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Journal articles on the topic 'Law, costa rica'

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Published: 25 July 2024

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Figueres, Dyalá Jiménez. "Investment Arbitration in Costa Rica." Journal of International Arbitration 29, Issue 4 (August 1, 2012): 453–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2012030.

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Costa Rica signed most of its investment treaties over the last two decades, providing substantive protection and an international means of dispute resolution to foreign investors of many countries. This article provides an overview of the salient provisions included in those treaties that deal with international arbitration, as well as of the cases in which Costa Rica has acted as respondent, in order to offer an outlook of the investment protection regime in force in this country.

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2

Clark, David S., and James P. Rowles. "Law and Agrarian Reform in Costa Rica." American Journal of Comparative Law 35, no. 2 (1987): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/840397.

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3

Yotova, Rumiana. "THE PRINCIPLES OF DUE DILIGENCE AND PREVENTION IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW." Cambridge Law Journal 75, no. 3 (November 2016): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197316000672.

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ON 16 December 2015, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered its judgment in the joined cases of Certain Activities Carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v Costa Rica), ICJ Reports 2015. These are the latest in a line of cases raising key principles of international environmental law before the ICJ, following Pulp Mills (2010), Aerial Herbicide Spraying and Whaling in the Antarctic (2014).

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4

Ulate Chacón, Enrique Napoleón. "Nociones de Derecho Agrario en Costa Rica." Przegląd Prawa Rolnego, no. 1(24) (July 7, 2020): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppr.2019.24.1.7.

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This research aims to explain, in a concise manner, the origin and development of agricultural law in Costa Rica. For this purpose, the evolution of the agrarian normative system is analysed first, including its exceptional and specific norms, that existed before the consolidation of the constitutional agrarian law. It also addresses the notion of agricultural law as a legal science, according to modern doctrine, and the impact that Italian doctrine had on the concept of agricultural activity in Costa Rica. The most recent evolution is explained, related to policies and norms of territorial rural development, as well as the new competences granted by the Agrarian Procedural Code as of its entry into force in February 2020.

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5

Lester, David. "Suicide and Homicide in Costa Rica." Medicine, Science and the Law 35, no. 4 (October 1995): 316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249503500408.

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Suicide and homicide rates are lower in Costa Rica than in the United States. Firearms are used less often for suicide and for murder in Costa Rica than in the United States; hanging is more common as a method for suicide in Costa Rica and cutting/piercing more common as a method for murder. Suicide rates do not increase with age in Costa Rica, while the chances of being murdered do increase with age, unlike the United States.

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6

Miles, Cameron A. "Certain Activities Carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)/Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along The San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) (I.C.J.)." International Legal Materials 55, no. 3 (June 2016): 417–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.55.3.0417.

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December 16, 2015, saw the International Court of Justice (ICJ or the Court) render final judgment in the joined cases of Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Border Area) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) (Road). Together, these cases represented an opportunity for the Court to advance and clarify its thinking on the role of environmental impact assessments (EIA) in general international law, as first introduced in its decision in Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) (Pulp Mills), with both Costa Rica (in Border Area) and Nicaragua (in Road) alleging that the other had failed to carry out an EIA with respect to certain, potentially environmentally harmful, activities. They also raised some interesting questions regarding remedies for the breach of provisional measures awarded under Article 41 of the ICJ Statute.

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7

Miller, Michael J. "Biodiversity Policy Making in Costa Rica." Journal of Environment & Development 15, no. 4 (December 2006): 359–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496506294801.

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8

Guez, Guillaume. "International Court of Justice." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 33, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12334007.

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Abstract In its judgment of 2 February 2018 in the joined cases between Costa Rica and Nicaragua, the International Court of Justice held that Harbor Head Lagoon and the sandbar separating it from the Caribbean Sea belonged to Nicaragua, thereby creating an enclave on the Costa Rican coast. Despite this finding, the Court decided to disregard it when establishing the maritime delimitation. This article aims at showing that such a solution is incompatible with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as well as examining the options left to the Court to remedy the impracticality of the situation in accordance with the applicable law.

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9

Tanaka, Yoshifumi. "Costa Rica v. Nicaragua and Nicaragua v. Costa Rica : Some Reflections on the Obligation to Conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 26, no. 1 (April 2017): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12192.

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10

Cogan, Jacob Katz. "Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica)." American Journal of International Law 110, no. 2 (April 2016): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.110.2.0320.

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11

Morales Hernández, Francisco. "El sector de la economía laboral en Costa Rica (S.E.L.)." Boletín de la Asociación Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, no. 46 (December 31, 2012): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/baidc-46-2012pp285-295.

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<p>El autor analiza la evolución de las sociedades cooperativas en Costa Rica en los últimos 60 años. Su evolución, su incidencia en la economía de su país, el reflejo de su forma de funcionamiento democrático en la sociedad costarricense, etc. son características que el autor va desgranando en este artículo.</p><p><strong>Recibido</strong>: 04.06.2012<br /><strong>Aceptado</strong>: 13.07.2012</p>

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12

Miller, Carrie. "The AMISCONDE Partnership in Costa Rica." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 16, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v16n01_02.

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13

Eijkman, Quirine. "To be Held Accountable: Police Accountability in Costa Rica." Police Practice and Research 7, no. 5 (December 2006): 411–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614260601076041.

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14

Cuadrado-Quesada, Gabriela, Cameron Holley, and Joyeeta Gupta. "Groundwater governance in the Anthropocene: a close look at Costa Rica." Water Policy 20, no. 3 (February 7, 2018): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.158.

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Abstract The Anthropocene is an era in which humans have become the primary driver of planetary systems, not least the global hydrological cycle. This is posing significant challenges for managing the globe's water resources, and is catalyzing a shift in the focus of water law, governance and policy research. One important feature of this shift is a burgeoning focus on groundwater resources and their exploitation, particularly in developing countries. As surface water succumbs to climate pressures, groundwater use has increased rapidly as a source of food production and economic development. A fundamental question for modern water law and governance research is: what are the key challenges and opportunities for effective design and implementation of groundwater law to achieve sustainable and inclusive development. This article provides insights into this question through an empirical examination of Costa Rica. Drawing on an empirical analysis of 40 semi-structured interviews with public and private stakeholders in Costa Rica, the findings identify the following challenges and opportunities for groundwater governance: (i) recognition of water as a public good and clear ownership; (ii) insufficient definition of groundwater and embedding within the concepts of sustainable and inclusive development and participation; (iii) inadequate organization and toolbox, including implementation.

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15

Becker, Joanna. "Examples of sustainable development efforts in Costa Rica." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 5, no. 3 (September 1998): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509809469981.

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16

Piotto, Daniel, Florencia Montagnini, Markku Kanninen, Luis Ugalde, and Edgar Viquez. "Forest Plantations in Costa Rica and Nicaragua." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 18, no. 4 (May 24, 2004): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v18n04_04.

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17

Cuadrado-Quesada, Gabriela. "Realising the Human Right to Water in Costa Rica through Social Movements." Utrecht Law Review 16, no. 2 (2020): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.36633/ulr.561.

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18

Martin, Edward J. "Sustainable Development, Postmodern Capitalism, and Environmental Policy and Management in Costa Rica." Contemporary Justice Review 7, no. 2 (June 2004): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1028258042000221166.

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19

Carvajal-Jiménez, Vivian, Kenneth Alfredo Cubillo-Jiménez, and Marielos Vargas-Morales. "Poblaciones indígenas de Costa Rica y su acceso a la educación superior. División de Educación Rural: Una alternativa de formación." Revista Electrónica Educare 21, no. 3 (August 29, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ree.21-3.21.

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The following text describes the historical and operational evolution of inclusive actions in education directed towards indigenous populations in Costa Rica, one of the most vulnerable and discriminated groups in the country. This article specifically underlines how the national higher education and laws have evolved toward acknowledging the inalienable rights of these ancient peoples. The work done by the Universidad Nacional [National University of Costa Rica], specifically by the Rural Education Division (DER, in Spanish), stands out with roving degree courses and trainers of teachers for the General Basic Education being offered in the rural and indigenous contexts where students live. Part of the analysis includes a review of the barriers for accessing the university environment, as well as the role of public universities in democratizing higher education. The conclusion is that Costa Rica has made significant progress in the fields of law, administration, and pedagogy regarding access to education for the indigenous peoples; notwithstanding, these shall not be deemed as concluded achievements concerning the rights of the original peoples as there is a long way to go yet for asserting an equitable offering for them.

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20

Novakovic, Marko. "Geographic maps as evidence in practice of the international court of justice." Medjunarodni problemi 68, no. 1 (2016): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1601095n.

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The paper deals with the use of geographic maps as evidence in the practice of the International Court of Justice with a view to the latest cases in which the Court in its judgments elaborated maps as evidence: the case Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica). The analysis comprehends the evidentiary value of geographic maps throughout the International Court of Justice's jurisprudence and even in the case-law of its predecessors. The author emphasizes that the substantial element that affects whether a geographic map will be accepted as direct evidence before the International Court of Justice is the consent of the parties to the dispute, as well as the fact, that the map stands as an expression of the will of the state. The author concludes that the map properties-such as details, quality and consistency-have no impact on the acceptance of the map as direct evidence, but only on whether the geographic map is to be accepted as an indirect proof.

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21

Peytrequin Gomez, Jeffrey, and Monica Aguilar Bonilla. "Abangares, Guanacaste. mining production as an example of industrial archeology in Costa Rica." Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences 7, no. 2 (August 12, 2022): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2022.07.00256.

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This article focuses on the investigative potential of the contexts associated with a case of gold extraction developed in Costa Rica by a transnational during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The intensity with which the ore was extracted from the Abangares mountain range, as well as the state-of-the-art technology at the time, which is present in a large part of the mines called Tres Amigos and Tres Hermanos (La Sierra district); makes this place an optimal space for the development of anthropological, archaeological and historical research. However, to start we will focus on the evidence found on the property of the Ecomuseo de Las Minas de Abangares, an instance directed by the local government (municipality). Several of the material remnants of this mining production are found "in situ" and with part of them the Ecomuseum of Las Minas de Abangares was created, which has a declaration of "Historic Architectural Monument" according to Law 7555 of Costa Rica. The foregoing constitutes one of the first declarations of an asset as industrial architectural heritage in the country (declared in 2001) and that offers possibilities for future research, conservation and dissemination in Costa Rica of these contexts.

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22

Ovares Sánchez, Carolina. "El constitucionalismo dialógico, la consulta legislativa previa y el caso de Costa Rica." Revista Derecho del Estado, no. 49 (April 21, 2021): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n49.12.

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El giro dialógico del constitucionalismo o el constitucionalismo dialógico ha introducido novedades con respecto al análisis y práctica del instituto del control judicial de constitucionalidad de las leyes. Es en este marco que se desarrolla el presente artículo. El objetivo consiste en analizar el mecanismo de la consulta previa como un caso de constitucionalismo dialógico. En otras palabras, la cuestión es si este mecanismo tiene o no las características para ser catalogado como un instituto que habilita el diálogo inter-institucional y su vez el diálogo democrático. Este análisis se ejemplificará prestando atención al caso específico de Costa Rica. El estudio es de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo y contribuyó a comprender el uso del mecanismo de la consulta legislativa previa, a la luz de los presupuestos del constitucionalismo dialógico, conforme a la teoría desarrollada por Roberto Gargarella. El análisis propuesto se realiza a partir del estudio de un caso concreto: la cuestión es si la consulta legislativa en el formato costarricense puede circunscribirse a las exigencias normativas del giro dialógico del constitucionalismo. Para resolver esta cuestión será clave considerar el poder formal o de jure del tribunal costarricense y el diseño institucional de Costa Rica, el cual está incrustado en la típica estructura de los frenos y contrapesos.

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23

Solano Carboni, Montserrat. "The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in Implementing Decisions of the Inter-American System: Three Recent Examples from Costa Rica." Journal of Human Rights Practice 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa020.

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Abstract This practice note reflects on the potential role that national human rights institutions could play to promote implementation of judgments and decisions from supranational human rights bodies. In particular, it reflects on the experience the author had as head of one such institution in Costa Rica and the role she played promoting compliance by Costa Rica with cases decided by the Inter-American Court. She writes about the changing landscape of national human rights institutions in the Americas region and their potential in the future to impact implementation.

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24

Stirling-Zanda, Simonetta. "Preserving Tradition that is Necessary to Exercising Essential Rights: Some Reflections on the ICJ Decision on Navigational Rights on the San Juan River." International Community Law Review 14, no. 3 (2012): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197312x650514.

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Abstract In 2009 the ICJ delivered a decision on the interpretation of the 1858 Treaty of Limits between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. While the main issue concerned commercial navigation on the San Juan River, a small part of the Court’s decision dealt with private navigational rights that benefit the few riparian inhabitants of the Costa Rican bank. On the basis of humanitarian concerns, the Court decided that the treaty implicitly guarantees also private navigational rights, originating in a tradition predating the Treaty of Limits, and necessary nowadays to access schools and medical practices. The article takes the Court’s interpretation as the starting point for a reflection on the importance of human rights law in the preservation of communal traditions that cannot rely on international rules protecting groups according to their identity.

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25

Lathrop, Coalter G. "Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)." American Journal of International Law 104, no. 3 (July 2010): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.3.0454.

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26

Lutz, Ernst, and Daly Herman. "Incentives, regulations, and sustainable land use in Costa Rica." Environmental & Resource Economics 1, no. 2 (1991): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00310017.

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27

MIRANDA, MIRIAM, CAREL DIEPERINK, and PIETER GLASBERGEN. "VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS IN WATERSHED PROTECTION EXPERIENCES FROM COSTA RICA." Environment, Development and Sustainability 9, no. 1 (January 10, 2006): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-005-9000-9.

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28

Wilson, B. M. "Claiming individual rights through a constitutional court: The example of gays in Costa Rica." International Journal of Constitutional Law 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 242–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/mom010.

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29

Dutschke, Michael, and Axel Michaelowa. "Climate cooperation as development policy: the case Of Costa Rica." International Journal of Sustainable Development 3, no. 1 (2000): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsd.2000.001526.

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30

Alpízar, Marco Antonio Quesada. "Participation and fisheries management in Costa Rica: From theory to practice." Marine Policy 30, no. 6 (November 2006): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2005.09.001.

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31

Locke, Steven. "Environmental education for democracy and social justice in Costa Rica." International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 18, no. 2 (June 16, 2009): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10382040902861171.

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32

Pérez Cordero, Luis Diego, Markku Kanninen, and Luis Alberto Ugalde Arias. "Stand growth scenarios for Bombacopsis quinata plantations in Costa Rica." Forest Ecology and Management 174, no. 1-3 (February 2003): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00060-9.

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33

Pérez, Diego, and Markku Kanninen. "Stand growth scenarios for Tectona grandis plantations in Costa Rica." Forest Ecology and Management 210, no. 1-3 (May 2005): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.037.

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34

Bermejo, Ivan, Isabel Cañellas, and Alfonso San Miguel. "Growth and yield models for teak plantations in Costa Rica." Forest Ecology and Management 189, no. 1-3 (February 2004): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.07.031.

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35

Blackman, Allen, Rebecca Osakwe, and Francisco Alpizar. "Fuel tax incidence in developing countries: The case of Costa Rica." Energy Policy 38, no. 5 (May 2010): 2208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.12.007.

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36

Brenes, Alvaro Redondo. "A Review of the Agroforestry Systems of Costa Rica." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 21, no. 1 (December 18, 2004): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v21n01_06.

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37

Dettman, Stephen. "The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor in Panama and Costa Rica." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 22, no. 1-2 (May 10, 2006): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v22n01_02.

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38

Jones, Jeffrey R. "Environmental Issues and Policies in Costa Rica. Control of Deforestation." Policy Studies Journal 20, no. 4 (December 1992): 679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00190.x.

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39

Lansing, David, Pedro Bidegaray, David O. Hansen, and Kendra McSweeney. "Placing the plantation in smallholder agriculture: Evidence from Costa Rica." Ecological Engineering 34, no. 4 (November 2008): 358–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.08.009.

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40

Tanaka, Yoshifumi. "Temporal Elements in the Valuation of Environmental Damage: Reflections on the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Compensation Case before the International Court of Justice." Nordic Journal of International Law 90, no. 3 (October 12, 2021): 257–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-90030001.

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Abstract In the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua judgment of 2 February 2018, the International Court of Justice (icj), for the first time in its jurisprudence, explicitly accepted the compensability of environmental damage. Nonetheless, the valuation of environmental damage is less easy. Since conditions concerning the environment and its natural resources may change with the passage of time, there is a need to take the dynamics and variability of the environment into account in the valuation of environmental damage. In this regard, considerations of temporal elements, including the time necessary for recovery of the environment and ecosystem, are key. Thus this article aims to consider the issues of the valuation of environmental damage in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Compensation case focusing particularly on temporal elements. In particular, this article critically analyses the icj’s methodology for the valuation of environmental damage. This article also examines the issues of climate change and use of experts in the valuation of environmental damage.

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41

Eijkman, Quirine A. M. "'Around here I am the law!' Strengthening police officers' compliance with the rule of law in Costa Rica." Utrecht Law Review 2, no. 2 (December 5, 2006): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ulr.30.

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42

Hernández Vargas, Oscar Alonso, and Isaías López Lara. "Los sistemas de Fiscalización y Control en las Cooperativas: aplicación al caso de Costa Rica." Boletín de la Asociación Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, no. 37 (December 31, 2005): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/baidc-37-2003pp99-114.

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El Estado costarricense mediante el Instituto de Fomento del Cooperativismo fomenta, promueve, financia, divulga y apoya el cooperativismo en todos los niveles, propiciando las condiciones requeridas y los elementos indispensables, a una mayor y efectiva participación de la población del país, en el desenvolvimiento de la actividad económico-social.

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43

Sánchez Boza, Roxana. "La participación económica de los socios cooperativos: cooperativas tradicionales, autogestionarias y cogestionarias de Costa Rica." Boletín de la Asociación Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, no. 53 (December 21, 2018): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/baidc-53-2018pp37-65.

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Costa Rica mantiene su ley cooperativa que data de 1968, con algunas reformas que no han cambiado su letra en cuanto al tratamiento de los Principios Cooperativos. La legislación cooperativa se ha enriquecido, en las últimas décadas, con la participación de la Procuraduría General de la República, de los tribunales y sobre todo con el análisis de la Ley cooperativa, realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Fomento Cooperativo, en su tarea de aclarar las dudas que los entes cooperativos y los cooperativistas le plantean, como producto de su vida diaria en sus organizaciones cooperativas. Con base en las fuentes mencionadas se comunica la posición de la legislación cooperativa costarricense frente al tercer Principio Cooperativo relacionado con la participación económica de los socios, según las diferentes partes que tiene ese principio y cómo afecta la relación de los asociados con la cooperativa, así como los derechos que derivan de la misma, en el campo económico.Recibido: 31 mayo 2018Aceptado: 17 septiembre 2018Publicación en línea: 21 diciembre 2018

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44

Restrepo Sanín, Juliana. "The Law and Violence against Women in Politics." Politics & Gender 14, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18000594.

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Latin America has been at the vanguard in implementing diverse strategies to combat violence against women in politics (VAWIP). In 2012, Bolivia became the first country to criminalize “political violence and harassment against women” with Law 243. Soon, Ecuador, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico followed with similar proposals (Krook and Restrepo Sanín 2016). Despite high levels of criminal impunity (Piscopo 2016), legislative measures have been the preferred strategy to combat VAWIP within the region. The Inter-American Commission on Women (CIM) recently published a model law, drawing on experiences in Bolivia, to serve as inspiration for other legislative measures in the region. What can these legislative definitions tell us about the phenomenon of VAWIP, its limits, and its challenges?

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45

Acuña-Piedra, Jéssica Francini, and Adolfo Quesada-Román. "Multidecadal biogeomorphic dynamics of a deltaic mangrove forest in Costa Rica." Ocean & Coastal Management 211 (October 2021): 105770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105770.

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46

Flagg, Julia. "Carbon Neutral by 2021: The Past and Present of Costa Rica’s Unusual Political Tradition." Sustainability 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10020296.

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Costa Rica has pledged to become the first nation to become carbon neutral. This event raises the important question of how to understand this contemporary form of climate politics, given that Costa Rica has made an almost negligible contribution to the problem of global climate change. To understand this pledge, a case study spanning about 200 years situates the pledge within the country’s unique historical profile. An analysis of interview data, archival research, and secondary data reveals that the pledge is the latest instance in Costa Rica’s unusual political tradition. This political tradition dates back to the area’s experience as a Spanish colony and as a newly independent nation. Several events, including the abolition of the army, the work on green development, and being awarded a Nobel Peace Prize were all foundational in forming Costa Rica’s tradition as a place that leads by example and stands for peace and protection of nature. The carbon neutral pledge extends the political tradition that has been established through these earlier events. This case highlights the importance of understanding contemporary environmental politics through an analysis of long-term, historical data.

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47

Holl, Karen D., Gretchen C. Daily, and Paul R. Ehrlich. "The Fertility Plateau in Costa Rica: a Review of Causes and Remedies." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 4 (1993): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002350x.

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The decline and subsequent above-replacement plateau in Costa Rican fertility rates illustrates a demographic pattern that is apparent in other developing countries. This paper discusses the complexity of factors that contribute to the fertility plateau in Costa Rica. These contributory factors include the social and economic status of women, socio-economic conditions in general, lack of government commitment to and supply of family planning services relative to demand, deficient sex and family-planning education, and the powerful institutional influence of the Catholic Church.We then discuss possible strategies, for developing and developed nations alike, to slow and eventually halt the exponential growth of the global human population. For this quintessential need the most important strategies, we suggest, are targeted education for both sexes and provision of comprehensive contraceptive and abortion services.

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48

Sánchez Boza, Roxana. "Cooperativas, fundaciones, sociedades civiles en Centroamérica. Posibilidades de transformación en entes más ágiles." Boletín de la Asociación Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, no. 47 (December 31, 2013): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/baidc-47-2013pp17-32.

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<p>Se analizan las legislaciones cooperativas, de fundaciones y códigos civiles de la región centroamericana y República Dominicana. Se han promovido leyes que integran las ONG s, fundaciones y cooperativas. Únicamente es posible la comparación en cuanto a las posibilidades que tienen las fundaciones en Costa Rica, en cuanto realizar actividades lucrativas en aras a fortalecer su patrimonio.</p><p><strong>Recibido</strong>: 01.07.2013<br /><strong>Aceptado</strong>: 30.07.2013</p>

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49

Adamson, Erin, Cecilia Menjívar, and Shannon Drysdale Walsh. "The Impact of Adjacent Laws on Implementing Violence Against Women Laws: Legal Violence in the Lives of Costa Rican Women." Law & Social Inquiry 45, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 432–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.58.

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Most scholarship addressing implementation gaps of violence against women (VAW) laws focuses on countries with high levels of violence in the lives of women—accompanied by weak policing and judicial responses. These studies tend to argue that the most egregious forms of political or social violence explain this gap. However, there has been little attention to countries with lower levels of gender-based violence and relatively responsive state institutions. We analyze the application of VAW laws in Costa Rica, with a focus on the impact of adjacent laws, or laws that are seemingly unrelated to VAW laws but are applied in tandem with and often in conflict with VAW laws. Based on a decade of fieldwork in Costa Rica, we argue that adjacent laws on land, labor, and immigration can be leveraged in ways that undermine the interpretation and implementation of VAW laws. These failures constitute legal violence: the normalized but cumulatively injurious effects of laws that can result in various forms of violence. While legal violence causes implementation gaps in almost every country, our case study reveals that the underlying sociolegal system upon which these laws rest contributes to a significant gap between VAW laws and practice.

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50

Sánchez Sánchez, Juan Diego. "Cryptocurrencies business and tax management in Costa Rica: An administrative and financial perspective." rESPaldo: Revista Internacional en Administración de Oficinas y Educación Comercial 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 20–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/7-2.2.

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The paper presents the conception and epistemological description of the cryptocurrency as good and instrument of use in the costarican operating companies management, which does not present an express regulation in the national law system, considering its use as a profit generator, this under its managerial and financial approach, specifiying the special importance of the accounting record that must be given to both, the investments as well as the income in this virtual currency, depending on business decisions, detailingthe approaches to legal and tax management, as well as the corresponding taxes associated with the generation of lucrative activities associated with the incorporation of cryptocurrencies as part of the business development.

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