Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Law applicable to the merits'
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Sabalbal, Hélène. "Le choix du droit applicable dans l’arbitrage d’investissement : expérience euro-arabe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA020029.
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Le règlement d’un litige d’investissement dépend souvent du choix du droit applicable au fond. L’arbitre a l’obligation de respecter la volonté des parties. Les litiges d’investissement impliquent une partie privée et une partie étatique qui peut donner son consentement à l’arbitrage à l’avance dans une offre générale d’arbitrage. L’arbitre ne déterminera le droit applicable au litige qu’en cas du silence des parties. Sous l’égide d’une institution d’arbitrage ou dans le cadre d’un arbitrage ad hoc, l’arbitre peut appliquer un droit national, le droit régional (communautaire, musulman), le droit international ou des règles anationales, ou encore une combinaison de ces règles et droits. La partie I s’intéresse aux interactions entre ces droits et règles de droit et leur hiérarchisation éventuelle, pour pouvoir régler un litige d’investissement euro-arabe. Depuis l’entrée en vigueur du traité de Lisbonne en 2009, l'UE a une compétence exclusive pour négocier les accords relatifs aux investissements étrangers directs. La Partie II s’intéresse aux effets de la nouvelle compétence de l'Union sur les TBI antérieurs à Lisbonne et ceux postérieurs que les Etats membres voudraient conclure, et notamment les conséquences sur le droit applicable pour le règlement des litiges d’investissement. La partie III traite des limites au choix du droit applicable. L'arbitre doit rendre une sentence efficace et exécutoire. Le non-respect du droit applicable peut constituer un motif de recours contre la sentence. La révision de la sentence au fond dans certains pays arabes constitue indirectement une deuxième limite. Finalement, il est nécessaire de respecter l’ordre publicThe settlement of an investment dispute often depends on the choice of applicable law to the merits. The arbitrator has the obligation to respect the will of the parties. In investment arbitration, the parties are a private party and a state party who may give its consent to arbitration in advance in a general offer of arbitration. The arbitrator will determine the applicable law only if the parties did not do so. Under the aegis of an arbitration institution or within the framework of an ad hoc arbitration, the arbitrator may apply national law, regional law (European, Islamic law), international law or non-national rules, or even a combination of formulas. Part I examines the interactions between these laws and rules of law, their potential hierarchy, in order to be able to settle an Euro-Arab investment dispute. Since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, the EU has had exclusive competence to negotiate agreements relating to foreign direct investment. Part II studies the effects of the new competence of the EU on BITs prior to Lisbon and those that the Member States would like to conclude in the future, and in particular the consequences on the applicable law for the settlement of investment dispute. Part III tackles the limits to the choice of applicable law. The arbitrator must render an effective and enforceable award. Failure to apply the applicable law may be challenged. In some Arab countries, the award is reviewed at the merits, which is a second limitation. In addition, it is necessary to respect public policy
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Abid, Chiraz. "L'établissement du contenu du droit aplicable en matière d'arbitrage international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D042.
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Le rôle que joue le tribunal arbitral dans l'établissement du contenu du droit applicable n'est pas déterminé dans la plupart des législations d'arbitrage. Cette défaillance du cadre légal conduit à l'interprétation du principe jura novit curia en matière d'arbitrage international. Certes, une transposition pure et simple dans cette matière dudit principe, tel qu'il est appliqué devant les tribunaux étatiques, n'est pas sans difficulté. Néanmoins, en vue de consolider la confiance des parties dans la justice arbitrale et améliorer sa qualité, le tribunal arbitral doit avoir un rôle prépondérant vis-à-vis du droit applicable. En outre, l'office de l'arbitre doit intégrer l'emprise croissante des principes procéduraux fondamentaux. L'administration de la preuve juridique durant l'instance arbitrale s'accomplit à travers différents outils et méthodes. Ces derniers sont, de nos jours, très harmonisés dans les différentes législations et ce grâce à l'effort considérable déployé par les différentes institutions d'arbitrage. Néanmoins, en dépit de leur utilisation fréquente, de leur évolution croissante et leurs avantages indéniables, certains inconvénients persistent et contredisent parfois les besoins d'efficacité et de célérité recherchés par les compromettants. D'autres méthodes, spécifiques pour la preuve juridique, devraient émerger pour une meilleure administration de la justice. Il ne faut toutefois pas privilégier simplement une solution rapide du litige. Il faut qu'elle soit également acceptable et juste aux yeux des parties. Un outil de contrôle de la phase post-arbitrale, qui vise à vérifier si le contenu «censé» établi du droit applicable est correctement appliqué par l'arbitre aux faits de l'espèce, doit pouvoir exister et être efficace. Une telle mesure doit cependant être respectueuse du principe de non révision au fond des sentencesThe role of the arbital tribunal in the establishment of the content of the applicable law on the merits is not envisaged in most of the arbitration statutes. This brings us to examine the principle ''jura novit curia" and the opportunity of its application to international arbitration. Applying this principle in the same way it is applied before state courts to international arbitration has led to several difficulties. However in order to encourage the parties to resort to arbitration and to increase their trust in this conflict resolution mechanism, the arbitrator must be actively involved in the establishment of the content of the applicable law. Moreover, the "ex officia" attributions of the arbitrator should always comply with the due process principles. The administration of the proof of the applicable law during an arbitration procedure is nowadays standardized in most of the different law systems, due to the continuous efforts of the arbitration institutions. However, and despite the numerous advantages of the current methods of establishment of the applicable law, many difficulties are still encountered, which is diminishing the efficiency and the celerity expected by the parties from the arbitration process. Therefore, news methods should be developed, without however compromising the quality of the justice rendered: a post arbitral control must be implemented in order to verify whether the arbitrator has correctly applied the law on the merits "as previously established" to the case at hand, while respecting the principle of non review of the award on the merits
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Li, Ao. "Transnational patent infringement litigation :jurisdiction and applicable law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3525673.
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Messenger, Gregory. "The development of WTO law in light of transnational influences : the merits of a causal approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2b2214c2-6e83-44cd-bc07-bd0bf2999dc8.
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The WTO is one piece in a complex network of international, regional and domestic legal systems and regulatory frameworks. The influences on the development of WTO law extend far beyond its own Members and institutions: domestic legal instruments have provided the inspiration for numerous WTO obligations while the rights and obligations under the covered agreements are frequently incorporated into the legal systems of the Membership. The WTO is home to numerous committees and working groups that also engage with other international bodies and their domestic counterparts. Transnational actors seek to take advantage of these networks, encouraging WTO law to develop in their favour. The interactions involved, however, are highly complex and unpredictable. By drawing on different models of causal explanation, it is possible to offer a perspective on the development of WTO law that accepts its role as part of a larger globalized process. Three different causal influences are identified: instrumental, systemic and constitutive. Together, they offer a prism through which to examine the development of WTO law as it responds to the behaviour of transnational actors, bridging gaps between international relations and law and, it is hoped, offering a convincing explanatory rationale for the way in which WTO law develops.
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Papettas, Jenny. "The law applicable to cross border road traffic accidents." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5168/.
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This Thesis addresses the issue of which law should apply in cases concerning cross border road traffic accidents. From the perspective of English law it examines the changes which have been effected by the adoption of the EU Rome II Regulation, the likely outcomes of the rules of Rome II, the interaction of Rome II with the Motor Insurance Directives and the complex tripartite relationship between Rome II, the Directives and the Hague Convention on the law Applicable to Traffic Accidents. The conclusion is that Rome II represents a different and more rigid approach to choice of law than previously existed in England and Wales. The dominant aim of Rome II is that of certainty and uniformity. Nevertheless, the competing aim of achieving justice for the parties creates a residual amount of conflict and uncertainty. However, a major criticism of the drafting of Rome II, advanced by this Thesis, is that it failed to recognise the importance of insurance in the settlement of traffic accident claims and to reflect this fact in its rules. This Thesis offers some proposals for reform in this regard.
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Perrin, Benjamin. "An emerging international criminal law tradition : gaps in applicable law and transnational common laws." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101824.
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This thesis critically examines the origins and development of international criminal lave to identify the defining features of this emerging legal tradition. It critically evaluates the experimental approach taken in Article 21 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which attempts to codify an untested normative super-structure to guide this legal tradition.International criminal law is a hybrid tradition which seeks legitimacy and answers to difficult questions by drawing on other established legal traditions. Its development at the confluence of public international law, international humanitarian law, international human rights law and national criminal laws has resulted in gaps in difficult cases with no clear answers. These lacunae have been filled by recourse to judicial discretion, exercised consistent with Patrick Glenn's theory of transnational common laws, and by privileging one of the competing aims of international criminal law: enhancing humanitarian protection versus maximizing fairness to the accused.
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Alem, Mohammed Y. "The applicable law to international commercial contracts : harmonization perspectives between civil and common law?" Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61160.
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There seems to be wide acceptance of the idea that divergencies between legal systems give rise to disadvantages. These divergencies are, and have always been, regarded as inconveniences to overcome, particularily between the Civil and Common Law traditions, which present quite diverging points of view in the way the Law is thought. Today, one criterion of evaluating any harmonization of international legal norms is the extent to which the effort enhances certainty, a quality much appreciated in the field of international commercial contracts.In fact, today, there is a detectable effort on the international level to harmonize the laws, especially in relevance to international contracts, in order to provide a better environment for world trade.
When we decided to go through this subject, we had in mind the importance of understanding this harmonization tendency on the international sphere. That may be the reason why we have tried, in this thesis, to expose the harmonization process adopted by some recent conventions. Our purpose was to prove that, even though differences and disparities may exist, as long as there is a uniform tendency toward social and cultural uniformity, one might predict that these divergencies would eventually even out. We see in this tendency an indication of the convergence of the Common and Civil Law toward the same destination: make this world a better place.
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Verhagen, Hendrikus Leonardus Engelbertus. "Agency in private international law : The Hague Convention on the law applicable to agency /." Dordrecht : The Hague : M. Nijhoff ; TMC Asser instituut, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37761452c.
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Wittrup, Christensen Anders. "Current developments in the EU competition law applicable to the maritime sector." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27469.
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Competition law, as it applies to the maritime industry has on a global scale been subject to a "laissez-faire"-attitude. In fact, collusion has been encouraged. Collusion in the maritime industry has its historic origin in the colonial period. The evolution within this particular industry truly is a study in industrial organizational structure.This Thesis sets out to explain and analyze the current regulatory scheme of the European Union, as it applies to the maritime industry (European, as well as non-European). This is accomplished through an in-depth statutory interpretation of EU Council Regulation 4056/86 dated 22/12 1986, laying down detailed rules for the application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome to the maritime transport (Conferences), as well as the Commission Regulation 870/95 dated April 20, 1995 on the application of Article 85(3) of the Treaty of Rome to certain categories of agreements, decisions and concerted practices between liner shipping companies (Consortia).
This Thesis concludes that the former regulatory scheme is no longer up to date and thus requires replacement. The Thesis favours current developments within the maritime industry which call for increased co-operation and concentration among the carriers and providers of services (as well as co-operation as between the carriers and shippers), counter-balanced by restrictive regulation through the application of conditions, market share-restrictions and a limited five year application of the regulatory framework.
The former regulatory scheme, Council-Regulation 4056/86, which remains in force, must therefore be interpreted restrictively, and in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty of Rome, in particular Articles 85 and 86.
Finally, this Thesis provides various solutions to soften the impact of full-scale application of the competition law of the European Union, as it will be applied in the maritime industry.
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Horzum, Ekin Deniz. "Charting the international legal framework applicable to modern day human trafficking." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8677/.
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This thesis argues that the international legal framework applicable to human trafficking is inadequate to address contemporary challenges. It also explains why and how human trafficking is a controversial phenomenon due to its complex nature, which is shaped by real-world incidences. Overall, this thesis stresses that human trafficking is real, and that survivors are human beings, who do matter. Drawing on international law, in order to capture the inadequacy of international legal framework, this thesis discusses the definition of human trafficking in comparison to the terms modern-day slavery and migrant smuggling, and considers obligations to protect, including identification and non- criminalisation of human trafficking victims. In the context of definitional analysis, this thesis not only looks at the international legal regulations pertaining to related phenomena, but also critically reviews international law to help address how human trafficking is defined and understood by the international community, including the media, scholars and international courts, alongside real-world incidents. The definition of human trafficking and obligations to protect are evidently interrelated; without defining human trafficking, identification of trafficking victims, as required by the obligations of protection, is not possible. In this respect, there are two main aspects in which international law does not adequately respond to human trafficking crimes: defining human trafficking and identifying its ‘victims’/survivors, as is explained in this thesis.
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Petrochilos, Georgios C. "Procedural detachment in international commercial arbitration : the law applicable to arbitral procedure." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:41c82c4d-d708-4cfe-b853-d50e41ea0773.
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This thesis seeks to ascertain the rules of private international law determining the procedural law of international commercial arbitral proceedings. In an Introduction, the author outlines the fundamental notions, introduces the topic and the major doctrines and issues, and sets out his methodology and structure of the work. The thesis examine first, as a preliminary issue, the considerations influencing the assumption of jurisdiction over arbitral proceedings. Chapter 1 discusses the various theories on the lex arbitri (the law supplying the general legal framework of an arbitration) as relevant to the procedural law, and concludes that they are deductive and therefore unable to satisfactorily to determine the applicable procedural law. Chapter 2 analyses major national laws as case-studies of the technique and scope of application of international arbitration law, and suggests a model of legislative and court jurisdiction based on the legal concept of 'seat of the arbitration' and on considerations based on the most appropriate court to control an arbitration. Chapter 3 discusses the obligations of the state of the seat under the European Convention on Human Rights and confirms the findings in Chapter 2. In a second part, the thesis elaborates on the title and extent of permissible municipal law interference. Chapter 4 tests the validity of the propositions derived from Chapters 2 and 3 against arbitral practice and concludes that seldom will arbitrators derogate from the law of the seat. Chapter 5 examines the particular case of arbitrations with states and similar entities. The third part discusses the relevance of compliance with the law of the seat at the stage of enforcement of an award. Chapter 6 deals with the technical issue of whether annulment at the place of making precludes enforcement in other fora. That chapter gives the opportunity to discuss models of separation of international jurisdiction and co-operation between different jurisdictions from a practical perspective. It thus serves as a convenient introduction to Chapter 7, which discusses the more abstract question of the nexus required between an arbitral award and the municipal law of the state of rendition in order for the award to enter, in limine, the scope of application of the international instruments in the field. The thesis ends with Conclusions in the form of model provisions for municipal law and arbitration rules.
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Barr, Diane Louise. "The right to one's reputation: Applicable legislation in the United States of America." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6518.
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Wittrup, Christensen Anders. "Current developments in the EU competition law applicable to the maritime sector." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29844.pdf.
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Babayev, Rufat. "Choice of the applicable law and equal treatment in the European Union." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3468/.
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This thesis seeks to provide a different perspective to the study of the scope and functioning of the principle of equal treatment on grounds of nationality and movement laid down in Article 18 TFEU and in the Treaty free movement provisions. It examines the scope and functioning of the principle of equal treatment in the context of the determination of the law applicable to a cross-border (or inter-State) relationship. In particular, the question this thesis addresses is whether and, if yes, how the principle of equal treatment affects the choice of the law governing cross-border contractual, non-contractual or other civil law relationships in the European Union. In this respect, it is demonstrated that the principle of equal treatment functions as an additional check on the operation of, on the one hand, the national substantive law applicable pursuant to a national or Union choice-of-law rule or chosen by private parties to a contract and, on the other hand, national and Union choice-of-law rules themselves. The national substantive law governing a cross-border relationship falls within the scope of the principle of equal treatment and is required to comply with it, irrespective of the fact that it is applicable in accordance with a choice-of-law rule or a choice-of-law clause agreed by private parties. Similarly, regardless of their specific nature and objective, national and Union choice-of-law rules also come within the scope of the principle of equal treatment. However, it is emphasised that the functioning of the principle of equal treatment is not comparable to that of a choice-of-law rule. The requirement that only non-discriminatory rules can be applied in the Union under it does not, even indirectly, determine the applicable law in the sense understood from a choice-of-law perspective. This is because, unlike a choice-of-law rule, the principle of equal treatment does not contain even an implicit reference to a particular national law that always applies in light of it.
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Alsaidi, Abdullah Mohammed. "Petroleum arbitration : applicable law and appropriate arbitral forum (a study of petroleum disputes in Arab countries)." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1844.
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Petroleum maintains a primary role in the world energy market as well as in the daily life and livelihood of Arab petroleum countries, since these countries are highly dependent upon revenues from the exploitation and export of this resource. Therefore, the petroleum industry is fraught with conflicts of interests, primarily between developing petroleum exporting countries and petroleum companies sustained by their home states, most of which are developed countries. The majority of disputes have been settled by arbitration, most of which have been controversial. The question of the applicable law to the merits of a dispute is intimately related to the controversies surrounding arbitral tribunals. The prevailing perspective of western scholars during the 20`h century, and still to an extent today, was that host state law was inadequate, and host state courts were partial. Therefore, these scholars held any dispute arising between a host state and a petroleum company should be dealt with as an international dispute and should be settled far away from the host state's court and governed by laws or rules other than that of the host state. This thesis examines the past and present of petroleum arbitration, the perceptions and the practice, and aims to suggest a modified method of determining the applicable law to petroleum disputes. It argues that contrary to the previous allegations, the legal infrastructure of host states has developed over the years and today offers an adequate law to govern the merits of petroleum disputes. It further suggests a semi-localisation approach. The thesis focuses only on arbitration as a method of resolving such disputes, and limits itself to Arab petroleum countries. The thesis argues that petroleum contracts have their own characteristics and therefore should not automatically be subject to the ICSID Convention or to other principles of investment arbitration. The time is ripe for the establishment of a specialised institution to undertake the settlement of disputes arising out of petroleum transactions.
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Romero, Jorge H. "Cyberespionage 2010 : is the current status of espionage under international law applicable in cyberspace? /." (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader), 2001. http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/tr4%5Ffields.html.
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Rard, Romain. "Unraveling the legal standard applicable to cartels: a comparative study of European and North American antitrust." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32561.
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In antitrust law, evidentiary requirements are classified as issues of substantive law or as issues of procedural law. But this dichotomy disconnects inseparable dimensions of the legal standard, a pivotal point of reference for corporations since it determines what is required to prove the existence of a cartel. This thesis aims at comparing the legal standard applicable to cartels in the United States, the European Union and Canada. It will be demonstrated how the legal standard enables courts to shape an increasingly economics-based antitrust policy. Two important values are then at stake: enforcement efficiency and legal fairness. These values, in the context of globalization, plead for improvements and a convergence of the standards: the United States must beware of the growing uncertainty in antitrust; Canada must expand the scope of per se provisions; the European Union must strive to clarify the standard of proof.En droit de la concurrence, les normes de preuve sont rattachées au fond du droit ou à la procédure. Cette dichotomie restreint l'analyse juridique : elle isole des aspects inséparables du standard juridique, point de référence essentiel pour les entreprises car il détermine les éléments nécessaires à une qualification d'entente. Ce mémoire compare le standard juridique applicable aux ententes aux Etats-Unis, au Canada et dans l'Union Européenne. On y démontre que le standard permet aux juges de contribuer à une politique de concurrence toujours plus influencée par la science économique. Sont alors en jeu l'efficacité de l'application du droit et l'équité juridique. Dans le cadre de la mondialisation, cela incite à l'amélioration et à la convergence des standards : les Etats-Unis doivent remédier au manque de sécurité juridique croissant ; le Canada doit renforcer l'efficacité du droit de la concurrence ; l'Union Européenne devrait clarifier la norme de la preuve.
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Blake, Duncan. "The laws of Star Wars-the need for a 'manual of international law applicable to space warfare'." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121467.
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Today there are over 1,000 active satellites in orbit and the number of States directly involved in launching or operating satellites has increased substantially since the dawn of the space age. Even States that have no direct involvement in launching or operating satellites rely heavily on such space infrastructure: for television, radio, banking, communications, transport, agriculture, mining, and especially for modern military services. Yet, those same satellites are under increasing threat from 100,000s of pieces of space debris and the actual or potential proliferation of weapons and other means capable of destroying or disrupting satellites. There is also increasing competition for use of the limited radio frequency spectrum that is essential for the operation of such satellites. Concurrently, there are a range of factors unsettling global security generally and the dominance of the US and Europe specifically. The proliferation of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles, as their means of delivery, is a significant concern. Ballistic missiles have a trajectory through space and ballistic missile defence also rely on space-based infrastructure. Financial and other constraints have made global powers more inward-looking, less likely to deploy forces globally, except through the sort of 'remote reach' capabilities that rely on space infrastructure for their effectiveness (such as uninhabited aerial vehicles and cyber warfare). So space-based infrastructure is a key element in global security, yet it is also increasingly vulnerable to the threats described above – including space weapons. Warfare in space is becoming a real possibility. Outer space is not, though, a new, wild and lawless frontier. There is a legal framework of growing complexity. However, the treaties specific to the space domain, as well as recent initiatives to augment those treaties, barely contemplate warfare. The law of war is applicable to the space domain and potentially provides a comprehensive set of norms of State behaviour that restrains the recourse to force by States in the space domain. There is considerable uncertainty about how particular rules of the laws of war apply to the space domain. It would be in the strategic interests of all States to have a clear and authoritative statement on how the rules of the law of war apply to the space domain. The question is how to achieve such a clear and authoritative statement. Useful analogies can be found in the process and success of the San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea, the Harvard Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare and the Tallinn Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare. These manuals have been drafted by globally-recognised legal and technical experts in each domain expressing personal opinions on the lex lata. They have avoided many of the challenges of State negotiations on similar topics, yet the manuals have had a significant impact in each of their domains. There now needs to be a 'Manual of International Law Applicable to Space Warfare'.Aujourd'hui, il ya d'autres 1.000 satellites actifs en orbite et le nombre d'États directement impliqués dans le lancement ou l'exploitation de satellites a augmenté considérablement depuis l'aube de l'ère spatiale. Même les États qui n'ont pas d'implication directe dans le lancement ou l'exploitation de satellites comptent beaucoup sur cette infrastructure spatiale: la télévision, la radio, les banques, les communications, les transports, l'agriculture, l'exploitation minière, et en particulier pour les services militaires modernes. Pourtant, ces mêmes satellites sont sous la menace croissante de 100.000 s de morceaux de débris spatiaux et la prolifération réelle ou potentielle d'armes et autres moyens capables de détruire ou de perturber les satellites. Il existe également une concurrence pour l'utilisation du spectre des fréquences radio limitée qui est essentiel pour le fonctionnement de ces satellites. Parallèlement, il existe une série de facteurs déstabilisant la sécurité mondiale en général et la domination des États-Unis et en Europe en particulier. La prolifération des armes nucléaires et des missiles balistiques, en tant que de leurs vecteurs, est une préoccupation importante. Les missiles balistiques ont une trajectoire à travers l'espace et de la défense contre les missiles balistiques compter également sur l'infrastructure spatiale. Les contraintes financières et d'autres ont fait des puissances mondiales plus introvertie, moins susceptibles de déployer des forces dans le monde, sauf par le genre de capacités »portée à distance» qui s'appuient sur l'infrastructure spatiale pour leur efficacité (tels que les véhicules aériens sans pilote et la cyberguerre). Alors infrastructure spatiale est un élément clé de la sécurité mondiale, mais il est aussi de plus en plus vulnérables aux menaces décrites ci-dessus - y compris les armes spatiales. La guerre dans l'espace devient une possibilité réelle. L'espace n'est pas, cependant, une nouvelle, sauvage et anarchique frontière. Il existe un cadre juridique de complexité croissante. Toutefois, les traités spécifiques au domaine de l'espace, ainsi que les récentes initiatives pour augmenter ces traités, à peine contempler la guerre. Le droit de la guerre est applicable au domaine de l'espace et fournit potentiellement un ensemble complet de normes de comportement de l'État qui restreint le recours à la force par les Etats dans le domaine spatial. Il existe une incertitude considérable sur la façon dont les règles particulières des lois de la guerre s'appliquent au domaine de l'espace. Il serait dans les intérêts stratégiques de tous les États à avoir une déclaration claire et faisant autorité sur la manière dont les règles du droit de la guerre s'appliquent au domaine de l'espace. La question est de savoir comment parvenir à une telle déclaration claire et faisant autorité.Analogies utiles peuvent être trouvés dans le processus et le succès du Manuel de San Remo sur le droit international applicable aux conflits armés sur mer, le Manuel de Harvard sur le droit international applicable à antiaérienne et antimissile guerre et le Manuel Tallinn le droit international applicable aux cyberguerre. Ces manuels ont été rédigés par des experts juridiques et techniques mondialement reconnues dans chaque domaine exprimer des opinions personnelles sur la lex lata. Ils ont évité les nombreux défis de négociations de l'Etat sur des sujets similaires, mais les manuels ont eu un impact significatif dans chacun de leurs domaines. Il doit maintenant être un «manuel de droit international applicable à la guerre de l'espace».
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Guneyli, Yamac. "Determination Of Environmental Problems Of The Transboundary Pipeline And Applicable National And International Legal Framework." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1055714/index.pdf.
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Regarding historical tendency and today’
s future estimations, the global demand of petroleum is expected to reach a huge amount and this will be supplied by fossil fuels. Turkey&
#8217
s geographic location will make it an optimum route for transportation between the energy-rich Caspian regions, and the energy-consuming nations of Europe. Therefore, the transboundary pipeline, the most efficient means of transporting large quantities of hydrocarbons across long distances over land, will gain importance and the decision of a route through Turkey is a logical selection. However, despite all the security measures, pipelines have caused much significant environmental pollution due to accident, intention or negligence. Law is the major applied tool for compensating this environmental pollution and for determining the liable person or organization. According to international law, the rights and obligations of the source State and potentially affected states should be defined in such a way that all transit states can proceed with their operations. Moreover, the source state acts in compliance with its international obligations and adopts the necessary regulations in order to safeguard that the person in control of a potentially harm-causing activity has to bear the costs of additional measures to comply with those regulations. However, if the source state acts in violation of its international obligations, not the person in control of the activity but the state would be primary liable ex delicto. Equally significant, Turkey requires some changes in the existing laws and additional new regulations for constituting more effective Turkish Liability law and being a reference source for internationally liability law. Regarding hazardous facilities, Turkey needs some common provisions to derive new solution possibilities and to identify some criteria for cases in the future.
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Perna, L. "The evolution, formation and development of the treaty rules applicable in non-international armed conflicts." Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364510.
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Bouzid, Lazhari. "The influence of sovereignty and non-intervention on the development of humanitarian law applicable in internal conflicts." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1023/.
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Although internal conflicts are recurrent phenomena in the history of mankind, their regulation by international law has been very slow. The usual explanation of this state of affairs is that such events touch directly on the survival of established Governments or even the existence of the State itself. States view with suspicion, fear and even hostility any attempt at the international level to regulate their conduct vis-`a-vis their local enemies. They use the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention as a shield against any effective regulation of such tragic events by humanitarian law. However, no serious attempt has been made by international lawyers to study the issue of the influence of those two principles on the development of humanitarian law applicable in internal conflicts. This study tries to establish with exactitude how and where sovereignty and non-intervention have been resorted to, in order to hinder such regulation, and how other considerations (especially the concept of human rights) have opened the way to such regulation. In this respect the study, after clarifying in the first two chapters the meaning, the limitations and the place in the practice of states of the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention, has concentrated on their influence on three main issues raised by internal conflicts, namely: 1. The definition of internal conflicts. In this sphere, the question of the criteria or thresholds of internal conflicts to which humanitarian law is to be applied and the question of which authority has the power to decide the existence of an internal conflict, are dealt with in the context of customary law, common Article 3 and Protocol II of 1977. It is asserted that the claims of sovereignty and non-intervention have been used extensively to restrict any real progress in this area. 2. The protection of the victims of internal wars. In this important area the study tries to trace the development of specific legal norms for the protection of the victims and to determine whether the concept of human rights has contributed in any way to better protection of those victims. 3. Compliance and implementation of humanitarian law in internal conflicts. In this context, it is established beyond any doubt that the claims of sovereignty and non-intervention have been used extensively, both in 1949 and also 1974-1977 to stop all attempts to institute measures for the control of application of humanitarian law, especially those measures which would involve third party supervision. However, it is asserted that human rights machinery may be used to fill this loophole as the UN practice shows.
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Ringot-Namer, Constantin. "La loi applicable à la responsabilité du fait des produits." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0125.
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La détermination de la loi applicable à la responsabilité du fait des produits pose l’épineuse question du rattachement. En France, où la Convention de La Haye du 2 octobre 1973 est en vigueur depuis une quarantaine d’années, la question du rattachement approprié se repose suite à l’introduction de l’article 5 du Règlement Rome II. N’est-ce pas l’occasion de relancer le débat sur le rattachement approprié en la matière ? Ce nouveau rattachement est-il plus pertinent que celui inscrit dans la Convention ? Plus encore : l’introduction, en France, d’une nouvelle règle de conflit de lois relative à la responsabilité du fait des produits n’invite-t-elle pas à s’interroger sur la nécessité d’une spécialisation du rattachement en la matière ? La lex loci delicti n’est-elle pas déjà suffisante en ce domaine ? Et même : ne faudrait-il pas, de manière subversive, s’inspirer du modèle des États-Unis et laisser le soin au juge, guidé par des directives générales, de désigner au cas par cas la loi applicable ? Assurément, l’introduction de l’article 5 du Règlement Rome II dans le paysage juridique français nous impose de remettre sur le métier la recherche du rattachement approprié. Mais l’identification du rattachement approprié n’épuise pas la question de la détermination de la loi applicable à la responsabilité du fait des produits. À supposer un tel rattachement identifié, peut-il être mis en œuvre sans perturbation devant le juge français ? Ne souffre-t-il pas de la concurrence des dispositions de transposition de la Directive de 1985 qualifiées de lois de police ? Son application ne porte-t-elle pas atteinte à la libre circulation des marchandises dans l’Union européenne ? Comment pourrait-il s’inscrire dans le conflit de normes entre la Convention de La Haye du 2 octobre 1973 et l’article 5 du Règlement Rome II, existant devant le juge français ? Un tel rattachement serait-t-il compatible avec le caractère collectif de l’action de groupe, introduite récemment en France ? On le voit, la détermination de manière appropriée de la loi applicable à la responsabilité du fait des produits devant le juge français suppose de trancher le débat renouvelé du rattachement approprié, mais aussi de relever de nouveaux défis liés à la possibilité de mise en œuvre du rattachementDetermining the applicable law to products liability requires to resolve the complex issue of the appropriate connection. In France, where The Hague Convention of 2 October 1973 has been into force for forty years, the question of the appropriate bilateral connection is more acute with the introduction of the article 5 of the Rome II Regulation. Would this not be a good opportunity to further the debate about the appropriate connection for products liability? Is this new connection more relevant than the Convention’s one? Is the introduction in the French legal landscape of a new bilateral choice-of-law rule for products liability not an invitation to ask whether a specific connection for products liability is needed? Is the lex loci delicti rule not enough when it comes to a damage caused by a product? Besides, when compared with the United States model, one could even subversively argue whether to set general choice-of-law principles so to let the juge resolving the conflict of laws issue on a case-by-case basis. Undoubtedly, since the introduction of the article 5 of the Rome II Regulation within the French legal landscape the research of the appropriate connection is to be led again. But identifying the appropriate connection is not enough to determine the law to products liability. Assuming that such a connection is identified, could it be easily applied before a French judge? Would it not be in competition with the transposing acts of the 1985 Directive as overriding mandatory provisions? Would its application not interfere with the free movement of goods within the European Union? How could it be applied in the context of an existing conflict before the French judge between the Hague Convention of 2 October 1973 and the article 5 of the Rome II Regulation? Would this connection be compatible with the collective nature of the French class action? As we can see, determining in an appropriate manner the applicable law to products liability before the French judge requires not only to settle the renewed debate of the appropriate connection but also to face new challenges concerning the application of the connection
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Janaby, Mohamad. "The legal regime applicable to private military and security company personnel in armed conflicts." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228981.
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Private military and security companies (PMSCs) have been extensively used to provide military and security services in various armed conflicts. Aspects of their use have generated concerns that the personnel of these companies are no more than modern mercenaries. This thesis clarifies the legal regime applicable to such companies in armed conflicts. This regime includes both the legal status and legal regulation of PMSC personnel. The aim of this thesis is not to create a new status for PMSC personnel, but to clarify which of the existing legal statuses adopted by international humanitarian law (IHL) can apply to them. This status relies completely on the actors to whom these companies supply their services, and the sort of mission in which they are involved. This approach is not employed in the literature. Most attention has been paid to the use of PMSCs by States. This is not, however, the only scenario whereby PMSCs become engaged in armed conflicts. PMSCs provide their services to other actors such as the United Nations (UN), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and armed groups. Consequently, one definitive status cannot be applied in all situations. Different types of status can be applied in accordance with the nature of the particular PMSC involvement in armed conflicts. Accordingly, the three statuses established by IHL can apply to PMSC personnel; namely those of “mercenary”, “combatant” and “civilian”. Two environments classify the personnel of PMSCs as mercenaries; this is when they provide their services to a State party to an international armed conflict and to an armed group in non-international armed conflicts. Mercenary status is not applicable to the use of PMSCs in UN peacekeeping operations or providing protection to NGOs, because in both circumstances neither can be considered as a party to an armed conflict. PMSC personnel can be categorised as “combatants” when hired to provide their services to States and when they are used as UN peacekeepers. They are most likely to be classified as “civilians” if they are not “combatants”. There are two types of civilians; “civilians accompanying armed forces of a party to an armed conflict”, and “normal civilians”. The former categorisation only applies in international armed conflict, while the latter can apply to all other PMSC involvement in armed conflicts. Appropriate regulation of PMSCs depends on the legal status of their personnel. Therefore, this thesis asserts that IHL can regulate the activities of PMSCs. Additionally, international human rights law can apply to PMSCs and their personnel.
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Arrassen, Nounja. "Réflexions sur le droit applicable aux investissements étrangers au Maroc." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090059.
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Pour assurer une croissance économique durable, le Maroc mobilise diverses sources de financement telles que les investissements directs étrangers. Parmi les déterminants de ceux-ci, il y a la stabilité politique, dont le Maroc est un modèle, mais aussi, l’existence d’un corpus de normes, facilitant leur réalisation. Par ces facilités, il s’agit d’instaurer une véritable politique d’attractivité. A cet effet, différents instruments juridiques, tantôt restrictifs, tantôt libéraux, ont été adoptés depuis l’indépendance, selon la méfiance, légitime, que peuvent, en certaines circonstances, susciter les capitaux étrangers. Ces instruments, qui constituent en définitive le droit marocain des investissements étrangers, vont des dispositions de droit commun, aux dispositions spéciales, en passant par les instruments conventionnels multilatéraux et bilatéraux. Cette étude, sans épuiser le sujet, réalise une présentation dynamique de ces instruments en deux axes. Le premier appréhende la richesse du dispositif normatif de l’accueil de l’investissement étranger ; le second met en articulation les moyens d’une sortie, qu’elle soit contentieuse ou nonTo ensure sustainable economic growth, Morocco mobilizes various funding resources such as foreign direct investments. Among the determinants of these), there is political stability, of which Morocco is a model, but also the existence of legal standards making their realization easier. By these facilities, is real policy of attractiveness is aimed. For that purpose, various legal instruments, sometimes restrictive, sometimes liberal, have been adopted since the independence, according to legitimate concerns that foreign capital may raise in certain circumstances. These instruments, which ultimately constitute the Moroccan foreign investment lax, vary from general and special provisions to multilateral and bilateral conventional instruments. This study, without exhausting the subject, makes a dynamic presentation of these instruments regarding two main dimensions of an investment process: entry and exit. The first captures the richness of the normative framework related to foreign investments’ reception, whereas the second highlights in case of their exit, either contentious or not
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Carré, Dobah. "La loi applicable aux tranferts de biens virtuels." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D015.
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Les mondes virtuels multi-joueurs sont des jeux à trois dimensions. Leurs utilisateurs s’adonnent depuis plusieurs années à plusieurs activités en se transférant des objets virtuels créés ou achetés dans les mondes virtuels dont ils revendiquent la propriété. Ces objets appelés «biens virtuels» n’ont d’existence qu’en ligne et peuvent prendre n’importe quelle forme (avatars, vaisseaux spatiaux, etc.). Bien que le marché des transactions de biens virtuels représente un important impact économique, social et juridique sur l’ensemble de la consommation, ces «biens» ne sont pourtant pas juridiquement reconnus, ni protégés par la loi ou par la jurisprudence en Amérique du Nord et en Europe, seuls les contrats de licence rédigés par les développeurs régissent leurs utilisations. Or, les conflits dans ce domaine peuvent devenir très complexes, car les rencontres virtuelles donnent lieu à une grande variété d’activités et sont créatrices de liens de droit entre des internautes qui peuvent se trouver physiquement à l’autre bout de la planète pour se rencontrer virtuellement dans l’environnement du cyberespace. Ainsi, les effets dommageables de ces activités vont se manifester en dehors du réseau. Puisque dans ces cas, l’espace virtuel et l'espace matériel sont interconnectés, on se pose la question suivante : quelle est la loi applicable aux transferts de "biens virtuels"? Pour traiter d’une question litigieuse en droit international privé, il faut passer par l’étape préalable de la qualification juridique de l’objet du litige, ici les biens virtuels, afin d’être en mesure de le rattacher à un régime juridique et à la règle de conflit applicable selon ce régime. Les biens virtuels, immatériels par essence, n’existent pas réellement. Techniquement parlant ce sont des représentations graphiques de codes sources enregistrés dans le logiciel du monde virtuel. Ainsi, l’existence juridique de l’objet virtuel en tant que «bien» est controversée en droit civil, car elle dépend de la conception stricte (traditionnelle) ou élargie (moderne) que l’on adopte du droit de propriété. En admettant que les biens virtuels soient reconnus en droit des biens, les règles de conflits de lois applicables à cette matière portent beaucoup d’importance sur la situation matérielle du bien pour la localisation du rapport de droits, ce qui rend très difficile la recherche de solution des conflits de lois dans notre matière. Ainsi, l’application du principe de l’autonomie tend à s’élargir aux questions de droits réels, mais cette solution n’est pas satisfaisante pour les tiers. Dès lors, il convient de se rallier à la doctrine contemporaine qui critique la référence générale à la règle de rattachement localisatrice dans des situations nouvelles et spécifiques empreintes de difficultés de localisation afin d’appliquer préférablement le régime de propriété intellectuelle, adoptée spécifiquement pour les biens immatériels. L’application de la loi sur les droits d’auteur est plus adaptée aux biens virtuels en tant qu’oeuvre de l’esprit, parce que les droits ne se trouvent pas limités par l’inexistence de cet objet et parce que les règles de conflits propres au droit d’auteur d’origine conventionnelle permettent une protection internationale du droit d’auteurMulti-player virtual worlds are three-dimensional games. Over the past few years, players have been engaging in various activities involving the transfer of virtual objects that they have themselves created or purchased in these virtual worlds and over which they claim ownership. The objects, called “virtual goods”, exist only in the online world and may take any number of forms (e.g. avatars, space ships, etc.). Although the market for virtual property has important economic, social and legal impacts on consumption, these “goods” are neither recognized by the law, nor protected by North American or European legislation or jurisprudence; only the licensing contracts drafted by the developers regulate their uses. However, conflicts that arise in this domain may grow very complex since virtual interactions give rise to a great variety of activities and create legal relationships between the cybernauts who meet in the virtual environment of cyberspace although they may bephysically located on either ends of the planet. Thus, the adverse effects of these activities may manifest themselves outside of the cyber environment. Since the virtual world and the physical world are interconnected in these cases, we have to ask the following question : what law should apply to the transfer of the “virtual goods”In order to answer contentious questions that arise under private international law, one must first go through the initial step of juridically qualifying the objects in question, here the virtual goods, in order to be able to assign them to a specific legal regime and to the specific conflict of laws rules that apply under that regime. Virtual goods – inherently immaterial – do not really exist:they are graphic representations of source code embedded in the software of the virtual world. Thus, the legal characterization of the virtual objects as “property” is controversial under civil law because it depends on whether one adopts a strict (traditional) concept of property law or a more expansive (modern) concept. Even if virtual goods were to be recognized under property law, since the conflict of laws rules applicable to property law place a lot of importance on the physical location of the property in order to determine the legal attachment, this renders the search for a solution to the conflict of laws in this area very difficult. Application of the principleof contractual autonomy therefore provides greater scope in determining property rights, butthis solution may not be satisfactory to third parties. Thus, it is useful to turn to the contemporary doctrine that criticizes the general application of the rule of physical attachment to particular and novel contexts that present difficulties in determining the location of the property and instead applies the intellectual property regime which is specifically designed to deal with incorporeal goods. Copyright law is better suited to virtual goods as creations of the mind since its application is not hampered by the non-existence of the goods and because the conflict of laws rules applicable to traditional copyright lawprovide international protection for copyrights
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Ramushu, Mahlatse Rosinah. "The socio-economic impact of Modikwa Platinum Mine on the Maandagshoek Community with reference to the applicable mining law framework." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/406.
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Cavani, Renzo. "What is a judicial decision? A brief analytic study for Peruvian civil procedural law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123369.
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In this essay two basic legal concepts, judicial decision and adjudication, are explored in the light of the discipline of Peruvian Civil Procedure Code of 1993 (CPC). This analysis is made from an analyticdogmatic perspective, aiming to show that an adequate use of those concepts is decisive to solve practical problems, foremost in the field of the appeal.En el presente trabajo se exploran dos conceptos jurídicos básicos, resolución judicial y decisión, a la luz de la regulación del Código Procesal Civil peruano de 1993 (CPC). Este análisis se realiza a partir de un enfoque analítico-dogmático, buscando demostrar que un adecuado trabajo con dichos conceptos es decisivo para resolver problemas prácticos, sobre todo en el ámbito de la impugnación.
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Harris, Callista. "Incidental Determinations by International Courts and Tribunals: Subject-Matter Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in Proceedings Under Compromissory Clauses." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29732.
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Many States are parties to treaties containing compromissory clauses. By virtue of such clauses, States consent to proceedings being commenced against them in relation to “disputes concerning the interpretation or application” of a particular treaty. In practice, disputes are brought before international courts and tribunals pursuant to such clauses that not only involve issues under the rules set out in the relevant treaty, but which also involve issues under rules found outside of the treaty (“external issues” and “external rules”).
Can courts and tribunals that have been granted jurisdiction over “disputes concerning the interpretation or application” of a specific treaty decide such external issues? At present, it is not clear.
This thesis proposes an answer to the above question. It will be argued that courts and tribunals named in compromissory clauses have subject-matter jurisdiction over claims concerning the interpretation or application of the relevant treaty, regardless of whether those claims involve issues under external rules. Moreover, by applying rules forming part of the applicable law, courts and tribunals can determine those external issues that they need to determine in order for them to be able to rule on claims within their jurisdiction. They can make what will be referred to as “incidental determinations”. They can do this because courts and tribunals exercising jurisdiction under compromissory clauses have an implied power to make such incidental determinations.
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Badykov, Mikhail Rashidovich. "Private international law rules of the Russian Civil Code and the European Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations : a comparative analysis." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426015.
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Rosas, Allan. "The legal status of prisoners of war : a study in international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts /." Turku/Åbo : Institute for Human Rights Åbo Akademi University, 2005. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00167125.pdf.
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Nozari, Niki [Verfasser]. "Applicable Law in International Arbitration – The Experience of ICSID and Iran-United States Claims Tribunal / Niki Nozari." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1181488958/34.
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Timngum, Julius Toh. "Combating child trafficking : a comparative analysis of applicable law in Cameroon and South Africa / Julius Toh Timngum." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10049.
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Sikazwe, Chanza Kephas. "Is the corporate governance law applicable to Zambian banks and financial institutions adequately promoting good corporate governance?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9156.
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Includes bibliographical references.Good corporate governance has been hailed as an important factor for the growth of sustainable economic development by enhancing the development of companies and increasing their access to outside capital. Furthermore, for emerging markets like Zambia, improving corporate governance can serve a number of important public policy objectives. Good corporate governance reduces emerging markets vulnerability to financial crisis, reinforces property rights, reduces transaction costs and the cost of capital and leads to capital market development. Since Banks are primarily companies, they also fall within the preserve of corporate governance.
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Islam, M. D. Nazrul. "Equitable sharing of the water of the Ganges : applicable procedural principles and rules under international law and their adequacy." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325143.
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Ladouceur, Kevin. "L’insécurité juridique dans la détermination de la loi applicable aux contrats internationaux par le juge dans les systèmes juridiques français, américain et chinois." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB033.
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L'insécurité juridique se rencontre à plusieurs étapes dans le processus de détermination de la loi applicable aux contrats internationaux par le juge dans les systèmes juridiques français, américain et chinois. En matière de conflit de lois, la sécurité juridique est appréciée principalement en fonction de deux considérations, d'une part, la prévisibilité juridique et, d'autre part, la protection des parties faibles. La prévisibilité juridique vise particulièrement les contrats égalitaires et la protection des parties faibles s'adresse exclusivement aux contrats inégalitaires. En dépit des efforts considérables réalisés par la France, les États-Unis et la Chine, l'insécurité juridique demeure sous trois aspects. D'abord, les règles de conflit sont éparpillées dans plusieurs instruments juridiques en France et en Chine. Aux États-Unis, la matière étant à peine codifiée, chaque juge applique sa propre règle de conflit. Ensuite, le contenu des règles de conflit de ces trois pays est incomplet, désuet et complexe. En effet, les juges américains appliquent les mêmes règles de conflit depuis plus de 50 ans. Ces règles sont, par ailleurs, complexes et ne répondent plus aux besoins du marché international actuel. Nonobstant la nouvelle réforme du droit international privé chinois, la matière contractuelle n'est que brièvement traitée. Seuls quelques articles lui sont consacrés. À l'opposé, le droit international privé français est actuellement un des plus complets et modernes. Même si, certaines règles peuvent être très complexes voire inutiles. Et enfin mais non des moindres, la mise en œuvre de ces règles pose également difficulté. Ainsi, l'application d'une même règle peut désigner des lois différentes. De plus, la liberté laissée à certains juges leur permet soit d'écarter la loi d'autonomie soit de désigner la loi de leur choix en manipulant les règles. Cette insécurité juridique peut être réduite voire résolue par deux moyens. D'une part, en prévoyant une clause d'electio juris et une clause d'electio fori dans le contrat international. Et d'autre part, par l'adoption d'une convention internationale qui non seulement unifierai les règles de conflit de lois de ces trois pays mais éventuellement celles des autres paysWhen determining the law applicable to international contracts in the French, American and Chinese legal systems, legal practitioners undeniably encounter legal uncertainty at several stages. With regards to conflict-of-law rules, the determination of legal certainty is primarily undermined by the considerations of : - legal predictability and - the protection of weaker contracting parties. Legal predictability is particularly considered when dealing with contracts underpinned by relationships of relatively equal bargaining power whereas the protection of weaker contracting parties is considered exclusively when dealing with unfair contracts. Nevertheless, despite considerable efforts made by these three countries, legal uncertainty still persists, especially in three separate areas. First, conflict-of-law rules are scattered across several legal instruments in the French and Chinese jurisdictions. In the United States, the subject matter being largely uncodified judges apply their own rules when deciding on conflict-of-law. Second, the substance of conflict-of-law rules in these three countries is incomplete, obsolete and complex. American judges who have been applying the same conflict rules for over 50 years are now faced with rules which, in addition to their complexity, no longer meet the needs of the current international market. Notwithstanding new reforms in Chinese private international law, attention to the contractual matters is albeit brief, with only a few articles devoted to that particular topic. In contrast, French private international law is currently seen as one of the most complete and modern existing laws on the subject matter. However, some rules are very complex, if not unnecessary. And third, the implementation of these same rules can also result in enigmatic conundrums. The enforcement of a rule can point to different laws. Besides, the discretion conferred to some judges bestows upon the latter a significant degree of freedom. Consequently, these judges have the power to dismiss the law of autonomy in several cases. Furthermore, in the absence of choice, the scope of interpretation is much greater to enable them to designate a law of their choice to reach a judicial decision. This element of legal uncertainty can be removed, if not reduced, in two ways, namely: - by providing for an electio juris clause as well as an electio fori clause in the international contract or - by the adoption of an international convention unifying the conflict-of-laws rules of these three countries, in the hope that the same convention could eventually be extended to all other countries
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Papadima, Raluca. "La convergence en matière de droit applicable aux sociétés cotées de l’Union européenne : qui s'assemble se ressemble." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020038.
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Les sociétés cotées constituent un monde à part. Il existe environ 5 000 sociétés cotées sur les marchés réglementés des bourses de l’UE. Même si elles représentent moins de 1 % des entreprises européennes, leur capitalisation boursière s’élève à plus de 70 % du PIB. Parce que ces sociétés ont une importance systémique pour l’économie, la compréhension de leur régime juridique s’avère cruciale. Nous traçons d’abord les contours du droit qui leur est applicable, en partant du niveau supranational parce que le droit européen est la plus importante source à la fois de convergence et de divergence. Cette approche nous permet de discuter si le niveau supranational devrait s’investir de nouveaux secteurs ou pousser l’harmonisation dans ceux déjà réglementés et de faire des prédictions quant à la direction probable ou souhaitable des réglementations. Nous analysons ensuite la causalité de la convergence, ce qui fait ressortir trois types de convergence : imposée, par pression et par rapprochement des circonstances factuelles dans lesquelles les sociétés cotées de l’UE exercent leurs activités. Nous concluons qu’il existe à présent une convergence en matière de droit applicable aux sociétés cotées de l’UE en dépit d’une harmonisation seulement partielle opérée au niveau supranational et que cette convergence s’approfondira sous l’impulsion des forces et des facteurs qui en servent de cause. Cette conclusion appuie la systématisation future des droits nationaux en fonction d’une nouvelle summa divisio entre sociétés cotées et sociétés non cotéesListed companies are a world apart. There are approximately 5 000 companies listed on the regulated markets of the EU stock exchanges. Although they represent less than 1 % of the European businesses, their market capitalization amounts to more than 70 % of GDP. Because they have a systemic importance for the economy, the comprehension of their legal regime is crucial. We first establish the boundaries of the applicable law, starting from the supranational level because EU law represents the most important source of both convergence and divergence. This method allows us to establish if the supranational level should extend to new areas of regulation or push for further the harmonization in the areas already regulated and to make predictions regarding the probable or desirable future directions of the regulations. We then analyze the causality of convergence, which shows three main types of convergence : imposed, by pressure and by approximation of the factual circumstances of the environment in which EU listed companies operate. We conclude that presently there is a convergence of national regulations applicable to EU listed companies despite only partial harmonization at the supranational level and that this convergence will deepen as a result of its forces and factors of causality. This conclusion reinforces the arguments for a reorganization of national laws based on a new summa divisio between listed companies and non-listed companies
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Falsafi, Alireza. "Applicable law in state contracts : the drive to create a supranational legal regime in international arbitral dispute settlement." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19623.
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This thesis addresses the question of the application of a supra-national legal regime to the substance of disputes arising from State contracts in the context of international arbitral dispute settlement. Foreign private parties seek to subject the merits of their contractual relationships with a State arising from a State contract to a legal regime superior to the national law of the State party. Such a supra-national legal regime has been advanced through a de-localization trend in international arbitration. In the main, the de-localization trend defies a jurisdictional concept of the legal regime governing a State contract with a view to dissociating the contract from the legal jurisdiction of the State party. How paradoxical the idea of subjecting the substance of a State contract to a Stateless legal regime proves is an issue that the present thesis embarks upon.
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Katsivela, Maria-Eleftheria. "Multimodal carrier liability in the U.S. and Canada : towards uniformity of applicable rules?" Thèse, [Montréal] : Université de Montréal, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/umontreal/fullcit?pNQ96359.
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Thèse (LL.D.) -- Université de Montréal, 2004."Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Droit (LL.D.) et à la Faculté de Droit et de Sciences Politiques de l'Université de Nantes en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur" Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.
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Solano, Pedro. "Legislation and applicable concepts to protected natural areas in Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115939.
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There are 78 protected areas in Peru covering 22 million hectares corresponding almost 17 percent of national territory. This article reviews essential aspects of protected natural areas studying scopes, purposes, types, categories and levels such as: requirements for setting, amendment and repeal; activities allowed and forbidden within them; institutional management, among others. Finally, this work concludes with some brief thoughts on legal and institutional challenges of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas NaturalesProtegidas por el Estado (SINANPE) (National System of State ProtectedNatural Areas).En el Perú existen setenta y ocho áreas protegidas de nivel nacional, que en su conjunto cubren más de veinte y dos millones de hectáreas que equivalen casi al diecisiete por ciento del territorio nacional. El presente artículo, tras abordar los alcances, objetivos, tipos, categorías y niveles de las áreas naturales protegidas, pasa revista a los más trascendentes aspectos que las envuelven, tales como los requerimientos para su establecimiento, modificación y derogación; las actividades permitidas y prohibidas dentro de ellas; su gestión institucional; entre otros. Finalmente arriba a unas concisas reflexiones sobre los retos legales e institucionales que el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (Sinanpe) debería afrontar.
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Rojas, Tamayo Daniel Miguel. "Le droit applicable au contrat en droit international privé colombien. Etude comparée, critique et prospective." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020006/document.
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Le droit international privé colombien demeure tributaire d’une approche publiciste qui repose sur les principes de territorialité et de souveraineté. Ces principes, pourtant délaissés depuis le début du XXe siècle en droit international privé comparé, constituent encore aujourd’hui le fondement des règles de conflit en matière contractuelle qui forment le droit positif. Bien que la jurisprudence colombienne ait aussi utilisé des méthodes qui s’apparentent à d’autres proposées plus récemment aux États-Unis et en France, le système colombien n’offre pas de solutions satisfaisantes aux problèmes que posent les situations internationales, y compris en matière contractuelle. Le droit international privé colombien doit donc être repensé. À cet égard, il est possible, sur le fondement des textes en vigueur, de justifier tant la transformation de l’approche que l’adoption de nouvelles solutions. En matière de contrats, il est possible d’identifier au sein de l’ordre juridique colombien une tendance favorable à la consécration de la liberté de choix de la loi applicable en tant que solution de principe. En effet, cette solution est conforme au principe constitutionnel d’internationalisation et compatible avec le rôle reconnu à l’initiative privé en droit colombien. Largement répandue en droit international privé comparé, la liberté de choix a les faveurs des institutions internationales et, en 2015, la Conférence de La Haye a publié des principes sur le choix de la loi applicable aux contrats commerciaux internationaux. Cet instrument non contraignant peut servir d’inspiration pour l’élaboration d’une réglementation du choix de loi en droit colombienColombian private international law remains in thrall to a public-law inspired approach resting on the principles of territoriality and sovereignty. These principles, which have been abandoned since the beginning of the twentieth century in comparative private international law, still form the basis of the choice-of-law rules for contractual matters found in positive law. Even though the courts have also used methods that are similar to others put forward more recently in the United States and France, the Colombian system does not offer satisfactory solutions to the issues raised by international situations, particularly in contractual matters. Colombian private international law therefore needs to be rethought. In this respect, it is possible, on the basis of existing texts in Colombian law, to justify both the transformation of the approach and the adoption of new solutions. As far as contracts are concerned, a favorable trend towards the consecration of the freedom of choice of the applicable law as a solution of principle can actually be identified within the Colombian legal order. Indeed, this solution aligns with the constitutional principle of internationalization and is compatible with the role recognized to private initiative in Colombian law. Choice of law, which is widely used in comparative international private law, is also favored by international institutions. In 2015, The Hague Conference thus published its Principles on the choice of law applicable to international commercial contracts. This non-binding instrument can provide inspiration for the development of a choice of law regime in Colombian law
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Strecker, Sophie. "Jurisdiction in, and the law applicable to, cross-border contractual obligations : the objectives and impact of the EU's legislative journey." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/255/.
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This thesis researches EU private international law rules relating to contracts, including its historical development, its rules and its policy objectives. In order to evaluate EU private international law and its policy objectives, English and Belgian private international law rules are investigated as exemplars of domestic law systems within the EU. In this approach lies one of the unique contributions to knowledge of the project. In particular the research takes an original and unique approach by investigating issues from an EU as well as a comparative national perspective. English and Belgian law represent different legal histories and systems (common law and civil law) and are therefore representative of the types of compromises that have to be made at an EU level. Moreover, the relevant legal instruments in the area of research have undergone some changes, some of which are significant and very recent. Particular reference must be made here to the Brussels I Regulation recast 2012. Due to its recent nature, very little publications are available, a gap the research wants to help fill by a detailed textual analysis of the relevant provisions. Finally, there is as of yet little detailed research on the EU’s policy objectives in the area of private international law. To some extent this holds true for English and Belgian law as well. The research aims to help fill that gap.
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Edynak, Elsa. "Le droit international applicable à l'océan Arctique : l’adéquation d’un ensemble juridique complexe à un espace spécifique." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR139.
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Le changement climatique et les bouleversements qu’il implique en Arctique ont véritablement renouvelé l’intérêt pour cet espace. Celui-ci soulève des enjeux de différentes échelles (aussi bien régionale que globale), mais aussi de différentes natures (économiques, politiques, sociales, environnementales), qui constituent autant de problématiques juridiques et interrogent la pertinence du droit applicable. Cependant, et c’est là l’enjeu juridique principal de ce sujet : le cadre juridique existant fait preuve d’une grande complexité, dont la cohérence et la pertinence vis-à-vis de la région ont été largement remises en cause. Mais à ce mal unique – la complexité – les auteurs ne semblent pas s’accorder sur les solutions à adopter. Ces divergences soulignent l’intérêt de déterminer si le cadre juridique applicable à l’océan Arctique peut être consi-déré comme « adéquat » dans le sens où il permettrait une gestion répondant aux critères d’un système juridique satisfaisant. Du point de vue de la méthode, l’étude demandait de mettre de l’ordre dans le désordre apparent. A cette fin, la systématisation, à travers la réalisation d’un tableau synoptique analysant l’ensemble des normes de droit international applicables à la région, a été nécessaire. En conclusion, en dépit de sa diversité, le cadre juridique peut néanmoins être considéré comme satisfai-sant du point de vue substantiel (complétude) et formel (cohérence). Au-delà de la simple cohérence, la construc-tion actuelle d’un droit de l’Arctique amène à identifier un processus d’ordonnancement au niveau régional, appa-rentant de plus en plus cet encadrement à un véritable « système juridique ». Cette régionalisation est juridiquement indispensable, mais il faut néanmoins admettre qu’elle ne permet pas d’assurer l’action mondiale qui demeure indispensable face au problème global du changement climatique. Si elle constitue une étape probablement néces-saire, elle représente surtout une étape supplémentaire à cette mise en oeuvre généralisée et renforce dès lors la fragmentation du droit international, et donc sa complexitéClimate change and the disruption it implies in the Arctic have really renewed the interest in this space. This raises issues of different scales (both regional and global), but also of different natures (economic, political, social, environmental), which constitute as many legal issues and question the relevance of the applicable law. However, and this is the main legal issue here: the existing legal framework is extremely complex, whose consistency and relevance concerning the region have been widely questioned. But to this unique problem - com-plexity - the authors do not seem to agree on the solutions to adopt. These differences underline the interest to determine whether the legal framework for the Arctic Ocean can be considered as "adequate" in the sense that it would enable a management that meets the criteria of a satisfying legal system. Regarding the method, the study demanded to put the apparent disorder in order. To this end, systematization was necessary; it was done through the creation of a synoptic table analyzing all the standards of international law applicable to the region,. In conclusion, despite its diversity, the legal framework can nevertheless be considered satisfactory from a substantive (completeness) and formal (coherence) point of view. Beyond simple coherence, the current cons-truction of an Arctic law leads to the identification of an scheduling process at the regional level, this framework resembling more and more a real "legal system". This regionalisation is legally essential. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that it does not ensure the worldwide action which remains essential in the face of the global problem that is climate change. If it constitutes a probably necessary step, it represents above all an additional step in this generalized implementation and therefore reinforces the fragmentation of international law, and its complexity
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Paschalidis, Paschalis. "The impact of freedom of establishment on private international law for corporations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2a154a6-22de-42b8-a745-5ddf3a8bf5a5.
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The present thesis is concerned with private international law for corporate and insolvency disputes in the context of freedom of establishment. First, it presents the traditional rules of conflict applicable to corporate disputes that have been implemented in some major jurisdictions. Second, it analyses the relevant leading judgments of the European Court of Justice and it demonstrates the way in which, contrary to popular belief, the real seat theory has not been held contrary to freedom of establishment. The thesis then deals with the concept of letter-box companies and examines the limitations that are being placed to the use of freedom of establishment. This is followed by a juxtaposition of the factors that have lead and could lead to regulatory competition for corporate law in the USA and the EU respectively. A modest approach is taken towards the possibility of the latter occurring in the EU. Third, the thesis examines the treatment of insolency disputes in this context. A substantial part of it is dedicated to the definition of the basis for international jurisdiction for the opening of insolvency proceedings, namely the centre of main interests. It argues in favour of an objective test for the identification of the centre of main interests (COMI) and the allocations of certain burdens on both the debtor and the creditors. It then focuses on the treatment of forum shopping in the context on international insolvencies. Based on considerations of consent and economic efficiency, it suggests a definition, according to which certain transfers of the COMI should not amount to forum shopping. Finally, the thesis examines the possibility of a regulatory competition for insolvencies in the EU and seeks to demonstrate that the conditions for such a competition are more analogous between US corporate law and EU insolvency, rather than company, law.
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Gideon, Andrea Katharina. "European higher education institutions under EU law constraints : an interdisciplinary analysis of the position of European higher education institutions between directly applicable EU law and their public service mission." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7834/.
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This thesis investigates the impact of EU law and policy on the Member States' higher education institution (HEI) sectors with a particular emphasis on the exposure of research in universities to EU competition law. This study is exception-ally well-suited to illustrate how applying EU economic law to formerly public sec-tors can create tensions between the economic and the social in the EU. Given the reluctance of the Member States to openly develop an EU level HEI policy, these tensions appear as unintended consequences of the traditional application of Treaty provisions such as those on Union citizenship, free movement and competition to the HEI sector which may endanger the traditional non-economic mission of European HEIs. Whilst the effects of Union citizenship and free movement law on HEIs have received some attention, the impact of EU competition law constitutes a largely unexplored site. This thesis submits that intended and unintended consequences of the EU economic constitutions are enhanced by a parallel tendency of Member States to commercialise formerly public sectors such as the HEI sector. Here, commercialisation is mirrored in offering study places only against substantive fees instead of as a public service funded from the public purse and in encouraging universities to compete for public research funding as well as to attract funding from the private sector. This kind of commercialisation makes HEIs vulnerable to the seemingly inevitable pulls of internal market law which might, in turn, lead to further commercialisation. This thesis investigates the potential problems through doctrinal analysis and a qualitative study focussing on the exposure of HEI research to EU competition law as an under-researched example of exposure to economic constraints. It concludes that such exposure may compromise the wider aims that research intensive universities pursue in the public interest.
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Ambogo, Mouaragadja Nelly Ludmilla. "La réglementation juridique applicable aux prestations en logistique : entre droit commun et droit sui generis." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH03.
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Les mutations intervenues dans les métiers du transport suite à l’apparition de l’entreprise réseau, ont favorisé l’essor de nouveaux acteurs dans la chaîne logistique. En véritables coordinateurs de l’ensemble de la chaîne, les prestataires logistiques ont diversifié leur offre de services. De transporteurs, ils ont étendu leurs compétences au pilotage global de la chaîne logistique, s’affranchissant définitivement de la qualification de transport du contrat qui les liait à leurs clients. Sans statut juridique, les prestataires de services logistiques font face au silence de la doctrine sur la question de la nature du contrat et du régime juridique qui lui est applicable. Le désintérêt des juristes sur la question procède de leur méconnaissance de la logistique dont les contours peinent encore à être maîtrisés. Une des rares solutions proposée est l’élaboration d’un statut autonome des contrats de prestation de services logistiques ou encore, l’extension du régime du contrat de transport à ces contrats. Or, en ayant recours à l’identification de leur prestation caractéristique, il apparaît qu’ils ne relèvent pas du droit des transports mais du droit commun, invalidant la thèse d’une qualification sui generisThe changes that have taken place in the transport business following the appearance of the network company have favoured the growth of new players in the supply chain. As true coordinators of the entire chain, logistics providers have diversified their service offer. From carriers, they have extended their skills to the global control of the end-to-end supply chain, definitively freeing themselves from the transport qualification of the contract that binds them to their customers. Without a legal status, logistic service providers face the silence of the doctrine on the question of the nature of the contract and the legal regime applicable to it. The disinterest of jurists on the issue stems from their ignorance of the logistics whose contours still struggle to be controlled. One of the few solutions proposed is the development of an autonomous status of contracts for the provision of logistics services or the extension of the transport contract regime to these contracts. However, by resorting to the identification of their characteristic performance, it appears that they do not fall under the law of transport but common law, invalidating the thesis of a qualification sui generis
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Nunes, Chaib André. "Institutionalisation de l'économie mondiale : une étude sur le droit applicable aux institutions financières internationales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D086.
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Cette thèse traite de la manière dont les organisations économiques internationales, plus particulièrement les institutions financières internationales universelles, le FMI et la banque mondiale, établissent le contenu et la forme de leurs espaces de légalité, le traitement de cette tension est fondamental. Généralement, pour l'espace de légalité, cette étude désigne toutes les actions qui, d'une manière ou d'une autre, entrent dans le champ de ce que l'organisation considère comme étant le droit, qu'il soit international ou national.Le recours aux institutions ne commence pas avec la Société des Nations et l'Organisation internationale du travail, au début du XXe siècle, mais bien avant, avec la reconnaissance de diverses autres institutions qui, même si elles ne sont pas des organisations, des administrations ou des tribunaux,donneront forme à ce que l'on appelle désormais le droit international. Ce qui distingue la nature de ces institutions est le processus par lequel elles se sont créées et la finalité qui leur est attribuée. La reconnaissances des différentes institutions comme pierres angulaires de la formation et de la consolidation des espaces sociaux internationaux soulève une question de définition à la fois fondamentale et problématique pour le droit international : qu'est ce qu'une institution en droit internationale ? Telle est la question fondamentale à laquelle cette thèse espère apporter une réponse. Une telle réponse servira de ligne directrice déterminante pour l'ensemble de l'étude. Car l'analyse de la question principale abordée par cette étude, à savoir comment les espaces de légalité des institutions financières internationales - le FMI et la Banque mondiale - sont créées, dépend principalement de la distinction que l'ont fait entre les OI en tant qu'organisations et les OI comme institutions de l'espace social international. Une telle étude doit alors envisager l'examen de ce qui a conduit le domaine du droit international, en particulier celui de l'économie mondiale, à devenir non seulement de plus en plus institutionnalisé, mais aussi organisé. Autrement dit, il faut analyser, d'une part, un processus d’institutionnalisation du domaine du droit international relatif à l'économie mondiale et, d'autre part, la manière dont les institutions individuelles créées au cours de ce processus contribuent également à l'organisation de ce domaine, circonscrivant ainsi l'ordre social sous des pouvoirs structurés. La présente étude est divisée en deux parties, chacune contenant deux parties. En considérant le développement des différentes branches de ce droit (commercial,financier, monétaire), ce travail vise à identifier les conditions dans lesquelles les formes conventionnelles d'action et d'activités dans ces domaines sont devenues des institutions sociales comme le droit et plus particulièrement le droit international. Ce travail examine: 1) la mesure dans laquelle les normes du droit international public qui constituent ce droit économique international influent sur l'action des organisations publiques 2) la mesure dans laquelle ces organisations sont attachées à ce droit international ou s'en distancient en fonction de leur position dans ce domaine ; 3) de quelle manières ces organisations ont un impact plus significatif sur le développement de ce domaine par l'autorégulation (la création des types normatifs autres que les règles positivistes classiques (article 38 de la cour)) ; et 4) quel rôle peuvent jouer les normes du droit international public en dehors de ce champ du droit économique international dans le développement de ces organisationsThis thesis deals with how international economic organizations, more specifically the universal international financial institutions, the IMF and the World bank, establish the content and form of their spaces of legality, the treatment of this tension is fundamental. Generally, for spaces of legality, this study means all action that, in one way or another,fall under the scope whatever the organization sees as being law, be it international or national. The turn to institutions does not begin with the League of Nations and the international Labor Organization,at the beginningof the 20th century, but well before, with the recognition of a variety of other institutionsthat, even though are not organizations, administrations or courts,will give shape to what is now called international law. What distinguishes the nature of such institutions is the process by which they are created and the finality attributed to them. In this respect, treaties, customs, international organizations, although created in differents ways, are all part of the process of instituionalization of international law. The recognition of different institutions as crucial stone to the formation and consolidation of the international social spaces invokes a question of definition which is both fundamental and problematic for inernational law : what is an institution for international law ? This is the fundamental question to which this introduction hopes to provide an answer. Such an answer will serve as a determinant guideline for the whole study. For the analysis of the main issues addressed by this study,that is, of how the spaces of legality of international financial institutions - the IMF and the World bank - are created depends mainly on the distinction one makes between that IOs as organizations and IOs as institutions of the international social space. Such a study must then consider the examination of what has led the field of international law, specifically concerned with the world econonomy, to become not only inceasingly institutionalized, but also organised. In other words, there has to be an analysis on the one hand of a process of institionalizing the field of international law concerned with the world economy, and on the other hand, the way by which individual institutions created during this process also aid in organizing the field, circumscribing the the social order under sructured authorities. This study is divided into two parts, eache containing two chapters. The first part looks and focuses on the process of formation and institutionalization of what is now called "international economic law". Inconsidering the development of different branches (commercial, financial, monetary), this works aims at identifying the conditions under which conventional forms of action and activities in these fields have become social institutions such as law and more specifically international law. This works examines : (1) the extent to which the norms of public international lawmaking up this international economic law impact the action of public organizations ; (2) to what extent these organizations are attached to or distanced themselves from this international law accordind to their position in the field ; (3) in what ways do these organizations have a more significant impact on the development of this field through self-regulation (the creation of other normative types outside the typical positivist rules (Articles 38, of ICJ statute)) and (4) which role can play the norms of public international law outside this field of international economic law on the action of these organizations
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Smit, Jacobus Gideon. "Analysis of the interaction between the income tax and capital gains tax provisions applicable to share dealers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85830.
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Thesis (MAccounting)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The interaction between the income tax provisions contained in sections 9B, 9C, 11(a) and 22 of the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 (the Act), and the capital gains tax (CGT) provisions of the Eighth Schedule of the Act, are complex and share dealers should approach the tax consequences of share dealing profits with caution. The objective of the assignment was to ensure that the share dealing profits of share dealers (who transact on revenue account) are taxed correctly, with specific reference to the interaction between the aforementioned provisions. This was achieved by considering tax cases, the interpretation notes of the South African Revenue Services (SARS) and commentary of tax writers. Examples of share disposals were incorporated to illustrate that consistency is required between the calculation of profits for income tax and CGT purposes. The guidelines laid down by case law to determine the revenue nature of share disposals were investigated. It was concluded that share dealing profits which are designedly sought for and worked for, either as part of a business operation or not, are of a revenue nature and taxable as such. The method of identification of shares sold as trading stock is important when calculating the income tax profit, since it is used in order to determine both which shares are sold as well as the cost of the shares sold. It was concluded that the method of identification applied in terms of generally accepted accounting practice (GAAP) is generally also acceptable from an income tax perspective. Section 9C of the Act provides a share dealer income tax relief when a ‘qualifying share’ is disposed of. Any amount received or accrued as a result of the disposal of a qualifying share is deemed to be of a capital nature, regardless of the revenue intention of the share dealer. Prior to 1 October 2007, section 9B of the Act provided similar relief to the disposal of an ‘affected share’. It was concluded that section 9C of the Act has a wider scope of application compared to section 9B of the Act. Because the proceeds received on the disposal of affected or qualifying shares are excluded from gross income, the acquisition costs previously incurred and deducted in respect of such shares must be included in taxable income. It was determined that the amount to be included in income is the actual cost of such shares and not the opening trading stock value determined in terms of GAAP and claimed in terms of section 22(2) of the Act. It was concluded that the first-in-first-out (FIFO) method of identification should be applied to determine which affected or qualifying shares have been disposed of. From a CGT perspective, it was illustrated that a share dealer loses the opportunity to choose which identification method to apply and is obliged to also apply the FIFO method in calculating the CGT base cost of the shares. It is concluded that the Eighth Schedule of the Act should be amended to clarify that the FIFO method should be applied for CGT purposes where sections 9B or 9C of the Act find application. Only then will the tax profits of a share dealer be in sync with his or her cash benefit.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die interaksie tussen die inkomstebelastingbepalings vervat in artikels 9B, 9C, 11(a) en 22 van die Inkomstebelastingwet No. 58 van 1962 (die Wet), en die kapitaalwinsbelastingbepalings (KWB bepalings) van die Agtste Bylae tot die Wet is kompleks en aandelehandelaars moet die belastinggevolge van aandelewinste met omsigtigheid benader. Die doelwit van die werkstuk was om te verseker dat die winste van aandelehandelaars (wat aandele verkoop op inkomsterekening) korrek belas word, met spesifieke verwysing na die interaksie tussen die voorgenoemde bepalings. Dit is bereik deur die oorweging van hofsake, uitlegnotas van die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens en kommentaar deur belastingskrywers. Voorbeelde van aandeleverkope is gebruik om te illustreer dat konsekwentheid tussen die berekening van winste vir inkomstebelasting en KWB-doeleindes ‘n vereiste is. Die riglyne wat deur regspraak daargestel is om die inkomste-aard van aandeleverkope vas te stel, is ondersoek. Daar is bevind dat aandelewinste wat opsetlik nagejaag word en voor gewerk word, ongeag of dit deel van die bedryf van 'n besigheid is al dan nie, van ‘n inkomste-aard is en aldus belasbaar is. Die metode van identifikasie van aandele wat as handelsvoorraad verkoop word is belangrik by die berekening die inkomstebelastingwins aangesien dit gebruik word om vas te stel watter aandele verkoop is en wat die koste van die verkoopte aandele is. Daar is bevind dat die metode wat ingevolge algemeen aanvaarde rekeningkundige praktyk (AARP) toegepas is, gewoonlik ook vir inkomstebelastingdoeleindes toelaatbaar is. Artikel 9C van die Wet verskaf aan ‘n aandelehandelaar inkomstebelastingverligting met die verkoop van 'n 'kwalifiserende aandeel' deurdat die bedrag ontvang of toegeval geag word van 'n kapitale aard te wees, ongeag die inkomstebedoeling van die aandelehandelaar. Voor 1 Oktober 2007 het artikel 9B van die Wet soortgelyke verligting verskaf met die verkoop van n 'geaffekteerde aandeel’. Daar is vasgestel dat artikel 9C van die Wet 'n wyer toepassing het in vergelyking met artikel 9B van die Wet. Omrede die opbrengs ontvang met die verkoop van geaffekteerde of kwalifiserende aandele uitgesluit word van bruto inkomste, moet die vorige aankoopskostes wat voorheen ten opsigte van die aandele aangegaan en afgetrek is, by belasbare inkomste ingesluit word. Daar is bepaal dat die bedrag wat by belasbare inkomste ingesluit word, die werklike koste van die aandele is en nie die AARP openingswaarde van handelsvoorraad wat ingevolge artikel 22(2) van die Wet geëis nie. Daar is bevind dat die eerste-in-eerste-uit (EIEU) metode van identifikasie gebruik moet word om te bepaal watter geaffekteerde of kwalifiserende aandele verkoop is. Vir KWB doeleindes verloor 'n aandelehandelaar ook die geleentheid om te kan kies watter identifikasiemetode toegepas moet word. Hy of sy is verplig om die EIEU metode toe te pas in die berekening van die KWB basiskoste van die aandele. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die Agtste Bylae van die Wet gewysig moet word om te bevestig dat die EIEU metode toegepas moet word vir KWB doeleindes waar artikels 9B of 9C van die Wet van toepassing is. Slegs dan is die belasbare wins van 'n aandelehandelaar in lyn is met sy of haar kontantvoordeel.
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Alharbi, Meshal Nayef. "Trademark and patent disputes in Saudi Arabia : an analysis of private international law." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13858.
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The subject of the conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights is a complicated topic to research, because the normal rules of private international law and arbitration can be affected by the special characteristics of patents and trademarks. Some rules of these subjects might need to be reformed and in some cases there are principles that should be created to successfully handle cross-border disputes concerning patents and trademarks. Establishment of a special court with supranational jurisdiction may be required to resolve these types of disputes. Recently, this subject has been given enormous attention around the world. While the academics, legislators and forums in developed states have broadly discussed the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights, in Saudi Arabia, it has not been given noticeable attention. This thesis intends to make a significant contribution to Saudi law and provide appropriate approaches on the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights. The topics which will be covered in this thesis are the rules of international jurisdiction, the rules of choice of law, the rules for enforcement of foreign judgments and the rules of arbitration. The modification and the enhancement of the rules of private international law and arbitration established in Saudi law will be recommended and the arguments for each suggested approach will be presented.
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Soares, Fabiane Verçosa Azevedo. "A Aplicação Errônea do Direito Brasileiro pelo Árbitro: Uma Análise à Luz do Direito Comparado." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2527.
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A presente tese versa sobre a aplicação errônea, pelo árbitro, do Direito Brasileiro ao mérito do litígio. Tendo em vista o ineditismo, em nosso País, do estudo das consequências advindas à sentença arbitral prolatada mediante uma aplicação equivocada do Direito que rege o mérito da controvérsia, revelou-se fundamental uma análise de Direito Comparado. Assim, consultou-se o Direito dos Estados Unidos da América, do Reino Unido, da Alemanha, da Itália, da Áustria, da Suíça e da França, a fim de se constatar se é admissível, nos referidos Países, alguma medida judicial contra tal situação.
Primeiramente, empreendeu-se um exame das consequências que podem advir, nos 7 (sete) Países citados, a uma sentença arbitral doméstica, assim definida conforme a legislação de cada País. Como a medida habitual para se afastar uma sentença arbitral doméstica é a ação de anulação, buscou-se examinar as hipóteses que ensejam seu ajuizamento em cada País estudado, a fim de se constatar se dentre elas insere-se a aplicação errônea do Direito que rege o fundo da disputa. Ou, em caso negativo, se a violação à ordem pública inclui-se nas hipóteses de anulação. E, por último, se a ofensa à ordem pública compreende a aplicação errônea, pelo árbitro, do Direito de cada País sub examine.
Em segundo lugar, examinaram-se as consequências que advêm para uma sentença arbitral estrangeira em que se aplicou erroneamente o Direito que rege o mérito da controvérsia. Como todos os sete Países examinados são Estados-membros da Convenção de Nova Iorque de 10 de junho de 1958 sobre o Reconhecimento e a Execução de Sentenças Arbitrais Estrangeiras, que prevê em seu artigo V, n 2, alínea b, a violação à ordem pública como óbice à homologação da sentença arbitra alienígena, a aplicação do referido dispositivo em cada Estado foi analisado. Tentou-se averiguar se a ofensa à ordem pública consubstanciada na referida Convenção poderia abranger a aplicação errônea do Direito material pelo árbitro.
Em seguida, examinou-se a legislação e a doutrina brasileiras tanto no que tange à ação anulatória de laudos arbitrais brasileiros, quanto à homologação dos laudos estrangeiros , a fim de se proporem soluções para esta questão em nosso ordenamento jurídico.
Por fim, analisou-se se é possível, no Brasil, homologar uma sentença arbitral estrangeira que tenha sido anulada no País em que foi prolatada com base no argumento da aplicação errônea do Direito do referido Estado ao mérito da arbitragem.This thesis concerns the erroneous application, by the arbitrator, of Brazilian Law to the merits of the case. Due to the originality in our country of the study of the consequences that arise to the arbitral award issued through an erroneous application of the Law that governs the merits of the dispute, the analysis of Comparative Law was fundamental. Therefore, the Laws of United States of America, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland and France were analysed, in order to discover whether any legal remedy is available against such situation. First, we examined the consequences that can arise to a domestic arbitral award as defined in the legislation of each country in the seven (7) countries examined. Since the habitual measure to set aside a domestic arbitral award consists in its annulment, we tried to analyse the grounds to set aside such award in each country, so that we could find out whether the erroneous application of the governing law is included therein. Otherwise, we tried to find out whether the violation of public policy constitutes a ground for annulment. Last, we tried to analyse whether the violation of public policy encompasses the erroneous application of the national Law in each country examined. Second, we examined the consequences that arise to a foreign arbitral award in which the governing law was wrongly applied. Once all seven countries are members of New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards dated June 10, 1958, (which stipulates in Article 5, no. 2, b, that the violation of public policy is an obstacle for the recognition of the foreign arbitral award), the application of the latter in each of the seven countries was examined. We tried to find out whether the violation of public policy set forth in the Convention could encompass the erroneous application by the arbitrator of material Law. Afterwards, Brazilian Law and doctrine was examined not only in what relates to the action to set aside Brazilian arbitral awards, but also the recognition of foreign awards in order to suggest solutions to this question in our legal system. Finally, we analysed whether it is possible to recognize in Brazil a foreign arbitral award that has been set aside in the country in which it was rendered due to the erroneous application of the Law of the relevant State to the merits of the dispute.
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Swart, Katherine. "The mining legacy in South Africa - a superfund sized problem or a trust fund baby? a critical analysis of the market-based instruments applicable to mining, with specific focus on financial security mechanisms and suggestions for a new approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4494.
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