Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Law of human life'
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Delport, Petrus Terblanche. "Law-Life: Colonialism and the flows of the political." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62674.
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In the Constitutional Court case of Mazibuko and Others v The City of Johannesburg and Others CCT 39/09 [2009], a case dealing with the question of access to water, the presiding judge, Kate O'Regan CJ, makes the following opening remarks to the judgment: 'Water is life. Without it, nothing organic grows. Human beings need water to drink, to cook, to wash and to grow our food. Without it, we will die. It is not surprising then that our Constitution entrenches the right of access to water'. My aim in this dissertation is to investigate the couplet of law-life and the political in the Constitutional Court case of Mazibuko and Others v The City of Johannesburg and Others. The case stands as an exemplar of the intersection of life and the political by virtue of its focus on socio-economic rights, specifically the right of access to water enshrined in the Constitution. The history of the case, the jurisprudence employed by the courts, and the responses and critiques to the Mazibuko case add to the problematics to be investigated here. What would it entail if the couplet of law-life would be brought to the concept of the political? It would mean interrogating how life and law is constructed by the political and not merely how the political manages and regulates life through law. If life is considered to be a matter of bare necessities, or mere biological life, there would not be a need to consider the question of the political relation to life; it could be delegated, as it has practically been, to technocratic governmental policy. Bringing the political to questions of life would reveal how the political implicates life in its constituting moment. In this dissertation, I will explore how the political could be brought to the couplet of law-life, focusing particularly focus on socio-economic rights, international law, colonialism, and constitution making.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Philosophy
MA
Unrestricted
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Skouteris, Vassilis. "Societies of interchangeable lives : on the contemporary relation between law and human life." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272067.
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Self, Julie. "The right to life in the international law of human rights : looking beyond the horizons." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13639/.
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There is a ‘right to life’ Article in a number of international and regional human rights treaties which is not currently being employed to give the full potential effect to the right. There are issues arising ‘beyond the horizons’, particularly with regard to the identity of the rights-bearer, the ‘human’ in the international law of human rights, that fail to be addressed by a restrictive interpretation. For instance, a failure to recognise the human represented by human genetic material and to record it the respect called for by an expanded notion of human dignity has implications for the future, when ‘new humans’ – clones, hybrids, chimera – might enter the realm of created beings, with, it is argued here, a valid claim to respect for their human rights entitlements, including that their right to life shall be protected by law. In order to establish the potential scope of the right to life treaty provision, the texts are introduced and a case is made for the validity of a dynamic and evolving interpretation of the right, the ‘living instrument’ approach, within the international legal framework established by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The human identity is then examined across a number of disciplines, as well as in law, in order to challenge an interpretation that places any requirements on the rights-bearer of ‘personhood’. The proposed solution is to argue for broader definitions, both of the human and of the life protected, than is currently the case, and for a greater realisation of what is at stake in human rights jurisprudence regarding the right, involving issues of the moral nature of the protecting law. A failure to realise and act upon the issues raised will allow intolerable injustice to be perpetrated.
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Bayley, Bruce K. "Fear of Crime and Perceptions of Law Enforcement Among American Youth." DigitalCommons@USU, 2002. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2743.
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Fear of crime and the public's satisfaction with police has been a focus of criminologists for a number of years. Most studies, however, have focused on the general population as a whole. What is not known is how fearful American youth are of the crime in their neighborhoods and how they perceive those in law enforcement. The purpose of this study was to explore this subgroup of the population and to begin the investigation of youths' fear of crime and their perceptions of law enforcement.
Using a national sample of 1,897 youth ages 16-25 collected from 12 cities throughout the United States, data were analyzed to explore the strength of demographic and community variables as they related to youths' fear of crime and perceptions of law enforcement.
Results for fear of crime indicate that in general, American youth are not very fearful of crime in their neighborhoods. Older youth (18-25) tended to be more fearful than younger youth (16-17), females were more fearful than males, married youth were more fearful than non-married youth, youth living in the Northeast census region were the most fearful of the four census regions, and all non-White youth were more fearful of crime when compared to Whites. Youths' overall satisfaction with police indicated that in general, American youth were satisfied with police in their neighborhoods, with White youth and those youth with some college education being most satisfied with police.
When addressing the variance explained by demographic and community variables, youths' perceptions regarding their quality of life accounted for the most variance in both fear of crime and satisfaction with police. The strength of this predictor variable was so strong in fact, that other demographic and community variables were negligible by comparison.
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Berger, Felix. "Climate Change – A Matter of Life or Death : A Study of the Connection Between Climate Change and the Right to Life in the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76487.
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Chatzipanagiotou, Matthildi. "Practicing the law of human dignity." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17459.
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Die philosophischen Grundlagen der Meta-Dimension des Rechts auf Menschenwürde lösen eine Fragestellung aus, die die Grenzen der Disziplin des Rechts übertrifft: wie könnte das Transzendentale als ein Aspekt der Bedeutung von Menschenwürde dargestellt werden? Das Beharren auf der nicht-Bestimmung des Menschenbildes oder auf dem Begriff ‚Gott’ in der Präambel des Deutschen Grundgesetzes, wie es sich in der Deutschen Dogmatik widerspiegelt, gepaart mit dem Bestreben nach einer Fall-zu-Fall ad hoc Konkretisierung dessen, was Menschenwürde bedeutet, inspiriert diese Untersuchung von ‚etwas fehlt’ [‘something missing’]. In postmoderner Art und Weise beschreibt diese Geschichte das Gesetz der Menschenwürde als Trojanisches Pferd und bietet hermeneutische und literarische Grundlagen für eine affirmative Haltung gegenüber einer ''leeren'' Rede im juristischen Diskurs. Die Forschungsfrage erweckt und umkreist die polemisch verbrämten Begriffe von ‚Leere’ und ‚Black Box’: Warum erscheint der Rechtsbegriff der Menschenwürde ‚leer’? Oder wie ist er ‚leer’? Warum und wie ist er eine ‚Black Box’? Wie erscheinen Manifestationen des Konzepts abstrakt wie Universalien, aber im Einzelnen konkret? Die ontologischen, sprachlich-analytischen und phänomenologischen philosophischen Erkenntnisse, vorgestellt im ersten Kapitel, bilden die Linse, durch die fünf maßgebliche Fälle des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes – über Abtreibung, lebenslange Freiheitsstrafe, Transsexualität, staatliche Reaktion auf Terroranschläge und die Gewährleistung eines menschenwürdigen Existenzminimums – im zweiten Kapitel analysiert werden. Die philosophischen Quellen werden nicht als Momente im langen Verlauf der Menschenwürde in der Geschichte der Ideen eingeklammert.The philosophical underpinnings of what may be called the meta-dimension of the law of human dignity trigger a question that surpasses the boundaries of the discipline of law: how could the transcendental as an aspect of human dignity meaning be portrayed? The insistence on non-determination of the Menschenbild [human image] or ‘God’ in the Preamble to the German Basic Law [Grundgesetz] reflected in German legal doctrine, paired with the commitment to case-by-case ad hoc concretization of what human dignity means inspire this story of ‘something missing’. In postmodern fashion, this story portrays the law of human dignity as a Trojan Horse and provides hermeneutic and literary foundations for an affirmative stance towards ‘emptiness’ talk in legal discourse. The research question rekindles and twists polemically framed ‘emptiness’ and ‘black box’ contentions: Why does the legal concept of human dignity appear ‘empty’? Or, how is it ‘empty’? Why and how is it a ‘black box’? How do manifestations of the concept appear abstract as universals and concrete as particulars? The ontological, linguistic-analytical, and phenomenological philosophical insights presented in Chapter One compose the lens through which five benchmark Bundesverfassungsgericht cases – on abortion, life imprisonment, transsexuals, state response to terrorist attacks, and the guarantee of a dignified subsistence minimum – are analyzed in Chapter Two. The philosophical sources are not bracketed as moments in the long course of human dignity in the history of ideas.
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Tolliner, Lina. "The right to life in Europe : Its beginning and end." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-10917.
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The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) was adopted in 1950. One of the most important rights established therein is the right to life, which can be found in article 2.
The purpose of this thesis is to examine how far the scope of this right reaches concerning the beginning and the end of life. This is mainly done by examining the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (“the Court”) which is set to monitor the observance of the rights. To make this thesis manageable, the three areas of abortion, euthanasia and the death penalty have been chosen as the starting-point of the examination.
The position of the three areas among the member states varies. Abortion and euthanasia have been regarded by the Court as sensitive areas in which the states have a wide margin of appreciation to decide on their own. This is much due to the lack of consensus within the states as to how they should be regulated.
Whether the unborn foetus is protected by the Convention and in such case to what extent is still in dispute. This is also the case concerning when life begins. The Court has stated that any right the foetus may possess is limited by the rights of the mother. They have also said that they do not want to impose a certain view on the member states.
The Commission has stated that if the foetus would have an absolute right to life under the Convention, then it would lead to serious implications for the mother, as she would not be able to have an abortion in any circumstance. Also, in Vo v. France one of the dissenting judges stated that the foetus’ right to life have to be narrower in scope than the right of the born.
In the case Pretty v. the United Kingdom the Court unanimously ruled that article 2 does not include a right to die. However some member states, like the Netherlands, have made euthanasia legal without being found to violate its obligations under the Convention. Consequently, it does not seem to be against the Convention for states to make their own legislation allowing for euthanasia to be practiced.
One important aspect to this debate is whether one considers life to be inalienable or not. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has said that even though the rights of the terminally ill should be respected, it does not mean that one has the right to die at the hands of someone else. The Court has also said that in this area, it is important to protect those vulnerable from being used, and therefore states have the right to legislate against euthanasia.
The situation is different when it comes to the death penalty. Two additional protocols have been adopted restricting or completely abolishing the penalty since the adoption of the Convention. In 1950 there was no possibility to exclude the right to use the death penalty from the Convention since many European states still retained it in their domestic laws. However, the development since has moved towards a complete abolition. This is for instance evident since aspiring members of the Council of Europe have to be willing to abolish the penalty to be accepted.
The Court has dealt with the death penalty in several cases. In Soering v. the United Kingdom they said that extraditing someone to a state where he or she risks being executed not automatically means a violation of the right to life or the prohibition of torture. In Öcalan v. Turkey they established that the imposition of the death penalty after an unfair trial was a violation of article 3. Also, they considered the death penalty to now be regarded as an unacceptable punishment in peace time. Abolition of the death penalty is something the Council of Europe has worked for in decades to realise.
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Karlsson, Norman Nine. "Human Rights Law as an Intervention in Covert Surveillance of Communication : The Right to Private Life and Communication in Large-Scale Surveillance." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-65708.
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Fleming, John Irving. "Human Rights and Natural Law: An Analysis of the Consensus Gentium and its Implications for Bioethics." Thesis, Griffith University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365336.
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This work represents an attempt to see what measure of agreement exists on human values in the face of the radical disagreement in moral philosophy on fundamental human values, and a further attempt to see what would be the implications of these findings for bioethics. The thesis begins with looking firstly at the values that human beings appear to hold in the world community. Attention is paid to the range of human rights declarations, codes and statements of medical ethics, and beliefs of religious traditions. The methodology employed rejects an assessment of these documents in terms of dominant moral philosophies, seeking simply to identify the values held, their ubiquity in history, and the current attachment to those values. Those values are expressed in the twentieth century predominantly in terms of human rights. Chapter I discovers evidence of a consensus gentium on fundamental human values such as the right to life and the right to a reasonable standard of health care.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Humanities
Arts, Education and Law
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Stackpool-Moore, Lucy. "Narratives of human rights : universal concepts brought into focus through the lenses of life stories : HIV, stigma and law in Malawi." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2013. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18073/.
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McGrath, Timothy Stephen. "Behaving Like Animals: Human Cruelty, Animal Suffering, and American Culture, 1900-present." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11027.
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What does it mean to be cruel to an animal? What does it mean for an animal to suffer? These are the questions embedded in the term "cruelty to animals," which has seemed, at first glance, a well defined term in modern America, in so far as it has been codified in anti-cruelty statutes. Cruelty to animals has been a disputed notion, though. What some groups call cruel, others call business, science, culture, worship, and art. Contests over the humane treatment of animals have therefore been contests over history, ideology, culture, and knowledge in which a variety of social actors-- animal scientists, cockfighters, filmmakers, FBI agents, members of Congress, members of PETA, and many, many others--try to decide which harms against animals and which forms of animal suffering are justifiable. Behaving Like Animals examines these contests in the United States from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, focusing on four practices that modern American animal advocates have labeled cruel: malicious animal abuse, cockfighting, intensive animal agriculture, and the harming of animals on film. These case studies broadly trace the contours of American attitudes toward human cruelty and animal suffering over the last century. They also trace the historical
evolution of the ideas embedded in the term “cruelty to animals.” Cruelty to animals has been the structuring logic of animal advocacy for two centuries, and historians have followed its development through the nineteenth century as a constellation of ideas about human and animal natures, about cruelty and kindness, and about suffering and sentience—very old ideas rooted in western intellectual thought and given shape by nineteenth-century sentimental culture. Behaving Like Animals follows this historical and intellectual thread into the twenty-first century, and reveals how these old ideas adapted to modern and evolving regimes of knowledge, science, and law, as they became
thickly knotted in America’s varied and transforming social, cultural, intellectual, political, and legal contexts. That process has had varied and far-reaching implications in modern American culture, structuring social relations among Americans while shaping understandings of the place of animals in American society. Behaving Like Animals tells this history.
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Hellstadius, Åsa. "A Quest for Clarity : Reconstructing Standards for the Patent Law Morality Exclusion." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116261.
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The accumulated importance of the patent law morality exclusion over the recent decades has been prompted by the increased protection sought for biotechnological inventions. This raises specific ethical concerns such as the respect for human dignity. The morality exclusion is regarded as an indispensable safeguard in the patent system of the 21st century, but its application and scope remains unclear, not least due to a division of competence between the European Union (EU), the European Patent Organisation and national Member States. In addition, the international Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) sets minimum standards for the operation of the morality exclusion. In this study the scope, interpretation and application of the morality exclusion in European and international patent law is described and analysed by applying the legal dogmatic method. The object of study is the European patent law morality exclusion in terms of Article 53(a) and Rule 28 of the European Patent Convention and Article 6 of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. A connected purpose of this study is to describe, problematize and analyse the compliance by the regional rules (EU, European Patent Organisation) with the international framework provided by Article 27.2 of the TRIPS Agreement. Although this study is not limited to specific technologies, the majority of issues raised are done so in relation to the morality exclusion concerning biotechnological inventions, which is reflected in this work. Furthermore, the theoretical framework is dependent on the functioning of the morality exclusion in the respective systems, both regional (EU, European Patent Organisation) and international (WTO). This approach necessitates a consideration of the characteristics of each legal system. This thesis uncovers the differences in the interpretation of the morality exclusion (both within as well as between the legal systems), which causes legal uncertainty in this particularly complex field where patent law and ethics interact. The effects of such variations on the scope and application of the morality exclusion are clarified and critically reviewed. According to the wording of the morality exclusion, the commercial exploitation of an invention with regard to morality or ordre public is a central prerequisite in the assessment of excluded subject matter. Consequently, the interpretation of this particular requirement is subject to critical review, since its implications are decisive for the scope of application of the morality exclusion. It is furthermore questioned whether the European morality exclusions are TRIPS-compliant, and the possible effects (and available remedies) of non-compliance for the EU legal order are analysed. This in turn involves issues of norm conflicts in international and EU law. The author presents a critical analysis, investigates the interaction between legal systems and suggests clarifications in order to attain the optimal functioning of the morality exclusion.
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Young, Sharon. "A right to die? : examining the centrality of human rights discourses to end of life policy and debate in the UK." Thesis, Kingston University, 2017. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/39248/.
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Death and dying are emerging as substantial topics for political and social debate in contemporary UK society. The management of end of life, traditionally defined within a medical model of care, is being challenged by a cultural shift that is apparent in the changing trajectory of dying, increasing healthcare consumerism and a rising human rights rhetoric. To a significant extent, liberty to determine one’s own death, and to request assistance to die, has come to be articulated by some as a “right to die”. Human rights discourses grounded in the values of dignity and freedom of choice are important and relevant to dying in the UK. These discourses have the potential to influence law and policy, practices and public opinion on end of life. However, there is no sociological analysis of how or when rights have come to be appropriated in an end of life context and no explanation of in what way, or to what extent, social actors are using rights discourses in relation to death and dying. This research explores the centrality of human rights discourses to end of life policy and debate on assisted death in the UK. A broad social constructionist approach to rights is taken to illuminate the ways in which selected actors understand and articulate rights in an end of life context, and how, as a result of this, a right to die may be conceived. It includes the examination of: current UK law and policy documents; transcripts of the historical and contemporary House of Lords debates; a case study of a highly influential organisation (Dignity in Dying) who campaign to legalise assisted dying, and three focus group discussions with Death Café Hampstead participants. Analysis of the data reveals that rights discourses involving individual liberty, dignity and human vulnerability are central to defining the end of life debate and policy. A notion of rights at the end of life has impacted our perception of dying but in ways that are complex, and arise as a reflection of dying at a specific period in time.
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Kygaitė, Kristina. "Kаltė ir jоs nustаtymо prоblemоs bylоse dėl nusikаltimų žmоgаus gyvybei ir sveikаtаi teismų prаktikоje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140127_131532-44172.
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Teisės mаgistrо bаigiаmоjо dаrbо tikslаs – аtskleisti kаltės nustаtymо prоblemаtiką bylоse žmоgаus gyvybei ir sveikаtаi. Nustаtyti kаltę yrа gаnа sudėtingа, kаdаngi susiduriаmа su žmоgаus sąmоnėje vykstаnčiаis psichiniаis prоcesаis. Gаusi teismų prаktikоs аnаlizė pаdėjо аtskleisti, su kоkiаis sunkumаis teismаi dаžniаusiаi susiduriа, nustаtаnt vieną pаgrindinių subjektyviųjų pоžymių – kаltę.
Pirmоje dаlyje аtskleistа kаltės sаmprаtа bаudžiаmоjоje teisėje, аprаšytоs mоkslinės kаltės teоrijоs, jų pаgrindiniаi skirtumаi ir pаnаšumаi. Аntrоje dаlyje išаnаlizuоti kаltės turiniо kriterijаi, kurie lemiа kаltės fоrmоs ir rūšies nustаtymą. Trečiоje dаlyje išnаgrinėtаs neаpibrėžtоs tyčiоs sаntykis su аlternаtyviа tyčiа, tiesiоgine аpibrėžtа tyčiа bei netiesiоgine tyčiа. Ketvirtоje dаlyje аptаriаmi pаgrindiniаi netiesiоginės tyčiоs ir nusikаlstаmо pаsitikėjimо аtribоjimо elementаi. Penktоje dаlyje įvertintа klаidоs įtаkа kаltei.
Išnаgrinėjus bаudžiаmąsiаs bylаs, dаrytinа išvаdа, kаd teismаms ne visаdа pаvykdаvо tinkаmаi nustаtyti kаltės fоrmą ir rūšį. Teismаi dаrо klаidų, аtribоjаnt neаpibrėžtą tyčią nuо аpibrėžtоs, ypаtingаi kаi pаnаudоjаmаs žаlоjimui skirtаs įrаnkis, kuris sаvаime pаvоjingаs ne tik žmоgаus sveikаtаi, bet ir gyvybei. Tаipоgi, teismаi kаrtаis kоnstаtuоjа netiesiоginę tyčią kаltininkо veikоje vietоj neаpibrėžtоs tyčiоs, nоrs smūgių lоkаlizаcijа, intensyvumаs, skаičius, pаnаudоti įrаnkiаi аiškiаi rоdо neаpibrėžtоs tyčiоs buvimą, tik nоrimi sužаlоjimаi nebuvо detаlizuоti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The purpоse оf the criminаl lаw mаster thesis is tо scrutinize the culpаbility аnd its determinаtiоn prоblems in cаses оf humаn life аnd heаlth. It is quite difficult tо determine the culpаbility becаuse it is encоuntered with mentаl prоcesses оf humаn brаin. The аnаlysis оf numerоus criminаl cаses helped tо reveаl the difficulties which аre fаced by cоurts when determining the mаin subjective element – the culpаbility. The cоncept оf culpаbility in criminаl lаw is reveаled in the first pаrt. The scientific theоries оf the culpаbility аre аlsо described in this pаrt, indicаting their mаin similаrities аnd differences. The culpаbility cоntent criteriа, which determine culpаbility’s fоrm аnd type, аre аnаlysed in the secоnd pаrt. The link between the undefined willfulness аnd the аlternаtive willfulness, direct willfulness аnd the indirect willfulness is investigаted in the third pаrt. The delimitаtiоn elements оf the indirect willfulness аnd criminаl reliаnce аre discussed in the fоurth pаrt. The mistаke аnd its influence tо the culpаbility аre reveаled in the fifth pаrt. The investigаtiоn оf criminаl cаses shоws thаt cоurts dо nоt аlwаys determine the right fоrm аnd type оf the culpаbility. Cоurts mаke mistаkes when delimitаting the undefined willfulness frоm the defined willfulness, especiаlly in thоse cаses where vаriоus tооls аre used which cаuse hаrm nоt оnly tо the humаn heаlth but аlsо tо the humаn life. Furthermоre, sоmetimes cоurts stаte the indirect willfulness... [to full text]
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Rėzienė, Daiva. "Abortų legitimumo problema." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20061228_191422-73519.
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Šiame darbe yra gvildenama abortu legitimumo problema iš pradžių apžvelgiant pačią aborto sąvoką ir atsiradimo istoriją. Platesnė šios problemos analizė pateikiama žmogaus gyvybės kaip absoliučios vertybės, taip pat ir žmogaus privatumo kaip vertybės atžvilgiu. Čia bandoma išdėstyti katalikiškąją bei filosofinę pozicijas, pasisakančias už žmogaus gyvybės vertę bei saugojimą nuo pradėjimo momento. Apžvelgiamos ir priešingos koncepcijos, moters teise į abortą priskiriančios prie privačių interesų. Šių vertybių santykio kolizija analizuojama tiek Europos Sąjungos viršnacionalinės, tiek ir kai kurių Europos valstybių nacionalinės teisės lygmenyje. Atskirai nagrinėjama Lietuvos bei Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų pozicija sprendžiant abortų legitimumo problema.In this work the problem of legitimacy of abortions is analyzed by reviewing, first of all, the definition of abortion and history of its’ occurrence. Wider analysis of this problem is given from the point of view of human life as an absolute value as well as human privacy as a value. Herein it is tried to set forth catholic and philosophic positions that speak for the value of human life and its preservation since the moment of its’ beginning. Opposite conceptions that attribute woman’s right to abortion to private interests are also reviewed. Collision of relation between these values is analyzed in the level of supernational law of the European Union as well as in the level of national law of certain European states. Position of Lithuania and the United States of America in solution of the problem of abortion legitimacy is analyzed separately.
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Brown, Sarah-Jane. "Autonomy, the law, and ante-mortem interventions to facilitate organ donation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/autonomy-the-law-and-antemortem-interventions-to-facilitate-organ-donation(1d8877ef-fa3c-4639-b2ec-6eacb923fe7a).html.
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Over the last few years, policies have been introduced in the UK which aim to improve organ transplantation rates by changing the way that potential organ donors are treated before death. Patients incapacitated due to catastrophic brain injury may now undergo ante-mortem donor optimisation procedures to facilitate deceased organ donation. As I identify in this thesis, the most significant ethical and legal problem with these policies is that they are not based on what the patient would have chosen for themselves in the specific circumstances. The policies identify and treat patients meeting certain clinical criteria as a group rather than the individuals, with their own viewpoints, that the law on best interests requires. They equate registration on the Organ Donation Register with ante-mortem donor optimisation procedures being in their best interests, despite registrants having neither been informed about nor given consent to ante-mortem interventions. The overarching claim I make in this thesis is that a system of specific advance consent is needed to provide a clear and unequivocal legal justification for ante-mortem donor optimisation procedures. The ethical foundation for this claim is autonomy, and this is the central theme running through all six chapters. I argue that autonomy should be incorporated into donor optimisation policy to promote the dignity and integrity of potential organ donors and to safeguard trust in the organ donation programme. I argue that a system of specific advance consent is needed as part of the duty of care owed to registrants on the Organ Donor Register and to facilitate the determination of the best interests of the potential organ donor. I argue that the state has not established the necessity of the current policy of non-consensual donor optimisation procedures and that they are under an ethical and legal obligation to introduce an autonomy-based framework for ante-mortem interventions to facilitate organ donation.
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Bernard, Julia M. "Review of The Psychology and Economics of Happiness: Love, Life, and Positive Living, Single Edition by Lak Sung Ho." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5803.
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Hetterich, Elisabeth Anna Maria. "Promotion and succession management and associated retention issues in Australian law firms." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/54735/1/Elisabeth_Hetterich_Thesis.pdf.
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The focus of this research was promotion and succession management in Australian law firms. Two staff retention issues currently faced by the Australian legal industry were identified as suggesting possible failures in this area:
1) Practitioners are leaving law firms early in their careers,
2) Female representation is disproportionally low at partnership level.
The research described current Australian law firm promotion and succession practices and then explained their possible relevance to the two retention issues. The overall aim of the research was to uncover key findings and present practical recommendations to law firm managers and partners ready for incorporation into their future promotion and succession planning practice. In so doing the research aimed to benefit the Australian legal community as a whole.
Four areas of literature relevant to the topic were reviewed, 1) law firm governance concluding that the fundamental values of the P²-Form remained constant (Cooper, Hinings, Greenwood & Brown, 1996; Morris & Pinnington, 1998) with ownership and strategic control of law firms remaining in the hands of partners; 2) the importance of individual practitioners to law firms concluding that the actual and opportunity costs relating to practitioner turnover were significant due to the transient nature of knowledge as a key asset of law firms (Gottschalk & Khandelwal, 2004; Rebitzer & Taylor, 2007); 3) generational differences concluding with support for the work of Finegold, Mohrman and Spreitzer (2002), Davis, Pawlowski and Houston (2006), Kuhnreuther (2003), and Avery, McKay, and Wilson (2007) which indicated that generational cohort differences were of little utility in human resources management practice; and 4) previous research relating to law firm promotion and succession practices indicating that five practices were relevant in law firm promotion outcomes; 1) firm billing requirements (Gorman & Kmec, 2009; Phillips, 2001; Noonan & Corcoran, 2004; Webley & Duff, 2007); 2) mentoring programs (Phillips, 2001; Noonan & Corcoran, 2004); 3) the existence of female partners (Gorman & Kmec, 2009; Beckman & Phillips, 2005); 4) non-partner career paths (Phillips, 2001; Corcoran & Noonan, 2004); and 5) the existence of family friendly policies (Gorman & Kmec, 2009; Phillips, 2001; Noonan & Corcoran, 2004; Webley & Duff, 2007.)
The research was carried out via a sequential mixed method approach. The initial quantitative study was based upon a theoretical framework grounded in the literature and provided baseline information describing Australian law firm promotion and succession practices. The study was carried out via an on-line survey of Australian law firm practitioners. The results of the study provided the basis for the second qualitative study. The qualitative study further explained the statistically generated results and focused specifically on the two identified retention issues. The study was conducted via one-on-one interviews with Australian law firm partners and experienced law firm managers.
The results of both studies were combined within the context of relevant literature resulting in eight key findings:
Key findings
1) Organisational commitment levels across generational cohorts are more homogenous than different.
2) Law firm practitioners are leaving law firms early in their careers due to the heavy time commitment behaviour demanded of them, particularly by clients.
3) Law firm promotion and succession practices reinforce practitioner time commitment behaviour marking it as an indicator of practitioner success.
4) Law firm practitioners believe that they have many career options outside law firms and are considering these options.
5) Female practitioners are considering opting out of law firms due to time commitment demands related to partnership conflicting with family commitment demands.
6) A masculine, high time commitment culture in law firms is related to the decision by female practitioners to leave law firms.
7) The uptake of alternative work arrangements by female practitioners is not fatal to their partnership prospects particularly in firms with supportive policies, processes
and organisational culture.
8) Female practitioners are less inclined than their male counterparts to seek partnership as an ultimate goal and are more likely to opt out of law firms exhibiting highly competitive, masculine cultures.
Practical recommendations
Further review of the data collected in relation to the key findings provided the basis for nine practical recommendations specifically geared towards implementation by law firm managers and partners. The first recommendation relates to the use of generational differences in practitioner management. The next six relate to recommended actions to reduce the time commitment demands on practitioners. The final two recommendations relate to the practical implementation of these actions both at an individual and organisational level. The recommendations are as follows:
1) "Generationally driven," age based generalisations should not be utilised in law firm promotion and succession management practice.
2) Expected levels of client access to practitioners be negotiated on a client by client basis and be included in client retention agreements.
3) Appropriate alternative working arrangements such as working off-site, flexible working hours or part-time work be offered to practitioners in situations where doing so will not compromise client serviceability.
4) The copying of long working hour behaviours of senior practitioners should be discouraged particularly where information technology can facilitate remote client serviceability.
5) Refocus the use of timesheets from an employer monitoring tool to an employee empowerment tool.
6) Policies and processes relating to the offer of alternative working arrangements be supported and reinforced by law firm organisational culture.
7) Requests for alternative working arrangements be determined without regard to gender.
8) Incentives and employment conditions offered to practitioners to be individualised based on the subjective need of the individual and negotiated as a part of the current employee performance review process.
9) Individually negotiated employment conditions be negotiated within the context of the firm’s overall strategic planning process.
Through the conduct of the descripto-explanatory study, a detailed discussion of current law firm promotion and succession practices was enabled. From this discussion, 7 eight key findings and nine associated recommendations were generated as well as an insight into the future of the profession being given. The key findings and recommendations provide practical advice to law firm managers and partners in relation to their everyday promotion and succession practice. The need to negotiate individual employee workplace conditions and their integration into overall law firm business planning was put forward. By doing so, it was suggested that both the individual employee and the employing law firm would mutually benefit from the arrangement. The study therefore broadened its practical contribution from human resources management to a contribution to the overall management practice of Australian law firms. In so doing, the research has provided an encompassing contribution to the Australian legal industry both in terms of employee welfare as well as firm and industry level success.
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Patsianta, Kyriaki. "L'intérêt de l'enfant dans le cadre de la garantie de la vie familiale par la Cour EDH : Influence en droit grec." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10005/document.
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L'intérêt de l'enfant est une notion bien connue du droit de la famille des Etats membres du Conseil de l'Europe. C'est sans doute le cas du droit grec de la famille qui érige l'intérêt de l'enfant en règle fondamentale. Or, ce principe cher au droit interne, visant la protection de l'enfant, franchit les frontières nationales et obtient un caractère européen grâce à la jurisprudence européenne concernant la vie familiale. En effet, en statuant sur les « contentieux familiaux européens », le juge de Strasbourg consacre ledit principe, met en avant sa valeur indubitable et forge son contenu de base. Sans imposer d'évaluations uniformes de l'intérêt de l'enfant, la Cour EDH pose les lignes directrices de sa détermination. Toutefois, malgré le dynamisme de la construction jurisprudentielle européenne portant sur l'intérêt de l'enfant dans le cadre de la garantie de la vie familiale, en Grèce l'appréciation dudit intérêt reste pour le moment une question interne. Il n'y a pas de contact entre l'ordre juridique grec et le système de la Convention, puisque le premier ne se réfère pas systématiquement au second et la jurisprudence européenne contre l'Etat grec est isoléeThe interests of the child is a well known concept in family law of Council of Europe Member States. Greek family law is not an exception to this rule: the interests of the child is one of its fundamental principles. However, this valuable concept of internal law, aiming at children's protection, has crossed the national borders and gained a European personality thanks to the ECHR case – law concerning family life. While ruling on these cases, Strasbourg Court underlines the significance of the notion and has elaborated its main guidelines without imposing identical evaluations.Despite the activity of the ECHR on this field, interest of child approach is a strictly national issue in Greece. The lack of contact between the Greek law and the ECHR case – law is more than obvious. The former nearly ignores the latter, while the relevant cases against Greece in this area remain few
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Kruuse, Helen Julia. "Life in the suburbs after "Grootboom": the role of local government in realising housing rights in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1113.
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Provost, René. "Human Rights in Times of Social Insecurity: Canadian Experience and Inter-American Perspectives." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115752.
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Canada’s experience in the war against terrorism goes back to the seventies, and continues to develop nowadays, with the last direct terrorist activity in 2017. The Canadian Government reacted to these terrorist attacks by enacting a number of statutes that reflect a changing international paradigm in relation to the fight against terrorism. Fundamental rights and liberties such as the freedom of expression, the right to private life and to personal freedom have been curtailed by these legislative measures. The practical consequences of these measures are analyzed via a comparative examination of the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In general terms, the war against terrorism produces significant impacts over the human rights.La experiencia de Canadá en la lucha contra el terrorismo se remonta a inicios de la década de los setenta y se desarrolla hasta la época actual (los acontecimientos más recientes han tenido lugar en el año 2017). Las medidas legislativas fueron la vía adoptada por parte de Canadá para contrarrestar los ataques y reflejar el cambio de paradigma político en la esfera internacional con relación al fenómeno del terrorismo. Derechos fundamentales como el derecho a la libre expresión, a la vida privada y a la libertad personal se encuentran particularmente afectados por estas medidas. Un análisis comparativo del sistema canadiense y el sistema interamericano permite identificar las consecuencias de estas medidas. En términos más amplios, la lucha contra el terrorismo genera impactos significativos sobre los derechos humanos en general.
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Haenflein, Rebecca. "The Cubicle Warrior : Drones, Targeted Killings, and the Implications of Waging a "War on Terror" from a Distance Under International Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-265085.
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Willems, Lise. "Implication de la glutamine dans l'activation de mTORC1 dans les leucémies aiguës myéloïdes et inhibition ciblée." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00868018.
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Dans les leucémies aiguës myéloïdes (LAM), l'activation anormale de nombreuses voies de signalisation intracellulaires favorise la croissance et la survie des cellules tumorales. L'amélioration des connaissances biologiques de ces pathologies hétérogènes, dont le pronostic est réservé, devrait permettre le développement de thérapies ciblées. La kinase oncogénique mTOR est présente au sein de deux complexes, parmi lesquels mTORC1, activé constitutivement dans la majorité des blastes primaires de patients porteurs de LAM, qui contrôle la synthèse protéique, et mTORC2 activé constitutivement dans 50% des LAM. Les inhibiteurs allostériques de mTORC1 (la rapamycine et ses dérivés) n'inhibent pas la phosphorylation du répresseur traductionnel 4E-BP1, ne diminuent pas la traduction et induisent peu d'apoptose in vitro dans les LAM. Utilisés en monothérapie, leur effet est décevant. De plus ces inhibiteurs n'agissent pas sur le complexe mTORC2. J'ai étudié l'effet d'un inhibiteur catalytique de mTOR, l'AZD8055, actif sur les deux complexes. In vitro, l'AZD8055 inhibe efficacement la signalisation en aval de mTORC1 et de mTORC2, dont les sites de phosphorylation de 4E-BP1 résistants à la rapamycine, ainsi que la synthèse protéique. Il diminue la prolifération, bloque le cycle cellulaire en phase G0G1 et induit une apoptose caspase-dépendante dans les blastes primaires de LAM. Il diminue également la clonogénicité des progéniteurs leucémiques, sans affecter celle des cellules CD34+ normales. Dans un modèle murin de xéno-transplantation, l'AZD8055 inhibe la croissance tumorale et améliore la survie des souris traitées. Je me suis également intéressée à la régulation de l'activité de mTORC1 par les acides aminés. Dans les cellules de mammifères, l'activation de mTORC1 nécessite la présence de glutamine et de leucine qui agissent en coopération via deux transporteurs membranaires, SLC1A5 et SLC7A5/SLC3A2. J'ai montré que la privation en glutamine, obtenue par l'activité glutaminase de la drogue L-asparaginase ou par l'utilisation de milieux de culture spécifiques dépourvus sélectivement en acides aminés, inhibe l'activation de mTORC1 et induit de l'apoptose dans diverses lignées leucémiques et dans les blastes primaires de LAM. La L-asparaginase inhibe la synthèse protéique et ses effets fonctionnels sont liés à son activité glutaminase. J'ai pu également constater une augmentation de l'expression protéique de la glutamine synthase induite par la Lasparaginase, dont l'inhibition majore l'apoptose induite par la L-asparaginase dans certaines lignées leucémiques. J'ai également étudié l'effet de l'inhibition spécifique par un shARN inductible du transporteur SLC1A5, qui permet l'import de glutamine. L'inhibition de SLC1A5 bloque la réactivation de mTORC1 par l'association leucine/glutamine après privation et induit de l'apoptose dans la lignée leucémique MOLM14. Cette inhibition diminue la croissance tumorale dans un modèle de xénogreffe
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Lindered, Susanne. "Att fly väpnad konflikt : Om kompletterande skydd och rätten till ett värdigt liv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-351936.
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Armed conflicts of our time tend to be prolonged, characterised by indiscriminate violence and the direct targeting of civilians. These conflicts cause situations where civilians are not only at risk of being exposed to threats of direct violence, but also unbearable humanitarian situations, a form of indirect harm resulting from armed violence. Current protection regimes only address direct harm to civilians, which leaves a significant protection gap. Previous research has identified a possibility for recognising severe humanitarian conditions as a basis for international protection in recent human rights law developments. This thesis explores if the right to a dignified life can further address this form of indirect harm to civilians and create assessment criteria for providing international protection to persons fleeing severe humanitarian conditions caused by armed conflict. The right to a dignified life is constructed from theories on human dignity as a basis for human rights, as well as case law from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. The results show that the right to a dignified life is able to provide criteria for assessing the severity of a humanitarian situation and establish a threshold for triggering international protection, but several legal difficulties remain for its practical application.Dagens väpnade konflikter tenderar att vara utdragna och komplexa. De karaktäriseras ofta av urskillningslöst våld och våld riktat mot civila. Väpnade konflikter i vår tid har orsakat svåra humanitära situationer, som innebär att civila inte endast riskerar att utsättas för skada till följd direkt våld, utan även en form av indirekt skada till följd av våld. Nuvarande skydd för den som flyr väpnad konflikt omfattar endast den som riskerar skada som en direkt följd av väpnat våld. Detta innebär att det finns en lucka i existerande skydd som behöver adresseras. Tidigare forskning har identifierat en möjlighet att inkludera även personer som riskerar att utsättas för skyddsgrundande behandling på grund av humanitära situationer i den senaste utvecklingen i regionala människorättsdomstolar. Denna uppsats undersöker huruvida rätten till ett värdigt liv kan adressera allvarlig skada som en indirekt följd av väpnad konflikt och skapa kriterier för när en humanitär situation ska omfattas av internationellt skydd. Rätten till ett värdigt liv konstrueras med hjälp av teorier om mänsklig värdighet samt praxis från Inter-Amerikanska domstolen för mänskliga rättigheter och Europadomstolen för mänskliga rättigheter. Resultatet visar att rätten till ett värdigt liv kan erbjuda kriterier för att bedöma allvaret hos en humanitär situation och aktivera internationella skyddsmekanismer, men finner att det kvarstår juridiska svårigheter för att applicera i verkliga fall.
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Bagvilaitė-Raugalienė, Rasa. "Teisės mirti (eutanazijos) legitimumo problema." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060308_114809-24831.
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The legitimating of euthanasia raise the conflict of private and social interests. While raising the autonomy and wealth of individual as an ideal order to every state in the society of the second half of twentieth century people felt, that they have a right to carry out their decisions related to their as well as to the other individual’s way of death. In 1996 in Lithuania the legislation which gave the right to the patient to reject the treatment was adopted which is why now in our country we can also raise the question whether the right to choose the treatment is not enough liberal to call it the right to choose death.
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Ferraz, Gustavo Dantas. "A proteção do direito fundamental à vida e as pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias humanas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-07022011-154645/.
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A dissertação trata do debate acerca do início da proteção do direito à vida e as consequências dessa proteção em relação às pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias humanas, autorizadas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pelo artigo 5º, da Lei nº 11.105/2005, julgada constitucional pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal em sede de controle concentrado de constitucionalidade. A abordagem, que se concentrou no estudo da doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência, tem caráter preponderantemente dogmático jurídico, nas dimensões analítica, empírica e normativa. As principais conclusões são as seguintes: o direito à vida garantido pela Constituição Federal, estruturalmente, consiste em um princípio, com âmbito de proteção amplo, ensejando a necessidade de sopesamento com outros valores protegidos pelo ordenamento jurídico para sua aplicação; dentre as possíveis interpretações acerca do que consiste esse direito, ele pode ser considerado como um direito à própria existência, um direito à vida digna e um direito à proteção em face do desenvolvimento da biotecnologia; o início da proteção do direito à vida e as pesquisas e terapias com células-tronco embrionárias são disciplinados no direito brasileiro por dispositivos internacionais e nacionais, tais como a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos, a Constituição Federal e a Lei nº 11.105/2005; o fato de o Supremo Tribunal Federal ter considerado constitucional o artigo 5º, da Lei nº 11.105/2005, em sede de controle concentrado, não afastou a aplicação da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos (a qual contém norma que protege o direito à vida, em geral, desde a concepção) e nem impediu um controle estatal e internacional efetivo sobre as pesquisas e terapias com células-tronco embrionárias a fim de resguardar, dentre outros aspectos, o direito à vida em um enfoque transindividual.The present work deals with the debate about the beginning of the protection of the right to life and the consequences of this protection related to human embryo-based stem cell research, authorized by the Brazilian legal legislation according to the Article 5 of Law no. 11.105/2005, considered constitutional by the Federal Supreme Court in the concentrated model of constitutional control. The approach, centralized in the study of the doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence, is based on a predominantly dogmatic legal nature, in the analytical, empirical and regulatory dimensions. Following are the main conclusions: the right to life grated by the Federal Constitution structurally consists of a principle, with a broad protection scope, that justifies the need of weighting with other values protected by the legal legislation for its application; among the possible interpretations of what this right is consistent of, it can be considered as a right to the existence itself, a right to a decent life and a right to protection facing the development of the biotechnology; the beginning of the protection of the right to human embryo-based stem cell research and therapies are set in the Brazilian Law by national and international precepts, such as the American Convention of Human Rights, the Federal Constitution and the Law nº 11.105/2005; the fact that the Federal Supreme Court considered the Article 5 of Law nº 11.105/2005, in the concentrated model of constitutional control, did not distract the application of the American Convention of Human Rights (which contains the regulations that protects the right to life, in general, from its conception) neither obstructed an actual state or international control on the human embryo-based stem cell research and therapies in order to protect, among other aspects, the right to life in a transindividual approach.
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Swanepoel, Magdaleen. "Embryonic stem cell research and cloning a proposed legislative framework in context of legal status and personhood /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07312007-150150/.
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Askew-Renaut, Estelle. "Access to justice for individuals before the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities : in line with international human rights law and practice?" Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437665.
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Razmaitė, Toma. "„Google Street View" atvejis: teisės į privatumą ir technologijų plėtros santykis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140127_130426-36712.
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Šiandien gausu technologijų, kurios suteikia galimybę paprasčiau bendrauti, dalintis informacija bei įspūdžiais, kitos, tikėtina, atlieka prevencinę funkciją prieš nusikaltimus, apsaugant mus ir mūsų nuosavybę. Tačiau tokia technologijų plėtra iškėlė grėsmę pačiam asmeniui, sumažindama teisę išlaikyti savo privatumą. Konkrečiau kalbant, turima omenyje tik tas technologijas, kurios susijusios su asmens atvaizdu ir jo paviešinimu. Viena iš tokių technologijų yra 2007 metų gegužę Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose pristatyta Google Street View paslauga – jos pagalba galima virtualiai keliauti po pasaulį ir matyti aplinką 360 laipsnių kampu. Pasirodžius minėtai paslaugai kilo didžiulis sąmyšis dėl intervencijos į asmens privatumą, nes įgyvendinant užmanytą šio projekto tikslą, kartu su gatvių ir pastatų vaizdais buvo užfiksuoti ir žmonės. Todėl šiame darbe pateikiama minėtos paslaugos ir jos poveikio asmens privatumui analizė.
Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, ar Google Street View pažeidžia teisę į privatų gyvenimą. Siekiant minėto tikslo pirmoje darbo dalyje analizuojama teisės į privatų gyvenimą samprata pagal tarptautinę ir nacionalinę teisę, toliau analizuojamas minėtos paslaugos įgyvendinimo atitikimas valstybių iškeltiems reikalavimams. Antroje darbo dalyje analizuojami du privatumo pažeidimo atvejai: gatvėje ir privačioje teritorijoje. Paskutiniame darbo skyriuje pateikiama atliktos apklausos analizė, kuria buvo siekta atskleisti privatumo vertinimo įvairovę Google... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Today there are numerous technologies, that allow to have easier communication with each other or to share information, the other part of them are likely to perform preventative function againts crimes, in order to protect person and his property. The advancement of new technologies is changing the world, however, it raises the threat to the person by reducing his right to maintain his privacy at the same time. More specifically are meant only technologies that deal with person’s image and its disclosure. One of such technologies is Street View project of Google, which was introduced in May 2007 in United States of America. Street View makes possible to take a virtual travel around the world and viewing and navigating within 360 degree scenes of street-level imagery. Its realization caused huge commotion because of intervention to privacy – the cameras of Google vehicles captured images not only of buildings, automobiles but even passersby. The aim of this thesis is to ascertain whether Google Street View violates the right to the private life. The work is devided into three chapters. In first chapter of thesis the conception of the right to privacy according to international and national law is discussed. The realization of Google Street View under the standarts defined by States is also included into this chapter. The second one analizes two cases of privacy violation: on the street and in the private area. And in the third chapter the results of survey accomplished with... [to full text]
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Gradwohl, Csilla. "The right to live in the community as the right to have rights." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-322826.
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The present thesis explores Article 19 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which recognizes the right of all persons with disabilities to live in the community, with choices equal to others. The relationship between Article 19 and the other articles of the Convention are explored, in order to discuss the role of Article 19 in the Convention. The thesis examines whether the right to live in the community, set out in Article 19, can be considered as the most central right of the Convention. The thesis applies the legal analytical method, and it is based on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; the communications of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; official reports of the United Nations as well as international non-governmental organizations; and scientific articles from books and journals. By using Arendt’s idea of “the right to have rights” as a theory, this thesis argues that the right to live in the community, contained in Article 19, constitutes the right to have rights for persons with disabilities and therefore it can be considered as the most central right of the Convention.
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Youhnovski, Sagon Anne-Laure. "Le droit de la vie humaine. Contribution à l'étude des relations entre la vie humaine et le droit." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2021_in_youhnovski_a_l.pdf.
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Le big-bang provoqué par la rencontre de la vie humaine et du droit a entraîné la création d’une multitude de prescriptions juridiques ayant la vie humaine pour objet. Malgré leur caractère hétérogène, il est possible de discerner une structure commune à laquelle elles sont rattachées, offrant aux relations entre la vie humaine et le droit une certaine stabilité de même qu’une unité. Le droit de la vie humaine constitue la notion structurante de cette relation. Mobilisé comme nouvelle clé de lecture de leur relation, le droit de la vie humaine doit permettre d’identifier l’ensemble des dynamiques qui les font osciller.Précisément, le droit de la vie humaine est traversé par des courants contraires. Un premier élan emploie le droit comme instrument au service de l’intensification du respect accordé à la vie. Un second courant libéral tend à solliciter l’exercice d’une maîtrise sur la vie, reflet du mouvement de subjectivisation des droits et libertés fondamentaux dont la valorisation de l’autonomie personnelle constitue le ferment. Le droit de la vie humaine possède donc une double nature, le droit au respect de la vie forgeant sa nature objective, le droit sur la vie dévoilant sa nature subjective. D’emblée, ces deux droits pourraient sembler antagonistes. Vérifier le degré de subjectivisation du droit de la vie humaine permet toutefois de nuancer l’influence de ce phénomène à son égard. Chargé d’instaurer un juste équilibre entre ces deux pôles, l’État s’érige en gardien du respect de la vie, le déploiement du régime de maîtrise sur la vie étant contrôlé, voire réfréné. Les rapports de force qui s’affrontent au sein du droit de la vie humaine se révèlent être disproportionnés au profit du droit au respect de la vie. Le dédoublement du droit de la vie humaine permet au droit au respect de la vie et au droit sur la vie de coexister sans provoquer leur neutralisation mutuelleThe big bang caused by the meeting of human life and law has led to the creation of several legal prescriptions that have human life as their object. Despite their heterogeneous nature, it is possible to outline a common structure, enabling stability and unity in the relationship between human life and law. The law of human life is the structuring concept of this relationship. Mustered as a new key to reading their relationship, the law of human life should make it possible to identify all the dynamics that make them oscillate.Precisely, the law of human life is subject to opposing currents. A first trend uses the law as an instrument to increase the respect for life. A second liberal current tends to solicit the exercise of control over life, reflecting the movement towards the subjectivisation of fundamental rights and freedoms, to which the valorisation of personal autonomy provides fertile ground. The law of human life thus has a dual nature, the right to respect for life forging its objective nature, the right over life revealing its subjective nature. These two rights are seemingly antagonistic. However, taking into account the degree of subjectivisation of the law of human life allows us to qualify the influence of this phenomenon on it. The State, charged with the task of striking a balance between these two poles, sets itself up as the guardian of respect for life, with the deployment of the regime of control over life being controlled or even curbed. The balance of power within the law of human life turns out to be disproportionate to the right to respect for life. The duplication of the law of human life allows the right to respect for life and the right over life to coexist without causing their mutual neutralisation
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Čekanauskaitė, Laima. "Europos Žmogaus Teisių Konvencijos 8 straipsnio taikymo ypatumai ginant pažeistas teises su aplinka susijusiose bylose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120124_131603-03991.
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1950 m. visuotinis aplinkos apsaugos poreikis dar nebuvo akivaizdus, todėl teisė į aplinką nebuvo paminėta Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos Konvencijoje. Dėl aplinkos taršos iškilo asmenų teisės į aplinką problema ir šios teisės gynimo būtinybė. Dėl šios priežasties galima teigti, kad Europos žmogaus Teisių Teismo praktikos vaidmuo aiškinant teises, įtrauktas į EŽTK, šiomis dienomis yra labai svarbus spendžiant aplinkos problemas žmogaus teisių kontekste.
Teismas interpretuoja aplinkos teises kitų teisių, esančių EŽTK, pagrindu, įskaitant teisę į privatų ir šeimos gyvenimą. Kadangi tam tikra rimta žala aplinkai gali pažeisti ir asmenų teises, ypač teisę į privatumą ir būsto neliečiamumą, šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama EŽTK 8 straipsnio taikymo su aplinka susijusiose bylose problema.
Magistriniame darbe siekiama išnagrinėti svarbiausius EŽTK 8 str. taikymo ginant pažeistas žmonių teises su aplinka susijusiose bylose ypatumus Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo jurisprudencijoje, ir šio straipsnio taikymą bei aiškinimą Lietuvos teismuose. Todėl yra analizuojami teismų sprendimai, susiję su aplinkos teisių pažeidimais, kylančiais dėl aplinkos būklės blogėjimo.
Darbe nagrinėjamos Konvencijos 8 straipsnio taikymo sąlygos su aplinka susijusiose bylose. Jos yra dvi: ryšys tarp pažeidimo ir valstybės bei rimta tiesioginė žala, pasiekianti minimalų sunkumo lygį. Taip pat analizuojami šio straipsnio taikymo ypatumai. Pagrindiniai ypatumai yra susiję... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]In the 1950s, the universal need for environmental protection was not yet apparent, therefore there was no mention of right to environment in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Due to pollution of natural environment, there arise an important problem of the human right to environment and the necessity of the protection of this right. For this reason it is possible to state that the role of the European Court of Human Rights practice and its interpretation of the rights, included in the ECHR, to respond environmental concerns within the context of human rights is especially relevant nowadays. Court interprets the environmental rights on the basis of other rights, which are included in the ECHR, including the right to private and family life. Since some serious damage to the environment may violate the rights of individuals and, in particular their right to privacy and the inviolability of home, in this master's final work a problem of the application of Article 8 ECHR in environment-related cases is examined. Master's Work seeks to examine the most important specificities of application of Article 8 of the ECHR in defending violated human rights in environment-related cases in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the application and interpretation of this Article in the courts of Lithuania. Therefore the judgments, related to interference in individual rights derived from environmental degradation, are analyzed. It examines... [to full text]
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Tasdelen, Demet Kurtoslu. "Bergson." Phd thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/654095/index.pdf.
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The aim of this study is to show how a possible philosophy of life can
arise from Bergson&rsquos conception of time. In realizing this aim, I appeal to Hadot&rsquo
s description of the paradox of the human condition. I claim that in order to understand how a Bergsonian philosophy of life through Bergson&rsquo
s conception of time would arise we need to understand the paradox of the human condition. The reason for this is that there are a lot of dualities in Bergson&rsquo
s philosophy all of which, I claim, are based on this fundamental duality concerning the human condition. I believe that when this paradox and its possible resolution are restated in Bergsonian notions, a Bergsonian philosophy of life that consists of a life sub specie durationis, that is a life under the aspect of duration, would arise. Hadot considered the paradox within the context of phenomenology alone. This made me proceed by searching for other approaches to the paradox within Bergson&rsquo
s philosophy. I realized that the attempts in finding out possible solutions to this problem cannot be found in the context of phenomenology alone and that the vitalist and the existentialist aspects have to be considered in order to remain faithful to Bergson&rsquo
s philosophy as well as in order to construct a Bergsonian philosophy of life. The phenomenological aspect of the paradox arises around Bergson&rsquo
s notion of displacement of attention and when the notion of duré
e ré
elle is considered with consciousness in the light of the notion of intensity. The vitalist aspect enters into our discussion when we analyze Bergson&rsquo
s notion of é
lan vital around the consideration of true evolution. I believe that the existentialist aspect of the paradox of the human condition comes from Bergson&rsquo
s notion of freedom around the discussion of the superficial and the fundamental self. It emerges if the individual asks himself how to deal with this paradox that in turn defines his struggle to transform the tension the paradox involves and that tells him to bring his own attitude towards it.
34
Elfström, Amanda. "The Killing of Osama bin Laden, Was it Lawful?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-21892.
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The main purpose of this work is to investigate if the US ́s killing of Osama bin Laden on 2 May 2011 in Abbottabad in Pakistan was lawful. The background to the killing is what happened on 11 September 2001 when four US airplanes were hijacked and crashed into World Trade Center and Pentagon. Al Qaeda, a terrorist organisation led by Osama bin Laden, was immediately suspected for the attacks, which led to the starting point of the US ́s ‘global war on terror’. This work tries to give a short brief on ‘global war on terror’ and answer if there is a global war on terror and/or if a new category of war is needed. In order to get an answer to the main question of this work I had to investigate if US is in an international armed conflict or in a non-international armed conflict with Al Qaida. Another important question to investigate is if an armed conflict in one State can spill over to another State and still be consider as an armed conflict. Other important questions to answer are, if Osama bin Laden was a legitimate target under international humanitarian law, if he was a civilian or if he had a continuous combat function and what level of participation in hostilities he had? Not less important is also to investigate if human rights law is applicable when Osama bin Laden was killed, especially the fundamental right to life. Lastly I end my investigation with a quick review of the laws of jus ad bellum in order to get an answer if US had a right to resort to force in Pakistan. My conclusion is that the US was not involved in an armed conflict with al Qaeda in Pakistan where the killing took place. The conflict between the US and al Qaeda in Afghanistan is to be categorised as a non-international conflict. This conflict cannot be described as a conflict that has spilled over to Abbottabad where Osama bin Laden was killed. All people, including Osama bin Laden, has a right to life. Because of lack of information on what happened in Abbottabad when Osama bin Laden was killed it is impossible to give a clear legal answer if the US had the right to kill him. It could be lawful, but it could also be considered as a crime against international human rights law.
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Kunak, Juraj. "Justification of restrictions on imports or exports of goods on the grounds of the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130205_095138-00887.
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The present master thesis provides the reader with overall and detailed review of jurisdiction of the CJEU in correlation with primary and secondary law of the European Union regarding justification of restrictions on imports or exports of goods on the grounds of the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants pursuant to the art.36 of TFEU. The very first part deals with the essence of the free movement goods. It explains the concept of the prohibition on custom duties on imports and exports and charges having equivalent effect and quantitative restrictions on imports and exports and all measures having equivalent effect. Simultaneously this part demonstrates the application of the art.36 of TFEU and presents mandatory requirements and their purpose. The second part clarifies the concept of goods according to the European Union law, examples and provides proper definition. The third part presents the core of the thesis. It is subdivided into more than 10 parts. It contains explanations regarding principle of proportionality, protection of health and life of humans, total bans, precautionary principle, sufficiently rigorous risk assessment doctrine, protection of health and life of animals, prohibition on use, labeling requirements, or protection of the environment. The most relevant and most widely-known cases were chosen and analyzed in order to present the approach of the CJEU to the disputable measures and their justifications.Šis baigiamasis magistro darbas suteikia skaitytojui bendrą, visaapimančią ir išsamią ESTT jurisdikcijos apžvalgą dėl importo ir eksporto prekių ribojimo pagrįstumo sąlygų žmonių, gyvūnų ar augalų sveikatos bei gyvybės apsaugos tikslais pagal SESV 36 straipsnį, remiantis pirminiais bei antriniais Europos Sąjungos teisės aktais. Pirmojoje dalyje kalbama apie laisvo prekių judėjimo esmę. Čia paaiškinama importo ir eksporto muitų bei lygiaverčio poveikio mokėjimų bei kiekybinių importo ir eksporto apribojimų bei lygiaverčio poveikio priemonių draudimo koncepcija. Taip pat, ši dalis pademonstruoja SESV 36 str. veikimą, pabrėžiant privalomuosius reikalavimus bei jų tikslus. Antrojoje dalis paaiškina prekių sampratą remiantis Europos Sąjungos teise,pateikia pavyzdžių bei deramą apibrėžimą. Trečiojoje dalyje pateiktas baigiamojo magistro darbo pagrindas. Ši dalis yra suskirstyta į daugiau kaip 10 dalių. Čia yra sutelkti paaiškinimai dėl proporcingumo principo, žmonių sveikatos ir gyvybės apsaugos, visiško draudimo, atsargumo principo, pakankamai griežtos rizikos vertinimo doktrinos, gyvūnų sveikatos ir gyvybės apsaugos, naudojimo draudimo, ženklinimo reikalavimų bei aplinkos apsaugos. Siekiant pristatyti ESTT požiūrį į abejotinas priemones bei ribojimo pagrįstumo sąlygas yra analizuojamios aktualiausios ir plačiausiai žinomos bylos.
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Mickevičiūtė, Sandra. "Homoseksualių asmenų teisės Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo jurisprudencijoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20120124_135732-40025.
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Homoseksualumas – lytinė orientacija, kuri paprastai suprantama kaip priešinga heteroseksualumui, nes pasižymi lytiniu potraukiu tos pačios lyties atstovams, ir todėl visuomenėje dažnai pripažįstama nukrypimu nuo normos, o tai suponuoja šių asmenų diskriminaciją.
Darbe analizuojamos Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo praktikos tendencijos, susijusios su baudžiamosios atsakomybės už homoseksualius santykius panaikinimu, ginant šių asmenų teisę į privatumą. Atskleidžiama, kad Teismas pasisako prieš bet kokį baudžiamąjį persekiojimą, grindžiamą lytine orientacija, siekdamas, kad Europos Tarybos valstybėse būtų pripažįstamos ir saugomos homoseksualių asmenų teisės.
Šiandien vis garsiau kalbama apie homoseksualių asmenų teisę į santuoką. Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama EŽTT praktika, siekiant nustatyti, ar kartu gyvenančių homoseksualių asmenų santykiai patenka į šeimos gyvenimo apimtį. Be to, ar pagal Europos žmogaus teisių konvenciją valstybės turi pozityvią pareigą teisę į santuoką užtikrinti ne tik skirtingų lyčių poroms, t.y. neatsižvelgiant į lytinę orientaciją. Egzistuojantis registruotos partnerystės institutas yra alternatyvi forma įteisinti homoseksualius santykius, tad siekiama nustatyti, ar EŽTT įpareigoja valstybes suteikti minėtą galimybę tos pačios lyties poroms savo nacionalinėje teisėje.
Homoseksualių asmenų teisė įsivaikinti yra viena iš kontraversiškiausių teisių, nes siejasi su vaiko teisėmis, jo geriausiais interesais. Tad magistro baigiamajame darbe yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Homosexuality – sexual orientation which is the opposite of heterosexuality because it is characterized as sexual desire for persons of the same sex. That is why a society often acknowledges it like a deviation from norms and this may sometimes result as an act of discrimination. The Master’s thesis analyses the tendency of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights which is related to abolishing the criminalisation of private homosexual relations. It is important because of defending the right to privacy of homosexuals. The Court speaks against criminal prosecution on the ground of sexual orientation and finds that Member States of the Council of Europe should recognize and protect the rights of homosexual persons. Today the discussions about the right to the same-sex marriage are becoming louder and louder. The thesis attempts to ascertain whether the cohabitation of homosexuals falls in the ambit of a family life according to the European Court of Human Rights as well as whether the Member States of the European Convention on Human Rights have a positive obligation to ensure the right to marry for the same-sex couples. Furthermore, the institute of a registered partnership is an alternative form for legalizing homosexual relationships. Thus, it is necessary to identify whether the Court puts an obligation to the Member States to make that opportunity for the same-sex couples in the national legal systems. The right of adoption of homosexuals is a highly... [to full text]
37
Al-Marzouqi, Abraheem Abdulla Muhammed. "Human rights in Islamic law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252974.
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Youngs, Raymond. "A comparative law assessment of the contribution which German human rights law can make to English human rights law." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/27783/.
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LINGENFELTER, Kerttuli Kareniina. "When is human trafficking slavery or enslavement? : human trafficking at the intersection of human rights law and criminal law." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/64684.
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Award date: 22 October 2018Supervisor: Professor Martin Scheinin
This thesis explores the international definitions of slavery, enslavement and human trafficking to determine if and when human trafficking is slavery. Using predominantly the legal method, the thesis argues that there is an overlap between the definitions, yet they are not synonymous. Furthermore, the principles of human rights law and criminal law are compared in the context of slavery and human trafficking. Although the systems can and do engage with each other, it is posited that in a criminal setting courts should be wary of relying on human rights jurisprudence to determine the substance of the criminal definition. This is because human rights are interpreted in an evolutive, teleological way, whereas criminal courts should be bound by the principle of legality. Human rights courts, on the other hand, could and should engage more with the contours of the definitions of human trafficking and slavery – not to determine criminal liability, but instead to produce a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the structures that render persons vulnerable to exploitation. In this way, the thesis asserts, a human rights approach could move beyond the current model, which is excessively oriented toward criminal investigation and punishment. Due to current challenges posed by conflict and post-conflict situations, the thesis ends by reflecting on the potential of human trafficking being prosecuted by the International Criminal Court as a crime against humanity. Although the possibility has found some support within academia, this thesis proposes that if and when human trafficking does amount to slavery and meets the other elements of crimes against humanity, it has and can be prosecuted. Some forms of human trafficking, as of all other acts constituting crimes against humanity, will, however, fall outside the scope of international criminal law.
40
Hashemi, Dana. "The role vitamins in human life." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13181.
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Rudyk, Y. I., and S. V. Solyonyj. "IoT components integration into human life." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19356.
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Кобякова, Ірина Карпівна, Ирина Карповна Кобякова, Iryna Karpivna Kobiakova, and V. V. Stepanov. "Modeling the human life frame concept." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/64767.
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Cognitive linguistics is a linguistic branch that considers ways of collecting, keeping and using verbalized knowledge. It is a science about language itself as well as about a reflected world picture. In its broadest meaning, world picture is regarded as a knowledge set about reality that was generated by public, group or individual consciousness. World pictures are divided into objective-reality, cognitive and linguistic pictures.
43
Keith, Linda Camp. "The Law and Human Rights: Is the Law a Mere Parchment Barrier to Human Rights Abuse?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2247/.
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This study is the first systematic global analysis of the impact of law on human rights, analyzing the impact of twenty-three constitution provisions and an international covenant on three measures of human rights behavior, over the period of 1976-1996. Three sets of constitutional provisions are analyzed, including 1) ten provisions for individual freedoms and due process rights, 2) nine provisions for elements of judicial independence and 3) four provisions that outline procedures for states of emergency. Additionally, the impact of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on actual human rights behavior is analyzed. Each of these areas of law are evaluated individually, in multiple models in which different elements vary. For example, some models control for democracy with different measures, others divide the data into the Cold War and post-Cold War eras, and some test constitutional indices. Finally, all provisions are simultaneously analyzed in integrated models. Provisions for fair and public trials are consistently shown to decrease the probability of abuse. An index of four freedoms (speech, religion, association, and assembly) decreases the probability of abuse somewhat consistently. Three of the provisions for judicial independence are most consistent in reducing the probability of abuse: the provisions for exclusive judicial authority, for the finality of judges' decisions, and banning exceptional courts. Two of four states of emergency provisions decrease abuse as international lawyers have argued: the provisions for legislative declaration of the emergency and the ban against dissolving the legislature during an emergency. However, two of the provisions are shown to hurt human rights practices: the duration and the derogation provisions. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not demonstrate a statistically significant impact. While the performance of the constitutional provisions is less than legal scholars would hope, their combined impact over time are shown to be quite large, relative to the impacts of other factors shown to affect human rights abuse.
44
Legg, Andrew. "Deference in international human rights law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:42fc2528-cf7c-4cd8-9ff6-0d0bd25b6220.
Full textAbstract:
Deference in international human rights law has provoked animated discussion, particularly the margin of appreciation doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights. Many commentators describe the practice of deference but do not explain how it affects judicial reasoning. Some approve characteristics of deference but do not provide a justification to defend the practice against criticism. Others regard deference as a danger to human rights because it betrays the universality of human rights or involves tribunals either failing to consider a case properly or missing an opportunity to set human rights standards. This thesis employs a different approach by focussing on deference as the practice of assigning weight to reasons for a decision on the basis of external factors. This approach draws on theories of second-order reasoning from the philosophy of practical reasoning. The thesis offers a conceptual account of deference that accords with the practice not only of the European Court of Human Rights, but also the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee. Additionally the thesis presents a normative account of deference, that the role of these tribunals entails permitting a measure of diversity as states implement international human rights standards. Deference in international human rights law then is the judicial practice of assigning weight to the respondent states’ reasoning in a case on the basis of three factors: democratic legitimacy, the common practice of states and expertise. This affects judicial reasoning by impacting the balance of reasons in the proportionality assessment. The account defended in this thesis dispels concerns that deference is a danger to human rights, whilst providing a theory that justifies the practice of the tribunals. The thesis thus provides the contours of a doctrine of deference in each of the three international human rights systems.
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Mullins, Eddie. "The process of the law of attraction and the 3rd law, law of allowing." Online version, 2008. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2008/2008mullinse.pdf.
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Appleton, Catherine. "Life after life imprisonment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ee377c75-7a0b-4ee5-9442-39034b5cd8ab.
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Marques, José Roberto. "O desenvolvimento sustentável e sua interpretação jurídica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8786.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-07The environmental matter is a topic present in any line of discussion. It is a result of the laws of Biology, Chemistry and Physics, once we can not ignore that next generations quality of life is submitted to them, so, protecting the environment is really valuable. The current environmental degradation has many of its effects deferred to a time we can not precise. This process arises from the inevitability, at the moment, of satisfying the needs of the present generations and allowing them to harvest the benefits of their right to development. In order to do so, it must be considered that the environmental resources are limited and there are no conditions to assure for how long they will serve men. In such context, the role of Law is important, in charge of balancing the environmental preservation and the economic growth, without ignoring the necessary benefit that shall result from it to human being. This scenery constitutes what is called sustainable development. With such a purpose, the operators of Law, when interpreting juridical laws, must consider, first, the laws of nature, adjusting the legislation to them. Then, considering the constitutional orders observing the acknowledged social rights and the individual s dignity principle one has to interpret the rules so that the result favors the collectivity and, as much as possible to do such adjustment, promote the sustainable development. Considering that sustainability only can be ascertained a long time after the action, looking back to the past, the caution in the administration of the environmental resources available (Legislative, Executive and Judiciary Powers activities, each one performing its role), must guide all public and private politics, applying the principles of prevention, precaution and polluter pays
A questão ambiental é tema de qualquer pauta de discussão. É uma decorrência das leis da Biologia, da Química e da Física, pois não se pode ignorar que a qualidade de vida das futuras gerações está submetida a elas e, assim, o cuidado com relação ao meio ambiente é muito valioso. A degradação ambiental provocada atualmente tem muitos de seus efeitos diferidos para época que não sabemos precisar. Esse processo decorre da inevitabilidade, no momento, de satisfazer as necessidades das atuais gerações e permitir que colham os proveitos do direito ao desenvolvimento. Para tanto, deve ser considerado que os recursos ambientais são limitados, e não se tem condições de assegurar até quando servirão ao homem. Nesse contexto, é importante a função do Direito, encarregado de equilibrar a preservação ambiental e o crescimento econômico, sem se descuidar do necessário benefício que deve advir para o ser humano, constituindo, esse cenário, o que se chama de desenvolvimento sustentável. Com essa finalidade, os operadores do Direito, na interpretação das leis jurídicas, devem considerar, primeiramente, as leis da natureza, a elas ajustando a legislação. Depois, atentos aos mandamentos constitucionais com observância dos direitos sociais reconhecidos e do princípio da dignidade da pessoa , cumpre interpretar as normas de forma que o resultado favoreça a coletividade e, no quanto for possível fazer esse ajuste, promova o desenvolvimento sustentável. Levando-se em conta que a sustentabilidade somente pode ser apurada muito tempo depois da ação, voltando-se para o passado, a cautela na administração (atividades dos Poderes Legislativo, Executivo e Judiciário, cada um dentro de suas funções) dos recursos ambientais disponíveis deve orientar todas as políticas públicas e privadas, notadamente com aplicação dos princípios da prevenção, da precaução e do poluidor-pagador
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Baderin, Mashood A. "Modern Muslim states between Islamic law and international human rights law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10964/.
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This thesis examines the important question of whether or not Islamic law and international human rights are compatible and whether Muslim States can comply with international human rights law while they still adhere to Islamic law. The traditional arguments on the subject are examined and responded to from both international human rights and Islamic legal perspectives. The thesis formulates a synthesis between two extremes and argues that although there are some differences of scope and application, that does not create a general state of dissonance between Islamic law and international human rights law. It is argued that the differences would be easier to address if the concept of human rights were positively established from within the themes of Islamic law rather than imposing it as a concept alien to Islamic law. To avoid a simplistic generalisation of the arguments, each Article of the international bill of rights (ICCPR and ICESCR) and some relevant articles of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women are analysed in the light of Islamic law. The thesis theoretically engages international human rights law in dialogue with Islamic law and then evaluates the human rights policy of modern Muslim States within the scope of that dialogue. The State Practice of six Muslim States is examined as case studies to establish the arguments of the thesis. The thesis concludes, inter alia, that it is possible to harmonise the differences between Islamic law and international human rights law through the adoption of the margin of appreciation doctrine by international human rights treaty bodies and the utilisation of the Islamic law doctrines of maqâsid al-sharî‘ah (overall objective of Sharî‘ah) and maslahah (welfare) by Muslim States in their interpretation and application of Islamic law respectively. It is asserted that Islamic law can serve as an important vehicle for the enforcement of international human rights law in the Muslim world and recommendations are advanced to that effect in the conclusion.
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Abramovych, G. V., S. А. Ryndin, and Г. В. Абрамович. "Implementation of artificial intelligence in human life." Thesis, ВНТУ, 2019. http://ir.lib.vntu.edu.ua//handle/123456789/24131.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the advantages and disadvantages of using artificial intelligence in human life. The risks of its usage and thoughts of prominent developers are presented.В статті розглянуто переваги і недоліки використання штучного інтелекту у житті людини. Наводяться ризики його використання та думки відомих розробників.
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Leker, Laura. "Human Capital, Life Expectancy, and Economie Development." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0127.
Full textAbstract:
Dans un article de 1967, Ben-Porath a mis en évidence qu'un allongement de l'espérance de vie rendait plus rentable l'investissement en éducation. Cependant, la validité empirique de ce mécanisme au niveau macroéconomique est contestée. Le chapitre introductif de la thèse propose une revue de la littérature et discute les difficultés rencontrées pour définir une stratégie empirique pour tester l'effet Ben-Porath. La thèse apporte une contribution théorique en proposant des modélisations de l'effet Ben-Porath dont les simulations donnent une magnitude réaliste. Le chapitre 2 développe un modèle OLG dans lequel la décision d'éducation est prise selon un marchandage intergénérationnel, contrairement aux modèles existants qui supposent que la décision d'éducation revient soit entièrement au parent, soit entièrement à l'enfant. L'introduction d'un tel marchandage influe sur la dynamique de long-terme de l'économie, en particulier sur la probabilité qu'il existe une trappe à pauvreté ou une zone de croissance perpétuelle. Le chapitre 3 développe un modèle de décision d'éducation avec rendements minceriens et horizon de vie incertain. Une simulation du modèle donne une fourchette de la magnitude attendue de l'effet Ben-Porath : un gain d'une année d'espérance de vie incite à investir 0. 25 à 0. 4 années d'éducation supplémentaires. La thèse apporte également une contribution empirique en évaluant l'effet Ben-Porath sur un panel de pays de 1900 à 1980 (chapitre 3), et sur un panel de départements français sur la 2nde moitié du XIXème siècle (chapitre 4). Les résultats donnent tous un coefficient de Ben-Porath entre 0. 15 et 0. 4, ce qui correspond à l'effet théorique attendu d'après la simulation du modèle du chapitre 3.