of better judgement through disjuncture and by re-activating learning experiences and importing analogies into new problem spaces. However, to acquire skills and knowledge to improve judgement capacity, requires specific and purposeful interventions within ALL that enable the learner to know when heuristic judgements are reliable or otherwise unreliable, and acquiring reasoning strategies to compensate for the effects. It is proposed that in such interventions the learner learns to record their own judgements as they are exerted and to reflect critically on those judgements and their consequences. It also requires that any ALL project that aims to promote judgement capacity has in place assessment instruments that specifically consider the learner effort in the self-development of judgement.

This thesis explores how an action research approach based on a critical systemic perspective can benefit the practice of mediators in dealing with issues of justice during mediation processes. First, methodological reflections on critical systems thinking are presented, and a new development is proposed based on the ethics of Levinas. Also, a new synergy of methods and tools is developed. This brings together boundary critique, action science, statistics, system dynamics, alternative dispute resolution games, and interviewing. A description is then provided of how the methodology was used at a Colombian mediation centre. Here, the staff members and the author began the transformation of their professional mediation practice by reflecting on alternative perspectives on how they currently deal, and might deal in the future, with issues of justice. A critique was developed of several basic assumptions that are deeply ingrained in the mediation literature of the English speaking countries of the western world - in particular, that disputants are primarily concerned with their own private interests, and that mediation should therefore be considered successful if these interests are satisfied. In the mediation centre studied, most disputants prioritised justice principles over personal gain. Additionally, a new way of organising the interpretations of mediation presented in the literature is developed that can help mediation practitioners to be more conscious of the assumptions informing their professional practice. Finally, drawing upon both a literature review and the action research results, reflections are provided on the relevance of the notion of justice to mediation practice.

The purpose of this study is to consider the possibilities of mentoring as a professional development activity for those in the role of Assistant to the Principal, Administration (APA). Mentoring is considered worthy of investigation, as it appears to be a professional development activity that is self-directed and capable of meeting the individual needs of the practitioners engaged in the role. Professional development for many administrators appears to have become a laborious task of attending courses and collecting certificates. As a professional development activity, mentoring is a flexible alternative in the provision professional and personal growth opportunities for administrators within an educational context. The aim of the study is to provide an understanding of mentoring as a professional development opportunity for administrators and to explore in one specific context the receptivity of those in the role of APA, to the concept of formal mentoring. This study utilises the research methodology of action research and the process of reflective deliberation. The study was conducted over a period of six months involving six participants who are currently working in Catholic systemic primary schools in the role of APA. The conclusions of the study identifies a shift in understanding about mentoring and support for mentoring as a professional development activity for those in the role of APA.

1. Ymedadze, Y. V. Problema polymotyvatsyy povedenyia [The problem of behavior polymotivation] / Y. V. Ymedadze // Voprosy psykholohyy, № 6, 87–94 (1984). 2. Ponomarev, Y. P. Motyvatsyia rabotoi v orhanyzatsyy [Motivation by work in the organization] / Y. P. Ponomarev, Moskva: LKY, 224 (2007). 3. Pomytkina, L. V., Pomytkin, E.A. Psykholohiia pratsi i vidpochynku: pidruchnyk [dlia stud. vyshch. navch. zakl.] [Psychology of work and rest: a textbook]. Kyiv: TOV «Alfa-PK», 322 (2019). 4. Furman, O. Ye. Polimotyvatsiia – sponukalnyi parametr innovatsiinopsykholohichnoho klimatu [Polymotivation - a motivating parameter innovation and psychological climate]. Scientific Journal «ScienceRise» №6/1б (11), 2015. DOI: 10.15587/2313-8416.2015.45049 5. L. Pomytkina, A. Gudmanian, O. Kovtun, S. Yahodzinskyi. Personal hoice: strategic life decision-making and conscience, E3S Web of Conferences, Vol.164, 10021 (2020) SCOPUS https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016410021 6. О. Khokhlina, O. Lych, S. Gorbenko, A. Kazak. Psychological determinacy of communication styles of aviation industry students IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 918 (2020) 012175 SCOPUS IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/918/1/012175 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/918/1/012175/pdf
As is known, among many domestic psychologists there was a widespread view that human activity and behavior are due to many motives at the same time (L.I. Bozhovich, V.K. Vilyunas, I.V. Imedadze, V.I. Kovalev, A.N. Leontiev, V.F. Petrenko, M.M. Filipov, etc.). Similarly, in Western psychology, the emphasis is mainly on the simultaneous conditioning of behavior and activity by many goals or personal dispositions (J. Atkinson, J. O. Raynor, X. Heckhausen, etc.). Thus, scientists ponder, in fact, about the phenomenon of polymotivation because the motive is understood too narrowly: as a need, or as a goal, or as one of the motivators.

Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade conhecer o trabalho docente dos professores de formação técnica que atuam na educação profissional e tecnológica (EPT) oferecida nos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia sob a perspectiva do conceito de atividade oriundo da Psicologia Histórico-cultural, da Teoria da Atividade e da Clínica da Atividade. O objetivo geral é analisar a atividade do professor de formação técnica em Informática que atua na educação profissional e tecnológica. Os objetivos específicos são: conhecer as trajetórias profissionais e formativas dos docentes de formação técnica em Informática que atuam na educação profissional e tecnológica e que serão os interlocutores da pesquisa; compreender quais articulações estes professores fazem entre as experiências que vivenciaram como profissionais de suas áreas de formação inicial e as demandas da docência na educação profissional e tecnológica; identificar quais as prescrições e a presença delas na atividade destes professores; e explorar o significado e o sentido pessoal do trabalho docente para os interlocutores da pesquisa. A Clínica da Atividade foi utilizada como aporte teórico e como método e as informações foram produzidas através de instrução ao sósia, autoconfrontações simples e cruzadas, observação participante e entrevistas intensivas. Participaram da pesquisa dois docentes da área de Informática que atuam em câmpus de dois institutos federais do Rio Grande do Sul. Depois da realização de todas as etapas que constituíram a pesquisa, a tese construída é que os docentes pesquisados realizam uma atividade de ensino voltada para a orientação e preparação profissional que visa que os alunos se apropriem do acúmulo de cultura de área de Informática e possam exercer essa profissão. Os docentes agem através dos gêneros profissionais da docência e do campo de atuação em Informática e há indícios que demonstram que estes docentes produzem um novo gênero profissional ao qual imprimem os seus estilos. Esse novo gênero não é a negação de nenhum dos gêneros profissionais nos quais os docentes se movimentam, mas, sim, a confluência deles na criação de uma nova atividade real que assume as prescrições de ambas, encadeando-as, cruzando-as e equilibrando-as. Nessa atividade, os docentes esbarram em duas grandes questões que compõem o real da atividade: a dificuldade de adaptar o ensino de uma profissão aos tempos escolares e o desconhecimento de outras formas de ensinar pautadas mais na promoção de atividades de estudo aos alunos e menos em tarefas de reprodução do fazer do professor. Conhecer a atividade dos professores a partir da Clínica da Atividade pode colaborar com a construção de formações iniciais e continuadas que respeitem as especificidades da docência na educação profissional e promovam o aumento do poder de agir dos docentes diante de seu próprio trabalho.
This research aimed to know the work of the technical training of teachers who work in professional and technological educational (PTE) offered in the Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology under the perspective of the concept of activity originating from the Cultural-historical Psychology of Activity Theory and Activity Clinic. The general objective is to analyze the activity of the teacher that has technical training engaged in professional and technological education. The specific objectives are: to know the professionals and formative trajectories of the technical teachers training in Information Technology that work in professional and technological education and who will be the interlocutors of the research; to understand what interligations these teachers make between the experiences that lived as professionals in their areas of initial training and the demands of teaching in professional and technological educational; to identify the prescriptions and their presence in the activity of these teachers; and explore the meaning and personal sense of the teaching work to the interlocutors of the research. The Activity Clinic was used as a theoretical and methodological contribution and the information was produced through instruction to the look-alike, simple and crossed self-confrontations, participant observation and intensive interviews. Participated in the research two teachers of Information Technology area that work on campus of two federal institutes of Rio Grande do Sul. After the completion of all the steps that constitute the research, the built thesis is that the researched teachers perform a focused education activity for orientation and professional training that aims to students to take as of the culture of Computer Science area and to exercise this profession.The teachers act through the professional genres of teaching and of the field of action in Informatics and there are indications that show that these teachers produce a new professional type to which they imprint their styles. This new genre is not the denial of any of the professional genres in which teachers move, but rather the confluence of them in the creation of a new real activity that assumes the prescriptions of both, chaining them, crossing them and balancing them. In this activity, the teachers have two issues constitute the real activity: the difficulty of adapting teaching a profession to school organization and the lack of knowledge of other forms of teaching focused on the promotion the studying activities and less on the reproductions of the teacher’s act. Know the teachers activity from the Activity Clinic can collaborates with building of the initial and continued education that respect the characteristics of teaching in professional and technological educational and increase the teachers’ power to act in their own work space.

Online distance learning is an essential element in the continuing education of law enforcement officers across the nation. However, little research has been conducted into the use of learning management systems by law enforcement agencies as a tool for professional development. This study attempts to assess the attitudes, preferences, and influences that impact distance learning for professional development work for state law enforcement officers and their agencies. Law enforcement agencies and law enforcement training centers have failed to utilize or embrace distance-learning technologies, or they have adopted distance-learning technology without knowing the effectiveness of the training or learning. For adult learning to be active, the learner must embrace the subject and the training delivery method. The law enforcement profession has historically used traditional classroom lectures for education and hands-on demonstration for training. This study focuses on the attitudes, preferences and other factors that influence the use of distance learning for professional development by state law enforcement officers. This study incorporated an online survey of 496 Florida state law enforcement personnel employed by the Florida Highway Patrol and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, Division of Law Enforcement. The survey consisted of 64 questions that were analyzed and results into categories of descriptive demographics, work-related, reading and writing skills, technology use, software use, self-belief, self-management, ease of use, and learning preference for a review of factors that influence the attitudes and perceptions of state law law enforcement personnel on the use of learning management systems for profession development learning. This quantitative study revealed wireless connectivity variations between metropolitan and rural counties does not influence the perception or attitude of state law enforcement personnel on the use of a learning management system. The research also revealed the learning management system does not influence their perception of online, classroom or blended learning for professional development. This research also revealed little correlation to age, race or national origin, sex, and years of experience to the preference for a learning management system for distance learning. The research suggests that level of education does not influence the attitude or perception of users on the use of a learning management system but personnel who are certified instructors do have a stronger preference towards the use of a learning management system for professional development learning. The duty assignment of patrol, investigations, supervisory and administrative, or other duties does not influence the attitude or perception of users of a learning management system.

This thesis examines the application of traditional jurisdictional doctrines to online activity. It analyses not only to what extent, and why, the Internet challenges existing principles allocating regulatory competence, but the factors which shape, and must shape, the regulatory responses to these challenges, in an attempt to create an analytical framework within which the search for viable solutions can begin. The overarching argument made in this thesis is that the keys to viable future Internet regulation are deeply embedded in past and present regulation and that we cannot simply look for the most efficient legal solutions, regardless of how they fit within existing laws. This would be inconsistent with the law's basic function to answer the need for certainty and predictability. Building upon this fundamental premise, it is further argued, and shown, that an understanding of the public law - private law dichotomy within the existing jurisdictional framework, as well as its deeply entrenched status, is essential for appreciating the severity of the jurisdictional problems caused by the Internet and actual and likely regulatory responses to them. It is argued that this explains why both sets of rules have consistently accommodated transnational online activity differently, giving rise to different problems - problems which ultimately touch upon fundamental legal notions, such as formal justice, the rule of law or obedience to law which cannot but set further outer parameters of the search for solutions to the jurisdictional problems triggered by the Internet.

This study is based on the cornerstones which forms the components of Activity-based costing. These cornerstones work together to bring about the successes that firms reap after implementing the ABC system. Firms exist mainly to gain profit by providing goods and services that will satisfy customers by delivering them with the value they demand. The cost system used by firms is therefore an essential decision to be made by the firm in question. Activity-based costing has been accepted and implemented by numerous firms who speaks so highly of it. But one will want to probe more into the system to understand the main elements that combine to form the system. This gave way to the main objective of this study to uncover and compile the cornerstones of the ABC system which has been compiled by practitioners in professional literature. The study uncovered eight cornerstones of the ABC system which work hand in hand to achieve the aims and goals of the organizational cost system. Some of the cornerstones are basic to the survival of the cost system but nevertheless, they still work in cooperation with the others to ensure a smooth running of the system. The results also established the link that exists between the cornerstones and how the correlate which each other in the process of spreading overhead costs to cost objects.

Traditionally pre-service and supervising teachers and tertiary educators have considered professional experience to be an invaluable component of teacher preparation. However, little has changed over the years in terms of the acknowledgement of, or provision of support structures for this process. Even though effective teaching has long been associated with effective mentoring, professional experience continues to be a highly variable event for its participants. Mentoring of pre-service teachers demands a specific skill set that must be developed over time and is best situated in a community of practice and this professional work of educative mentoring is both an opportunity and a challenge for supervising teachers. This case study examines the influence of a mentoring course which was concurrently delivered on-site during a professional experience placement. Activity theory with its focus on contradictions and tensions, has been used to analyse the mentoring practices, perceptions and attitudes of the supervising teachers. Carefully selected artefacts including a weekly reflective diary, the final professional experience report and a semi-structured post placement interview, have been examined and coded to identify key mentoring practices. Five key themes emerged from the data with the opportunity for collegial sharing and peer mentoring being the most significant overall.

The research study focuses on how social work Approved Mental Health Professionals (AMHPs) use the law in practice. AMHPs in England and Wales have statutory powers under the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA) to detain people in hospital for assessment and/or treatment. The stakes in this area of law and social work are high: practitioners deal with important issues concerning individual liberty that have profound implications in relation to the power of the state to intervene in the lives of citizens, where notions of autonomy, protection, coercion and care sit in tension. The study explores the relationship between law and social work practice by interpreting meanings contained in case stories told by social work AMHPs about recent Mental Health Act assessments that they undertook. Eleven social work AMHPs, purposively selected from three different local authorities in England, participated in the study, which used qualitative in-depth interviews to collect data about using the law in circumstances where compulsory admission to hospital was a possibility. The use of case stories encouraged participants to provide a rich description of events as they unfolded over time. The data were analysed using Framework analysis (Ritchie and Spencer 1994). Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis in the form of NVIVO was utilized to manage the data, and to support data analysis. Five themes are presented in the findings chapter: understanding the referral situation; understanding the individual; understanding the situation causing concern; community versus containment, and relationships and resources. The study contributes to knowledge by illuminating how the use of law in practice is an inherently socio-relational undertaking, involving embodied practice. Bourdieu's (1977) concept of habitus is used to make sense of participants' accounts of the action that unfolds when they use the law. A further contribution is made to knowledge on legal literacy in social work, where there is little empirical research focusing on how social workers use the law, and still less on how mental health social workers use the law to consider compulsory powers under mental health legislation. The organisational factors impacting on how participants relate to the law are outlined and discussed drawing on legal consciousness theory (Ewick and Sibley 1998; Sibley 2005), together with an account of how participants adapt to this, drawing on street level bureaucracy (Lipsky 1990). The thesis explores the distinction in practice between medical and social perspectives occupied by AMHPs when they use the law in circumstances where compulsory admission to psychiatric hospital is a possibility. The study findings suggest that AMHPs' perspectives are holistic and social and can be understood as occupying a socio-medical-juridical perspective. The most important factor in the decision to use compulsory powers in mental health law to detain a person involves the AMHP taking a wide perspective in terms of their understanding of the individual that is relational to the understanding of others, and understanding the person in their environment in relation to how they relate to others. The thesis outlines that the social and family situation of the person assessed, combined with views of others, and particularly the impact of risk on others, is the most influential factor in the decision to detain. This leads to the further argument that notwithstanding a holistic and social perspective, this does not necessarily lead to less coercive interventions. Medical and social perspectives thus often lead to the same conclusions in relation to decisions to use the law to detain.

1. Pomytkina L.V., Polukhina M.P. Features of value-motivational sphere of law enforcers in the period of the crisis of professional formation. Socialization & Human Development: International Scientific Journal. Volume 1. №1 / Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University, University of Szczecin (Poland), Ukrainian Association of Educational and Developmental Psychology (Ukraine)-Szczecin, Kyiv, 2019. – Pagess 50-57. https://doi.org/10.37096/SHDISJ-19-1.1 2. Zhdanova I. V. Motyvatsiina skladova profesionalizmu pratsivnykiv orhaniv vnutrishnikh sprav / I. V. Zhdanova // Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav. – 2004. – № 28. – S. 456–462. 3. Balabanova L. M. Osobystist subiekta pravookhoronnoi diialnosti v aspekti dynamichnykh peretvoren u systemi Ministerstva vnutrishnikh sprav [Elektronnyi resurs] / L. M. Balabanova. http://www.pravoznavec.com.ua/ period/chapter/8/59/2136.
The police profession is an activity that takes place in special conditions and is associated with high stress, risk and responsibility. This profession is very difficult and dangerous to health (both physical and mental) and even life. Therefore, personal and professional crises, the passage of which is characteristic of any person, in police officers may become particularly acute and maladaptive. The level of responsibility of a police officer should always be at the highest level, which can also lead to rapid professional burnout, chronic stress. If you combine this with the presence of a crisis, you can face an employee who is desperate in himself and his profession, does not know what to do and where to move next. All this makes it impossible to feel job satisfaction, professional well-being, which in turn reduces efficiency and professional reliability. However, it is obvious that the professional activity of a police officer is a guarantee of the safety of citizens and himself. All this points to the need to create effective measures to maintain the vitality of police officers, maintain their health and psychological well-being.

Educational Administration
Ed.D.
Since college and university students typically vary in their utilization of student services and resources, the variance in undergraduate business student engagement levels in professional development activity was explored by this quantitative study. Professional development is defined as career-related preparation of students for entry into the professional business environment and is accomplished through coaching, workshops, mentoring, student professional organization involvement, and internships that complement the content knowledge taught in the classroom. The results of a mandatory student satisfaction survey were analyzed to identify drivers/correlates of engagement, specifically relative to participation in professional development activity at a mid-Atlantic, urban research institution with an undergraduate business school population of approximately 5,700 students. The goal was to assess the demographic, organizational and motivational drivers (using a distal to proximal flow of relevance) that serve as potential initiators of variance in engagement levels related to professional development activity. This study attempted to provide insight as to the types of students who are engaged or disengaged by examining a combination of student background characteristics, pre-college credentials, college credentials, and organizational/motivational factors. The existing literature has concentrated on identification of "good practices" leading to engagement, as well as the impact of educationally purposeful activities on the higher education experience, but has not clearly identified the precise drivers of student engagement. Academic research on undergraduate student engagement in professional development activity is even more challenging to locate and is practically non-existent. The study population consisted of 864 graduating seniors who completed the mandatory senior student satisfaction survey. Student demographic data from the University's information system as well as self-reported survey responses comprised the independent variables. This information was used to create thirty drivers of engagement categorized into five variable sets. The dependent variables, identified as behavioral indicators of engagement in student professional development activity, were derived from self-reported responses in the senior survey. A factor analysis was used to create a Total DV score relative to student engagement in professional development activity. Descriptive statistics provided a picture of each group of students. ANOVA and correlational analyses were used to determine the predictive factors (by variable sets) for professional development activity engagement (PDAE). Twenty-five of the thirty independent variables produced significant correlations (.000) spanning the five variable sets thereby indicating that multiple factors are ultimately involved in this complex model of student engagement in professional development activity.
Temple University--Theses

This thesis examines the rationale for legal professional privilege (LPP) in relation to corporations, and seeks to identify the optimal scope of a corporate privilege at the beginning of the 21st century. It argues that there is a growing gap between the jurisprudence on LPP and the modern realities of corporate life. Too often courts explain the rationale for the privilege by reference to the needs and behaviour of individuals, and use questionable analogies to justify its extension to corporations. Accordingly, insufficient account is taken of the legal, economic and social realities in which corporations operate. This has resulted in a privilege rule that rests on questionable foundations and is uncertain in scope. Even when the privilege rules are clear, its scope is often out of alignment with its rationale. This is unacceptable because the cost of a corporate privilege is substantial. The thesis argues that while corporations are entitled to a right to prepare for litigation in private as part of the right to fair trial, the case for a corporate advice privilege unconnected with litigation is weak. Large private and public companies already have sufficient incentives to consult lawyers in order to obtain legal advice. Corporate governance rules effectively require directors to get advice on important legal matters affecting the company. Directors of small private corporations, and individual employees of companies, may still need some additional incentive to take advice or talk candidly to corporate counsel in the form of a privilege. The thesis looks at ways of structuring the privilege to protect these groups. Above all, the thesis argues that rules on corporate advice privilege should be formulated in such a way that it helps rather than hinders the goal of increasing corporate compliance.

Currently, South African editors do not have a prescribed set of professional editing standards. The absence of standards is cause for concern because it reflects the largely unregulated status of the South African editing industry. An important problem arising from the lack of standards is that there is no way in which the industry can determine the competence of its practitioners. In addition, the absence of standards also affects other areas of the industry, such as training, accreditation, regulation and professionalisation. As a consequence, editors struggle to obtain professional recognition for their work. Against this background, this study postulates that the development of standards for South African editors is possible and necessary. However, because the South African editing industry is highly diversified in terms of the various contexts in which editors may work, the development of standards needs to be based on the identification of shared or core tasks and skills that are essential for the everyday work of all editors, together with the identification of tasks and skills specific to certain sectors. This may lead to the development of a set of core standards for editors, supplemented by sector-specific standards. The focal point of this study is the first of these two aspects: the development of core standards for editors in South Africa. In order to develop core standards for South African editors, this study comprises a literature review and empirical investigation. The literature review analyses the status of the South African editing industry, and also contributes to the identification of a comprehensive list of tasks and skills involved in editing. The empirical investigation is based on a survey questionnaire (utilising the tasks and skills identified in the literature review) designed to collect data on which tasks and skills form an essential part of South African editors' work. The questionnaire was sent to a stratified sample of South African editors, reflecting the four sectors identified for the purposes of this study: editing for book publishing, editing for mass media, technical editing and academic editing. The data collected from the questionnaire was analysed utilising various statistical methods, in order to extrapolate core (or shared) tasks and skills among South African editors. These core tasks and skills were used to draft a document outlining core standards for South African editors, which was tested for accessibility and clarity by means of a semi-Delphi study.
M.A., Language Practice, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010

В тезисах проведен анализ проблемы профессионального выгорания руководителей среднего звена в высших учебных заведениях. На основе анализа основных научно-теоретических подходов было выявлено действие системы различных факторов профессионального окружения с учетом индивидуально-психологических особенностей руководителей.

Distinguer le droit du travail et le droit des sociétés est une habitude fortement ancrée chez le juriste. La relation qu'ils entretiennent est souvent décrite en termes d'opposition. Cependant, le principe de réalité invite davantage à la collaboration si l'on souhaite garantir la protection des personnes et favoriser l'efficacité des institutions. Cette coopération est d'ailleurs presque devenue impérative, car ces deux branches du droit n'ont pas été épargnées par deux phénomènes qui affectent l'ensemble des systèmes, a fortiori le système juridique : la fragmentation disciplinaire, engendrée notamment par la multiplication des niveaux de spécialisation, et le développement de rapports horizontaux entre différents droits spéciaux. Par conséquent, que ce soit dans l'élaboration de la norme sociale ou du droit des sociétés, des influences positives sont à l'œuvre et les points de connexion permanents : présence des salariés ou de leurs représentants au sein des organes sociétaires, transfert des contrats de travail en cas d'opérations sociétaires, prérogatives des instances de représentation du personnel lors d'une décision sociale, etc. L'évolution du droit du travail et du droit des sociétés se fait de plus en plus en miroir. Ce travail explore la diversité des phénomènes pouvant émerger de l'interaction entre le droit du travail et le droit des sociétés et s'attache particulièrement à décrire une possible coordination entre deux droits destinés à répondre à des objectifs parfois divergents, mais le plus souvent complémentaires
Distinguishing between labor law and corporate law is a habit deeply rooted in legal practitioners. The relationship between the two is often described in terms of opposition. However, the principle of reality calls for more collaboration if one wishes to ensure the protection of individuals and promote the efficiency of institutions. This cooperation has indeed almost become imperative, as these two branches of law have not been spared by two phenomena affecting all systems, especially the legal system: disciplinary fragmentation, caused in particular by the multiplication of levels of specialization, and the development of horizontal relationships between different special rights. Consequently, whether in the development of social norms or corporate law, positive influences are at work and there are permanent points of connection: the presence of employees or their representatives within corporate bodies, the transfer of employment contracts in the event of corporate transactions, the prerogatives of personnel representation bodies during a social decision, etc. The evolution of labor law and corporate law is increasingly reflecting each other. This work explores the diversity of phenomena that can emerge from the interaction between labor law and corporate law and is particularly focused on describing a possible coordination between two areas of law designed to meet sometimes divergent, but most often complementary, objectives

My aim is to demonstrate that professionals perceive they have a right to refuse to provide their services and are currently acting accordingly. This thesis explores whether a professional right to refuse services exists; if so, the limits of this right; and whether a professional 'right' to refuse services ought to exist and in what circumstances. This requires analysis of whether refusals to provide professional services might be considered unethical conduct according to existing codes of ethics and moral theories, unprofessional conduct within the norms of professional regulatory and disciplinary bodies, or illegal conduct according to Canadian law, in particular, human rights law. The issues are examined primarily with reference to physicians who treat patients and some comparisons are made with physician clinical researchers and lawyers. The shift from a duty-based system of professional service to a rights-based system of professional privileges has led to conflicting goals of professional self-regulation, and some possible resolutions to this conflict are explored.

Germany’s economic dominance in Europe, generous investment incentives, and technical manufacturing prowess has encouraged an influx of Chinese-led inbound activity, concentrated in high-tech sector mergers and acquisitions. A close examination of these M&As yields evidence of systemic Chinese state-financing through both state-owned and private vehicles that likely stems from China’s “Made in China 2025” policy, which hopes to stem capital outflow and to indigenize technological innovation. As Germany braces for what it sees to be continuous attempts by China to take patented German technology through M&As, it worries that Chinese patent law will allow for rampant patent infringement by copycat Chinese entities. This paper presents an overview of the root causes of China’s heavy economic activity in Germany, as well as an analysis of the legal concerns held by German firms based on a close reading of the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China and strategic recommendations for German companies hoping to work with or in China.

En myndighet kan i fullgörandet av de uppgifter som ålagts denna väja att utföra verksamheten för egna resurser eller att vända sig till en utomstående aktör och betala för att få verksamheten utförd. När en offentlig myndighet anskaffar varor eller tjänster ska köpet som huvudregel föregås av ett upphandlingsförfarande. Förfarandet innefattar i de flesta fall en anbudsinfordran som tillåter andra aktörer på marknaden att tävla om upphandlingskontraktet, alltså genomförs köpet under konkurrens. EU har i sin sekundärrätt inkorporerat ett regelverk för offentlig upphandling i vilket upphandlingsdirektivet 2014/24/EU är det som gäller allmänna upphandlingsförfaranden. Regelverket har sin grund i fördragsbestämmelserna om fungerande konkurrens och de fria rörligheterna. När det kommer till upphandling gör sig, liksom inom många områden för EU-rätt, konflikten mellan nationellt självbestämmande och möjliggörandet av en inre marknad synlig. I målet C-107/98 Teckal fastslog EU-domstolen att vissa köp en myndighet gör från fristående aktörer omfattas av ett undantag från upphandlingsdirektivet och därigenom kravet om anbudsförfarande. Undantaget gäller för situationer som anses så lika situationen när myndigheten utför verksamheten för egna resurser att en konkurrensutsättning inte är motiverad. Rättsläget för detta så kallade Teckal-undantag har varit osäkert under en längre tid. Upphandlingsdirektivet 2014/24/EU hade som ett av sina mål att förtydliga vilka kontraktstilldelningar som omfattas av undantaget och detta förtydligande har gjorts i dess artikel 12. I den här uppsatsen jämförs Teckal-undantaget i artikel 12 med hur undantaget sett ut i praxis, med uppmärksamhet särskilt riktad mot verksamhetskriteriet. När rättsläget för undantaget fastställts görs en analys av hur väl det kodifierade Teckal-undantaget överensstämmer med de fördragsregler som utgör grunden för upphandlingsregelverket.
A public authority can in the performance of its tasks carry them out for its own resources or turn to an outside operator to purchase the product. When a public authority acquires goods or services, the purchase must, as a general rule, be preceded by a procurement procedure. The procedure entails a call for tenders that allows other players in the market to compete for the procurement contract, thus being designated for competition. In its secondary law, the EU has incorporated a regulatory framework for public procurement of which the Procurement Directive 2014/24/EU applies to general procedures. The regulations are based on the Treaty provisions regarding functioning competition and the free movements. When it comes to procurement, as in many areas of EU law, the conflict between national autonomy and the creation of an internal market becomes visible. In case C-107/98 Teckal, the European Court of Justice ruled that certain purchases an authority makes from independent operators are subject to an exemption from the requirement for procurement. The exemption applies to situations that are considered as similar to the situation when the authority carries out the activities for its own resources that a procedure creating competition is not justified. The legal situation for this so-called Teckal exemption has been uncertain for a long time. The Procurement Directive 2014/24/EU aimed to clarify which contract allocations are covered by its Article 12. In this thesis, the Teckal exception in Article 12 will be compared to the way in which the exemption is in practice, with particular attention being paid to the activities criterion. When the legal situation for the exemption is established, an analysis is made of how well the codified Teckal exemption is in accordance with the Treaty rules that form the basis of the procurement regulations.

Recent progress in professional policy and legislation at the federal level in the field of forensic science constructs a transformation of new outcomes for future experts. An exploratory and descriptive qualitative methodology was used to critique and examine Digital and Multimedia Science (DMS) as a justified forensic discipline. Chapter I summarizes Recommendations 1, 2, and 10 of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Report 2009 regarding disparities and challenges facing the forensic science community. Chapter I also delivers the overall foundation and framework of this thesis, specifically how it relates to DMS. Chapter II expands on Recommendation 1: “The Promotion and Development of Forensic Science,” and focuses chronologically on professional policy and legislative advances through 2014. Chapter III addresses Recommendation 2: “The Standardization of Terminology in Reporting and Testimony,” and the issues of legal language and terminology, model laboratory reports, and expert testimony concerning DMS case law. Chapter IV analyzes Recommendation 10: “Insufficient Education and Training,” identifying legal awareness for the digital and multimedia examiner to understand the role of the expert witness, the attorney, the judge and the admission of forensic science evidence in litigation in our criminal justice system. Finally, Chapter V studies three DME specific laboratories at the Texas state, county, and city level, concentrating on current practice and procedure.

This research builds on and contributes to work in the field of educators' professional discretion and the prevention of negligence. Existing literature suggests that many educators are still unaware of how the law operates regarding policy requirements and their in loco parentis obligations. This is demonstrated by the number of litigations and how an educator's liability regarding negligence has grown. In South Africa, numerous authors have made contributions in relation to learner safety and educators' duty of care. An educator is tasked with duty of care and to use professional discretion appropriately. At the same time, educators should be mindful to minimise their exposure to lawsuits. However, not much appears to have been done in this country to establish how educators can maintain a respectable balance between professional discretion and policy requirements without being negligent. The purpose of this study was, thus primarily to explore ways in which educators can reconcile professional discretion and legal and policy requirements to prevent negligence. The study utilised a qualitative research approach underpinned by an interpretive paradigm. Data collection was done by the means of qualitative collection techniques, namely semi-structured interviews supported by an analysis of relevant court cases. Twenty participants from two primary and two secondary public schools in the Tshwane South school district in Gauteng participated in the study. Two of these schools were fee-paying schools and two non-fee-paying schools. Five participants from each school were identified and invited to participate in this study and consisted of the principal, a member of the school management team (deputy-principal or head of department) and three educators. Each of the participants had different legal obligations, discretions, responsibilities and accountabilities as far as negligence is concerned. The conceptual framework for this study, was based on Dworkin’s (1978:31) ‘doughnut’ metaphor for the concept of professional discretion. Based on an adapted version of Dworkin’s ‘doughnut’ metaphor, findings confirm that some educators feel restricted in their decision-making and limited in their professional discretion due to the legal and inflexible policy framework regulating their work. It came to the fore that the understanding and interpretation of certain school policies were dealt with differently by the participants due to their varied levels of experience, knowledge and training. The findings illuminated the fact that the participants did not fully grasp the vii concept of professional discretion. In making decisions and exercising judgement, these participants may not be comfortable in their knowledge experience or personal intuition. Educators’ capacity and ability to apply discretion is influenced by a number of external and internal factors. These factors restrict an educators’ autonomy space, which could ultimately lead to the inability to apply appropriate discretion. This could lead to a form of paralysis to uphold a high standard of care in dire situations and could lead to negligence. Therefore, in order to achieve a high standard of care and not be negligent, educators should not only have the ability to apply appropriate discretion, but also have the freedom to do so. Key terms: professional discretion; duty of care; in loco parentis; negligence; law of delict; standard of care; school safety policies.
Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
DST-NRF Innovation Master’s Scholarship. UNIQUE GRANT NO: 117504
Education Management and Policy Studies
MEd
Unrestricted

An analysis of judicial attitudes in the United States of America towards pharmacist responsibility has shown distinct patterns or trends. Early cases set the standards for pharmacists at a high professional level. The courts later restricted liability to technical inaccuracy in prescription processing. More recently, the judiciary is recognising the necessity to apply standards appropriate to the pharmacist’s new roles and functions. A legislative gloss to these developments has been provided in the United States of America by the enactment of legislation which seeks to recognise professional roles, enhance pharmacy practice standards and improve the outcome of drug therapy for patients, by bettering patient compliance with drug regimes. There is a current expectation, particularly on the part of the public, but also on the part of health care policy makers, that pharmacists have a responsibility to detect problems with prescribed medications, and that to fail in this responsibility is a direct threat to the public health. The new expectations of drug therapy and the parallel anticipation of the participants in drug therapy have created a new duty on the part of the pharmacist, to intervene and promote the patient’s best interests. In this thesis, it is argued that this perspective is a reasonable one. Pharmacists ought to detect and prevent problems with drug therapy. The public should be disappointed if a profession, a government-sanctioned monopoly, has the ability to improve the public health but fails to do so. In turn, courts (and a legislature) that refuse to recognise expanded responsibilities for pharmacists, and that fail to impose corresponding expanded liabilities for the failure to meet a responsibility, are perpetuating an outdated view of pharmacy practice based on an incomplete understanding of the medication use system. There are solid policy reasons for imposing a higher standard for pharmacists that includes, but goes beyond, mere technical accuracy in order processing. In turn, there are limits to what pharmacists can reasonably be expected to do, and a legal system exploring the subject of expanded pharmacist responsibility should be aware of those limits.

In 1532, James V founded a College of Justice. In the past lawyers and historians have often differed in their opinions of the significance of this event for the history of Scots law. What is beyond dispute is that a by-product of the foundation was the preservation, for the first time, of the names of professional men of law whose practice linked them directly to a Scottish court. The men on this list, and another preserved from 1549, provide the earliest opportunity to study in depth men of law in their professional context. Described by a variety of titles, of which 'advocate' is the best known today, the careers of these men illustrate the evolution of increasingly sophisticated procedures of the lords of council and the College of Justice, and the not inconsiderable ability of those who pled before these bodies on a regular basis. In the relatively short period considered in this study, professionalisation of the function of the legal representative in Scotland advanced significantly. For the first time the king used his own advocate on a regular basis to defend and pursue his legal interests. During the reign of James V, a single advocate also became associated with the queen mother. Further down the social scale, amongst both clerics and laymen, similar, if sometimes less durable, relationships were formed with professional men of law. Legal representation of the poor is also well attested during this period. For the first time records allow contemporary relationships between men of law and their clients to be compared, and in some cases details of the terms upon which those relationships were entered into and maintained have survived. These indicate that various services were provided by men of law beyond the core activities of rendering advice and representation to their clients in return for a fee. The standing of Scottish men of law, not only within their own society but also by comparison with men who followed a legal career in England, France, Castile and the Low Countries, was broadly favourable in terms both of social status and educational background. In this thesis they are studied collectively and individually, and placed within the context of their own time as well as within the context of the wider history of the legal profession.

Competition among firms is a central feature in all free market economies such as South Africa. One of the biggest threats to competition is the presence of cartels in markets. Cartels are firms which collude and compete unfairly in order to obtain monopoly-like profits. For more than fifty years South Africa’s economic landscape has been dominated by a vast network of cartels invital industries, such as bread, cement and fertiliser. South Africa promulgated the Competition Act 89 of 1998 to eradicate cartels and promote and maintain competition within the South African economy. The Competition Act 89 of 1998 prohibits cartel activity and provides for a fine of 10% of turn over for firms found to have engaged in cartel activity. For a variety of reasons, these administrative fines have failed to deter firms from commencing and/or continuing to engage in cartel activity. This is evidenced by the increasing number of firms engaged in large -scale cartels in essential industries, such as construction and food. Public outcry and global trends have persuaded legislators to enactment more stringent penalties in the Competition Amendment Act 1 of 2009. Section 12 of the Competition Amendment Act , which inserts section 73A, creates a cartel of fence in terms of which a director who causes his firm to engage in cartel activity faces ten year imprisonment or a fine of R500, 000. This research shall critically analyse the Competition Amendment Acts effect on deterring cartel activity in South Africa. Despite the legislators’ aim to provide a bigger deterrent for engaging in cartel activity, section 73A of the Competition Amendment Act arouses scrutiny. Firstly, the promulgation of the new cartel offence is contrary to the decimalisation trend in South African company law which recognises the difficulty in enforcing complex regulatory offences with criminal provisions. Secondly, Section 73(5)A appears to infringe an accused director's right to be presumed innocent. Lastly there are co-ordination issues between the National Prosecuting Authority and the Corporate Leniency Policy relating to the granting of prose cutorial immunity for firms which cooperate with the Competition Commission. There search will out line these problems in full. With regards to the problems caused by section 73A, the research will use a comparative analysis with the positionin the United States. Of all the jurisdictions which criminalise cartel activity, the United States was one of the earliest and the most prolific insecuring convictions for directors who cause their firms to engage in cartel activity. The United States has taken innovative steps to supplement their public cartel enforcement drive such as the prosecution of international cartels and the use of private actions. In this regard, the research will extrapolate favourable cartel enforcement measures from the United States for recommendation in order to assist with South Africa’s cartel enforcement and alleviate the problems caused by section 73A, outlined above.

Public sector lawyers constitute a subset of the profession. However, there is no requirement that public sector lawyers engage in continuing legal education nor are they subject to the regulation of the professional legal bodies in Queensland. There is an absence of analysis and critical reflection about the duties of public sector lawyers and the means to ensure they engage in ethical conduct. This is an issue of importance which warrants investigation due to the dual obligations public sector lawyers owe by virtue of their roles as public servant and lawyer. There is a gap in the knowledge about the way one section of the legal profession is regulated and performs their duties. This paper will review and adapt existing theoretical knowledge about the particular professional obligations of both lawyers and administrators to construct a framework to be utilised by Queensland public sector lawyers to guide decision making to ensure it is ethical. Further, it purports to contribute to the areas of professional conduct and training of lawyers working specifically for state government agencies in Queensland by extending the knowledge about the duties of lawyers and public servants, to formulate the duties which specifically apply to public sector lawyers working for the Queensland public sector. Existing knowledge about ethics education and training and adult education theories are combined to produce the most effective ethics education and training schemes for public sector lawyers in the Queensland public service. The focus of the paper is on lawyers employed in the Queensland state public service. It concerns the dual roles of lawyer and public servant and the duties which flow from the duality of professional roles. The duties are determined by the important function performed by the public sector lawyer. It incorporates the duty to act in the public interest and to see, to the greatest extent possible that justice is done. The author proposes that the best way to enhance professional conduct of public sector lawyers is to simultaneously improve existing regulatory mechanisms by developing an enforceable code of conduct and establishing an ethics education and training program for public sector lawyers, to foster a more accountable government legal service.

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
O presente relatório tem como objetivo descrever de forma detalhada a atividade profissional desenvolvida pela autora, em cumprimento das Normas apresentadas pelo Conselho Cientifico do Instituto Superior de Agronomia, da Universidade de Lisboa, para Elaboração do Relatório Integrador da Atividade Profissional nos termos do n.º 3 do art. 3º do Regulamento Geral dos Segundos Ciclos de Estudos Conducentes ao Grau de Mestre, aprovado pelo Despacho (extrato) n. º 10544/2011, para Licenciaturas "Pré-Bolonha". A autora iniciou a sua atividade profissional como colaboradora da Confederação dos Agricultores de Portugal (CAP) como técnica do Gabinete de Apoio às Ajudas Comunitárias, e posteriormente como colaboradora de um estudo para o Plano Nacional de Regadios. Desde junho de 2003 exerce funções como Técnica Superior no IFAP, I.P., no atual Departamento de Ajudas Diretas (DAD), Unidade de Ajudas ao Desenvolvimento Rural (UADR), nomeadamente nas Medidas Agro e Silvo Ambientais. Neste relatório serão descritas detalhadamente as atividades mais relevantes desempenhadas pela autora enquanto técnica do IFAP, I.P., demonstrando as competências e experiência adquirida na Área da Engenharia Agronómica. O relatório termina com uma apresentação dos principais aspetos da evolução das Medidas Agro e Silvo Ambientais em Portugal.