Academic literature on the topic 'Law – dictionaries – spanish'

Abstract Dictionaries are means of transmission of words and senses as a reflection of the prejudices and beliefs of their time. This paper takes a look into the ten editions of the Diccionario de términos jurídicos (Inglés-español/Spanish-English) by Enrique Alcaraz Varó and Brian Hughes to see how gender is treated. The analysis takes place both on the macrostructural and the microstructural level, and it illustrates the sexism present in the traditional lexicographical practice in Spanish dictionaries. Among others we have confirmed the presence of certain approaches such as: the concealment of women (by use of the generic masculine or an androcentric treatment of professions), or the presentation of stereotyped portraits of men and women and their relationship (by the selection of semantic fields referred exclusively to women or non-neutral examples of use in terms of gender).

Collocation dictionaries are essential in specialized discourse for understanding, production, and translation. Especially translation, which is often undertaken by professionals who are not specialists of the field, is in need of dictionaries with detailed syntactic and semantic information on lexical and semantic links between terms. However, collocation dictionaries are hardly available for general, let alone specialized, discourse. The manual compilation of collocation dictionaries from large corpora is a time consuming and cost-intensive procedure. A (partial) automation of this procedure recently became a high-priority topic in computational lexicography. In this article, we discuss how collocations can be acquired from specialized corpora and labeled with semantic tags using machine-learning techniques. As semantic tags, we use lexical functions from the Explanatory Combinatorial Lexicology. We explore the performance of two different machine-learning techniques, Nearest Neighbor Classification and Tree Augmented Bayesian Classification, testing them on a Spanish law corpus.

Alarmed by the notorious inaccuracy of “traditional” bilingual and multilingual legal dictionaries, legal lexicographers began experimenting with new methods of improving user reliability about 15 years ago. Analyzing numerous bilingual and multilingual legal dictionaries of various languages (combinations of English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch and Chinese), the author claims that one can now speak of a special methodology of legal lexicography which has set new standards for the future. Focusing on the problems of interlingual transfer in the field of law, the author deals with the problem of equivalence, pointing out that, in the majority of cases, the functional equivalents of different legal systems are only partially equivalent. This has led to the need to measure the degree of their equivalence in order to determine their acceptability in dictionary entries. For this purpose, methods of comparative conceptual analysis can be used. Moreover, bilingual legal dictionaries are now equipped with a more or less elaborate documentary apparatus including definitions of both the source term and its equivalent, contextual data and geographic information on the usage of target language variants. In conclusion, the question is raised as to the role of dictionaries in the standardization of legal terminology at the national level (Canada), the regional level (EEC, CMEA) and at the international level (UN).

In this paper, 2 2 The research presented in this paper was carried out in the framework of the competitive national project ‘Las categorías de verbo y adverbio en el DAELE’ (reference HUM2006–06982), awarded by the Spanish Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior e Investigación Científica, and directed by Dr Paz Battaner Arias at the Pompeu Fabra University. I describe the grammatical patterns of a set of Spanish verbs that are frequently used in specialised discourse to provide structure, organise information in the text and function as connectors. The verbs selected for the study are the following unaccusative verbs of existence and appearance: ocurrir (‘occur’), suceder (‘happen/take place’), existir (‘exist’), aparecer (‘appear’) and resultar (‘turn out’). The grammatical and lexico-graphical description of these verbs is compared with the results provided by consulting the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA) database of the Real Academia Española in three thematic fields: Science and Technology, Economics and Finance, and Law. The results of the research highlight three specific patterns of use for the unaccusative verbs of existence and appearance studied in specialised texts, placing particular emphasis on the constructions that contribute to the texture of discourse. I propose that these patterns should be incorporated into dictionaries of use (‘codifiers’) as lexicographical data that may enrich the information given about these words, whose meanings are clearly diffuse.

The complex variables involved in mediating between asymmetrical legal realities explain, to a great extent, the limitations of traditional terminological resources (particularly, bilingual legal dictionaries) as working tools for legal translators. After a brief review of these limitations, a new approach to the development of terminological resources is presented that responds to the real needs of legal translators and draws on advances in Legal Translation Studies. This change of paradigm is illustrated by a terminological database designed for the English-Spanish translation of technological law, more precisely, for the localization of software license agreements (mostly from the United States) for Spain. The lexicographical work is contextualized, and the features and advantages of the proposed terminological entries are described in detail. These entries are called “translation-oriented terminological entries” (fichas traductológicas) because of their distinctive translation dimension, particularly the inclusion of comments on the acceptability of terminological options on the basis of comparative legal analysis in different translation scenarios. This aspect greatly contributes to the added value of the approach, which is intended as a model for similar applications in legal translation.

The years from 1830 to 1848 constitute a turning point in the history of political asylum in France. During this period, for the first time ever, the political authorities were obliged to reflect on asylum and to establish a large-scale policy in order to cope with the arrival of almost 20,000 Polish, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and German refugees. The impossibility of defining this section of the population in conformity with juridical criteria or with well established frontiers is clearly reflected in the dictionaries of the French language, in the debates in the parliamentary assemblies as well as in the legislation adopted and its inapplicability. In view of the absence of a definition of a refugee, could the asylum policy under the July Monarchy be perceived as if it were based on law ? Wouldn't it be more accurate to argue that what prevailed should rather be defined as charitable measures ? This article aims at answering these questions and thereby understanding the nature of the principles that governed the treatment of refugees in France in this period.

A Review of: Zhang, Li. "Citation Analysis for Collection Development: A Study of International Relations Journal Literature." Library Collections, Acquisitions, and Technical Services 31.3-4 (2007): 195-207. Objective – To determine primary type, format, language and subject category of research materials used by U.S. scholars of international relations. Also, to investigate whether research method, qualitative or quantitative, can be correlated with the type and age of sources that scholars use. Design – Citation analysis. Setting – Research articles published in three journals on international relations with high impact factors: International Organization, International Studies Quarterly, and World Politics. Subjects – A random sample of cited references taken from the 410 full-length research articles published in these journals from 2000 to2005. Cited references of articles written by authors of foreign institutions (i.e., non-American institutions), as well as cited references of editorial and research notes, comments, responses, and review essays were excluded. Methods – Cited references were exported from ISI’s Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) to MS Excel spreadsheets for analysis. Data was verified against original reference lists. Citations were numbered and identified by source format, place of publication (foreign or domestic), age, and language used, if other than English. The author used a random number generator to select a random sample of 651 from a total of 29,862 citations. Citations were randomly drawn from each journal according to the proportion of the journals’ citations to the total. These citations were analyzed by material type and language. The author also used the Library of Congress Classification Outline to identify the subject category of each book and journal citation in the sample. A separate sampling method was used to investigate if there is a relationship between research methodology and citation behaviour. Each of the original 410 articles was categorized according to research method: quantitative, qualitative or a combination of the two. Two articles representing qualitative research and two representing quantitative research were randomly selected from each of the three journals for each of the six years. Subsequently, five citations from each of the resulting pool of 72 articles were randomly selected to create a sample of 360 citations. These citations were analyzed by material type and age of source. Main Results – Analysis of the citation data showed that books (including monographs, edited books, book chapters and dictionaries) made up 48.2% of the total citations; journals (including scholarly and non-scholarly titles) made up 38.4% of the citations; and government publications made up 4.5% of the citations. Electronic resources, which primarily refer to Web sites and digital collections in this study, represented 1.7% of the citations. Other sources of citations included magazines (1.1%), newspapers (1.1%), working papers (1.1%), theses (0.9%), conference papers not yet published as articles (0.6%), and a miscellaneous category, which included items such as committee minutes, radio broadcasts, unpublished materials and personal communications (2.5%). The average age of book citations was 14.3 years and the median age was 8 years. Foreign language citations represented 3.7% of the 651 total citations. The top ranked foreign languages were German (7), French (5), Russian (4), Spanish (3), Korean (2) and Swedish (number not given Subject analysis of the citations revealed that 38% of all citations were from international relations and two related disciplines, political science, political theory, and public administration. Subject areas outside international relations included social sciences (23.4% - including economics, commerce, industries and finance), history (16.3%), sociology (6.2%), and law (5.9%). Citations from philosophy, psychology, military science and general works together made up 7.3% of the total citations. Citations from science, linguistics, literature, geography and medicine made up less than 2% of the total. Authors of qualitative research articles were more likely to cite books (56.7%) than journals (29.4%) while authors of quantitative research articles were more likely to cite journals (58.3%) than books (28.9%). Authors of qualitative research articles were also more likely to cite government publications and electronic resources than those of quantitative articles. However, authors of quantitative research articles were more likely to cite other materials, such as dissertations, conference papers, working papers and unpublished materials. The age of cited materials for both qualitative and quantitative research articles is similar. Citations to recent materials up to 5 years old were most frequent, followed by materials 6 to10 years old, materials 11 to15 years old, and those 26 or more years old. The least frequently cited materials were 16 to 20 and 21 to25 years old. Conclusion – Scholars in international relations primarily cite books, followed by journals and government publications. Citations to electronic resources such as Web sites and digital collections, and to other materials are far less common. Scholars primarily cite English-language materials on international relations and related subjects. Authors of qualitative research articles are more likely to cite books than journals, while authors of quantitative research articles are more likely to cite journals than books. Recent materials are more frequently cited than older materials, though materials that are more than 26 years old are still being cited regularly.

07–198Agulló, G. (U Jaén, Spain; gluque@jaen.es), Overcoming age-related differences. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.4 (2006), 365–373.07–199Ammar, Ahlem (U de Montréal, Canada; ahlem.ammar@umontreal.ca) & Nina Spada, One size fits all? Recasts, prompts, and L2 learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.4 (2006), 543–574.07–200Bartram, Brendan (U Wolverhampton, UK), An examination of perceptions of parental influence on attitudes to language learning. Educational Research (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 48.2 (2006), 211–221.07–201Bordag, Denisa (U Leipzig, Germany), Andreas Opitz & Thomas Pechmann, Gender processing in first and second languages: The role of noun termination. 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Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.4 (2006), 601–632.07–218Hawkey, Roger (U Bristol, UK; roger@hawkey58.freeserve.co.uk), Teacher and learner perceptions of language learning activity. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.3 (2006), 242–252.07–219Hawkins, Roger (U Essex, UK) & Hajime Hattori, Interpretation of English multiplewh-questions by Japanese speakers: A missing uninterpretable feature account. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.3 (2006), 269–301.07–220Hayes-Harb, Rachel (U Utah, USA), Native speakers of Arabic and ESL texts: Evidence for the transfer of written word identification processes. TESOL Quarterly 40.2 (2006), 321–339.07–221Hirvela, Alan (Ohio State U, USA; hirvela.1@osu.edu), Computer-mediated communication in ESL teacher education. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.3 (2006), 233–241.07–222Hong-Nam, Kyungsim (U North Texas, USA; ksh0030@unt.edu) & Alexandra Leavell, Language learning strategy use of ESL students in an intensive English learning context. System (Elsevier) 34.3 (2006), 399–415.07–223Hopp, Holger (U Groningen, the Netherlands), Syntactic features and reanalysis in near-native processing. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.3 (2006), 369–397.07–224Jungheim, Nicholas (Waseda U, Japan; jungheim@waseda.jp), Learner and native speaker perspectives on a culturally-specific Japanese refusal. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 125–143.07–225Kim, Youngkyu (Ewha Womens U, Korea), Effects of input elaboration on vocabulary acquisition through reading by Korean learners of English as a Foreign Language. TESOL Quarterly 40.2 (2006), 341–373.07–226Lai, Chun & Yong Zhao (Michigan State U, USA; laichun1@msu.edu), Noticing and text-based chat. 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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition (American Psychological Association) 32.4 (2006), 707–715.07–235Lozano, Cristobal (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain), Focus and split-intransitivity: The acquisition of word order alternations in non-native Spanish. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.2 (2006), 145–187.07–236Macaro, Ernesto (U Oxford; ernesto.macaro@edstud.ox.ac.uk), Strategies for language learning and for language use: Revising the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal (Blackwell) 90.3 (2006), 320–337.07–237McCafferty, Steven (U Nevada, USA; mccaffes@unlv.nevada.edu), Gesture and the materialization of second language prosody. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 197–209.07–238Nassaji, Hossein (U Victoria, Canada; nassaji@uvic.ca), The relationship between depth of vocabulary knowledge and L2 learners' lexical inferencing strategy use and success. 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Second Language Research (Sage) 22.2 (2006), 188–218.07–243Shin, Dong-Shin (U Massachusetts, Amherst, USA; dongshin@educ.umass.edu), ESL students' computer-mediated communication practices: Context configuration. Language Learning & Technology (University of Hawaii) 10.3 (2006), 65–84.07–244Sime, Daniela (U Strathclyde, UK; daniela.sime@strath.ac.uk), What do learners make of teachers' gestures in the language classroom?International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 211–230.07–245Slabakova, Roumyana (U Iowa, USA), Is there a critical period for semantics?Second Language Research (Sage) 22.3 (2006), 302–338.07–246Slevc, L. Robert (U California, San Diego, USA; slevc@psy.ucsd.edu) & Akira Miyake, Individual differences in second-language proficiency: Does musical ability matter?. Psychological Science (Blackwell) 17.8 (2006), 675–681.07–247Sorace, Antonella (U Edinburgh, UK) & Francesca Filiaci, Anaphora resolution in near-native speakers of Italian. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.3 (2006), 339–368.07–248Stam, Gale (National-Louis U, USA; gstam@nl.edu), Thinking for speaking about motion: L1 and L2 speech and gesture. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 145–171.07–249Subrahmanyam, Kaveri (California State U, Los Angeles, USA) & Hsin-Hua Nancy Chen, A crosslinguistic study of children's noun learning: The case of object and substance words. First Language (Sage) 26.2 (2006), 141–160.07–250Sunderman, Gretchen (Florida State U, USA; gsunderm@fsu.edu) & Judith F. Kroll, First language activation during second language lexical processing: An investigation of lexical form, meaning, and grammatical class. 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(U Sydney, Australia; l.woodrow@edfac.usyd.edu.au), A model of adaptive language learning. The Modern Language Journal (Blackwell) 90.3 (2006), 297–319.07–256Yoshii, Makoto (Prefectural U Kumamoto, Japan; yoshii@pu-kumamoto.ac.jp), L1 and L2 glosses: Their effects on incidental vocabulary learning. Language Learning & Technology (University of Hawaii) 10.3 (2006), 85–101.07–257Yoshioka, Keiko (Leiden U, the Netherlands; k.yoshioka@let.leidenuniv.nl) & Eric Kellerman, Gestural introduction of ground reference in L2 narrative discourse. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 173–195.07–258Zyzik, Eve (Michigan State U, USA; zyzik@msu.edu), Transitivity alternations and sequence learning: Insights from L2 Spanish production data. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.3 (2006), 449–485.

Managing and using different dictionaries confirm that, automatically, many of them contain phraseological units in their entries and/or sub-entries. However, in some cases, phraseological units are understood in a lax way, as it can be seen in the preface of some dictionaries; as a result, they (dis)appear inside a lexicographical work in disparate ways. For this reason, the present paper aims at analysing the lexicographical treatment of nominal idioms in two dictionaries published by the Spanish Royal Academy (RAE) and the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language (ASALE): Diccionario de Americanismos (DA, 2010) and Diccionario de la Lengua Española (DLE, 2014). In order to achieve this purpose, this study focuses on a corpus of nominal phraseological units and compares the categorical, diatopic and semantic data concerning these units in the two dictionaries considered.

Verbal idioms are usually lemmatized in dictionaries with their infinitive form (eg., nacer de pie). However, some of them are eventually registered with their perfect infinitive form (eg., haber nacido de pie), conveying the idea that they are preferably used with compound or past tenses. Our hypothesis is that not all idioms of this type are actually used in the same way. To prove it, thirty idioms, lemmatized once at least by the perfect infinitive, have been extracted from five different European Spanish phraseological dictionaries. The information collected is compared with the data obtained from a web text corpus. The main results are: firstly, the chosen lemma sign does not always correspond to the actual use of several idioms; secondly, there are clear differences among dictionaries regarding the treatment that they give to this kind of idioms; thirdly, it seems not to be a common pattern even within the same dictionary; finally, the information provided by a lemma sign sometimes does not fit properly with the definition and/or the example.

El objetivo del presente capítulo es la presentación de algunas características y funcionalidades del Corpus de los atlas lingüísticos (CORPAT), una herramienta informática en la que se almacenan datos procedentes de los atlas lingüísticos regionales del español europeo con el fin de conservar el patrimonio lingüístico que contienen; de servir como fuente de divulgación de la variación y la riqueza lingüística; y de complementar los datos procedentes de corpus textuales y obras lexicográficas que permitan ampliar las investigaciones sobre el cambio lingüístico y la historia de la lengua española. The aim of this chapter is to present some characteristics and functionalities of the Corpus of Linguistic Atlases (CORPAT). This computer tool collects data from the different regional linguistic atlases of European Spanish to preserve the linguistic heritage; to serve as a linguistic resource to disseminate knowledge about variation; and to complement the data from textual corpora and dictionaries that allow further research on linguistic change and the Spanish language history.

The aim of this paper is to draw up new fronts of siege to the academic lexicography of the 19th century, because they are considered as a great performance and useful for the knowledge of this chapter of the history of Spanish dictionaries. The works that will always be the object of analysis are the different editions, up to ten, of the Diccionario de la lengua castellana, a reference about the lexicography that has been practiced at that time. Moreover, we have worked with unpublished documentation that is deposited at the Royal Spanish Academy’s Archive. The main aspects that are going to be treated are the following: firstly, the possible fronts of extension of the lexical inventory; then, the geopolitical connotations (the centralist character) and ideological (the absence of synchronization with the current progress) of certain practices in the elaboration of the dictionary; finally, the description of several aspects related to the microstructure.

One of the greatest challenges for people with disabilities is the lack of accessibility to information, and communication, in addition, to learning processes, which results in few possibilities for labor and social inclusion. Currently, in this sense, research and projects are carried out to promote strategies that allow greater use of ICTs in the acquisition and exchange of knowledge to reduce inequalities in terms of accessibility, especially for people with disabilities and, in general, for priority care groups. However, sustained processes are required that allow comprehensive accessibility to people with disabilities.According to studies carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that 5% of the world’s population has a hearing impairment (World Health Organization, 2018). This community generally presents learning problems given the low effectiveness in the transmission of messages between listeners and non-listeners, and, regarding information and communication technologies, there are not enough computerized educational materials that facilitate communication and Autonomous Learning.It is important to mention that ICT plays a decisive role in teaching-learning in various educational environments. Undoubtedly, new technologies can supply means for improving teaching and learning processes, and managing educational environments in general, since they facilitate cooperation and collaboration between students. In addition, they contribute to overcoming social inequalities. Because sign language is the first language of the deaf community, and since it is expressed spatially and visually, it is necessary to produce multimedia content for the generation of computerized educational tools to properly transmit these messages. The present work is oriented toward facilitating sign language learning in people with hearing impairment, which contributes to their coexistence and interaction.We cannot fail to mention that the approach to nature is mediated by language. Without sufficient lexical background, any formative action is limited. It is essential to have a sufficient repertoire of terms that help the speaker understand and know her environment. Under regular conditions, vocabulary acquisition may be conditioned by diverse, but drawing events or conditions: access to physical or digital bibliography, limited educational experience, family environment little related to reading, etc. The increase in vocabulary in a speaker facilitates learning. Many reading comprehension problems begin with the impossibility of properly decoding words.The problem of access to vocabulary improvement is exacerbated for the deaf community and people with visual disabilities. The aggravation is because they do not exist in the Ecuadorian environment, dictionaries that offer information from the Ecuadorian lexicon not defined in general dictionaries and that, at the same time, contribute to the interpretation of sign language for the deaf community or that meets the standards of inclusion necessary to facilitate reading in users with visual disabilities.In this context, part of our work will be focused on determining which is the lexicon of Ecuadorian speech that deaf people do not know. We consider as a hypothesis that the lexicon unknown by deaf people mostly comprises terms with abstract or very localized references.In addition, we propose to propose the structure of the design of a technological platform of the dictionary. This web application would present the set of lexical entries defined in Spanish and expanded with an author appointment, accompanied by an image of the referent and a video with sign language interpretation of both the definition and the appointment. Each dictionary entry will offer automatic reading on the screen for the accessibility of no seers. The dictionary macrostructure will be composed of basic words and expressions of sign language to promote educational interest and facilitate and energize learning.The work will also be based on a methodology specialized in web applications such as OOHDM (Object Oriented Hypermedia Desing Methodology), on free tools for the manipulation of multimedia audio, video, and images such as Avidemux, Audacy, and Gimp respectively, in the Netbeans 14.0 development tool with JSF 2.0 framework. For integration with the database, PostgreSQL will be used.