Academic literature on the topic 'Law – Middle East – Sources'
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Journal articles on the topic "Law – Middle East – Sources"
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Papi, Ramin, Sara Attarchi, Ali Darvishi Boloorani, and Najmeh Neysani Samany. "Characterization of Hydrologic Sand and Dust Storm Sources in the Middle East." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 15352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215352.
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Due to diverse hydroclimatic conditions and human interventions, the Middle East hosts a variety of active sources of sand and dust storms (SDS). Discrimination of different types of SDS sources is the most important factor for adopting optimal mitigation measures to combat SDS. This study employed a binary mask-based modeling framework to identify Middle East SDS sources. Accordingly, using time series of remotely sensed data of land surface and atmospheric aerosol parameters, SDS sources covering an area of 1 million Km2 were identified with an overall accuracy of 82.6%. Considering the type of land use and spatial-temporal changes in water bodies, SDS sources were categorized into seven types in terms of origin. Desert sources have the largest share (>79%), whereas hydrologic sources accounted for about 8.4%. The results showed that water bodies had a declining trend after 2000. The occurrence of two severe drought periods in 2000–2001 and 2007–2012 led to a 52% decrease in water bodies and a 14–37% increase in SDS emission compared to the pre-2000 period. The latter drought period also led to a sharp decrease in groundwater resources across the region. Our results revealed that natural circumstances and drought actively contribute to the depletion of water resources that led to the formation of SDS sources in the Middle East, while the role of anthropogenic factors is predominant in the case of hydrologic SDS sources.
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Badawy, Tarek. "The General Principles of Islamic Law as the Law Governing Investment Disputes in the Middle East." Journal of International Arbitration 29, Issue 3 (June 1, 2012): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2012016.
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The recent collapse of certain Arab regimes and the subsequent rise to power of Islamic parties that call for the general application of Islamic law (sharia) will certainly generate debates about the compatibility of sharia with modern principles of justice. The uncertainty surrounding the seriousness of these politicians' calls and the general lack of knowledge about sharia among western lawyers and investors increase the worries of foreign companies regarding their projects in the Middle East. This article provides its readers with information about the principles of contract law under sharia, and demonstrates how investors who are forced to accept sharia as the law governing their disputes - either in the context of an international arbitration or a regular state court - will likely receive equal, if not more, protection than the safeguards offered by international law. The article starts by demonstrating how the sources of Islamic law sanction arbitration. It further explores some of the unique rules of contract law under sharia (e.g., lack of procedural formalities, and the negation of state immunity), that give certain privileges to foreign investors. Such particular rules allow investors to resort to legal tricks - known as hiyal - to circumvent certain prohibitions pertaining to the charging of interest. The article's main conclusion is that should the principles of sharia be properly applied to investment disputes in the Middle East, foreign investors will likely receive more protection against abusive nationalization than they would under international law. Having said that, the possible application of Islamic law to state contracts remains uncertain at this stage, albeit not unlikely.
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Ahmed, Faiz. "Courts and Constitutions in South Asia and the Global South: A View from the Middle East." Law and History Review 41, no. 2 (May 2023): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073824802200058x.
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AbstractNot long ago, the study of comparative law in U.S. law schools was dominated by North American and European constitutional systems. Thanks to the contributions of a new generation of legal historians, including those canvassed in this special issue, the landscape is changing. In this special issue, scholars of courts and constitutions in twentieth century Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, India, and Nepal have come together to share novel sources, perspectives, and analyses of significant constitutional experiments in the Global South, specifically twentieth century South Asia. This afterword reflects on these important scholarly contributions by highlighting common threads and divergences in the case studies presented in this volume—from the perspective of a legal historian of the late Ottoman Empire and modern Middle East. Ultimately, the author concludes that the articles in this special issue persuasively stamp modern South Asian legal history “on the map” not only for specialists of this large and populous region, but for students and scholars of comparative constitutionalism and global legal history more broadly.
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Painter, Kenneth. "The Traprain Law Treasure and ‘Irish Pirates’." Antiquaries Journal 92 (July 5, 2012): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581512000121.
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The treasure of Roman Hacksilber from Traprain Law, a massive hill fort east of Edinburgh, has been interpreted since its publication in 1923 by Alexander Curle as an illustration of the last days of Roman Britain, and as having been broken up by Irish pirates or raiders in or about ad 405. The attribution resulted from an attempt to link historical or semi-historical sources, in particular about the Irish hero Niall of the Nine Hostages and St Patrick, with an archaeological discovery. Modern scholarship, however, has shown that Niall and St Patrick are to be dated to the middle or late fifth century, not to the late fourth and early fifth century, and so the argument that the Traprain Law treasure was connected with ‘Irish pirates’ fails.
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Shakhatreh, Hisham. "COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN JORDAN AND THE MIDDLE EAST." Public Administration and Law Review, no. 2(18) (June 30, 2024): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36690/2674-5216-2024-2-51-66.
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This article provides a comprehensive comparison of commercial dispute resolution mechanisms across Jordan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Egypt. With the increasing globalization of business and the growth of foreign investments in the Middle East, an effective and efficient legal framework for dispute resolution is critical. The primary goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of commercial dispute resolution mechanisms in Jordan and key Middle Eastern countries, with the aim of understanding their impact on the business climate and investor confidence in the region. The research employs a comparative analysis approach, drawing on a variety of sources including legal texts, case studies, and interviews with legal experts and business professionals from Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Egypt. This comparative analysis examines the similarities and differences in the dispute resolution frameworks of these four countries, focusing on judicial processes, arbitration practices, and the adoption of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods. All four nations share a common legal heritage influenced by Islamic Sharia law and have adopted international standards such as the UNCITRAL Model Law to modernize their arbitration systems. Each country has established specialized commercial courts to expedite the resolution of business disputes and is a signatory to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, facilitating cross-border enforcement of decisions. However, there are distinct differences shaped by local legal and economic policies. For instance, the UAE features a dual judicial system that includes Sharia-influenced local courts and common law-based courts in its free zones, which are absent in the other three countries. The study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each jurisdiction's dispute resolution mechanism and discusses ongoing reforms aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of legal processes. This analysis not only aids in understanding each country's approach to dispute resolution but also serves as a guide for international businesses and investors considering operations in these regions.
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Peerenboom, Randall. "China and the Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa." Middle East Law and Governance 3, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2011): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633711x591549.
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The 2011 revolutions in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) led to considerable hope for some people that China would experience a similar political uprising, as well as considerable anxiety for the ruling regime. The government’s immediate response was to downplay the risk of a similar event occurring in China by distinguishing between China and MENA, while at the same time cracking down on activists and other potential sources of instability—including attempts to organize popular revolutionary protests in China. Although the government has so far managed to avoid a similar uprising, neither response has been entirely successful. Despite a number of significant diff erences between China and MENA countries, there are enough commonalities to justify concerns about political instability. Moreover, relying on repression alone is not a long-term solution to the justified demands of Chinese citizens for political reforms and social justice. Whether China will ultimately be able to avoid the fate of authoritarian regimes in MENA countries will turn on its ability to overcome a series of structural challenges while preventing sudden and unpredictable events, like those that gave rise to the Arab revolutions, from spinning out of control.
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Kadarudin, Kadarudin. "PORTRAITS IN INDONESIA: INTERNATIONAL REFUGEES FACE UNCERTAIN FUTURE (A STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW)." Veritas et Justitia 4, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25123/vej.2920.
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This paper discusses the issue of refugees from an international law perspective. It is known that Indonesia is not a party to either the 151 Refugee Convention as well as the 1967 Protocol, but mostly as transit country house a number of refugees running away from conflict areas in Myanmar, the Middle East and Afghanistan. This legal research employs a juridical normative method. By tracking down and analyzing all relevant legal sources it is revealed that Indonesia’s treatment of refuges is based on the general obligation to protect and honor human rights (on the basis of international minimum standard). It is further recommended that Indonesia should actively support the global compact on refugees.
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Iannario, Eleonora. "Shaping Citizenship in a Globalized World." McGill GLSA Research Series 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/glsars.v2i1.181.
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Citizenship and membership in a nation state may constitute a significant element of identity. Every society looks for the legitimacy of the principles governing it within its own origins. Therefore, cultural diversity is synonymous with juridical and ethical difference, which can range from the recognition of several sources of legitimacy of law to a different relationship between these sources. In the legal sphere, each society’s constant pursuit of its own origins has its greatest expression in the rules of citizenship chosen. For example, the provision of citizenship tests within the EU Member States’ naturalization policies bears witness to this attitude, strengthening the requirements to obtain the citizenship. In fact, during the last decade, the European Union has experienced the rise of test-based forms of integration and this indicates the adaptation of the legal system to increasing flows of migration. Similarly, in the Middle East, the State of Israel represents a paradigmatic case of how the survival of cultural ties is nowadays maintained in granting citizenship. This also highlights how the national law adapts to the historical context in order to allow the respect of economic, political and social rights. Against the perceived Jewish diaspora, indeed, the State of Israel established the Law of Return (ḥok ha-shvūt), namely every Jew has the right to return and obtain, along with citizenship, other facilities to rebuild his life there (‘aliyah). Could these two approaches from Western Europe and the Middle East testify to a strong state sovereignty in choosing their ideal citizens? In conclusion, the purpose of the paper is to show how naturalization policies are deeply influenced by historical, cultural and social elements. Could therefore these naturalization systems be considered anachronistic in the context of the XXI century globalized world?
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OMRAN, Hossein. "Transformation of Ukraine’s trade relations in the Middle East and Africa." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 122, no. 3 (June 24, 2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2022(122)10.
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Introduction. On February 24, 2022, the territory of Ukraine was attacked by the Russian Federation, and for the fourth month the country’s economy has been under the destructive influence of this aggression. Problem. At the stage of post-war reconstruction, which begins in various regions of Ukraine as soon as active hostilities cease, it will be important to restore the stable functioning of Ukrainian industries and return to international markets of major domestic exporters. Increasing the effectiveness of foreign trade is one of the main sources of financial resources to fill the budgets of different levels. The aim of the article is to identify the changes in Ukraine’s trade cooperation with the states of the Middle East and Africa in the post-war reconstruction. Methods. A set of complementary methods of scientific identification of economic processes and phenomena is applied: system-structural, comparative and statistical analysis, as well as process, information and institutional approaches. Results. The conditions and factors of development of each of the countries of the Middle East and North Africa lead to the formation of its own trajectory of trade ties with Ukraine. In order to determine the prospects and strategic priorities in the formation of relations with these countries, a comparative analysis of trade cooperation with each of them. The calculated indicators demonstrate the importance of the region's markets as strategic, their loss may have a negative impact on Ukraine’s balance of payments, especially in martial law and further post-war reconstruction. Conclusions. Solutions that can ensure the rapid recovery of Ukraine should combine existing support instruments, as well as the process of forming a comprehensive long-term approach to the planning and implementation of national economic interests.
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Tsiouri, Vasiliki, Konstantinos E. Kakosimos, and Prashant Kumar. "Concentrations, sources and exposure risks associated with particulate matter in the Middle East Area—a review." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 8, no. 1 (July 12, 2014): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-014-0277-4.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Law – Middle East – Sources"
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Orzeck, Reecia. "On the Palestinian question A critique of international law." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Mansour, Imad. "The domestic sources of regional orders : explaining instability in the Middle East." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115631.
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This dissertation addresses the puzzle as to why some regions in the world are engulfed in militarized disputes among member states, while other regions live under peaceful conditions. It argues that domestic regime-societal management strategies have significant explanatory value to understand variance in regional orders. These domestic factors have largely been ignored in International Relations (IR) literature. A domestic politics-based analytical framework explains how states with inclusionary governing regimes (those which account for the interests of societal actors in policy formulation and consequently give them stakes in the survival of the regime) are more likely to move the regional order towards stability. On the other hand, states with exclusionary regimes (those which do not account for the interests of societal actors in policy formulation and consequently do not give them stakes in the survival of the regime) are more likely to push the regional order toward instability.The dissertation also addresses a frequently underexposed dimension of IR theory: exactly how do major powers influence regional orders? It argues that major powers penetrate regional states in support of either societal actors or regimes (and sometimes both). In that process major powers help alter the power asymmetries inside regional states affecting their preferences and strategies, and hence their behaviour towards the regional order.
The analytical framework is used to explain variations in Middle East regional orders through four paired comparisons of six states: Israel-Egypt, Israel-Turkey, Israel-Syria, and Iran-Saudi Arabia. The time frame under study is from 1950 to 2000. The change in the Middle East regional order post-1990 did not correspond in magnitude to the change in the international system, adding credibility to this framework which prioritizes domestic level variables in shaping regional orders.
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Elliot, Matthew. "The modernisation of male headgear in the inter-war Middle East." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299623.
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Molyneaux, M. E. "The impact of a change in political constitution on early Palestinian Judaism during the period 175-161 B.C.E." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53121.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study looks at a watershed period in the history of Judaism. In 175 B.C.E. a group of Jews sought to break Judaea out of the isolation in which it had stood since the Persian period. They wished to develop closer ties with their neighbours in Coele-Syria and Phoenicia and the Greek world in general. Since the Persian period the people of Judaea had been governed by high priests according to the 'ancestral laws' i.e. the Torah and its interpretation by Ezra. This 'ancestral law' had been confirmed as binding on all Jews by Antiochus III in his decree of 198 B.C.E. In order to move beyond the restrictions placed on contact between Jews and other peoples, it would be necessary to have the political status of Judaea changed. A change of political status could only be brought about by the king or one of his successors. In 175 B.C.E. a group of Jews requested Antiochus IV to permit them to transform Judaea from an ethnos into a polis. He agreed and the transformation was begun. It is these events of 175 B.C.E. that form the base of this study. The writer uses the model of Cultural Anthropology to form a framework in which these and subsequent events can be analysed. In this way we can get a better understanding of how events progressed. How a political reform ended in a religious suppression and persecution and finally a successful revolt against the Seleucid kingdom. The Torah and its interpretation stood at the center of Jewish life. Each group interpreted the law in their own way and understood events in relation to this interpretation. Therefore no analysis of this period can be undertaken without taking the law and its various interpretations into account. The law is the thread that holds all facets of this work together.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie handeloor 'n tydperk van waterskeiding in die geskiedenis van die Judaïsme. In 175 ve. wou 'n groep Jode in Palestina wegbreek uit die isolasie waarin hulle hulleself bevind het sedert die oorname deur die Persiese ryk. Hulle wou graag nouer bande met hulle buurstate en die Griekse wêreld aanknoop. Sedert die Persiese tydperk is die mense van Juda deur hëepriesters regeer, volgens die 'voorvaderlike wette', dws die Torah en sy vertolking volgens Esra. Alle Jode was gebind deur hierdie 'voorvaderlike wette' deur Antiogus III se dekreet van 198 ve. Indien die mense die beperkings teen kontak met ander volke sou wou ophef, sou dit nodig wees om die politieke status van Juda te verander. Net die koning of een van sy opvolgers kon die politieke status van Juda verander. In 175 ve. word Antiogus IV deur 'n groep Jode gevra om verlof om Jerusalem in 'n Griekse polis te omskep. Hy het ingestem en die omskepping het begin. Hierdie gebeurtenisse van 175 ve. vorm die basis van hierdie studie. Die skrywer gebruik die kutuur-antropologiese teoretiese model as raamwerk vir die ontleding van hierdie en opvolgende gebeurtenisse. Hierdie model stelons in staat om die ontwikkelinge in Juda beter te verstaan en meer spesifiek 'n antwoord op die volgende vraag te kry: "Hoekom het politieke hervorming tot godsdienstige verdrukking en vervolging aanleiding gegee en in die finale instansie tot 'n suksesvolle opstand teen die Seleukied koninkryk gelei?" Die Torah en sy vertolking het die sentrum van die Joodse lewe gevorm. Elke groep in Juda het die 'wet' op sy eie manier vertolk en ontwikkelinge in verband daarmee probeer verstaan. Daarom is dit nie moontlik om hierdie tydperk te bestudeer sonder 'n erkenning van die waarde van die 'wet' en sy verskillende vertolkings nie. Die 'wet' is die goue draad wat hierdie studie byeen hou.
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Hennen, Mark. "Identifying mineral dust emission sources in the Middle East using remote sensing techniques." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76801/.
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This investigation presents a new high-resolution mineral dust climatology for the Middle East, describing the dust emission source of over 27,000 dust emission events during the period 2006 – 2013. The inventory was derived from the dust RGB product of the Spinning Enhanced Visual and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) on-board Meteosat’s second-generation satellite (MSG). Mineral dust emissions were derived from visual inspection of the SEVIRI scenes, which have 4-5 km2 spatial and 15-minute temporal resolution. The location of every emission event was recorded in a database, along with time and trajectory of dust movement. This is an improvement on previous studies, which derive dust source areas from the daily observations of Aerosol Optical Depth whose maxima do not necessarily coincide with sources of emissions, producing more accurate information on the location of the important dust sources in the region. Results showed that dust sources are constrained to relatively small areas, with 23% of dust emissions generated from areas covering just 1% of the total land surface of the Middle East. Important sources include the Tigris-Euphrates flood plains of Iraq and Syria, Western and Northern Saudi Arabia and the Sistan Basin in Eastern Iran. The Tigris-Euphrates flood plain was the most active dust region, producing 37% of all dust events. Here, agricultural surfaces, especially those producing rain-fed wheat and barley appear to be particularly sensitive to drought conditions, with greatest dust emission frequency at the peak of the 2007 – 2009 drought – the most severe drought in instrumental history. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data was acquired from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrodiometer (MODIS) (MOD13A2) 1km database and correlated with dust emission frequency data in the region of greatest dust activity. These dust emission ‘hotspots’ showed a significant correlation between vegetation cover and dust emission frequency, with increased vegetation cover during non-drought years producing a marked decrease in dust emission frequency. The southern areas of the Arabian Peninsula recorded very few dust emission observations, contrasting directly to many previous studies, which do not use such high temporal resolution data. The activation and frequency of dust emissions are characterised by strong seasonality developing in response to specific synoptic conditions. ERA Interim reanalysis data were used to characterise synoptic conditions on identified dusty days, demonstrating a concurrent increase in dust emission frequency with intensifying summer (JJA) Shamal (northerly) winds over the Arabian Peninsula.
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Bin, Shabib Rashed Ahmed. "Tortious liability in the Sharia and modern Middle East law with particular reference to UAE law." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414296.
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Wolpe, Camille L. "State-building, Systemic Shocks and Family Law in the Middle East and North Africa." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/50.
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Family law regulates the formation of marriage, divorce, marital property rights, child custody, inheritance, and spousal duties. This study aims to demonstrate how family law formation in the Middle East and North Africa reflects the struggle among social and political forces to capture the state and assert authority. The balance of power between competing social forces impacts both the timing (short-term versus long-term struggle) and type (progressive or regressive) of family law after independence. The ability of one of two competing forces, broadly categorized as traditionalist versus modernist, to capture the state is necessary for codification and is predictive of family law content. Case studies reveal that systemic shocks (e.g. revolution, social unrest, or foreign intervention) tip the balance of power in favor of traditional or modernizing forces in the post-independence state-building process and facilitate the successful consolidation of power and the codification of family law.
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Pittman, Alexandra. "Transforming Constraint: Transnational Feminist Movement Building in the Middle East and North Africa." Thesis, Boston College, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2220.
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Thesis advisor: Ali BanuaziziThesis advisor: Sarah Babb
This dissertation focuses on the intersection of global and indigenous advocacy strategies in feminist women’s movements in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). I explore strategies of resistance and innovation in three contexts: (1) Globally, I analyze a sample of MENA NGOs in a transnational women’s rights network, Women’s Learning Partnership (WLP) and their interactions in the international funding sphere; (2) Domestically, I examine a local Moroccan NGO’s strategy development process and their domestic and regional partnerships when organizing to reform the Moudawana (1999-2004); and (3) Regionally, I analyze inter-organizational collaboration and coalition building between three NGOs in the Campaign to Reform Arab Women’s Nationality (2001-2008). I locate the dissertation in a feminist activist framework and draw from diverse data sources, including years of fieldwork with WLP (2004-2008); participant observation and notes from five transnational women’s rights meetings (2005-2008); a content analysis of a sample of international funders’ and MENA feminist NGOs’ websites; and two in-depth case studies with data derived from historical analysis, three months of fieldwork in Morocco, interviews with Moroccan, Lebanese, and regional activists, and secondary document analysis. The findings provide deeper clarity into the strategic action of MENA feminist movements and the variety of social, political, and economic forces that shape their discourses and practices for achieving social change and gender equality. The findings contribute to the scholarly literature on transnational feminism and social movements and its intersection with the law
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology
Discipline: Psychology
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Korkutan, Salih. "The sources of conflict in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin and its strategic consequences in the Middle East." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401450.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2001.Thesis advisor: Glenn E. Robinson. "December 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-91). Also available online.
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Germain-Piaulenne, Emeric. "Characterization of regional Middle Eastern methane sources using light hydrocarbon tracers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ016.
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Le méthane (CH4) est un puissant gaz à effet de serre (GES) et un levier important pour atténuer le réchauffement climatique dans un avenir proche. Comprendre ses sources est donc crucial, mais la fraction anthropique (60 %) semble être sous-estimée dans les inventaires où des incertitudes persistent à échelle régionale. Les réseaux de mesure tels que ICOS (pour les GES) et ACTRIS (pour les composés réactifs) fournissent des données qui pourraient être utilisées pour séparer les sources dans le temps et l'espace. Cependant, les approches permettant d'utiliser ces données de manière synergique manquent.Les incertitudes sur les émissions sont marquées en région Méditerranée orientale et Moyen-Orient (EMME). Elle est connue pour être sensible au changement climatique et à la pollution de l'air et se développe rapidement, entraînant d'importantes émissions de GES. Au Moyen-Orient, les émissions de CH4 liées au pétrole et au gaz (PG) sont supposées dominer les autres secteurs.Parmi les composés organiques volatils, les hydrocarbures non méthaniques (NMHC) tels que les alcanes légers sont co-émis avec le CH4 dans les chaînes d'exploitation PG. Ainsi, ils ont été identifiés comme traceurs pour caractériser les émissions de CH4 de ce secteur clé.Pour relever les défis posés en région EMME, ce travail de thèse s'est concentré sur la capacité des mesures atmosphériques source-récepteur de CH4/NMHC, à caractériser les émissions de CH4 de la région EMME.Un analyseur Picarro G2401 et deux chromatographes en phase gazeuse avec détecteur par ionisation de flamme ont été déployés lors de campagnes de terrain. Des ensembles de données ont été obtenus avec des observations colocalisées de GES et de NMHC (C2 à C12). Les signaux d'hydrocarbures sont ainsi utilisés pour identifier et caractériser les sources locales et régionales de CH4. Associées à la modélisation lagrangienne de l'atmosphère, ces mesures permettent d'étudier davantage la contribution du transport à longue distance et d'évaluer les inventaires d'émissions de CH4 en région EMME.Chypre est idéalement située pour documenter la composition chimique des masses d'air contrastées dans cette région. Les premières observations continues de CH4 ont été effectuées sur l'île entre février 2020 et novembre 2021 sur un site suburbain de la capitale, Nicosie. Les mesures de NMHC ont rejoint le CH4 en février 2021. Sur une période de plusieurs mois, entre périodes froide et chaude, cette campagne a permis d'évaluer la méthodologie des mesures combinées CH4/NMHC et de l'appliquer à l'étude des émissions locales.Ensuite, des mesures ont été effectuées au sud-est de Chypre entre décembre 2021 et février 2022. Cette campagne de 3 mois, mise en place dans un laboratoire mobile sur un site rural pendant l'hiver, visait à se concentrer sur les signaux régionaux provenant du Moyen-Orient (avec le moins d'interférences locales possible). Ce travail suggère que les émissions de l'amont de la chaîne PG sont sous-estimées de près de moitié dans la zone d'étude.Enfin, une campagne menée sur un navire de recherche de Vigo (Espagne) à Abu Dhabi (EAU) autour de la péninsule arabique en novembre-décembre 2022 a contribué à clarifier, documenter et évaluer les influences des émissions régionales. Elle a également identifié des cibles pour de futures recherches sur les émissions de CH4 et a montré que d'importantes divergences spatiales subsistent au sein de cette région spécifique, notamment dans l'estimation des émissions liées aux activités d'exploitation PG.Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus durant cette thèse ont permis d'étudier les sources d'émissions locales et régionales de CH4 en région EMME. Nous avons souligné l'importance des observations au sol pour comprendre ces émissions et cibler les efforts d'atténuation. L'utilisation des alcanes légers pour démêler les contributions sectorielles aux émissions de CH4 est prometteuse et devrait être appliquée à des mesures de surveillance à long termeMethane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) and an important lever for mitigating global warming in the near future. Understanding its sources is therefore crucial, yet the anthropogenic fraction (60 %) appears to be underestimated in inventories. CH4 emissions retain large uncertainties at a regional scale. Current measurement networks such as ICOS (for GHG) and ACTRIS (for reactive compounds) provide data that could ultimately be used to separate the sources in time and space. However, approaches to synergistically use these data are lacking.Uncertainties in emission rates are particularly marked in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME), where large emissions occur. This region is known to be sensitive to climate change, has major concerns about air pollution and is undergoing significant development and hence GHG emissions. In the Middle East, oil and gas (OG) related CH4 emissions are expected to dominate other emission sectors.Among the volatile organic compounds, Non-Methane HydroCarbons (NMHC) such as light alkanes, are co-emitted with CH4 in OG supply chains. Thus, they have been identified as relevant tracers for characterizing CH4 emissions from this key sector.To address the challenges posed in the EMME region, our research in this thesis has been focused on investigating the capability of combined CH4/NMHC set of atmospheric remote measurements with source-receptor methodology to deliver insight into the CH4 emissions of the EMME region.A high-precision Picarro G2401 analyzer and two gas chromatographs with flame ionization detector were deployed during several field campaigns in the EMME region. Extensive datasets were obtained with co-localized observations of GHG and NMHC (C2 to C12). They can be used to identify and characterise local and regional sources of CH4 using hydrocarbon trace gas signals. Combined with Lagrangian modelling of the atmosphere, they can be used to further investigate the contribution of long-range transport to local sources and to assess the accuracy of CH4 emission inventories in the EMME region.The island of Cyprus is ideally located to document the chemical composition of contrasted air masses in the EMME region. The first continuous CH4 observations were performed on the island between February 2020 and November 2021 at a suburban site of the capital, Nicosia. NMHC measurements joined CH4 in February 2021. Over a period of several months between cold and warm periods, this campaign enabled the combined CH4 and NMHC measurement methodology to be evaluated and applied to the study of specific local emissions.Secondly, measurements were performed at a background site at the southeastern edge of Cyprus between December 2021 and February 2022. This three-month campaign set up in a mobile laboratory at a rural site during the winter aimed to focus on long-range regional signals originating from the Middle East (with as little local interference as possible). This work suggests that Middle Eastern emissions from the upstream OG stage are underestimated by almost half in the study area.Finally, a campaign carried out from a research vessel from Vigo (Spain) to Abu Dhabi (UAE) and around the Arabian Peninsula in November-December 2022 help to clarify, document and assess the regional emission influences. It also identified targets for future research on CH4 emissions and showed the major spatial discrepancies remaining within this specific region, especially in the estimation of the emissions from fuel exploitation activities.Ultimately, the experimental results obtained during this thesis provide an assessment of local and regional CH4 emissions sources in the EMME region. We highlighted the importance of ground-based observations for understanding CH4 emissions and targeting mitigation efforts. The use of light alkanes to disentangle sectoral contributions to CH4 emissions is promising and should be applied to long-term monitoring measurements
Books on the topic "Law – Middle East – Sources"
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School, Yale Law. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: The Middle East 1916-2001 : a documentary record. New Haven, Conn: Avalon Project at Yale Law School, 2002.
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Kitchen, K. A. Treaty, law and covenant in the Ancient Near East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2012.
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Matthews, Victor Harold. Old Testament parallels: Laws and stories from the ancient Near East. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1991.
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Matthews, Victor Harold. Old Testament parallels: Laws and stories from the ancient Near East. New York: Paulist Press, 1991.
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Pendergast, Tom. The Middle East conflict. Detroit: UXL, 2005.
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Pendergast, Tom. The Middle East conflict. Detroit: UXL, 2005.
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D, Destani Bejtullah, ed. Minorities in the Middle East. Slough: Archive Editions, 2006.
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Hilary, Lewis Ruttley, Mallat Chibli, and Blezard Natalie, eds. Commercial law in the Middle East. London: Graham & Trotman, 1995.
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Felton, John. The contemporary Middle East: A documentary history. Washington, D.C: CQ Press, 2008.
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Lebanon. Business laws of the Middle East. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Law – Middle East – Sources"
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Olawuyi, Damilola S. "Nature and sources of climate change law and policy in the MENA region." In Climate Change Law and Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region, 3–20. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003044109-2.
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Cleveland, William L. "Sources of Arab Nationalism: An Overview." In The Middle East, 3–11. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003419044-2.
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Vasiliev, Alexey. "Sources of Messianism and pragmatism." In Russia’s Middle East Policy, 11–28. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Durham modern Middle East and Islamic world series; 46: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315121826-2.
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Hadad, Dina. "International Law in the Middle East." In Teaching International Law, 217–28. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003429265-20.
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Richards, Alan. "Long-Term Sources of Instability in the Middle East." In Critical Issues Facing the Middle East, 13–36. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403983206_2.
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Blanke, Gordon. "Liquidated damages in the Middle East." In Construction Law in the 21st Century, 181–97. London: Informa Law from Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032663975-16.
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Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. "Women, Marriage and the Law in Post-Revolutionary Iran." In Women in the Middle East, 59–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22588-0_3.
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Ibrik, Imad. "Energy Profile and the Potential of Renewable Energy Sources in Palestine." In Renewable Energy in the Middle East, 71–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9892-5_5.
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Haddad, Dina. "Cultural Expertise in the Arab Middle East." In Cultural Expertise, Law, and Rights, 319–28. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003167075-33.
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Gifra, Laura Planas. "Securitizing migration in the Middle East and Africa." In Law, Security and Migration, 120–32. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003458159-10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Law – Middle East – Sources"
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Arsalan, Muhammad, and Jarl André Fellinghaug. "Field Experience of an Innovative Downhole Energy Harvesting System." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204592-ms.
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Abstract Downhole power harvesting is an enabling technology for a wide range of future production systems and applications, including self-powered downhole monitoring, downhole robotics, and wireless intelligent completions. This paper presents the field experience of an innovative energy harvesting system that was successfully deployed and tested in the harsh downhole conditions of an oil producer. There is a critical need for robust and reliable downhole power generation and storage technologies to push the boundaries of downhole sensing and control. This paper provides an analysis of available ambient energy sources in the downhole environment, and various energy harvesting techniques that can be employed to provide a reliable solution. Advantages and limitations of conventional technique like turbine are compared to advanced energy harvesting technologies. The power requirements and technical challenges related to different downhole applications have also been addressed. The field experience of the novel flow-based energy harvesting system are presented, including the details of both the lab and field prototype design, deployment and testing.
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Dufour, Sebastien, and Rajesh D. Sharma. "How Digitization Lowers Oil & Gas Industry Break Even Cost." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204753-ms.
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The Oil&Gas industry has experienced three price crises over the past twelve years. Swings in the key variables of politics, economy and technology affect supply and demand dynamics and consequently oil prices. The rise of unconventional sources brought the industry into a recurrent surplus of supply, putting pressure on prices and the combination of a supply shock, shortage of storage and an unprecedent demand drop brought prices to a 30-years low in April 2020. Although volatile oil prices make it challenging for oil companies to manage their markets, the silver lining in low oil prices is that it forced the industry to focus on rendering their internal operations more efficient. O&G producers cut their costs dramatically to remain profitable. The industry embarked on an optimization path and consequently accelerated the adoption of digital transformation. The COVID-19 crisis along with increasing societal pressure has only been a catalyzer to this digital transformation, unlocking significant operational improvements and reducing carbon emissions. According to the latest Rystad Energy analysis average breakeven price dropped 35% between 2014 and 2018, and an additional 10% over the last 2 years, to a $50 breakeven price per barrel.
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Alhotan, Muhammad, Cunqi Jia, Abdulhamid Alsousy, Mojdeh Delshad, and Kamy Sepehrnoori. "Impact of Permeability Heterogeneity Coupled with Well Placement Strategy on Underground Hydrogen Storage Reservoir Simulation." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213257-ms.
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Abstract The world is experiencing a transition from traditional to renewable and sustainable clean energy sources. One of the biggest hurdles for this transition is the storage of the excess electricity generated by wind or solar power. Hydrogen has been recognized as a clean-burning fuel that could overcome the barriers to meet this transition. However, there are many challenges associated with hydrogen energy since it requires vast storage volumes. Several new technologies have been proposed to store and produce hydrogen efficiently. One of the most promising storage technologies is Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS). Reservoir simulation is a critical tool for understanding hydrogen behavior in geological porous media. This study examines the effect of permeability heterogeneity coupled with well placement strategy on several fundamental properties. The simulations are based on a 3D heterogeneous aquifer model with one well as injector/producer. Fifteen-permeability data sets were generated using the Gaussian sequential method using Dykstra-Parson's coefficients (VDP) of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, with several realizations. Additionally, the impacts of the well placement strategies in terms of orientations, such as vertical and horizontal configurations, and their locations are investigated. The properties examined are reservoir pressure, hydrogen volume in place and cumulative hydrogen volume recovered. The study uses a real field geological model and a compositional reservoir simulator to conduct these simulations. The published measured hydrogen properties and H2/water relative permeability and capillary pressure curves are incorporated in these simulations. Results indicate that reservoir pressure, the amount of hydrogen in place, and cumulatively produced hydrogen are highly dependent on the heterogeneity of the reservoir and the injection/production well placement. Models with less heterogeneity (i.e., relatively low VDP) show more consistent results on multiple realizations when the well location and orientation are kept constant. On the other hand, high VDP models showed significantly higher variations with different realizations. This paper provides new insights on how to model UHS projects to get the maximum return possible in terms of injected and recovered hydrogen.
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Al Solial, Ali J., Aijaz Shaikh, and Abdullah K. Idrees. "Identification and Mapping of Gas Reservoir Bitumen." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213390-ms.
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Abstract Reservoirs that have undergone a gas charge after being charge with oil will have oil trapped within the reservoir. The interest of this study is to identify ways to trace that heavy oil, referred to as bitumen, in gas reservoirs from openhole logs along with identifying the controlling parameters on the trapping of this bitumen. The bitumen could be pore-saturating or grain coating. This paper looked into the petrophysical logging responses from 3 wells with confirmed bitumen at surface as well as thre other wells with matching signatures, for the purposes of mapping. The main logs considered were Resistivity and density-neutron, with formation testing and elemental spectroscopy being used as additional data sources. Thin sections from the cores, were also used to further identify more controlling parameters that might exist. Regardless of the nature of the bitumen's existence within the pore-space it appears that the main controlling parameters are structural. The investigation of petrophysical signatures lead to minor structural changes within the silt being able to provide a trap for the bitumen charge to accumulate. Use of silt-sand-shale analysis allowed to map the presence of the sub-structures under which the bitumen resides further leading to the fact that bitumen presence in the reservoir is structurly controlled. This does explain why bitumen exists in some areas of the reservoirs and not in others. Moreover, this also explains the generally relative low thickness of bitumen. Mapping the layers and ditrubuting them into 3d space will allow for the prediction of where the bitumen occurs as long as a controlling depth, above which bitumen exists, can be identified. Alternatively, flatting the structure to conditions prior to the development of the current seal can be done to better identify where the bitumen could've been trapped. Bitumen in deep reservoirs will impact fluid composition and can have impacts on drilling and drilling strategy. Therefore, identifying where the bitumen occurs is of high value to the development of these reservoirs. Further work remains to be done for identification in carbonate reservoirs and potentially further study of more bitumen saturated samples might lead to a better understanding of the phenomenon.
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Alsayegh, Osamah. "Primary Energy System Chain Security Under the Energy Transition." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204893-ms.
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Abstract This paper examines the energy transition consequences on the oil and gas energy system chain as it propagates from net importing through the transit to the net exporting countries (or regions). The fundamental energy system security concerns of importing, transit, and exporting regions are analyzed under the low carbon energy transition dynamics. The analysis is evidence-based on diversification of energy sources, energy supply and demand evolution, and energy demand management development. The analysis results imply that the energy system is going through technological and logistical reallocation of primary energy. The manifestation of such reallocation includes an increase in electrification, the rise of energy carrier options, and clean technologies. Under healthy and normal global economic growth, the reallocation mentioned above would have a mild effect on curbing the oil and gas primary energy demands growth. A case study concerning electric vehicles, which is part of the energy transition aspect, is presented to assess its impact on the energy system, precisely on the fossil fuel demand. Results show that electric vehicles are indirectly fueled, mainly from fossil-fired power stations through electric grids. Moreover, oil byproducts use in the electric vehicle industry confirms the reallocation of the energy system components' roles. The paper's contribution to the literature is the portrayal of the energy system security state under the low carbon energy transition. The significance of this representation is to shed light on the concerns of the net exporting, transit, and net importing regions under such evolution. Subsequently, it facilitates the development of measures toward mitigating world tensions and conflicts, enhancing the global socio-economic wellbeing, and preventing corruption.
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Mohammed, Noureldien Darhim. "Microbial EOR: First Successful Pilot in Egypt and Middle East." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211457-ms.
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Abstract Since easy oil is diminishing, the entire world started to look after unconventional resources to meet international demand of hydrocarbons. Heavy oil resources represent more than 40% of natural resources within our Earth crust; that is why it has a special focus internationally. Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO) is a leading E&P company that produced c. 40% of Egypt's total cumulative oil to date. In spite of that success, GUPCO recovered only c. 2.0 MMSTBO out of c. 500+ MMSTBO of heavy oil resources in Gulf of Suez. Historically, many efforts were spent in order to exploit such huge volume but in vain due to the reservoir harsh-conditions at which most of conventional approaches fail. This paper addresses successful application of Microbial EOR as Huff'n Puff Pilot to recover heavy oil in Gulf of Suez, Egypt. GUPCO heavy oil resources is mainly in Nubia formation, October field (offshore). Nubia is a thick fluvial system high quality deep reservoir (11,250 feet tvdSS) with 290 deg. F. temperature, 190,000 PPM Salinity, 14 deg. API, 600 cP viscosity, 2800 psi average reservoir pressure with inter-bedding tar mats. Such conditions (especially temperature, salinity and depth) are barriers for conventional EOR methods especially in offshore environment, and here it comes the special role of reservoir indigenous microorganisms. Indigenous bacteria can be induced by organic fertilizers to produce biological metabolites that may help in recovering heavy oil. The MEOR Pilot was studied in three phases; Phase-1: Sampling & Microbiological Assessment, Phase-2: Lab Experiments & Fermentation and Phase-3: Execution. A water sample was taken from the heavy oil well, and microbiological assessment concluded presence of five species of indigenous bacteria that can produce biogases, bio-surfactant and biopolymers. Second phase involved fertilizers optimization by addressing optimum P/N ratio, organic/inorganic sources and growth rate in addition to fermentation process in the lab. Several core-flooding tests were conducted to define the prize at core-plug scale. After two years of research, the optimum fertilizer was fermented that resulted in 12% heavy oil recovery for one PV Injected. Third phase was pilot implementation at which 160 barrels of fertilizers were injected into the well. The well was shut-in for soaking for 3 days, and then re-opened. After treatment, the oil API increased from 24 deg. up to 40 deg., oil viscosity from 630 cP down to 390 cP, Asphaltenes content from 14.5% to 9.6% with 412 BOPD gain. By modeling these results, MEOR succeeded to achieve a recovery of 41% of the drainage radius STOOIP that is very promising in flooding applications which is being planned at time being. MEOR was found very efficient in recovering heavy oil in a technically challenging reservoir. Lab experiments and fertilizers optimization are key stages that have many know-hows. In this paper, laboratory experiments will be elaborated, pilot design and execution operational considerations will be presented as well. This paper is a good example of a typical MEOR study workflow that can be followed by E&P companies need to unlock such challenging resources in their portfolio.
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Amer, Aimen, Ali Gadalla Najem, Mubarak Al-Hajeri, Sergio Courtade, and Per Salomonsen. "Forward Stratigraphic Modeling of Kuwait Formation, Linking Facies Architecture to Hydrocarbon Occurrence." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204801-ms.
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Abstract The objective of this study is to perform forward stratigraphic modeling on the Kuwait Formation (also known as Kuwait Group) exposed stratigraphic succession along the Jal Az-Zor escarpment to explain the enigmatic occurrence of an elongated NW-SE geobody mapped from subsurface data at northern Kuwait. Outcrop measurements such as; stratigraphic successions, facies distribution, critical facies trends, and paleocurrent analysis have been collected along the 60 km length of the Jal Az-Zor escarpment. Such measurements were combined with thin section lab analysis to reveal the various sedimentary processes such as wave activity, grain size distribution, sediment supply sources, accommodation space, and erosional rates. These measurements were combined with subsurface data such as seismic attributes to reconstruct the paleography of the area and run a forward stratigraphic model simulation. The vertical succession was also utilized to reconstruct the relative sea-level fluctuation through time to develop an accurate model. Forward stratigraphic modeling resulted in building a robust and reliable facies distribution 3D model for the Jal Az-Zor escarpment that demonstrates the complex facies architecture. The model shows the various stacking patterns of several depositional sequences that are observed in the field as well as the subsurface. The enigmatic geobody mapped from seismic as a channel system in previous publications turned out to be a paleoshoreline. This shoreline is composed of high-quality sands as a result of an elevated level of wave activity. Reworking of barrier island sands was also found to be responsible for the enhanced reservoir quality. Consequently, regardless of the subsurface structure, the main driver of successful hydrocarbon accumulation is directly linked to the NW-SE trending paleoshoreline. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time forward-stratigraphic modeling is performed along the Jal Az-Zor escarpment in north Kuwait and using such an approach to unravel Kuwait Formation heavy hydrocarbon subsurface occurrences.
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Al-Hulail, Ibrahim, Oscar Arauji, Ali AlZaki, and Mohamed Zeghouani. "High Performance Friction Reducer for Slickwater Fracturing Applications: Laboratory Study and Field Implementation." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204878-ms.
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Abstract Proppant placement in a tight formation is extremely challenging. Therefore, using a high viscous friction reducer (HVFR) as a fracturing fluid for stimulation treatment in tight gas reservoirs is increasing within the industry because it can transport proppant, help reduce pipe friction generated during hydraulic-fracturing treatments, and efficiently clean up similar to the lower viscosity friction reducers (FRs). In this paper the implementation of the robust HVFR that is building higher viscosity at low concentrations, which minimizes energy loss and promotes turbulent flow within the pipe during the pumping of low viscosity, is discussed in detail. Performance evaluation of the new HVFR was conducted in the laboratory and compared to the lower viscosity FR. The study consisted of viscosity measurements at 70 and 180°F, compatibility with other additives, and proppant transport capabilities. Additionally, the viscosity generated from both FRs was compared using two water sources: water well A and treated sewage water. Viscosity measurements were performed across a wide range of FR and HVFR concentrations and under varying shear rates using a digital viscometer. To validate drag reduction capabilities for this HVFR in the field, the same groundwater with low salinity and low total dissolved solids (TDS) content were used for comparison purposes. The test plan for this new HVFR was for a well to be drilled to a total depth of 17,801 ft MD (10,693 ft TVD) with a 6,016-ft lateral section. Another part of the plan was to complete 41 stages—the first stage with the toe initiator, and subsequent stages using ball drops until Stage 8, were completed using the current FR. For Stage 8, the drag reduction from the new HVFR was evaluated against the current FR only during the pad stage. Then, FR or HVFR concentrations were used, with a gradual reduction from 2 to 1 gpt without compromising proppant placement from stages 9 to 37, alternating current FR and the new HVFR every four stages. From Stage 38 to 41, the same approach was used but with treated sewage water and alternating every other stage using current FR or HVFR at 1gpt. The implementation of the new HVFR showed better friction reduction when using the same concentration of the current FR. Also, achieving better average treating pressures with lower concentration. Based on that it is a cost-effective solution and the performance is better, this lead to reduce the HVFR volume to be pumped per stage compared to the current FR. Applications/Significance/Novelty For this study, drag reduction capabilities for this new HVFR were validated in the field at higher pumping rate conditions, potentially optimizing (reducing) the polymer concentration during a freshwater application. It was shown that lower concentrations of this HVFR provided higher viscosity, which helps improve proppant transport and operation placement.
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Md. Iqbar, Izleena, Fauzy Omar Basheer Othman, Hasmi Taib, M. Faizal Hamdan, Frank Adam, and Michael Beyer. "Hybrid Offshore Power Generation." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204901-ms.
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Abstract Amid 2020 challenging business environments due to COVID-19 pandemic and strong global push towards transition to cleaner energy, PETRONAS has declared its' aspiration to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050. PETRONAS sustainability journey has begun for more than two decades and with strong management support towards renewable and as part of PETRONAS's technology agenda, its' research arm, PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. (PRSB) has been working on ways to use renewable energy sources for offshore oil and gas platforms in Malaysia. Oil and Gas industry has long relied on turbine generators for offshore power generation. These turbo-fired machineries are operating as microgrid with existing power management system (PMS) as microgrid controllers. They normally use either gas or diesel as fuel gas to ensure reliable power generation where high maintence cost is expected to operate these generators. Also, they have low energy efficiency and hence, usually oversized to ensure meeting the demand reliably. Typically, the power generation load is being taken by two units of turbine generators with another unit as spare. This has resulted in high operational expenditure (OPEX) and contributes to high levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for offshore power generation for such conventional system. LCOE is the yardstick for power generation technology, and it measures discounted lifecycle cost consisting of both capital expenditure (CAPEX) and OPEX, divided by discounted lifecycle of annual energy production [2], [4], [5]. Also, these turbine generators operating at platforms that have gas evacuation pipelines will use up precious fuel gas which can otherwise be sold. This will have impact on the total sales gas revenue. Not withstanding, the burning of the fuel gas will result in the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hence is exposed to carbon tax. To mitigate this issue, PRSB has developed an offshore hybrid power generation concept to leverage and optimize wind turbine system for offshore power generation in weak wind area such as Malaysia. In this concept, one gas turbine generator is replaced by an offshore wind turbine adapted to low wind speed region. This will lower the maintenance cost and carbon exposure. Also, the fuel gas will be diverted to sales gas. This in turn will improve the economics of the renewable solution thereby making offshore renewable power generation feasible for oil and gas platforms. Forward thinking efforts include pushing the limits of harnessing wind energy in weak wind area such as Malaysia. In here, considerations of a total solution include not only the type of wind turbine generator that can be adapted to weak wind area and having the lowest maintenance requirements as possible, but also looking into cutting edge foundation technologies. The LCOE is expected to be lower than conventional power generation. To ensure optimized hybrid concept, careful selection and adaptations of wind turbine system and its' substructure are required to achieve a cost-effective solution [3], [2]. Conceptual engineering and front-end engineering design were conducted which resulted in the development of the hybrid offshore power generation system. In this paper, the hybrid concept will be shown, the considerations for selection of a suitable wind turbine will be shared and the decisions leading the to the selection and optimization of the foundation type, either fixed bottom or floating are elaborated.
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Ng, Jun Hong Clarence, Tariq Almubarak, and Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din. "Stems as Natural, Green, Non-Toxic Corrosion Inhibitors." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/202113-ms.
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Abstract Corrosion during acid treatments causes severe damage to the tubulars and downhole equipment. Consequently, this leads to an increase in expenditure to maintain well production rates and well integrity. NACE estimates the cost of corrosion costs to be roughly 1.372 billion USD annually to the industry, making corrosion control extremely important. Therefore, corrosion inhibitors must be included in any acid treatment formulation. This work aims to develop environmentally friendly and non-toxic corrosion inhibitors that can work in the harsh oilfield conditions. Samples of 10 different stems were tested as sources of potential corrosion inhibitors. To determine the inhibition effectiveness of the different samples, N-80 coupons were exposed to 15 wt% HCl solutions at temperatures between 77-200 °F with 2 wt% of each sample for 6 hours. In addition, a control solution containing no corrosion inhibitor was used to establish a corrosion rate for a base case. At a concentration of 2 wt%, sample 1, 2, and 3 were found to perform the best, exhibiting 94.4% to 99.9% corrosion inhibition efficiency at 77°F. Sample 8 was observed to perform the worst with a corrosion inhibition efficiency of 57.3%. At 150°F, the corrosion rate of sample 1 was found to be 0.0275 lb/ft2, while that of sample 2 was 0.0171 lb/ft2. At this temperature, sample 3 did not perform well, exhibiting a corrosion rate of 0.155 lb/ft2 and thus was not tested at higher temperatures. At 200°F, the addition of a corrosion inhibitor intensifier resulted in a corrosion rate of 0.0136 lb/ft2 for sample 1 and 0.00878 lb/ft2 for sample 2. These results show that a naturally occurring, green, non-toxic corrosion inhibitor can be developed from these stems and can comfortably pass the industry requirement for low carbon steel. Currently used corrosion inhibitors are associated with environmental concerns and severe health risks. Recent developments in corrosion inhibition technology successfully tackled the environmental concerns, but still faces issues with toxicity and performance at high temperatures. The results in this work share two new naturally occurring, green, non-toxic, high-temperature stable corrosion inhibitors that can be developed from stems and can successfully protect the tubular during acid treatments.
Reports on the topic "Law – Middle East – Sources"
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Gitterman, Yefim, and Vladimir Pinsky. Seismic Energy Generation and Partitioning into Various Regional Phases From Different Seismic Sources in the Middle East Region. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada440508.
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Einhorn, Robert, Dina Esfandiary, Anton Khlopkov, Grégoire Mallard, and Andreas Persbo. From the Iran nuclear deal to a Middle East Zone? Lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ. Edited by Chen Zak and Farzan Sabet. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmdfz/2021/jcpoa1.
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The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) explicitly states that it “should not be considered as setting precedents for any other state or for fundamental principles of international law.” However, its unique negotiations process, provisions, and implementation created an important set of tools that could provide valuable insights and lessons for a Middle East Weapons of mass Destruction Free Zone (ME WMDFZ). Understanding these tools in a regional context based on the JCPOA experience could provide ME WMDFZ negotiators and researchers important additional tools, ideas, and lessons learned on the road toward negotiating a Zone treaty. This series explores lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ through essays focusing on five key themes, including the Iran nuclear deal’s negotiating process, structure and format; nuclear fuel cycle activities and research; safeguards and verification; nuclear cooperation; and compliance and enforcement.
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de Vries, Gaaitzen, Linda Arfelt, Dorothea Drees, Mareike Godemann, Calumn Hamilton, Bente Jessen-Thiesen, Ahmet Ihsan Kaya, Hagen Kruse, Emmanuel Mensah, and Pieter Woltjer. The Economic Transformation Database (ETD): content, sources, and methods. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-2.
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This note introduces the GGDC/UNU-WIDER Economic Transformation Database (ETD), which provides time series of employment and real and nominal value added by 12 sectors in 51 countries for the period 1990–2018. The ETD includes 20 Asian, 9 Latin American, 4 Middle-East and North African, and 18 sub-Saharan African countries at varying levels of economic development. The ETD is constructed on the basis of an in-depth investigation of the availability and usability of statistical sources on a country-by-country basis. The ETD provides researchers with data to analyse the variety and determinants of structural transformation and supports policies aimed at sustained growth and poverty reduction.
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Riter, Karmann, Anthony Clint Clayton, Kelley Rountree, and Prakash Doraiswamy. Solar Station for an Off-the-Grid Air Quality Sensor System. RTI Press, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2023.mr.0051.2306.
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Air quality monitoring is a rapidly growing area of citizen science, or community science (CS), thanks to the availability of low-cost sensors. Contributing to a crowdsourced data platform (e.g., http:// purpleair .com/ map) is usually easy in urban areas, where there is access to uninterrupted electricity and wireless internet (Wi-Fi). However, there are sometimes security restrictions on Wi-Fi or a lack of exterior power outlets. Also, rural regions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, often lack electricity and Wi-Fi continuity. RTI International has designed and distributed a solar power and Wi-Fi station that can adequately power both a small air quality sensor (e.g., PurpleAir PA-II) and a Wi-Fi hotspot to overcome these challenges. The station housing can accommodate a battery, a controller, and a cell phone or another type of Wi-Fi hotspot device. This paper discusses the need for such a station; a design for the current station, including parts list; suggestions for modifications in various use cases; and design factors to consider, including amount of sunlight per day, intended number of operational days under cloudy conditions, season, and total power requirements. This method is intended to be open source and a starting point for citizen scientists and CS projects.
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Almorjan, Dr Abdulrazaq, Dr Kyounggon Kim, and Ms Norah Alilwit. NAUSS Ransomware Trends Report in Arab Countries 2020-2022. Naif University Press, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/orro4624.
Full textAbstract:
Threat actors, including infamous cybercrime groups and financially driven ransomware gangs, have focused on Arab countries› businesses and organizations as they grow and move toward digital transformation. In particular, ransomware is a very serious type of cyber-attack worldwide, and many organizations are severely affected by it. INTERPOL indicates that the ransomware gangs are targeting different regions such as Africa, Americas, Caribbean, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa 1. The Center of Excellence in Cybercrime and Digital Forensics (CoECDF) at NAUSS has conducted a deep web search, collecting, analyzing, and classifying data on ransomware gangs targeting Arab countries and organizations from 2020 to 2022. We have collected the information of ransomware victims through the darknet and dark web, focusing on leaked information. This report focuses on the Arab countries, organizations, and sectors victimized by ransomware gangs and whose information has been leaked on the darknet. Moreover, it investigated ransomware gangs that carried out cyberattacks against Arab countries, and the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) they were using. The number of organizations that are attacked by ransomware gangs is increasing significantly. Some organizations pay ransom to ransomware gangs in order not to publish their information on the darknet. As a result of not paying the ransom demanded by the ransomware gangs, certain organizations and countries had their private and sensitive data leaked to the dark web. The purpose of this report is to help law enforcement agencies combat ransomware cyberattacks by providing them with insights into the evolving tactics of ransomware gangs. By understanding how these gangs operate, law enforcement agencies can better prepare to combat and respond to ransomware attacks.
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Boustati, Boustati. Narcotics Flows Through Eastern Africa: the Changing Role of Tanzania and Mozambique. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.074.
Full textAbstract:
In the last few decades, the southern route’s use for drug trafficking gained prominence as increased law enforcement and unrest in the Middle East made the traditional ‘Balkan route’ less viable. This southern route transports drugs, mainly heroin, from its production in Afghanistan to Pakistan or Iran, to eastern Africa – including Tanzania and Mozambique- and consequently to South Africa, after which it is moved to Europe (Aucoin, 2018; Otto & Jernberg, 2020). Notable targets of trafficking via the southern route have been the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the Netherlands (UNDOC, 2015). It is difficult to know for certain the quantities of drugs being trafficked through eastern Africa, but the literature puts it at up to 40 tonnes, with 5 of those staying behind, while the rest is transported overseas (Haysom et al., 2018a, 2018b). Due to various political and economic shifts, methamphetamines produced in Afghanistan recently also began to be trafficked alongside heroin shipments through the southern route, with recent estimates putting it at 50% of drugs being trafficked (Eligh, 2021). Most of the literature agrees that, in recent years, drug trafficking routes in eastern Africa have shifted due to political changes, but there is no evidence to suggest that the amount being trafficked have decreased.
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Macdonald, Keir. The Impact of Business Environment Reforms on Poverty, Gender and Inclusion. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.006.
Full textAbstract:
This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how business environment reforms in middle-income countries impacts on poverty, gender and inclusion. Although, there is limited evidence on the direct impact of business environment reforms on poverty, gender, and inclusion, this review illustrates that there is evidence of indirect effects of such reforms. Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations and institutions, in order to remove constraints to business investment and expansion, enabling growth and job creation, as well as new opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I) outcomes, in terms of the potential to remove institutional barriers which exclude formerly marginalised groups from business opportunities, in ways that promote equal access to resources, opportunities, benefits, and services. The literature shows how the business environment affects women in business, and how women’s experiences of a given business environment can be different from those of men. This is the result of disparities in how they are treated under the law, but also based on structural and sociocultural factors which influence how men and women behave in a given business environment and the barriers they face.
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Orrnert, Anna. Review of National Social Protection Strategies. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.026.
Full textAbstract:
This helpdesk report reviews ten national social protection strategies (published between 2011-2019) in order to map their content, scope, development processes and measures of success. Each strategy was strongly shaped by its local context (e.g. how social development was defined, development priorities and existing capacity and resources) but there were also many observed similarities (e.g. shared values, visions for social protection). The search focused on identifying strategies with a strong social assistance remit from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Sub-Sarahan African and South and South-East Asian regions1 (Latin America was deemed out of scope due the advanced nature of social protection there). Examples from Sub-Saharan Africa are most widely available. Few examples are available from the MENA region2 – it may be that such strategies do not currently exist, that potential strategy development process are in more nascent stages or that those strategies that do exist are not accessible in English. A limitation of this review is that it has not been able to review strategies in other languages. The strategies reviewed in this report are from Bangladesh (2015), Cambodia (2011), Ethiopia (2012), Jordan (2019), Kenya (2011), Lesotho (2014), Liberia (2013), Rwanda (2011), Uganda (2015) and Zambia (2014). The content of this report focuses primarily on the information from these strategies. Where appropriate, it also includes information from secondary sources about other strategies where those original strategies could not be found (e.g. Saudi Arabia’s NSDS).
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Bolton, Laura. Synthesis of Work by the Covid Collective. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2022.001.
Full textAbstract:
Overview: This report looked across Covid Collective outputs and grouped findings into three sections. Section 2) Pandemic response; Section 3) Increased marginalisation; and Section 4) Emergent outcomes. Section 4 describes outcomes, both positive and negative, which evolved and were more unpredictable in nature. Pandemic response: Findings on national response highlight shortfalls in national government actions in Bangladesh, Malawi, the Philippines, Yemen, and Syria. Emergency law responses have, in some cases, led states to exert powers with no legal basis. In transitioning economies, state militarisation is having negative effects on constitutionalism and peacebuilding. Lack of trust in state security institutions is identified as an issue in Yemen. Improved consultation between the community, government and security institutions is needed. From a micro perspective, lockdowns were found to hit households close to subsistence the hardest bringing restrictions in to question with regards to welfare choices. Regional responses had different features (outlined in section 2). It is suggested for future research to look at how regional responses have changed interactions between regional and global organisations. The Islamic Development Bank, for example, helped function as a redistribution pool to improve inequalities between country capacities in the Middle East. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) supported accurate information reporting. International response with regard to vaccination is falling short in terms of equality between developed and developing economies. World Bank response is questioned for being insufficient in quantity and inefficient in delivery.
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Arifi, Besa. Education in Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism: Considerations for the Western Balkans. RESOLVE Network, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2022.1.wb.
Full textAbstract:
Violent extremism in the Western Balkans takes many forms, from Western Balkans foreign fighters recruited to participate in conflicts abroad, including in the Middle East and Ukraine; to ethno-nationalist organizations that spread inter-ethnic hatred, some emanating from and glorifying legacies of conflict spanning back to the breakup of the former Yugoslavia and regional conflicts in the 1990s; to chauvinism and anti-EU and anti-NATO ideas that emerge to become even more serious and with greater consequences for the region and socio-political cohesion and dynamics. As violent extremism continues to evolve and adapt in the Western Balkan countries, efforts to address it must also adjust to new threats from both internal and external sources. Recent research on violent extremism in the Western Balkans, and North Macedonia specifically, suggests that education may be an important tool in addressing violent extremism in the region. Some have suggested educational initiatives may assist in addressing online and offline disinformation and extremist narratives. Furthermore, addressing ongoing issues within ethnically divided educational systems may play an important role in working to address some of the ethnic-based divisions that can contribute to ”othering” dynamics. Others have further suggested that education and other support services can play a role in aiding the transition of those imprisoned on charges related to violent extremism and returning families back into society. As countries throughout the Western Balkans continue to update and revise their national action plans and policies to address violent extremism, greater consideration of the role of education and how it might be integrated into these policies is needed. This publication, based on findings from a large-scale literature review mapping the state of research on education in P/CVE in the Western Balkans and beyond,offers a series of considerations for policymakers and practitioners looking to incorporate education in future efforts to address drivers, both real and potential, of violent extremism in Western Balkan states. While findings from this paper are contextualized within the broader experiences of the Western Balkans, specific examples based on experiences in individual countries, North Macedonia most notably, are detailed to provide an in-depth example of considerations for policymakers interested in further incorporating education into P/CVE plans moving forward.