Journal articles: 'Law – Automation'

1

Navale, Anish. "Law Automation using Data Analytics." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33697.

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Simpson, Brian, and Lisa Collingwood. "Law, automation and shifting values." Information & Communications Technology Law 27, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1458453.

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STAUDT, RONALD W. "Law Office Automation Approaching the Millennium." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 1, no. 1 (1993): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/1.1.59.

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Walker-Osborn, Charlotte. "Artificial Intelligence Automation and the Law." ITNOW 60, no. 1 (2018): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwy020.

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Frank, Morgan R., Lijun Sun, Manuel Cebrian, Hyejin Youn, and Iyad Rahwan. "Small cities face greater impact from automation." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 139 (February 2018): 20170946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0946.

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The city has proved to be the most successful form of human agglomeration and provides wide employment opportunities for its dwellers. As advances in robotics and artificial intelligence revive concerns about the impact of automation on jobs, a question looms: how will automation affect employment in cities? Here, we provide a comparative picture of the impact of automation across US urban areas. Small cities will undertake greater adjustments, such as worker displacement and job content substitutions. We demonstrate that large cities exhibit increased occupational and skill specialization due to increased abundance of managerial and technical professions. These occupations are not easily automatable, and, thus, reduce the potential impact of automation in large cities. Our results pass several robustness checks including potential errors in the estimation of occupational automation and subsampling of occupations. Our study provides the first empirical law connecting two societal forces: urban agglomeration and automation's impact on employment.

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Peritore, Laura. "Innovacq and Serials Automation at Hastings Law Library." Serials Librarian 11, no. 2 (October 28, 1986): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j123v11n02_06.

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Choi, Daehyoun, Hind R’bigui, and Chiwoon Cho. "Candidate Digital Tasks Selection Methodology for Automation with Robotic Process Automation." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 8980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168980.

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Today’s business environments face rapid digital transformation, engendering the continuous emerging of new technologies. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is one of the new technologies rapidly and increasingly grabbing the attention of businesses. RPA tools allow mimicking human tasks by providing a virtual workforce, or digital workers in the form of software bots, for automating manual, high-volume, repetitive, and routine tasks. The goal is to allow human workers to delegate their tedious routine tasks to a software bot, thus allowing them to focus on more difficult tasks. RPA tools are simple and very powerful, according to cost-saving and other performance metrics. However, the main challenge of RPA implementation is to effectively determine the business tasks suitable for automation. This paper provides a methodology for selecting candidate tasks for robotic process automation based on user interface logs and process mining techniques.

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Poryvaeva, Natalia Fedorovna. "Self-Employed Law - in the Context of Automation of Law Enforcement and Mechanization of Law." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 10 (2020): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2020.10.1.7.

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Poryvaeva, Natalia Fedorovna. "Self-Employed Law – in the Context of Automation of Law Enforcement and Mechanization of Law." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 10 (October 2020): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2020.10.7.

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The paper considers the federal law of November 27, 2018 No. 422-FZ “On conducting an experiment to establish a special tax regime” Tax on professional income” in the city of federal significance, Moscow, in the Moscow and Kaluga regions, as well as in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan)”, or shortly – the self-employed law, as a prototype of machine-readable law in Russia. The author draws conclu-sions about the role and influence of machine-readable law on the legal system as a whole, such as changes in the legal status of an individual, the so-cio-technical nature of machine-readable legal norms, the status of machine-readable legal norms, double interpretation, ways of developing machine-readable law in the Russian Federation, as well as simplifying procedures and requirements for sub-jects legal relations in the automation of law en-forcement.

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Filin, V. A. "Saccade Automation." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970123.

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The comparative analysis of basic saccade characteristics (interval, amplitude, and coefficient of asymmetry) has shown considerable similarities in adults and first-year babies. Distribution curves of intersaccadic intervals under different test conditions all have only one maximum in the range of about 0.4 s, and in all cases the most frequently met intersaccadic intervals (0.1 – 1.0) comprised comparable proportions of all (71.5% – 90.5%). The concept of saccade automation was formulated on the basis of these data (Filin and Filina, 1989 Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti29 603 – 607). In our opinion saccade automation is the basic law of saccadic activity, and all diversity of eye-movement activity takes place against the background of saccade automation. Microsaccades and macrosaccades, nystagmus, and rapid eye movements during sleep may be seen as special cases of saccade automation. Saccade automation is conditioned by the activity of brain structures with pacemaker function. Thus saccades are driven at one basic frequency, which is modulated by afferent influences from the retina of vestibular apparatus, proprioreceptors of eye and neck muscles, and efferent signals (forehead and occipital sections of cerebral cortex, cerebellum). At the same time, only one parameter is modulated at one particular moment, for example saccade amplitude in which case interval and orientation are given in a ready form. Saccade automation has a great functional importance. It increases the scanned area tenfold, it provides compensation of defects in the sensors and the impellent eye apparatus and for the deletion of consecutive images, maintaining the continuity of visual perception. Moving the image on the retina increases the information of the visual channel.

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Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning. "Global Content Protection Through Automation – A Transnational Law Perspective." IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 49, no. 9 (October 4, 2018): 1017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40319-018-0766-3.

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Segee, B. E., and Kevin S. LeBlanc. "Industrial automation using OLE." Computer Standards & Interfaces 20, no. 6-7 (March 1999): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)90880-2.

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Arshad, Humaira, Saima Abdullah, Moatsum Alawida, Abdulatif Alabdulatif, Oludare Isaac Abiodun, and Omer Riaz. "A Multi-Layer Semantic Approach for Digital Forensics Automation for Online Social Networks." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031115.

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Currently, law enforcement and legal consultants are heavily utilizing social media platforms to easily access data associated with the preparators of illegitimate events. However, accessing this publicly available information for legal use is technically challenging and legally intricate due to heterogeneous and unstructured data and privacy laws, thus generating massive workloads of cognitively demanding cases for investigators. Therefore, it is critical to develop solutions and tools that can assist investigators in their work and decision making. Automating digital forensics is not exclusively a technical problem; the technical issues are always coupled with privacy and legal matters. Here, we introduce a multi-layer automation approach that addresses the automation issues from collection to evidence analysis in online social network forensics. Finally, we propose a set of analysis operators based on domain correlations. These operators can be embedded in software tools to help the investigators draw realistic conclusions. These operators are implemented using Twitter ontology and tested through a case study. This study describes a proof-of-concept approach for forensic automation on online social networks.

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N. Demyanov, Dmitry, Maria V. Krivenkova, and Dinara A. Musabirova. "Autonomous Vehicles as a Category of Transport Law: Definition and Classification." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24956.

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In this paper, the authors consider issues related to the legal definition and understanding of the essence of vehicles with assisted driving and varying degrees of automation. It is pointed out on the need to study the terminological features and definitional difficulties in this area in order to optimize the current Russian transport legislation. The world experience of practical use of vehicles with assisted driving, as well as the legal regulation of related issues is analyzed. The characteristics of various types of automated vehicles are given and investigated. There are considered the current proposals for making amendments to the Rules of the road, aimed at regulating the legal status of unmanned vehicles. The imperfection of these additions, which do not take into account the presence of various levels of vehicle automation, is substantiated. An alternative approach to the formation of an effective conceptual apparatus based on the degree of automation of the driving process is proposed.

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Shahbazi, Sasha, Kerstin Johansen, and Erik Sundin. "Product Design for Automated Remanufacturing—A Case Study of Electric and Electronic Equipment in Sweden." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 9039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169039.

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Remanufacturing is one of the main practices toward a circular economy and industrial sustainability. Remanufacturing is highly dependent on how circular products are designed and developed. Remanufacturing can also benefit from automation for efficiency, accuracy and flexibility. This paper, via a multiple case study, connects the three areas of remanufacturing, product design and automation and investigates how circular product design can facilitate automation remanufacturing processes. First, circular product design guidelines are discussed with regard to remanufacturing. Second, potential areas for automation at three remanufacturers of electric and electronic equipment are pinpointed. Finally, design guidelines are connected to the identified potential automation areas in each remanufacturing process and discussed together. According to our results, the main incentives for automating remanufacturing processes are mainly related to the work environment, efficiency and quality. In addition, several design guidelines can facilitate automated remanufacturing processes; for instance, the standardization of components, fasteners and remanufacturing tools across different models and brands can also facilitate automated remanufacturing, where products can easily and nondestructively be disassembled by a robot or a machine.

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16

Burri, Thomas. "International Law and Artificial Intelligence." Volume 60 · 2017 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.60.1.91.

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This article proposes five arguments about major aspects of artificial intelligence and their implications for international law. The aspects are: automation, personhood, weapons systems, control, and standardisation. The arguments in aggregate convey an idea of where international law needs to be adapted in order to cope with the artificial intelligence revolution under way. The arguments also show the inspiration that may be drawn from existing international law for the governance of artificial intelligence.

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Alexander, John J. "Productivity through automation." Telematics and Informatics 2, no. 2 (January 1985): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-5853(85)80007-1.

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LI, LI, GUI-QUAN SUN, and ZHEN JIN. "EMERGENCE OF POWER-LAW IN SPATIAL EPIDEMICS USING CELLULAR AUTOMATION." International Journal of Modern Physics C 21, no. 08 (August 2010): 983–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183110015634.

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We analyze a spatial susceptible-infected epidemic model using cellular automata and investigate the relations between the power-law distribution of patch sizes and the regime of invasion. The obtained results show that, when the invasion is in the form of coexistence of stable target and spiral wave, power-law will emerge, which may provide a new insight into the control of disease.

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Zalnieriute, Monika, Lyria Bennett Moses, and George Williams. "The Rule of Law and Automation of Government Decision‐Making." Modern Law Review 82, no. 3 (February 25, 2019): 425–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12412.

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20

DiLoreto, Ann. "Library Automation in the 1990s." Legal Reference Services Quarterly 10, no. 3 (December 5, 1990): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j113v10n03_02.

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21

Delorme, Denis S. "Automation of high throughputs screening." Computer Standards & Interfaces 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)92038-x.

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Smit, Huub. "Laboratory automation of ciments d'origny." Computer Standards & Interfaces 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)92050-0.

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23

Lankester, Robert. "Implementing Document Automation: Benefits and Considerations for the Knowledge Professional." Legal Information Management 18, no. 2 (June 2018): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669618000208.

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AbstractKnowledge professionals are often responsible for document automation projects in law firms and in-house legal departments. This article by Robert Lankester is written to provide insight for a wide range of knowledge professionals (in fact anyone curious about document automation), from those for whom it is a new concept to the experienced document automation specialist. First is a discussion of what document automation is (and is not), and the benefits for knowledge management (KM). The main focus of the article is guidance on project implementation, with a specific focus on resourcing. Specific tips for preparing a document for automation and alternative project ideas are included. The article concludes that document automation is a powerful tool for internal knowledge development, enabling deeper collaboration with clients and changing the way legal services are delivered. Resourcing document automation can be approached in a number of ways but whatever the approach, the key is to ensure that business engagement is appropriately catered for.

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Kromann, Lene, and Anders Sørensen. "Automation, performance and international competition: a firm-level comparison of process innovation." Economic Policy 34, no. 100 (October 1, 2019): 691–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiaa002.

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SUMMARY The automation of production processes is an important topic on the policy agenda in high-wage countries, and Denmark is no exception. However, the knowledge of the adoption of automation technologies across firms, of drivers of investments in automation, and on the association between automation and firm performance are limited. This paper uses a new survey to collect data on automation combined with register data to examine these issues. The variation in the adoption of automation technologies is high but the change in adoption over time is slow, and almost half of Danish manufacturing firms relied greatly on manual production processes in 2010. Increasing international competition from China is a driver for investments in automation, i.e. the manufacturing firms that are exposed to intensifying competition from China in their output markets invest more in automation than firms that are not exposed to this type of competition. We conduct external validation of the automation survey by examining the association between the automation measures and firm performance measures constructed from completely independent data sources. We find that the measures of automation are significantly associated with productivity and profitability.

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McLean, Jessica, and Rohan Mackenzie. "Digital justice in Australian visa application processes?" Alternative Law Journal 44, no. 4 (May 29, 2019): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x19853685.

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Automation and privatisation of the Australian visa processing system may produce digital injustices. As of late 2018, the federal government is pursuing automation and privatisation of visa processing to increase revenue, but this move will cut at least 3000 jobs and, given other experiences in automation and privatisation processes pursued by the government, is likely to produce serious errors. Automation of visa processing is under consideration and it may involve the use of artificial intelligence to facilitate decision-making on visas, drawing on digital tools to achieve this end. At this stage, the exact form of privatisation and automation for Australian visa processing is not yet decided. A digital justice lens is used to analyse some of the issues associated with uncritically pursuing ‘disruptive’ technologies.

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Edelson, Eve. "Building automation security in office buildings." Computer Fraud & Security 2004, no. 10 (October 2004): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1361-3723(04)00120-4.

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Losikhin, D., O. Oliynyk, and O. Chorna. "Automation of Calculation of Entropy Error of Measurement." Metrology and instruments, no. 5 (October 19, 2018): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(5)2018.50-55.

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The mathematical model of calculating the entropy error of measurement is obtained in the article. Program listings are provided for calculating measurement errors under the normal and uniform law of distribution errors in the Python software environment.

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Kaiser, Stefan A. "Legal Challenges of Automated and Autonomous Systems." Volume 60 · 2017 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 173–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.60.1.173.

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With an increasing influence of computers and software, automation is affecting many areas of daily life. Autonomous systems have become a central notion, but many systems have reached only a lower level of automation and not yet full autonomy. Information technology and software have a strong impact and their industries are introducing their own business cultures. Even though autonomy will enable systems to act independently from direct human input and control in complex scenarios, the factors of responsibility, control, and attribution are of crucial importance for a legal framework. Legal responsibility has to serve as a safeguard of fundamental rights. Responsibility can be attributed by a special legal regime, and mandatory human override and fallback modes can assure human intervention and control. It is proposed to establish a precautionary regulatory regime for automated and autonomous systems to include general principles on responsibility, transparency, training, human override and fallback modes, design parameters for algorithms and artificial intelligence, and cyber security. States need to take a positivist approach, maintain their regulatory prerogative, and, in support of their exercise of legislative and executive functions, establish an expertise independent of industry in automation, autonomy, algorithms, and artificial intelligence.

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Pagallo, Ugo, and Massimo Durante. "The Pros and Cons of Legal Automation and its Governance." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 2 (June 2016): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005742.

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The article examines the field of legal automation, its advantages and drawbacks, the ways in which legal constraints and safeguards can be embedded into technology and how the law may govern human behaviour through codes, IT architectures, and design. By stressing both benefits and shortcomings of legal automation, the article does not suggest that the latter is something “neutral”. Rather, making legal reasoning and enforcement automatic, so that even a machine can process and understand this information, should be conceived as a set of constraints and affordances that transform, or reshape, the environment of people’s interaction and moreover, the interplay of human and artificial agents, thereby affecting basic pillars of the (rule of) law. The overall aim is to flesh out goals and values that are at stake with choices of technological dependence, delegation and trust, so as to determine the good mix between legal automation and public deliberation.

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Orazbayeva, D., A. Abzhapbarova, D. Agabekova, A. Bublikov, and I. Taran. "Automation of the coordinated road traffic control process." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-1/158.

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Purpose. To increase output of traffic network while deriving new dependencies of transport flow characteristics upon control law parameters and using them to develop an algorithm to automate a process of the transport flow coordinated regulation within towns and cities. Methodology. The aggregated simulation model, describing processes of road traffic formation within a local section of urban traffic system, is used for the analysis of dependencies to assess quality of transport flow control upon correcting conditions being parameters of traffic cycles within intersections. The abovementioned should involve a PID controller as well as a negative feedback idea to automate control of the road traffic process. In this context, control criterion is applied to determine critical flow intensity if a traffic jam occurs. The criterion makes it possible to identify changes in the road traffic nature. To determine the optimal settings of the PID controller for different stocks of the stability control system, the standard deviation of the controlled variable from the set value and the mean static control error are defined. The derived dependencies of control quality criteria upon a law of flow regulation have helped develop a new algorithm of the coordinated automated road traffic control within a local section of urban traffic section using standard control action. Simulation experiments made it possible to assess efficiency of the proposed algorithm of control compared with available ones applied in terms of different road conditions. Findings. As a part of the studies, algorithm of the coordinated automated road traffic has been developed. It helps support maximum output of road systems while monitoring changes in the traffic environment characteristics. Originality. For the first time, dependencies of assessment criteria of traffic flow control upon the parameters of a law of flow intensity regulation have been identified if maximum output of road systems is provided. The dependencies have helped substantiate optimum control criteria for different road conditions while automating a process of coordinated traffic flow regulation within local section of urban traffic network. Practical value. The proposed dependencies of assessment criteria of traffic flow control upon the parameters of a law of flow intensity regulation as well as the algorithm of automated coordinated control are the theoretical foundations to solve such an important applied scientific problem as automation of a process of urban traffic flow regulation.

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Altintas, Yusuf. "Publishing in International Journal of Automation Technology." International Journal of Automation Technology 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2007): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2007.p0004.

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Automation technology is created by integrating mechanical design, dynamics, control, sensors, actuators, electronics and real time software engineering knowledge into a single system. While there are a number of journals which focus on the individual subjects, a sole journal like IJAT which presents the integration of disciplines to create automation products has been missing. Although automation covers rather a large spectrum, we encourage the authors to submit their articles with the details of technology integration. While mathematical details of a position control of a single axis machine may be more suitable to be presented in a pure control journal, the integration of mechanical drives, motors, sensors, control law, trajectory generation and real time software modules constitutes an excellent example for an automation technology. Similarly, while an image processing algorithm would be narrow, integration of image processing, timing, coordination with moving machinery, hardware and software lay out describes an automation technology. The aim of the journal is to bring theory, design and integration together which leads to the creation of a novel automation technology. The journal is expected to be a key resource for automation engineers in industry and academia while disseminating archival academic knowledge to the society.

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Fukuda, Toshio, and Takemasa Arakawa. "Computational intelligence in robotics and automation." Computer Standards & Interfaces 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)92042-1.

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Viale, Ivan, and André Vital. "SCRIBE: An integrated office automation system." Computer Standards & Interfaces 5, no. 4 (January 1986): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(86)90040-1.

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Schumny, Harald. "Computer architectures for robotics and automation." Computer Standards & Interfaces 7, no. 4 (January 1988): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(88)90029-3.

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Kusumawardani, Qur'ani Dewi. "ADVOCATE PROFESSION TOWARDS AUTOMATION IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 ERA." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 8, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.8.2.2019.166-195.

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Legal service and business competition have changed in the last decade because of technology changes. Artificial Intelligence technology in the form of robots, chat bots, and digital assistants will influence the practice of law in industrial revolution 4.0 era. By 2025, based on The Learning Generation report, released by the United Nation Commissions on Financing Global Opportunity, said that half of the world’s jobs are at high risk to get the impact of automation in the coming decades. Legal profession such as lawyer will feel this impact, with the emergence of robot lawyers. The method used in this paper is a juridical normative method with statute approach and conceptual approach, and descriptive analysis. The results will be obtained from this study; firstly, correlation between advocate profession and automation. Secondly, law field which will get impact from automation. Thirdly, what the lawyer should prepare to face the condition of radical technology changing in Industry 4.0, because in this Era, we must innovate more rather just imitate past glory.

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Macdonald, Stuart, Sara Giro Correia, and Amy-Louise Watkin. "Regulating terrorist content on social media: automation and the rule of law." International Journal of Law in Context 15, no. 2 (June 2019): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552319000119.

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AbstractSocial-media companies make extensive use of artificial intelligence in their efforts to remove and block terrorist content from their platforms. This paper begins by arguing that, since such efforts amount to an attempt to channel human conduct, they should be regarded as a form of regulation that is subject to rule-of-law principles. The paper then discusses three sets of rule-of-law issues. The first set concerns enforceability. Here, the paper highlights the displacement effects that have resulted from the automated removal and blocking of terrorist content and argues that regard must be had to the whole social-media ecology, as well as to jihadist groups other than the so-called Islamic State and other forms of violent extremism. Since rulebylaw is only a necessary, and not a sufficient, condition for compliance with rule-of-law values, the paper then goes on to examine two further sets of issues: the clarity with which social-media companies define terrorist content and the adequacy of the processes by which a user may appeal against an account suspension or the blocking or removal of content. The paper concludes by identifying a range of research questions that emerge from the discussion and that together form a promising and timely research agenda to which legal scholarship has much to contribute.

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Ismail, Rasha Fady, Fadi Safieddine, Rawad Hammad, and Mazhar Hallak Kantakji. "Towards Sustainable Production Processes Reengineering: Case Study at INCOM Egypt." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 6564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116564.

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INCOM Egypt has undergone automation in some processes where critical aspects of its operations are transformed and automated. This paper presents an overview of INCOM Egypt processes using Ould Riva and analyses the process of ‘handling a product’. It aims to demonstrate effective automation of the production of wires and cables process accompanied to Industry 4.0 while considering environmental and economic sustainability goals that were inhibited by COVID-19 restrictions. Ould’s Riva method is used to analyse the production process of wires and cables to propose improvements for automating the process. Business process modelling is utilised to study the processes for clearer understating. The flow of information within the process is also analysed to integrate the production process with other processes and supply chains, which helps to identify which production activities can be automated and mainstreamed into the information flow to achieve environmental and economic sustainability. The context of INCOM Egypt, as a case study, is presented along with the Riva model of its operations. The paper identifies the before, i.e., As-Is process, and after, i.e., To-Be Process, automation of the ‘handle a product’ process using the Role Activity Diagram (RAD). The process involved redesigning and improving different activities to increase resource-use efficiency to participate in achieving the goals of sustainability. The focus of this paper is to investigate the negative impact of COVID-19 on sustainability and to examine the accomplishments of process automation of wire production towards environmental and economic sustainability. The results of the research reveal a relationship between business process modelling and sustainability. Moreover, automation of processes (Industry 4.0) is found to reduce the negative effect of COVID-19 on production. A triangulation between process modelling, process automation (Industry 4.0), and sustainability was determined. Each one is reinforcing and impacting one another. The RAD model demonstrates that automation of the activities in the process reduces waste, time, cost, and redundant processes as factors of sustainability, which may also help to lessen the unfavorable effects of the pandemic. The results proved generalisation on other organisations in the same line of business.

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Kukarceva, Aleksandra. "The Impact of Digitalization on the Exercise of Judicial Power in the Russian Federation." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2023, no. 1 (January 27, 2023): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2023-7-1-112-118.

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The judicial digitalization and automation are currently at its final stage. This article focuses on the concept of digitalization in court. The author analyzed the documents that regulate the digitalization in the Russian judicial system and assessed its result, e.g., in the sphere of interaction with trial participants. The article clarifies the correlation between automation, informatization, and digitalization and describes the trends, stages, and achievements in the digital development of the judicial system in the light of federal targeted programs. The author believes that the terms related to the digitalization of the legal system still have a vague status because they exist at the intersection of the procedural branches of general law and information law. Automation makes it possible to monitor trials and prevent violations of deadlines. Digital information about courts and trials may encourage citizens for a more active interaction with the judicial system. Unfortunately, the digital transformation of Russian courts is at its earliest stage and has a long way to go. Eventually, modern technologies will improve the quality of the judicial system.

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Barnhizer, Daniel. "Contracts and Automation: Exploring the Normativity of Automation in the Context of U.S. Contract Law and E.U. Consumer Protection Directives." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 14 (2016): 15–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.14.1.

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Given a choice between two systems of contract rules, a court or legislature may have a normative obligation to adopt the rule that is more susceptible to coding and automation. This paper explores the ramifications of that normative proposition through the lens of multiple contract doctrines that traditionally involve “messy” judgments or multiple interacting judgments regarding which human beings are – arguably – capable of making finely nuanced analyses. Using the common law doctrine of unconscionability and Polish Civil Code Article 385 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, this paper explores the differences between contract rules that require human analysis versus those that can be applied with strong reliability by automated processes. Finally, the paper analyzes some of the potential pitfalls of this normative proposition in light of technological, economic, and moral/ethical concerns.

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Hobe, Stephan, and Benjamyn I. Scott. "International Civil Aviation and the Dehumanisation of Activities." Volume 60 · 2017 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 143–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.60.1.143.

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International passenger and cargo transportation plays a crucial role in the world’s economy, and central to the success of this industry and to its continuous growth is ensuring safe, secure, and efficient operations at a national, regional, and international level. In pursuance of this, the aviation industry is becoming increasingly reliant on technology, with the aim of replacing the human user with technology. The introduction of automation, from its rudimentary beginnings, throughout its constant evolution, is now essential in almost every area of international aviation and is one of the core components in ensuring safe and efficient operations. However, its evolution, which has undoubtedly revolutionised the industry, has not always been free from challenges and controversies. This paper will therefore analyse, from both a manned and unmanned perspective, the benefits and challenges that automation has presented and continues to present to international civil aviation.

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Palma, Joao, Luis Lacerda, Jose Antunes, and Filomena Simoes. "Multipurpose process simulator for automation engineering laboratory." Computer Standards & Interfaces 20, no. 6-7 (March 1999): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)90882-6.

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Palma, Joao, Luis Lacerda, Jose Antunes, and Filomena Simoes. "Multipurpose process simulator for automation engineering laboratory." Computer Standards & Interfaces 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)92039-1.

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Pan, Zhiwen, Salim Hariri, and Jesus Pacheco. "Context aware intrusion detection for building automation systems." Computers & Security 85 (August 2019): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2019.04.011.

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Kumar, Ravi, Vikky Kumar, and Chandan Kumar. "Impact of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Automation on Employment." YMER Digital 21, no. 07 (July 28, 2022): 1116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.07/92.

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Machine learning is the ability of machines to learn from past experiences using historical data (supervised and semisupervised cases) to solve a given problem. Machines make decisions using Artificial Intelligence (past experiences). Companies adequately understand that increasing business efficiency and employee productivity are of supreme importance to thriving in a highly competitive digital environment. Any process can be automated as long as there is a clear operating procedure available. In today’s time, almost every sector is automating things to minimise cost and improve reliability. So, we need something that will resolve this. In this paper, we will study the many good and bad impacts of artificial intelligence, robotics, and automation on employment. We will also discuss some ideas to minimise the bad impact and maximise the good impact in the related fields

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Poser, Norman S. "Automation of Securities Markets and the European Community's Proposed Investment Services Directive." Law and Contemporary Problems 55, no. 4 (1992): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192104.

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Rieger, Marcel. "Design Pattern for Analysis Automation on Distributed Resources using Luigi Analysis Workflows." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 05025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024505025.

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In particle physics, workflow management systems are primarily used as tailored solutions in dedicated areas such as Monte Carlo event generation. However, physicists performing data analyses are usually required to steer their individual workflows manually, which is time-consuming and often leads to undocumented relations between particular workloads. We present the Luigi Analysis Workflows (Law) Python package, which is based on the opensource pipelining tool Luigi, originally developed by Spotify. It establishes a generic design pattern for analyses of arbitrary scale and complexity, and shifts the focus from executing to defining the analysis logic. Law provides the building blocks to seamlessly integrate interchangeable remote resources without, however, limiting itself to a specific choice of infrastructure. In particular, it encourages and enables the separation of analysis algorithms on the one hand, and run locations, storage locations, and software environments on the other hand. To cope with the sophisticated demands of end-to-end HEP analyses, Law supports job execution on WLCG infrastructure (ARC, gLite) as well as on local computing clusters (HTCondor, LSF), remote file access via most common protocols through the GFAL2 library, and an environment sandboxing mechanism with support for Docker and Singularity containers. Moreover, the novel approach ultimately aims for analysis preservation out-of-the-box. Law is entirely experiment independent and developed open-source. It is successfully used in tt̄H cross section measurements and searches for di-Higgs boson production with the CMS experiment.

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S, Mr Vinay Raj A. "Inside Clinical Arena Automated Evaluation Using Selenium testing framework." YMER Digital 21, no. 01 (January 24, 2022): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.01/42.

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Test automation is frequently used in software development process, as well as in other domains, specifically the medical sector. Various application programs were already designed for internet programmers that can be accessed via an internet browser. It has become progressively critical to control and enhance the quality of web applications. Automation testing minimizes testing costs while improving work productivity, leading to high, reliable products or services. Web applications enhances the program's sophistication, rendering manual testing impractical. This should considerably more. It’s indeed difficult to get consistent results. It is possible to prevent this by utilizing automated testing. The aim of this article is to interpret test automation in development tools for hospital of administrators that used the selenium test automation tool. This is a compilation of testing tools for various browsers, software platforms and programming languages. Selenium is a test automation tool that may be used to create test cases for internet apps. It has the entirety of the features required to automated tests.

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Feldmann, Finn G. "Towards Lean Automation in Construction—Exploring Barriers to Implementing Automation in Prefabrication." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 12944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912944.

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As a sustainable alternative to conventional cast-in-situ construction, modular construction (MC) offers several promising benefits concerning energy and waste reduction, shorter construction times, as well as increased quality. In addition, given its high degree of prefabrication, MC offers ideal conditions to solve the industry’s long-lasting productivity problem by implementing manufacturing concepts such as lean production and automation. However, in practice, the share of automation and robotics in the production process is still relatively low, which is why the potential of this construction method is currently far from being fully exploited. An overview of the particular barriers to implementing automation in the context of MC is still lacking. Therefore, a qualitative study was conducted including eight MC manufacturers from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Following a comprehensive literature review, expert interviews were conducted based on an academically proven framework. Thereby, seven barrier dimensions with 21 sub-categories could be identified. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of current barriers to implementing automation in prefabrication and how they can be overcome most effectively. Additionally, recommendations for future research are proposed within a research agenda.

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Cvetković, Predrag. "Primena tehnologije u pravnog kontekstu: primer legaltech-a." Pravo i privreda 60, no. 3 (August 15, 2022): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55836/pip_22302a.

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Technology is advancing exponentially, while knowledge of technology is growing linearly. This is the very reason for a disruptive effect technological progress often has on all areas of society including law. The discipline that studies the application of technology to law is called LegalTech. In economic terms, LegalTech connects the technology market with the legal services` providers. Using he degree of influence of technology on the traditional tasks of the legal profession as the criterion, the field of LegalTech is divided into LegalTech 1.0, 2.0. and 3.0. The development of LegalTech includes the following areas: text analysis, information research, automation of legal services and predictive analysis of legal issues. Created as a result of digitalization, LegalTech is here to stay. The efforts of the academic community are crucial for the legally regulated, technologically balanced, and socially controlled development of the LegalTech phenomenon. The application of technology in law does not mean automation at all costs: it should be based on the complementarity of human efforts and the performance technology delivers in the process of providing legal services’ optimal quality.

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Munisami, Kayal. "Legal Technology and the Future of Women in Law." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 36 (September 18, 2020): 164–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v36i0.6418.

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Much has been written about how automation will change the legal profession as a whole, less so about how automation might affect women in legal practice. This paper briefly maps the likely changes that legal tech (legal technology) will bring to the provision of legal services, and explores how these changes might affect the barriers to advancement that women face in the profession. It determines that, while the use of legal tech may improve women’s work/life balance and overall job satisfaction by bringing about more flexible working hours, positive changes to the billing hours’ system, and fairer hiring and promotion mechanisms, an unfettered inclusion of legal tech might lead to increased working hours for less wages, increased competition for case files among associates, and the perpetuation of existing gender biases when using algorithms in the hiring and promotion process. Finally, the paper makes several recommendations on how law societies, bar associations and other relevant regulatory bodies could ensure that legal tech promotes rather than hinders Equality & Diversity in the legal profession. It proposes that: (1) detailed data on men and women lawyers should be collected to better inform equality and diversity policies; (2) law firms should be required to report on their progress in pursuing equality and diversity; (3) management techniques to promote work/life balance and more flexible pricing systems should be encouraged; (4) female entrepreneurship in legal tech should be promoted; and, (5) technological due process procedures should be required when using algorithms in law firm management to ensure fairness, accuracy and accountability.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Law – Automation'

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