Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Law of Hospitality'

The South African government has attempted to find a balance of interests between the employer and the employee by the introduction of the Labour Relations Act in 1995 and the Basic Conditions of Employment Act in 1997. It is critical to the health of the South African economy that these labour laws do not impact small businesses to the extent that the Gross Domestic Product of the country is negatively affected. There are conflicting reports as to how these labour laws affect small businesses. It is therefore important for government to be able to understand, define and measure the impact of its labour laws on small businesses, in order for it to strategise corrective measures, which may include reconsidering the application of the legislative directive, regulated flexibility, if required. The study was limited in the sense that it was solely based on evidence collected from employers. An interpretivist approach was applied as a research methodology to data collected through in-depth interviews. The main findings of the empirical analysis demonstrate that labour legislation does not heavily impact small firms. It was thus determined that extensive measures were not needed with regard to correcting the framework of regulated flexibility.

The significant growth in the South African tourism industry in recent years has placed much focus on the hospitality sector in the country. The hospitably sector performs a vital role in the South African economy, as is the case globally, to provide accommodation to international and national tourists. Guest houses in particular have become one of the fastest growing components of the South African tourism industry. However, operating a guest house is not merely providing a bed, shower and breakfast facility for which a client pays and hopefully returns again in future. Rather, it involves significantly more than providing physical amenities. Not only does a potential entrepreneur require a suitable facility in a well-positioned location, but guest house owners and management must adhere to various strenuous safety, security and service measures, as well as municipal by-laws, in a tough and ever-changing business environment. The central theme and the main objective of this study was to investigate the safety, security, service and legal measures that need to be adhered for the successful management of a guest house in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metro. Together with an outline of the various steps required to start a guest house, a sub-objective was to compile a guest house manual that can be used by new and existing guest house owners and managers to improve their business. The target group was divided into two sections, namely guest house owners and managers on the one hand, and guest house clients on the other - hence two separate questionnaires were developed and used as measuring instrument for the empirical study. The results revealed that clients in the Metro are in general satisfied with the service they receive and safety they experience when staying in guest houses in the Metro. The premises are mostly neat and clean, the towels and bedding are regularly replaced and clean, while the parking bays are sufficient and safe, staff members friendly and approachable, and bookings are done promptly. Over and above the different by-laws to observe, it is the duty of owners and management to provide clients with a safe, secure environment with excellent service, and with sufficient lighting at the entrances, parking and reception areas. All staircases should be steady and iv non-slip, and swimming pools should have secured fencing around and/ or should be covered by safety nets. Staff should follow the correct procedures in emergencies, while concerted efforts should be made to adapt guest houses for the specific needs of disabled and elderly clients. To prevent the outbreak of food poisoning, and to ensure personal and kitchen hygiene, as well as the correct storing of food, are other important responsibilities of owners and management. Therefore, for a guest house to be managed successfully, the owners and management must take into consideration the required safety, security, service and legal measures.

Ce travail vise à rendre compte de la difficulté manifestée par le droit des étrangers français et européen contemporain à garantir véritablement des droits subjectifs aux étrangers. Cette difficulté se traduit à la fois au niveau des normes elles-mêmes, par un régime juridique restrictif, qui reconnaît donc moins de droits aux étrangers qu’aux nationaux, et au niveau des pratiques administratives, par une mise en cause récurrente des droits pourtant officiellement reconnus. Nous proposons d’expliquer ce phénomène, par lequel le droit des étrangers contredit les normes des démocraties libérales contemporaines et de l’État de droit, grâce à l’hypothèse du balancier : souveraineté de l’État et droits individuels des étrangers sont envisagées comme deux exigences antinomiques, placées chacune à l’extrémité d’une ligne sur laquelle le curseur se déplace ; préserver l’une, c’est donc nécessairement affaiblir l’autre. Dans la première partie, nous menons une étude empirique des textes et pratiques du droit des étrangers pour montrer que ce modèle du balancier est structurellement déséquilibré en faveur de la souveraineté de l’État et peine donc à ouvrir l’espace des droits subjectifs aux étrangers. La seconde partie entend proposer une voie destinée à sortir de ce modèle pour coordonner véritablement souveraineté de l’État et droits individuels des étrangers, en les faisant dériver d’un principe d’hospitalité. Nous tentons de montrer que ce principe découle des implications de la notion moderne de droit et de sa fonction revendiquée, la pacification des interactions. Notre thèse se propose donc de faire dialoguer un diagnostic des dysfonctionnements d’un domaine empirique du droit avec une approche critique et normative fondée sur la logique immanente aux pratiques sociales
This work aims at analysing how contemporary French and European migration law struggles to truly guarantee subjective rights to foreigners. This difficulty is reflected both in the legal dispositions themselves, through a restrictive legal regime, and in administrative practices, through their recurrent challenge to rights that are officially recognized. We assert that this phenomenon, by which migration law contradicts the norms of contemporary liberal democracies and the rule of law, is due the balancing between State sovereignty and individual rights of foreigners: preserving one therefore necessarily means weakening the other. In the first part, we conduct an empirical study of the texts and practices of migration law to show that it is structurally unbalanced in favour of State sovereignty. The second part intends to propose a way out of this antinomy to truly coordinate state sovereignty and the individual rights of foreigners, in the form of a principle of hospitality. We try to show that this principle derives from the implications of the modern notion of law and its claimed function of pacifying interactions. Our PhD thesis therefore engages in a dialogue between a diagnosis of the dysfunctions of an empirical field of law and a critical and normative approach based on the immanent logic of social practices

Die philosophischen Grundlagen der Meta-Dimension des Rechts auf Menschenwürde lösen eine Fragestellung aus, die die Grenzen der Disziplin des Rechts übertrifft: wie könnte das Transzendentale als ein Aspekt der Bedeutung von Menschenwürde dargestellt werden? Das Beharren auf der nicht-Bestimmung des Menschenbildes oder auf dem Begriff ‚Gott’ in der Präambel des Deutschen Grundgesetzes, wie es sich in der Deutschen Dogmatik widerspiegelt, gepaart mit dem Bestreben nach einer Fall-zu-Fall ad hoc Konkretisierung dessen, was Menschenwürde bedeutet, inspiriert diese Untersuchung von ‚etwas fehlt’ [‘something missing’]. In postmoderner Art und Weise beschreibt diese Geschichte das Gesetz der Menschenwürde als Trojanisches Pferd und bietet hermeneutische und literarische Grundlagen für eine affirmative Haltung gegenüber einer ''leeren'' Rede im juristischen Diskurs. Die Forschungsfrage erweckt und umkreist die polemisch verbrämten Begriffe von ‚Leere’ und ‚Black Box’: Warum erscheint der Rechtsbegriff der Menschenwürde ‚leer’? Oder wie ist er ‚leer’? Warum und wie ist er eine ‚Black Box’? Wie erscheinen Manifestationen des Konzepts abstrakt wie Universalien, aber im Einzelnen konkret? Die ontologischen, sprachlich-analytischen und phänomenologischen philosophischen Erkenntnisse, vorgestellt im ersten Kapitel, bilden die Linse, durch die fünf maßgebliche Fälle des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes – über Abtreibung, lebenslange Freiheitsstrafe, Transsexualität, staatliche Reaktion auf Terroranschläge und die Gewährleistung eines menschenwürdigen Existenzminimums – im zweiten Kapitel analysiert werden. Die philosophischen Quellen werden nicht als Momente im langen Verlauf der Menschenwürde in der Geschichte der Ideen eingeklammert.
The philosophical underpinnings of what may be called the meta-dimension of the law of human dignity trigger a question that surpasses the boundaries of the discipline of law: how could the transcendental as an aspect of human dignity meaning be portrayed? The insistence on non-determination of the Menschenbild [human image] or ‘God’ in the Preamble to the German Basic Law [Grundgesetz] reflected in German legal doctrine, paired with the commitment to case-by-case ad hoc concretization of what human dignity means inspire this story of ‘something missing’. In postmodern fashion, this story portrays the law of human dignity as a Trojan Horse and provides hermeneutic and literary foundations for an affirmative stance towards ‘emptiness’ talk in legal discourse. The research question rekindles and twists polemically framed ‘emptiness’ and ‘black box’ contentions: Why does the legal concept of human dignity appear ‘empty’? Or, how is it ‘empty’? Why and how is it a ‘black box’? How do manifestations of the concept appear abstract as universals and concrete as particulars? The ontological, linguistic-analytical, and phenomenological philosophical insights presented in Chapter One compose the lens through which five benchmark Bundesverfassungsgericht cases – on abortion, life imprisonment, transsexuals, state response to terrorist attacks, and the guarantee of a dignified subsistence minimum – are analyzed in Chapter Two. The philosophical sources are not bracketed as moments in the long course of human dignity in the history of ideas.

Employee disengagement creates an unhealthy working environment. Disengagement rates among Las Vegas hospitality industry organizations led to dissatisfaction among employees and resulted in low productivity and profitability. This qualitative descriptive study involved exploring employee engagement strategies that hospitality industry supervisors and managers used to implement programs, thereby solving the employee engagement problems of their organizations. The conceptual framework for the study was leader-member exchange theory. Twenty participants with 5 or more years of Las Vegas hospitality experience who had already successfully implemented engagement programs answered open-ended questions in semistructured interviews. Company documents constituted an additional data source. Analyzing the data involved triangulation using multiple data sources in identifying themes such as interaction effects of employee engagement programs on employees, mutual respect between leaders and subordinates, and organizational benefits. Better engagement could lead to positive social change through increased job satisfaction and improved customer service, thereby engendering increased social interactions among members of the local community. The former could reduce stress and contribute to the quality of life of community members including the families of the workers.- The latter could lead to greater profits for the employers, thus potentially increasing the tax base in the community.

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O problema dos apátridas e refugiados de guerra, no panorama mundial, é um dos entraves onde mais podemos observar a crise de sentido que atravessa as relações humanas na modernidade recente. Constata-se a insuficiência da concepção abstrata de direitos humanos tradicional. O presente trabalho procura estabelecer um novo ponto de partida para esta questão: - a alteridade-, a partir do reconhecimento da diferença. O primeiro capítulo verifica como a lógica da totalidade disseminada na racionalidade ocidental traz implicações no desenvolvimento do individualismo presente no período atual e como a concepção de “tolerância” ainda é um empecilho frente ao ideal de hospitalidade cosmopolítica. No segundo capítulo, aborda-se a ética da alteridade como filosofia primeira e alternativa à crise de sentido que envolve a razão instrumental e a insuficiência do direito como regulador social, em contra-posição com a idéia de justiça como desconstrução. Enfim, no terceiro capítulo, problematiza-se filosoficamente como a vit
The issue concerning the stateless person and war refuges reveals the crisis of meaning which crosses over the human relationships in modernity. It has been realized the insufficiency of the traditional abstract notion of human rights. The work here presented tries to establish a new starting point for this issue: - alterity-, by recognizing the difference. The first chapter verifies how the totality logics, spread in the occidental rationality, brings implications in the development of today’s individualism and how the conception of “tolerance” is still an obstacle for the ideal of cosmopolitics hospitality. In the second chapter, the alterity’s ethics is approached as first philosophy and as an alternative to the meaning crisis that involves the instrumental reason and the insufficiency of the law as a social regulator, opposing to the idea of justice as a deconstruction. At the end, in the third chapter, it is philosophically questioned how the victory of the totality works in the covering of alterity on t

Approximately 98% of lamb and sheep, 60% of cattle and 85% of deer in New Zealand are halal slaughtered each year. The high production of halal meat in the country has lead Tourism New Zealand's Chief Executive Officer, George Hickton, to believe that it would be easier to promote New Zealand as a destination for Muslim travellers. However, research has shown that the majority of Muslim travellers find it difficult to obtain halal food in the country. To understand why the access to halal food is limited for travellers, this study specifically investigates the management and promotion of halal food in restaurants. Data was obtained using a questionnaire that was administered through face-to-face interviews.Since the total population of halal restaurants in New Zealand was unknown, a snowball sampling method was chosen as it was the most efficient and economical way of locating a group of restaurants that was 'hidden'. The locations for sample selection were Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin, which have the highest population of Muslims and are also major tourist destinations. Results, obtained from a sample of 99 halal restaurants, indicate that nearly four out of ten respondents did not agree that the Muslim tourist market is significant to their business. Many were also reluctant to promote their halal food or put up the halal sign in front of their shop. Yet the number of halal restaurants in New Zealand has risen tremendously as a result of the rapidly growing domestic Muslim population. Given the increased risk of fraud, Muslim consumers in New Zealand are in urgent need of halal statutory regulations, as well as stronger guidelines pertaining to the issue of halal food. Additionally, there is also a need to establish and implement an effective halal certification system that is standard throughout the country. The issue of halal slaughter being associated with cruelty to animals will also need to be addressed. Concerted efforts should be made to understand this sentiment and to counter it with appropriate scientific information.

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The present research deals with the concept of hospitality, focusing the Casa do Migrante (Migrant House), a hostel for migrants situated downtown in São Paulo City. To do so, the author seeks his foundations in the writings of Derrida (2003) and also in Foucault (1999) and Agamben (2002). The purpose here is to discuss, by investigating the house territory, the meaning of that hospitality in what refers to important concepts like naming and language. Therefore, the aim is to take account of the fundamental bind between the construction of a territory and concepts that derive from hospitality, like the notions of the foreign and the barbarian, that is, the one that is unameble, the absolutely other
A presente pesquisa problematiza o conceito de hospitalidade a partir da Casa do Migrante, albergue para migrantes situado no centro de São Paulo. Para isso, fundamenta-se nos escritos de Derrida (2003), estabelecendo diálogo com autores como Foucault (1999) e Agamben (2002). Busca-se, com isto, por meio da investigação do território da Casa, tratar sobre o significado daquela hospitalidade no que se refere a conceitos importantes como nomeação e língua. Trata-se então de abordar o vínculo fundamental entre a construção de um território e noções pensadas a partir da hospitalidade, tais como a de estrangeiro e a do bárbaro, ou seja, aquele que é inominável, absolutamente outro

Les ordres militaires ont sans doute connu en italie a la fin du moyen-age une evolution particuliere pour plusieurs raisons : - l'absence de la papaute, de 1309 a 1376, expose l'italie aux ambitions germaniques, angevines et espagnoles ; - la faiblesse de l'empire byzantin laisse la plaine hongroise et l'adriatique sous la menace d'une avancee turque ; - le perfectionnement de l'administration de l'eglise suscite ou impose celui des ordres religieux : - l'evolution des esprits aboutit a un moment ou a un autre a une desaffection a l'egard du modele chevaleresque et a la recherche d'un autre modele d'elite. L'ordre hospitalier de saint-jean-de-jerusalem est en italie le principal de ces ordres militaires depuis la disparition en 1312 de celui du temple dont il a recupere une part plus oumoins importante des biens. Le liber prioratus urbis de 1333 est un censier des biens du prieure romain qui s'etend sur le latium, l'ombrie, les marches et une partie des abruzzes et il est la seule source medievale concernant ce patrimoine qui nous soit parvenue. En effet, les archives conservees a rhodes ont ete perdues avec l'ile en 1522. Si les censiers ecclesiastiques ou laics sont nombreux et bien connus, il n'en est pas tout a fait de meme a propos des ordres militaires dont la structure et la vocation sont differentes : leur patrimoine est constitue par des donations, certes, mais aussi (et surtout ?) par les biens apportes par les chevaliers a leur reception dans l'ordre qui les gere non pas pour nourrir des communautes residentes mais pour assurer l'entretien d'etablissements orientaux et, eventuellement, le "passage" lors des croisades. Malgre la presence d'hopitaux et de commanderies en occident et malgre l'organisation des langues et des prieures, la finalite est orientale et la politique centralisee. Ces caracteristiques permettent donc l'exploitation d'un patrimoine disperse et relativement heterogene. L'examen des parcelles recensees a travers la cinquantaine de commanderies regroupant quatre-vingt-dix etablissements permet d'avoir une idee approximative du terroir : plus des 3/4 des parcelles sont labourables, un peu plus de 5 % sont des vignes, - peut-etre pres de 9 % si l'on retient les parcelles pro parte vineate et non associant la vigne et l'olivier ou une autre culture, ou la jachere. Les jardins, les oliveraies, les chenevieres, les bois et les frich

Du fait des progrès scientifiques modernes dans le domaine médical, ont été soulevés de nombreux problèmes concernant la responsabilité du service public hospitalier à cause de l'utilisation des méthodes scientifiques modernes en médecine. Le juge administratif français a été et est le moteur de l'évolution des règles en matière de responsabilité du service public hospitalier. Ce n'est pas le cas de la juridiction administrative au Liban. Mais plusieurs réformes législatives ont été adoptées au Liban depuis 1996. La thèse permet de confronter les solutions du droit positif français et du droit positif libanais et de rechercher les raisons d'une responsabilité médicale rarement mise en œuvre au Liban alors que les principes juridiques posés sont proches du système français.

Depuis les années 1970, la notion de service public a été conçue comme le fondement du système de santé en droit français. Cependant, cette notion ne s’est pas imposée comme un élément d’intégration des services de soins de ville dans le champ du système de santé. Parallèlement, le concept de système hospitalier, qui renvoie à la coordination de l’ensemble de l’offre de soins hospitaliers par l’Etat, a été construit en dehors du spectre de la notion de service public. Cela amène au constat de l’échec de la notion de service public comme fondement du système de santé en droit français. Depuis les années 2000, l’émergence du concept du système de santé en droit interne de la santé, ainsi que l’influence du droit de l’Union Européen sur la conception de service public dans le champ des services sociaux et sanitaires, ont conduit à un renouveau du rôle du service public dans le domaine de la santé. Le service public s’est alors progressivement transformé en instrument d’organisation du système de santé au travers de son régime juridique. En ce sens, la réintroduction de la notion de service public hospitalier, opérée par la loi Touraine de 26 janvier 2016, apparaît comme paradoxale. Le passage à une approche exclusivement fonctionnelle de service public en matière de santé implique désormais de procéder à la définition et à l’aménagement des missions de « service au public » au sein du système de santé
Since the 1970s, the notion of public service has been conceived as the basis of the health system in French law. However, this notion has not become an integral part of city care services within the scope of the health system. At the same time, the concept of the hospital system, which refers to the coordination of the entire supply of hospital care by the state, was constructed outside the spectrum of the concept of public service. This leads us the to observe the failure of the notion of public service as the basis of the health system in French law. Since the 2000s, the emergence of the concept of the health system in domestic health law, as well as the influence of European Union law on the design of public service in the field of social and health services, have led to the renewal of the role of the public service in the domain of health. Public service then gradually became an instrument for organizing the health system through its legal regime. In this sense, the reintroduction of the concept of public health service, operated by the Touraine law of January 26, 2016, appears paradoxical. The shift to an exclusively functional public service approach in health involves defining and building "service to the public" missions within the health system

Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt.
This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.

Developing a cohort of competent managers and leaders is a perennial problem in the hospitality industry. This thesis seeks to address this problem by identifying the personal characteristics, attributes and features that impact upon on career progression and success. The impact of these phenomena will be explained by a constructivist model. The model will incorporate a range of phenomena such as: behaviours (for example, career management and development practices); skills and competencies (for example, emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence); and socioeconomic variables (for example, family background, size, and structure, current domestic arrangements, education, employment history, amongst others).

The current study investigated what factors appear to drive the career decision-making of Thai and Australian tourism and hospitality students. This study was conducted to identify various factors that Thai and Australian students perceived to play an important role in their decision to seek a career in the industry. It also sought to understand the way these factors impacted on Thai and Australians’ career decision-making and how their cultural interpretations influenced their decision-making.

The majority of firms begin as family businesses (FBs) and are considered to be the lifeblood of any economy. Any business which is owned and operated by an individual, couple or family is considered to be a family business. The mutual impact of family on business and business on family differentiates the field of family business studies from others. Throughout history and all over the world, families and businesses have always been integrated. The business provides income to the family, and the family may provide paid and unpaid labour. Moreover, the family system contributes to business additional resources such as money, space, equipment, and other factors of production. From this point of view, family could be considered as the key resource for the family business. Further, business and family interface plays a critical role in determining family responses to business and vice-versa. Enrichments and conflicts occur in both domains impact not only within the specific domain but also on interactions of domains. Hence, in order to identify the behaviour of family and its impacts on a business, several theories and models have been developed. However, there is a notable research gap in the literature in that, to date, no specific model has been proposed to determine the impact of a business-family interface in terms of both conflict and enrichment on the relationship between business and family. Thus, this study was undertaken to address the lack of research pertaining to the various influences of family on family business success including: the merging of family business with other disciplines, the business-family interface of family business owners, the factors that mediate and moderate family and business relationships, the family business owner of small and privately held family business, in a non-western context, and family business in the tourism industry. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of family dynamics on family business success, the mediation of business-family interface, and the moderating effects of owner and business attributes on family and business of small scale family business in the tourism industry in Sri Lanka.

Why do temporary foreign workers employed in the British Columbia hospitality sector have difficulty enforcing their workplace rights? Using the themes of people, place and time, this thesis explores the demand and supply of migrant workers in the British Columbia hospitality sector, and the challenges temporary foreign workers face at the intersection of immigration law, employment law, occupational health and safety law, and workers’ compensation law. The thesis argues that the low-skilled Temporary Foreign Worker Program shifts the negative consequences of unfair working conditions and workplace health and safety risks over people, place and time: from Canadian workers and employers onto temporary foreign workers; from Canada to elsewhere; and from the present into the future. Workplace rights are not enough for hospitality sector workers, what is needed is better tools for the enforcement of those rights.
Graduate

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between socio-demographic variables, promotion and appropriate leadership style in the hospitality industry in China and Australia. In doing so it responds to the Australian Government’s recent review of hospitality training and the industry’s recognition of the need for strong, high-calibre leadership in an industry that is a major contributor to GDP. Investigation of leadership styles in China and Australia is particularly relevant in the context of a new free trade agreement between the two countries and the potential for growth in the tourism sector. The current study is a transnational, cross-cultural investigation of the relationship between leaders’ socio-demographic characteristics, leadership style, and their subsequent career progression in the hospitality industry in Australia and China. A quantitative method (i.e. a survey of four- and five-star internationally branded hotels) and positivist approach were taken to collect and analyse the data. A two-part questionnaire utilising the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was distributed in English in Australia and translated into Chinese for distribution in China. The sample of 1,000 participants consisted of 500 from each country. A suite of differential statistics were employed to identify differences between cohorts based upon; age, level of education, ethnicity, family composition, rank, relationship status and sex. Data filtering was undertaken to quarantine out age, rank and sex differences to further assess three key homogenised cohorts of managers in both Australia and China. The study, as the first of its kind in a hospitality context, makes numerous contributions to the existing knowledge base. First, it provided a comprehensive and critical analysis of the development of leadership theory and its inadequate application in the hospitality industry. Second, it identified the effect of leaders’ socio-demographic attributes on the factors in the Full Range Leadership Model. Third, the impact of leadership style on career outcomes were investigated. Finally, it identified differences, and possible explanations for them, between Chinese and Australian leaders and between male and female leadership styles. The study concluded that leadership remains a complex issue, and contrary to previous research, contingent reward styles appeared to be preferred as the best approach to leadership in a hospitality setting, in both Australia and China. The transactional element of Contingent Reward showed a very strong correlation with transformational leadership styles reinforcing emerging research and affirming its role as a positive aspect of modern hospitality management. The findings identified that there were more similarities between males and females than differences. However, Australian males and females were more transformational than their Chinese counterparts. In light of the findings, Australians have gained a deeper understanding of how Chinese approach leadership. This is of benefit to Australia in terms of becoming more ‘China literate’ and, therefore, job-mobile – two key areas of focus in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade’s ‘Vision 2025: China strategy’. From a Chinese perspective, the research provides an opportunity for potential migrants and hospitality and tourism investors alike to understand the differences between China and Australia in terms of leadership and how this may affect working relationships. The research has produced key insights for the academic community, leaders and managers working in hotels and the hospitality industry. For the academic community, it raises questions about the type of training that can best equip graduates to respond to the needs of the industry. For industry, it highlights the determinants of desirable leadership practices in the context of growing convergence of hospitality management education and practice across national boundaries as the operations and standards of transnational corporations become universally accepted.

Despite the importance to and influence of Kant’s work on contemporary moral and political philosophy, little has been written concerning the possible application of Kant’s moral and political principles to the issue of refugee right. Such lack of exploration seems even more surprising in light of recent refugee crises making headlines across the globe. This thesis constructs a Kantian account of refugee right by examining and applying the Kantian principles of the law of hospitality and the original right to a place on Earth, while balancing these rights against the right of nations to self-determination. As such, this thesis starts with a thorough analysis of Kant’s moral and political framework, drawing from both the Doctrine of Right and Perpetual Peace. The law of hospitality and original right to a place on Earth are explicated and drawn upon to construct a concept of refugee right in accordance with Kant’s Principle of Right and wider principles of freedom. Then the scope of the thesis is broadened to examine how such a refugee right could realistically be implemented across the globe at the level of international relations and law. After careful examination of Kant’s views on sovereignty and self-determination, it is found that nations cannot be coerced to follow laws as individuals can. As a result, Kant’s admittedly vaguer concept of moral progress will be found to be an essential factor with regard to the realisation of - a refugee right.
Thesis (MPhil) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2021

Electronic Funds Transfer (‘EFT’) as a modern, global consumer payment method continues to expand rapidly by comparison with credit cards and traditional paper-based forms of payment. The core issue addressed in this thesis is a controversial one: the fair allocation of liability between the consumer and financial institution in the event of a disputed or unauthorised EFT transaction. The purpose of this study is considered especially apposite in view of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission’s (‘ASIC’) imminent review of the self-regulating Australian EFT Code of Conduct (‘EFT Code’) and both the increasing incidence of reported unauthorised EFT transactions and in noncompliance by EFT financial institutions with the EFT Code. It is also an important study because of the rapid recent growth in EFT transaction volume and the continued expansion of EFT products and services compared to other payment instruments, which are in a corresponding decline. Moreover, there has been no previous study or review of the current Australian EFT Code, which was revised in 2002. In the EFT payments system, consumers are exposed to risks quite different from those in traditional payments instruments. These include flaws in the various methods employed by financial institutions for the distribution of EFT cards and PINs, problems adducing unequivocal evidence in the event of unauthorised use of the instrument and systemic errors and technical malfunctions in processing EFT transactions. Furthermore, the distinct nature of electronic authentication using an electronic device and secret code makes the general common law principles dealing with handwritten signature authentication in the case of paper instruments (eg, by analogy with a forged cheque) particularly unhelpful. In order to address these controversies, this thesis presents an integrated multi-disciplinary analysis of EFT regulation in Australia in an attempt to identify the efficacy of current EFT regulatory arrangements as well as to appraise the merits of different EFT regulatory options to attain a more optimal and efficient regulatory regime for the future. The adapted multi-disciplines include comparative law method, economic criteria and regulation theory methods, as well as ethical, social and administrative considerations. The two (2) EFT regulations which are the subject of this comparative study are the Australian EFT Code and the US EFT Act. The latter was chosen for comparative purposes as it is a rare example of a formal legislative response to the above core issues and risks, which the EFT system in the USA has in common with Australia. Unlike the US EFT Act, for example, which has a relatively simple and administratively convenient approach to apportioning fault, the self-regulating Australian EFT Code essentially shares the burden of proof between the financial institution and the consumer in most instances. The consequence of the EFT Code’s ambiguous, undefined and multi-layered legal tests and guidelines for determining the allocation of liability to either consumer or financial institution is that it leaves the Australian Banking Industry Ombudsman (‘ABIO’), as the independent and preferred adjudicator of Australian EFT disputes, with the difficult and arbitrary task of hearing contrasting arguments and weighing the inconclusive evidence led by both sides before then seeking to reach a fair and equitable finding on the ‘balance of probabilities’. Indeed, the practical application of the EFT Code is extremely difficult and confusing, as the ABIO regularly observes in its annual reports and is almost always evident in its actual case examples. The task undertaken in this thesis to research and analyse these difficult and complex regulatory issues is both helped and hindered by another important issue: the lack of literature on consumer EFT regulation. Helped, because it represents a unique opportunity to embark upon such a study afresh, and, hindered, because little benefit can be derived from previous studies and hence there are no foundations upon which to build or progress the debate, the research and the analysis. Accordingly, the significant gaps in this area provide a rare occasion to explore these contemporary and contentious issues using multi-disciplinary techniques. As is argued in this thesis, the current regulatory arrangements in Australia are ineffective on several grounds. In particular, in: (i) efficiently settling disputed or unauthorised EFT transactions; (ii) ensuring compliance by financial institutions; and (iii) legal enforcement of its provisions. Ultimately, in consequence of this study, it is concluded that to improve consumer confidence and institutional compliance, as well as to arrest rising fraud and illegality, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive review and reform of EFT regulation in Australia. In order to design and formulate a more efficient or optimal regulatory regime, a more rigorous analysis beyond a straight legal studies approach needs to be undertaken. In this sense, the multi-disciplinary research and analytic approach adapted in this study is an integrated approach with the intention that it will not only drive the debate on an appropriate EFT regulatory framework forward, but ultimately with its 48 findings and 25 specific recommendations, also serve as a workable framework with some actual pragmatic criteria on which to assess different EFT regulatory and policy options.

O turismo das cidades é um dos segmentos com maior e mais rápido crescimento em todo o mundo e a sua natureza mutável torna-se cada vez mais evidente em muitas cidades incluindo a cidade de Lisboa. O acesso à informação através de dispositivos móveis é constante e os turistas procuram encontrar e consumir experiências locais onde a interação com os residentes torna-se um aspeto importante. Embora o impacto das TIC (tecnologias de informação e comunicação) na indústria do turismo assim como no comportamento dos turistas e nas experiências de viagens tenha sido reconhecido, a implicação deste novo tipo de turismo urbano necessita de mais atenção por parte dos gestores das cidades (Bock, 2015).Foi realizado um estudo de caso conforme um plano de investigação flexível (Robson, 2002), envolvendo 191 sujeitos, através de uma sequência de métodos mistos (quali-quanti) em duas fases, através das quais foram identificados os aspetos percecionados mais importantes – e reveladas as dimensões latentes determinantes - para a satisfação dos turistas e para a qualidade de vida na cidade. Esta investigação apresenta a conceção de uma plataforma tecnológica de interação, inovação e controlo do desempenho da atividade do turismo na cidade de Lisboa baseada na metodologia Living Labs (Ståhlbröst e Holst, 2012), aplicada em conformidade com o Just-in- Time Brand Model (Rosa e Mendes, 2015) para a gestão e inovação das marcas, e com recurso a métodos de cocriação, envolvendo turistas (visitantes), e restantes stakeholders da cidade. Permite-se assim inovar em cocriação e gerir mais eficazmente a cidade de Lisboa enquanto marca diferenciadora para o destino turístico.
The tourism of cities is one of the segments with the highest and fastest growth in the world and its changing nature becomes increasingly apparent in many cities including Lisbon. Access to information through mobile devices is constant and tourists seek to find and consume local experiences where interaction with residents becomes an important aspect. Although the impact of ICT (information and communication technologies) in the tourism industry as well as in the behavior of tourists and the travel experiences has been recognized, the implication of this new type of urban tourism needs more attention from managers of cities (Bock, 2015).A case study was carried out in agreement with a flexible research plan (Robson, 2002),involving 191 subjects, through a sequence of mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) in two stages through which the most important perceived aspects were identified - and revealed the decisive latent dimensions - for the satisfaction of tourists and quality of life in the city. This research presents the design of a technology platform for interaction, innovation and performance control of the tourism activities in Lisbon based on the Living Labs methodology (Ståhlbröst and Holst, 2012), applied in accordance with the Just-in-Time Brand Model (Rosa and Mendes, 2015) for the management and innovation of brands, and with co-creative methods, involving tourists (visitors), and other stakeholders of the city. It thus enables innovation in co-creation and more effectively management of the city of Lisbon as a differentiated brand for the touristic destination.

La pratique de la médecine en centre hospitalier est encadrée par une variété de normes qui résultent en un contrôle des activités cliniques du médecin. Ce mémoire présente une analyse du régime instauré par la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux et ses règlements afin de dégager les différents mécanismes de contrôle des activités du médecin exerçant en centre hospitalier. La pratique du médecin sera fonction de son intégration à la structure administrative du centre hospitalier, telle que notamment prévue par un plan d’organisation et des ressources et un plan des effectifs médicaux et dentaires. Ces plans contiennent des balises générales qui auront à être considérées par l’établissement dès le recrutement de médecins et témoignent d’une préoccupation du législateur d’assurer une distribution cohérente de l’offre de soins et de services de santé à l’échelle de la province. Le rattachement du médecin à un département par l’octroi d’un statut et de privilèges de pratique rendra applicable une normativité particulière, mise en œuvre par le chef de département clinique, par exemple la liste de garde et les règles d’utilisation des ressources médicales et matérielles. La validité et les effets de la pratique par laquelle les médecins réaménagent entre eux l’exécution des obligations qui leur incombent par des ententes variées sera également abordée à la lumière de récents développements jurisprudentiels sur la question. La mise en place d’un mécanisme de traitement des plaintes et d’une procédure disciplinaire en centre hospitalier sera également abordée ainsi que la situation des différentes parties impliquées, tant en ce qui a trait aux garanties juridiques applicables que relativement à la possibilité de recours administratifs ou auprès du Tribunal administratif du Québec.
The practice of medicine in a hospital center is subordinate to the application of various rules purporting to the control of the clinical activities of physicians. This thesis intends to offer a detailed analysis of the regulatory framework as provided for in the Act respecting health services and social services and its by-laws. The main objective is to layout the administrative and disciplinary mechanisms of control of the clinical activities of physicians. Following his appointment, the physician will take place in an administrative structure as delineated in the organization plan and medical staffing plan of the hospital. These plans are guidelines to be considered by the institutions while recruiting physicians, and tend to show a legislative intent to efficiently allocate the offer for health care services throughout the province of Quebec. The physician’s reporting to a clinical department gives rise to the application of specific regulations set up by the department head such as the duty roster or the rules governing the use of medical and material resources of the department. This study will address the validity of various agreements by the means of which physicians adjust the execution of their obligations, in the light of recent developments in case-law. The law provides for a disciplinary procedure as well as a procedure relating to the examination of complaints concerning a physician. This study will also address the due process applicable, the situation of the concerned parties, as well as the possibility of recourse to the Quebec Administrative Tribunal.

Au Mali, une loi hospitalière a été adoptée en 2002 pour définir le cadre institutionnel d’une réforme majeure. Cette loi a décrété des transformations substantielles de la structure interne, tant administrative que clinique des établissements publics hospitaliers notamment l’implication des populations locales dans la prise de décision de l’établissement, l’autonomie administrative et financière à travers la délégation budgétaire et l’implication des professionnels de santé à la gestion, l’intégration des services de spécialité et la participation du secteur privé au service public hospitalier. Cependant, la capacité des hôpitaux à réussir les transformations prévues a été remise en question par la majorité des acteurs internes et externes. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier de quelle manière l’hôpital malien se transforme sous la pression de la décentralisation des pouvoirs de l’État et d’étudier comment les groupes d’acteurs réagissent face à ces changements à partir de deux cadres d’analyse. Le premier cadre intègre les caractéristiques essentielles des transformations hospitalières en termes de différents types de décentralisation et le second cadre inspiré des travaux de Crozier et coll. (1977) analyse les jeux de pouvoir entre les groupes d’acteurs hospitaliers selon deux niveaux à savoir un niveau stratégique et systémique. Pour cela, nous avons conduit une étude multiple de deux cas et utilisé trois modes de collecte des données à savoir les entrevues semi-structurées auprès des informateurs clés, l’analyse documentaire, et l’observation lors de réunions. Dans un premier temps, les analyses ont révélé pour les changements intervenus dans la structure, selon l’importance des responsabilités attribuées à l’hôpital public, (1) plusieurs variantes de la décentralisation. Globalement, l’intention politique était focalisée sur une délégation puis une déconcentration et une dévolution; les mécanismes mis en place ont penché plus vers une déconcentration puis une délégation et une dévolution tandis que les transformations réellement effectuées dans les établissements publics hospitaliers ont plutôt confirmé une déconcentration en plus d’une délégation particulièrement dans le cas de l’implication des populations locales dans la gestion hospitalière. Tandis que l’hôpital public pouvait faire des recettes à partir du recouvrement partiel des coûts des soins auprès des usagers, l’État gardait une main forte sur la gestion financière et la gestion du personnel, et définissait les directives et les objectifs à poursuivre. (2) Les analyses apportent une compréhension des liens existant entre les différents éléments du processus de réforme, le type de mécanisme mis en place dans le cadre de la réforme semble déterminer le type de transformation effectué selon les fonctions que peut assurer l’hôpital public. La logique traduit le passage de la délégation vers une déconcentration qui est jugée comme étant la forme la moins poussée d’une décentralisation. Dans un deuxième temps, les résultats confirment la présence de conflit entre les normes professionnelles établies et reconnues par les professionnels de santé et les normes organisationnelles et institutionnelles mises en avant par la réforme. Elles sont défendues par la majorité des gestionnaires qui sont imputables face aux autorités alors que les normes professionnelles dominent dans les services cliniques. Les deux cas ont mis en évidence le soutien de leur direction générale, il existait une tension dans les réactions des médecins, qui a été variable selon le type de changement structurel visé, tandis que les infirmiers se sont montrés plutôt accessibles face aux nouvelles mesures introduites par la réforme. L’une des originalités de cette thèse tient au fait que très peu de travaux sur les pays en développement ont tenté d’opérationnaliser de façon multidimensionnelle les concepts de décentralisation avant d’analyser les variantes susceptibles d’exister entre eux et les stratégies développées par les groupes d’acteurs de l’hôpital. En outre, alors que la pertinence de la prise en compte des caractéristiques du contexte organisationnel dans la mise en place des réformes des systèmes de soins est au cœur des préoccupations, ce travail est l’un des premiers à analyser l’influence de l’interaction entre le processus de réforme hospitalière et les prises de position des acteurs. Les résultats de cette thèse fournissent des recommandations aux décideurs politiques et aux gestionnaires quant aux modes de changement structurel à privilégier ou en éviter dans la planification, l’exécution et la mise en œuvre du processus de réforme hospitalière en fonction des caractéristiques du contexte organisationnel sanitaire. La planification de la réforme est essentielle : Élaborer un projet d’établissement discuté et validé par l’ensemble des acteurs de l’hôpital. Ce projet doit être compatible avec les objectifs du schéma d’organisation sanitaire nationale et déterminer les moyens en personnel et en équipements, dont l’hôpital doit disposer pour réaliser ses objectifs. Concevoir un cadre budgétaire et financier hospitalier flexible (qui va alléger la chaine de prise de décision), sur lequel reposera le nouveau système de gestion des hôpitaux. La capacité de mobilisation et d’exécution des ressources hospitalières devrait renforcer l’autonomie de gestion. Enfin, promouvoir une culture de l’évaluation et faciliter les évaluations périodiques de la mise en œuvre de la réforme hospitalière par des organismes d’évaluation externes et indépendants.
In Mali, a hospital law was passed in 2002 to define the institutional framework of a major reform. This law decreed substantial transformation of the internal structure, both administrative and clinical public hospitals including the involvement of local people in decision making of the establishment, administrative and financial autonomy through the delegation and the budget involvement of health professionals in the management, integration services and specialty private sector participation in the public hospital. However, the ability of hospitals to achieve the planned changes has been questioned by the majority of internal and external stakeholders. The objective of this thesis was to study how the hospital in Mali have been transformed turns under the pressure of the decentralization of state powers and to study how groups of actors are responding to these changes from two analytical frameworks. The first part incorporates the essential characteristics of hospital transformations in terms of different types of decentralization and the second part inspired by the work of Crozier and al. (1977) analysis the power games between groups of actors hospital at two levels namely strategic and systemic levels. For this, we conducted a study of two cases multiple studies we used three modes of data collection ie semi-structured interviews with key informants, document analysis, and observation during meetings. Initially, the analyzes revealed for the changes in the structure, depending on the size of the assigned responsibilities to the public hospital, (1) several variants of decentralization. Overall, the intent was focused on a political delegation and deconcentration and devolution, the mechanisms put in place have swung more towards devolution and delegation and devolution while the transformations actually worked in public hospitals have tended to confirm a deconcentration and more particularly of a delegation in the case of the involvement of local people in hospital management. While the public hospital could make revenue from the partial recovery of costs of care among users, the state kept a strong hand on financial management and personnel management, and defined guidelines and objectives to be pursued. (2) They provide an understanding of the linkages between different elements of the reform process, the type of mechanism put in place as part of the reform seems to determine the type of processing performed according to the functions that can ensure the public hospital. The logic reflects a shift from the delegation to a devolution which is judged as the least advanced form of decentralization. In a second step, the results confirm the presence of conflict between professional standards and recognized by health professionals and institutional and organizational standards put forward by the reform. They are defended by the majority of managers who are facing due to the authorities while the professional standards prevailing in clinical services. Both cases have highlighted the support of their general direction, there was a tension in the reactions of doctors, which was variable depending on the type of structural change aimed at, while nurses were rather accessible face of new measures introduced by the reform. A unique feature of this thesis is that very little work on developing countries have attempted to operationalize a multidimensional concepts of decentralization before analyzing the variations that may exist between them and the strategies developed by stakeholder groups of the hospital. Furthermore, while the relevance of taking into account the characteristics of organizational context in the implementation of reforms is at the heart of care concerns, this work is one of the first to analyze the influence of the interaction between the process of hospital reform and the positions of the actors. The results of this thesis provide recommendations to policy makers and managers on the modes of structural change to favor or avoid in planning, execution and implementation of hospital reform process based on the characteristics of organizational context health. Planning reform is essential: Develop a school plan discussed and validated by all stakeholders of the hospital. This project must be compatible with the objectives of a national health organization and determine how personnel and equipment, which the hospital must have to achieve its objectives. Designing a fiscal and financial flexibility hospital (which will reduce the chain of decision making), upon which a new system of hospital management. Capacity for mobilization and execution of hospital resources should empower management. Finally, promoting a culture of evaluation and facilitate periodic evaluations of the implementation of hospital reform by agencies external and independent evaluation.