Academic literature on the topic 'Law and Economics. Scienze cognitive'
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Journal articles on the topic "Law and Economics. Scienze cognitive"
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Frerichs, Sabine. "Putting behavioural economics in its place: the new realism of law, economics and psychology and its alternatives." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 72, no. 4 (March 17, 2022): 651–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v72i4.920.
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The behavioural turn in economics has spilled over into the field of law and economics. Some scholars even consider behavioural economics a variety of new legal realism, invoking earlier efforts to promote law as a behavioural and social science. In fact, behavioural economics works towards more realistic assumptions about human behaviour by drawing on empirical research methods, namely economic experiments. However, not all realisms are alike. Much of the mainstream of behavioural economics is inspired by cognitive psychology, which entails a move from behaviour to cognition and, ultimately, to brains. For scholars with a socio-legal background, legal realism rather points in the opposite direction: to the social contexts and institutional frameworks that shape individual behaviour. By exploring alternative options for a new realism at the intersection of law, economics, and related disciplines, this article exposes the relative neglect of institutions in behavioural economics and the tendency to reduce them to a corrective for cognitive biases in applications to law. At the same time, it provides a broad overview of different varieties of realism next to behavioural-economic ones.
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van Aaken, Anne, and Tomer Broude. "The Psychology of International Law: An Introduction." European Journal of International Law 30, no. 4 (November 2019): 1225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa008.
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Abstract Public international law scholarship opens evermore to social science theories and methodologies, but the implications of cognitive research and behavioural economics have not been systematically explored, even though they have been successfully applied to domestic legal issues and are increasingly used in public policy and regulation. In this symposium, we aim to fill two research gaps: first, international law and economics and international political economy rarely use behavioural insights, while behavioural law and economics lacks international dimensions, and, second, international political psychology sidesteps the importance of international norms. This introduction surveys the main psychological angles employed in the articles of the symposium as well as the difficulties envisioned in this research agenda of applying psychology to international law and using experiments for the study of international law. These difficulties notwithstanding, behavioural studies have generated many insights that have the potential to greatly enrich our understanding of international law.
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DUDCHENKO, Valentina V., Yuliia V. TSURKAN-SAIFULINA, and Konstiantyn M. VITMAN. "Justification of the Subject of Cognition Problem in Modern Social and Legal Sciences Methodology." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 7 (November 18, 2019): 2296. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.7(37).13.
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The article is devoted to the study of the essential characteristics of the subject of cognition. The process of cognition, being one of the oldest issues in the history of humankind, has always been and remains highly relevant today. This is due to the irrepressible desire of a person to know the world around her/him and herself/himself. If the study of the surrounding world is basically the prerogative of the natural sciences, then self-cognition is the object of study in the humanities. The process of cognitive activity is considered by a number of the humanities and social sciences: philosophy (in a generalized sense), history, psychology, pedagogy, sociology, etc., but it begins to occupy a separate place in the philosophy of law. Modern human needs to know the measure, opportunity, freedom and responsibility of the process of cognition. In the article, from the point of view of critical realism, the current state of the methodology of cognition is analyzed and the necessary tendencies in changing the worldview and defining the new methodology of the humanities are substantiated. The experience of the post-Soviet countries with dogmatic ideology and destructive methodology was used as an illustrative material. It has been established that only a free-thinking subject and a methodology developed on the principles of the supremacy of spiritual values can improve the reverent approach to the person and the world as a whole and come closer to the cognition of absolute truth.
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Farzanegan, Mohammad Reza. "Cognitive ability and corruption: rule of law (still) matters." Empirical Economics 59, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 1723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01687-4.
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Rohrlich, Paul Egon. "Economic culture and foreign policy: the cognitive analysis of economic policy making." International Organization 41, no. 1 (1987): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300000746.
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Political scientists researching economic foreign policy have generally taken one of two analytic approaches. The first is based on realpolitik, the traditional application of “high” politics to the “low” politics of economics. This approach considers economics subordinate to politics. The concept of the national interest dominates; the pursuit of power—what enables the state to achieve its goals of security, welfare, and other societal values—is seen to underlie most actions. The study of foreign economic policy is thus an analysis of the distribution of power among states within the international system. By understanding a state's sources of strength and areas of vulnerability in relation to other states, the analyst will better understand the creation of foreign policy. Hans Morgenthau notes that while states may sometimes pursue economic policies for their own sake (in which case they should take little interest in their success), the more important economic policies they will favor are instruments of political power.Stephen Krasner views the state as an autonomously motivated actor, able to guide policy in pursuit of state priorities while resisting interest groups and ideologies. According to this “power theory”, the state tries to increase its economic competitiveness, ensure security of material needs, and promote its broad foreign-policy objectives. Economic policy is for the most part subordinate to and best explained by state priorities and prerogatives. Robert Tucker, Klaus Knorr, Robert Gilpin and others have also adopted this framework.
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Zeki, S., O. R. Goodenough, Oliver R. Goodenough, and Kristin Prehn. "A neuroscientific approach to normative judgment in law and justice." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1451 (November 29, 2004): 1709–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1552.
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Developments in cognitive neuroscience are providing new insights into the nature of normative judgment. Traditional views in such disciplines as philosophy, religion, law, psychology and economics have differed over the role and usefulness of intuition and emotion in judging blameworthiness. Cognitive psychology and neurobiology provide new tools and methods for studying questions of normative judgment. Recently, a consensus view has emerged, which recognizes important roles for emotion and intuition and which suggests that normative judgment is a distributed process in the brain. Testing this approach through lesion and scanning studies has linked a set of brain regions to such judgment, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and posterior superior temporal sulcus. Better models of emotion and intuition will help provide further clarification of the processes involved. The study of law and justice is less well developed. We advance a model of law in the brain which suggests that law can recruit a wider variety of sources of information and paths of processing than do the intuitive moral responses that have been studied so far. We propose specific hypotheses and lines of further research that could help test this approach.
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Chen, Nai-Hua. "Exploring the Cognitive and Emotional Impact of Online Climate Change Videos on Viewers." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229571.
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Climate change is a significant challenge for the international community. A significant part of addressing this challenge involves informing people about climate change to try and change behavior. Organizations like Technology, Entertainment, and Design (TED) use social media as a means of disseminating information about the complexities of climate science. In this study, we investigate viewers’ responses to 50 TED videos associated with climate change that are posted on YouTube. We elucidate the opinions of both speakers and viewers through sentiment analysis of 59,023 comments and negative binomial regression techniques of viewers’ reactions. The most frequently mentioned keywords are emission, temperature, environment, nature, renewable energy, and economics. The top three emotions evoked by reviewer are trust, fear, and anticipation. The issue of economics is largely responsible for triggering these emotional responses.
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Jensen, Mikael. "Lifestyle: suggesting mechanisms and a definition from a cognitive science perspective." Environment, Development and Sustainability 11, no. 1 (July 12, 2007): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-007-9105-4.
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Firniksz, Judit, Borbála Tünde Dömötörfy, and Péter Mezei. "Gateways to the Internet Ecosystem – Enabling and Discovery Tools in the Age of Global Online Platforms." YEARBOOK OF ANTITRUST AND REGULATORY STUDIES 15, no. 26 (December 2022): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2022.15.26.6.
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The Google Shopping case has provided significant lessons that reach beyond antitrust enforcement. ‘Enabling and discovery tools’ create a layer that serves as a gateway to the Internet ecosystem. Therefore, on the one hand, they play a key role in ensuring the openness of the Internet ecosystem, and on the other hand, they exercise a primary influence on consumer experiences and their cognitive processes, which in turn determine online consumer transactions. Enabling and discovery tools, such as adopting design methods based on applied behavioural sciences (for example: user experience design (UX) and user interface design (UI)), create global challenges at the crossroads of antitrust, consumer law and platform regulation. At the same time, in light of the complexity of the platform economy, some market phenomena might be particularly difficult to identify and address, while fast and efficient adaptation is an essential factor for market players. This brings advocacy – the promotion of a competitive environment – into the focus also at the national level, particularly where a dual enforcement regime makes a multifocal approach possible.
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Koktysh, K., and A. Renard-Koktysh. "Cognitive Dimension of Security." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 4 (2021): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.4.67.3.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the algocognitive culture, the new reality that humanity has already entered, but remains far from being understood. Today we can speak about dissolution of the concept of privacy: almost all actions of a person, including his daily trips, his social circle and values it shares, his correspondence and purchases are automatically observed, and completely transparent to information corporations. The problem of fake news has become insurmountable: their appearance into the information cascade converts in an event immediately, making later investigations and refutations almost obsolete. A «culture of cancellation» has emerged, within which a priori there is no criteria for good and evil, where it has become possible to «delete» from the information circulation any arrays of knowledge that do not meet the requirements of the self-proclaimed «new ethics», and to ostracize people associated with them. The author compares the current state of affairs with the era of the dominance of sophists in ancient Greece, when the truth was determined depending on the conjuncture, and finds relevant parallels. In this context, the author formulates the concept of «cognitive vulnerability»: the new reality makes possible control of the masses of people, setting not only their consumer, but also political behavior. The author defines network reality as an alternative system of socialization, where the «network» ontology and values turn out to be more competitive than real ones, and therefore de facto displace them. The latter becomes possible due to a kind of «splitting» of the personality, when the emotional reaction is de facto separated from the real goal-oriented activity, and connected with the virtual reality. Ruling algorithms in social networks are aimed at achieving this goal: for an example author turns to recent investigation by The Wall Street Journal regarding Facebook: the MSI algorithm used by the latter provokes disputes and splits on every occasion. De facto, this leads to a situation where American information corporations are moving towards the new quality of the actual owner of sovereignty over the consciousness of the external societies. This challenge has already been met by China: since September 1, 2021, Beijing had nationalized algorithms, and handed control over them to the Communist Party. The author analyzes the steps taken by China and comes to the conclusion that in case of success China will become not only an economic, but also an ideological alternative to America, thereby making a bid to restore a bipolar world political system.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Law and Economics. Scienze cognitive"
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Arnaudo, Luca. "Elementi di Economia e Diritto cognitivi." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200919.
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Statuti epistemologici dell'economia: dalla storia alla matematica, verso le scienze cognitive. Nozioni e funzioni della razionalità in economia. Le nuove economie del secondo Novecento. Scienze cognitive: un'introduzione. Economia cognitiva. Dall'economia al diritto: il ponte della Law and Economics. Diritto cognitivo.
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Martén, Linna. "Essays on Politics, Law, and Economics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-282782.
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Essay 1: Several countries practice a system where laymen, who lack legal education, participate in the judicial decision making. Yet, little is known about their potential influence on the court rulings. In Sweden lay judges (nämndemän) are affiliated with the political parties and appointed in proportion to political party representation in the last local elections. This paper investigates the influence of their partisan belonging when ruling in asylum appeals in the Migration Courts, where laymen are effectively randomly assigned to cases. The results show that the approval rate is affected by the policy position of the laymen's political parties. In particular, asylum appeals are more likely to be rejected when laymen from the anti-immigrant party the Swedish Democrats participate, and less likely to be rejected when laymen from the Left Party, the Christian Democrats or the Green Party participate. This indicates that asylum seekers do not receive an impartial trial, and raises concerns that laymen in the courts can compromise the legal security in general.Essay 2: Although economic circumstances have been argued to be a major determining factor of attitudes to redistribution, there is little well identified evidence at the individual level. Utilizing a unique dataset, with detailed individual information, provides new and convincing evidence on the link between economic circumstances and demand for redistribution (in the form of social benefits). The Swedish National Election Studies are constructed as a rotating survey panel, which makes it possible to estimate the causal effect of economic changes. The empirical analysis shows that individuals who experience a job loss become considerably more supportive of redistribution. Yet, attitudes to redistribution return to their initial level as economic prospects improve, suggesting that the effect is only temporary. Although a job loss also changes attitudes to the political parties, the probability to vote for the left-wing is not affected.
Essay 3: A well-functioning labor market is characterized by job reallocations, but the individual costs can be vast. We examine if individual's ability to cope with such adjustments depends on their cognitive and non-cognitive skills (measured by the enlistment tests). Since selection into unemployment is a function of skills, we solve the endogeneity of a job loss by using the exogenous labor market shock provided by the military base closures in Sweden following the end of the Cold War. We find, first, that, on average, labor earnings decrease and unemployment and labor-related benefits increase for those affected. Second, there are heterogeneous treatment effects in terms of unemployment; the treated individuals with high non-cognitive and cognitive skills face lower unemployment effects than the treated individuals with low non-cognitive and cognitive skills.
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Dashti, Moghaddam Mohammadamin. "Stochastic Phenomena in Finance, Economics, Cognitive Psychology -- Modeling with Generalized Beta Prime." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1571061904950758.
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Neunhoeffer, Frieder <1989>. "Cognitive biases in expectation formation : lab evidence on preferences for redistribution, financial forecasting, and subscription traps." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19533.
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Chapter 1: Bringing existing inequality in South Africa (high) and Switzerland (low) to the lab, we study how people’s preferences for redistribution change with the level of income inequality, income mobility, uncertainty of initial income positions, source of income (random or based on real-effort). We find that uncertainty and overconfidence undermine demand for redistribution.
The effect magnifies with larger income disparity (South Africa). It further induces a reverse POUM effect: since wealth ambitions of rich aspirants are better preserved under low than under high mobility, demand for redistribution grows with the degree of mobility. These results combined propose an inequality trap: today’s inequality favors income overestimation, winding up less demand for redistribution with less mobility, which propels advanced inequality tomorrow.
Chapter 2: Learning-to-Forecast experiments have been found to replicate price volatility of demand-driven markets quite accurately. Yet, the scope of prior studies neither exceeded 50 periods nor limited severely decision time, and thereby neglected two central features of financial markets: long runtime and time pressure. This work studies whether “bubble and crash” dynamics persist in the long run (150 periods) and how decision time (6 vs. 25 seconds) influences market volatility? We observe converging prices to the fundamental value with increasing market length. Parallel to the change in dynamics, we identify a switch from trendextrapolating to rather adaptive strategies in the low time pressure condition. Increasing time pressure in contrast, limits trend-chasing behavior and aggregated coordination right from the beginning. Both seems to exert a stabilizing effect on prices.
Chapter 3: This paper explores a novel menu effect in the context of subscriptions. Providers typically capitalize on arranging offers such that the longer, but costlier option is chosen over its cheaper alternative. We find that sizing the shorter subscription down to single use raises its attraction. This suspects that the presence of single-use prompts rational evaluation based on a realistic estimate to use the subscription again. Alternatives in the former case, both time spans, are instead decoded into the same category - referred to pigeonholing - with the consequence that other comparative criteria come to the fore. Two-dimensional models present in most behavioral theories fail to explain this type of preference reversal. Inspired by the intuition of transaction utility and the availability heuristic we propose a generalization of salience theory to capture the effect of pigeonholing.
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Hayne, Shelby. "An Analysis and Critique of Mental Health Treatment in American State Prisons and Proposal for Improved Care." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1256.
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Mental health treatment in state prisons is revealed to be highly variable, under-funded, and systematically inadequate. Existing literature exposes this injustice but fails to provide a comprehensive proposal for reform. This paper attempts to fill that gap, outlining a cost-effective, evidence-based treatment proposal, directly addressing the deficits in care revealed through analysis of our current system. In addition, this paper provides historical overviews of the prison system and mental health treatment, utilizing theoretical perspectives to contextualize this proposal in the present state of affairs. Lastly, the evidence is provided to emphasize the potential economic and social benefits of improving mental health treatment in state prisons. Significant findings suggest a clear financial, legal, and moral incentive for states to address this issue, while the proposal provides a viable method of doing so.
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Holm, Cyril. "F. A. Hayek's Critique of Legislation." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-236890.
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The dissertation concerns F. A. Hayek’s (1899–1992) critique of legislation. The purpose of the investigation is to clarify and assess that critique. I argue that there is in Hayek’s work a critique of legislation that is distinct from his well-known critique of social planning. Further that the main claim of this critique is what I refer to as Hayek’s legislation tenet, namely that legislation that aims to achieve specific aggregate results in complex orders of society will decrease the welfare level. The legislation tenet gains support; (i) from the welfare claim – according to which there is a positive correlation between the utilization of knowledge and the welfare level in society; (ii) from the dispersal of knowledge thesis – according to which the total knowledge of society is dispersed and not available to any one agency; and (iii) from the cultural evolution thesis – according to which evolutionary rules are more favorable to the utilization of knowledge in social cooperation than are legislative rules. More specifically, I argue that these form two lines of argument in support of the legislation tenet. One line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the dispersal of knowledge thesis. I argue that this line of argument is true. The other line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the cultural evolution thesis. I argue that this line of argument is false, mainly because the empirical work of political scientist Elinor Ostrom refutes it. Because the two lines of argument support the legislation tenet independently of each other, I argue that Hayek’s critique of legislation is true. In this dissertation, I further develop a legislative policy tool as based on the welfare claim and Hayek’s conception of coercion. I also consider Hayek’s idea that rules and law are instrumental in forging rational individual action and rational social orders, and turn to review this idea in light of the work of experimental economist Vernon Smith and economic historian Avner Greif. I find that Smith and Greif support this idea of Hayek’s, and I conjecture that it contributes to our understanding of Adam Smith’s notion of the invisible hand: It is rules – not an invisible hand – that prompt subjects to align individual and aggregate rationality in social interaction. Finally, I argue that Hayek’s critique is essentially utilitarian, as it is concerned with the negative welfare consequences of certain forms of legislation. And although it may appear that the dispersal of knowledge thesis will undermine the possibility of carrying out the utilitarian calculus, due to the lack of knowledge of the consequences of one’s actions – and therefore undermine the legislation tenet itself – I argue that the distinction between utilitarianism conceived as a method of deliberation and utilitarianism conceived as a criterion of correctness may be used to save Hayek’s critique from this objection.
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Martins, Luis Felipe Lopes. "A regulação da previdência complementar fechada sob a perspectiva da economia comportamental: e a adesão automática como proposta para a mitigação de vieses cognitivos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15293.
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The present dissertation looks into the use of measures as the automatic enrolment in the pension funds regulation from the perspective of the loosening of the concept of rationality, based on the Law and Behavional Economics. The work is initiated by the historical evolution of Brazilian pension funds’ regulations. It analyzes the systemic impacts created by changes to the pension pillars, particularly to the first one (public pension). In view of these changes and the increasing relevance of the second pillar (occupational pension) to ensure the welfare, this dissertation aims to analyze the possibility of occurrence of cognitive biases in complementary pensions-related decisions. Those cognitive biases can lead individuals to choose options that do not maximize their welfare, for reasons such as inertia, procrastination and optimism, unlike the predicted by the rationality assumption of the neoclassical economic theory. The outcomes analyzed indicate the necessity of regulatory measures to mitigate these cognitive biases, which should be mainly the adoption of a choice arquitecture that can induce the welfare maximization, without limit the individual freedom of choice. Those measures, however, specially the automatic enrollment, are intended to alleviate the cognitive biases, being censurable its adoption in pension plans with predominance of other reasons to the low levels of enrollment, as distrust in the fund administration. Moreover, is needed to respect certain criteria in the automatic enrollment implementation, in order to ensure that this instrument is used only when cognitive biases that reduce the welfare are observed, as well that the option that people are being nudged to is a gainful option, at least most of the times. At end, it is verified the legality of these measures using the standard of proportionality, which allows to identify the limits to the regulatory intensity.
A presente dissertação investiga a utilização de medidas como a adesão automática pela regulação da previdência complementar fechada a partir da flexibilização do conceito de racionalidade, tendo como base a Análise Econômica e Comportamental do Direito. Inicia-se o trabalho pela evolução histórica da regulação da previdência no Brasil, avaliando os impactos sistêmicos das alterações ocorridas no primeiro pilar previdenciário (regimes básicos). Em virtude dessas alterações e do crescimento da relevância do segundo pilar de previdência social (Previdência Complementar Fechada) para a manutenção do bem-estar, analisa-se a possibilidade de ocorrência de vieses cognitivos que implicam desvios de racionalidade dos indivíduos nas decisões relativas à previdência complementar. Esses vieses cognitivos podem fazer com que indivíduos escolham alternativas que não maximizam seu bem-estar, por razões como inércia, procrastinação e superotimismo, ao contrário do que aponta o pressuposto de racionalidade da Economia Neoclássica. Os resultados analisados conduzem à necessidade de adoção de medidas regulatórias capazes de mitigar esses desvios de racionalidade, na forma de adoção de arquitetura de escolhas que induzam à maximização do bem-estar individual, sem limitar a liberdade individual dos envolvidos. Essas medidas, entretanto, especialmente a adesão automática aos planos de benefícios, destinam-se à mitigação de vieses cognitivos, sendo criticável sua adoção em planos de previdência onde observa-se predominância de outras razões para baixos níveis de adesão, como desconfiança em relação à gestão do plano. Ademais, faz-se necessário respeitar certos critérios para sua implementação, a fim de garantir que esse instrumento somente seja utilizado quando se observar vieses cognitivos que prejudiquem significativamente o bem-estar, bem como que a opção à qual os indivíduos estão sendo induzidos é vantajosa, ao menos na grande maioria das vezes. Ao final, verifica-se a juridicidade dessas medidas, à luz da proporcionalidade, norma que permite identificar os limites para a intensidade regulatória.
Books on the topic "Law and Economics. Scienze cognitive"
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Bona, Carlo. L' assegno di mantenimento nella separazione: Un saggio tra diritto e scienze cognitive. Trento: Universita degli studi di Tresto, 2008.
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Alekseeva, Anna. Sports criminology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24136.
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For the first time in Russian criminological science, a scientific justification of the private criminological theory of cognition and prevention of crime in the field of sports, designated in the author's interpretation as sports criminology, is proposed. This particular theory is based on the author's own developed theoretical and applied concept of criminological assessment of crimes and their determination, United by a common sphere of public relations, which is formed around the organization of large-scale state and public sports activities and direct participation in it, provided with appropriate ideological, legal, economic, financial, pedagogical, technical and, in part, proper criminological resources.
The publication is intended for teachers, postgraduates, adjuncts, students, cadets of law schools and faculties with criminal law specialization, practitioners of sports management and law enforcement agencies.
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Turner, Mark. Cognitive Dimensions of Social Science: The Way We Think About Politics, Economics, Law, and Society. Oxford University Press, USA, 2003.
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Cognitive Dimensions of Social Science: The Way We Think about Politics, Economics, Law, and Society. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2006.
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Hartigan, John A. Fairness in Employment Testing: Validity Generalization, Minority Issues, and the General Aptitude Test Battery. Natl Academy Pr, 1989.
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Thagard, Paul. Mind-Society. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678722.001.0001.
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Social change comes from the combination of communication among people and their individual cognitive and emotional processes. This book systematically connects neural and psychological explanations of mind with social phenomena, covering major social sciences (social psychology, sociology, politics, economics, anthropology, and history) and professions (medicine, law, education, engineering, and business). The aim is not to reduce the social to the psychological but rather to display their harmony and interdependence. This display is accomplished by describing the interconnections among mental and social mechanisms, which interact to generate social changes ranging from marriage patterns to wars. The major tool for this description is the method of social cognitive-emotional workups, which connects the mental mechanisms operating in individuals with social mechanisms operating in groups. Social change is the result of emergence from interacting social and mental mechanisms, which include the neural and molecular processes that make minds capable of thinking. Validation of hypotheses about multilevel emergence requires detailed studies of important social changes, from norms about romantic relationships to economic practices, political institutions, religious customs, and international relations. This book belongs to a trio that includes Brain–Mind: From Neurons to Consciousness and Creativity and Natural Philosophy: From Social Brains to Knowledge, Reality, Morality, and Beauty. They can be read independently, but together they make up a Treatise on Mind and Society that provides a unified and comprehensive treatment of the cognitive sciences, social sciences, professions, and humanities.
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Zamir, Eyal. Law, Psychology, and Morality: The Role of Loss Aversion. Oxford University Press, 2014.
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Eisenberg, Melvin A. Behavioral Economics and Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 concerns behavioral economics. Classical contract law was implicitly based on a rational-actor or expected-utility model of psychology. Under this model, actors who make decisions in the face of uncertainty rationally maximize their expected utility, with all future benefits and costs properly discounted to present value. Rationality, in turn, requires that when consequences are uncertain their likelihood must be evaluated without violating the basic rules of probability theory. Within the last half century a great body of theoretical and empirical work in cognitive psychology, known as behavioral economics, has shown that due to the limits of cognition the expected-utility model often diverges from the actual psychology of choice. Some of the decision-making rules that people use yield systematic errors, and other aspects of peoples’ cognitive capabilities are also systematically defective.
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Stausberg, Michael, and Steven Engler, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Study of Religion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.001.0001.
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This Handbook offers an authoritative and up-to-date survey of original research in the study of religion. Its fifty-one chapters, written by authors from twelve countries, are organized into seven systematic parts. Part I (“Religion”) comprises chapters on definitions and theories of religion, history/translation, spirituality, and non-religion. Part II (“Theoretical Approaches”) reviews cognitive science, economics, evolutionary theory, feminism/gender theory, hermeneutics, Marxism, postcolonialism, semantics, semiotics, structuralism/poststructuralism, and social theory. Part III (“Modes”) addresses communication, materiality, narrative, performance, sound, space, and time. Part IV (“Environments”) relates religion to economy, law, media, nature, medicine, politics, science, sports, and tourism. Part V (“Topics”) discusses belief, emotion, experience, gift and sacrifice, gods, initiations and transitions, priests/prophets/sorcerers, purity, and salvation. Part VI (“Processes”) deals with differentiation, the disintegration and death of religions, expansion, globalization, individualization/privatization, innovation/tradition, objectification/commoditization, and syncretism/hybridization. Part VII (“The Discipline”) discusses the history and relevance of the study of religion.
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Üskül, Ayse K., and Shigehiro Oishi, eds. Socio-Economic Environment and Human Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.001.0001.
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This edited volume underlines the value of attending to socioecological approaches in understanding the relationship between the economic environment and human psychology by including state-of-the art research that focuses on the role played by (a) type of ecology and associated economic activity/structure (e.g., farming, herding), (b) socioeconomic status and inequality (e.g., poverty, educational attainment), (c) economic conditions (e.g., wealth, urbanization), and (d) ecological and economic threat (e.g., disasters, resource scarcity) in the shaping of different psychological processes including subjective well-being, construction of the self, endorsement of honor, cognitive styles, responses to social exclusion, food intake, decision-making, health behaviors, and academic outcomes, among others. By doing so the book highlights the importance of situating the individual directly in the everyday realities afforded by economic conditions and settings that provide the material basis of psychological outcomes and contribute to bridging the psychological with the external circumstances. The volume brings together research from different subfields of psychology (cultural, social, developmental) but also from economics, anthropology, evolutionary sciences, and epidemiology that recognizes the importance of individuals’ daily economic realities and their psychological adjustment to those. Reflecting the different (inter)disciplinary approaches presented across the contributions, this volume also showcases the different methods researchers utilize including archival, experimental (lab-based and field), correlational, observational, and agent-based modeling. The findings summarized in this volume have important policy implications, as they point to specific policy agendas that might help improve the psychological and physical health of citizens.
Book chapters on the topic "Law and Economics. Scienze cognitive"
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Ambrosino, Angela, and Marco Novarese. "Cognitive Law and Economics." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 268–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_630.
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Ambrosino, Angela, and Marco Novarese. "Cognitive Law and Economics." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–8. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_630-1.
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Golecki, Mariusz J., and Jarosław Bełdowski. "Creating Social Norms Through Media, Cascades and Cognitive Anchors: Judicial Activism and the Quality of Energy Law from the Perspective of Behavioural Law and Economics." In Energy Law and Economics, 193–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74636-4_10.
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McCaffery, Edward J. "Cognitive Theory and Tax." In Behavioral Law and Economics, 398–422. Cambridge University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139175197.017.
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Mironova, Nataliia Gennadevna. "Security of the Use of Cognitive Information Technologies of Decision-Making." In Economics and Law, 112–31. Publishing house Sreda, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-98432.
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The article considers the intelligent automation of decision-making and management procedures that is being implemented in many areas of socio-economic practice, including financial and credit business processes, in trade and e-commerce (customer profiling, marketing micro-targeting), telecommunications, industry (technological control, robotics, neurocontrol, strategic planning and forecasting), intelligent automation also came to business management, to public administration. It is claimed that automation of personnel management is expanding (monitoring compliance with requirements, profiling and assessing KPIs, predicting conflicts and violations), unmanned vehicles and other neural network automation are used in medicine, the transport industry and agriculture; smart technologies come to education (in Moscow, a system of predictive analytics of the digital footprint of students is being tested to optimize and target educational services, help orientate in the future profession). The use of cognitive technologies in the creation of expert, advisory systems, decision support systems provides not only convenience and savings in time and effort, but gives rise to a variety of organizational, economic, ethical, social problems, giving rise to new risks. This study provides an overview of intelligent technologies that are used in social management, threats associated with the practical use of intelligent automation tools and decision support, ways and measures to reduce some of the risks associated with these threats.
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Noll, Roger G., and James E. Krier. "Some Implications of Cognitive Psychology for Risk Regulation." In Behavioral Law and Economics, 325–54. Cambridge University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139175197.014.
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McCaffery, Edward J., Daniel J. Kahneman, and Matthew L. Spitzer. "Framing the Jury: Cognitive Perspective on Pain and Suffering Awards." In Behavioral Law and Economics, 259–87. Cambridge University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139175197.011.
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Zamir, Eyal, and Doron Teichman. "Evidence Law." In Behavioral Law and Economics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901349.003.0017.
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This chapter consists of three main parts. It first discusses the effect of various cognitive limitations, heuristics, and biases on the actual and perceived credibility of various types of evidence—including eyewitness testimonies, probabilistic data, and circumstantial evidence. It further examines the extent to which the use of expert testimonies can overcome such heuristics and biases. The second part analyzes behavioral aspects of burden-of-proof rules, such as the justification for placing the burden on the plaintiff, and the actual meaning of the standard of proof in civil and criminal proceedings. Finally, the third part argues that while people’s bounded rationality creates obstacles for judicial truth-finding, it also makes it much harder for interested parties, litigants and witnesses, to hide the truth—thus facilitating accurate fact-finding.
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Zamir, Eyal, and Doron Teichman. "Tax Law and Redistribution." In Behavioral Law and Economics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901349.003.0014.
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This chapter examines the implications of behavioral insights for tax design, taxpayers’ decision-making, and tax compliance. With regard to tax design, the chapter discusses policymakers’ own heuristics and biases, and their catering to (or exploitation of) the biased judgments of the public at large. Regarding economic decision-making, the chapter explores the dark and bright sides of tax saliency. With regard to compliance, it explains why people pay taxes, and how this compliance might be further enhanced. Finally, the chapter explains how cognitive factors affect taxpayers’ inclination to challenge tax liability. Additionally, the chapter describes the behavioral contribution to positive and normative analyses of redistribution, by shedding new light on how people form judgments about tax progressivity; the cognitive ramifications of poverty; wealth and subjective well-being; and the choice between methods and objects of redistribution. The chapter also comments on the use of taxes as a means of modifying human behavior.
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Zamir, Eyal, and Doron Teichman. "Normative Implications." In Behavioral Law and Economics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901349.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the normative implications of the psychological findings documenting deviations from rationality, with particular focus on fundamental issues that cut across different legal fields. It first outlines the contribution of happiness studies and heuristics-and-biases research to theories of human welfare and the formulation of normative theories. The chapter then focuses on the normative significance of prevailing moral judgments (as studied by moral psychologists) for legal policymaking. Moving on to more pragmatic issues of lawmaking, the chapter examines two major implications of behavioral studies for setting the goals of legal norms: preventing the exploitation of people’s cognitive biases by others, and protecting people from their own fallibility. Finally, turning from goals to means, the discussion highlights the contribution of behavioral studies to the design of disclosure duties and behaviorally informed regulation (nudges).
Conference papers on the topic "Law and Economics. Scienze cognitive"
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Handoko, Handoko, and Dwi Putri. "Threat Language: Cognitive Exploitation in Social Engineering." In International Conference on Social Sciences, Humanities, Economics and Law. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-9-2018.2281060.
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Cēdere, Dagnija, Inese Jurgena, Ineta Helmane, Inta Tiltiņa, and Gunita Praulīte. "COGNITIVE INTEREST: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN THE ACQUISITION OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS IN SCHOOLS OF LATVIA." In 1st International Baltic Symposium on Science and Technology Education. Scientia Socialis Ltd., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/balticste/2015.33.
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The low level of pupils’ knowledge and skills in science and mathematics is a serious problem in the economic development of the country. Cognitive interest is a crucial learning motive; no successful learning process is possible without inciting interest. Grade 9 pupils were surveyed to find out the respondents’ cognitive interest in the field of exact sciences. On average the interest in subjects of exact sciences is poorly pronounced. Respondents have good understanding about the causal relations while the cognitive activity, the skill to overcome difficulties in learning is low. Cognitive interest in learning is promoted by diverse methodological approaches that are oriented towards pupils’ self-actualization and purposefulness. Key words: cognitive interest, learning process, science and mathematics.
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He, Lixin, and Feng Tian. "The Construction of Cognitive Framework of Military English Learning Strategies on the Background of qOne Belt, One Roadq." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Politics, Economics and Law (ICPEL 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpel-17.2017.70.
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Haleta, Yaroslav, and Oleksandr Balanutsa. "Theory and Practice of Organization of Independent Cognitive Activity of Future Teachers by Means of Information and Communication Technology in Quarantine Conditions in Ukraine." In International Conference on Economics, Law and Education Research (ELER 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210320.038.
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Bernstein, William Z., Arjun Ramani, Xiulin Ruan, Devarajan Ramanujan, and Karthik Ramani. "Designing-In Sustainability by Linking Engineering Curricula With K-12 Science Projects." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70461.
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In light of society’s increasing awareness with regards to the health of the environment, many engineering firms are hiring recent engineering graduates with project- (or course-) based experience in environmental sustainability. Currently engineering schools at the collegiate level have addressed this need by modifying their curricula by including additional coursework on sustainability related subjects. The next step of adaptation calls for a holistic treatment of sustainability concepts by integrating them within traditional coursework. Engineering schools have not yet addressed the best way to accomplish this integration due to the concerns stemming from the increase in cognitive load and scheduling pressure. Additionally, it has been shown that K-12 curricula also lack exposure to sustainable thinking. As a result, incoming freshmen are not aware of the inherent correlations between engineering principles, e.g. heat transfer, and environmental sustainability. To prepare the next generation of innovative thinkers to solve these complex, interdisciplinary issues, engineering principles must be contextualized in terms of sustainable design at both the K-12 and undergraduate levels. To meet this need, the authors developed a general framework for introducing sustainable design thinking into K-12 student projects. A pilot case is presented to illustrate a particular student’s (listed as a co-author) growth through a newly gained understanding of environmental sustainability through experimentation. The project specifically addresses various insulation materials for residential buildings by judging their individual environmental advantages and economic feasibility. The main outcome of this project is the extensive redesign of an existing undergraduate heat and mass transfer lab experiment.
Reports on the topic "Law and Economics. Scienze cognitive"
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Bizer, Kilian, and Martin Führ. Responsive Regulierung für den homo oeconomicus institutionalis – Ökonomische Verhaltenstheorie in der Verhältnismäßigkeitsprüfung. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.393379529x.
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The starting point of the research project was the hypothesis that the "principle of proportionality", which is fundamental to law, is related to the "economic principle". The resulting methodological similarities were intended to enable a cross-disciplinary bridge to be built, which would allow the findings of economic analysis to be made fruitful for legal issues. This was practically tested in three study areas in order to be able to better classify the performance of the analytical tools. The foundations for interdisciplinary bridge building are found in the rational-choice paradigm. In both disciplines, this paradigm calls for an examination of the relationship between the purpose-means-relations: among the design options under consideration, the one must be selected that is expected to be as (freedom- or resource-) sparing as possible, in other words, the most "waste-free" solution to the control problem.The results of the economic analysis can thus be "translated" in such a way that, within the framework of "necessity", they support the search for control instruments that are equivalent to the objective but less disruptive. supports. The core of the positive economic analysis is the motivational situation of those actors whose behavior is to be influenced by a changed legal framework. In this context, the classical behavioral model of economics proved to be too limited. It therefore had to be developed further in line with the findings of research in institutional economics into homo oeconomicus institutionalis. This behavioral model takes into account not only the consequentialist, strictly situational utility orientation of the model person, but also other factors influencing behavior, including above all those that are institutionally mediated. If one takes the motivational situation of the actors as the starting point for policy-advising design recommendations, it becomes apparent that an understanding of governance dominated by imperative behavioral specifications leads to less favorable results, both in terms of the degree to which goals are achieved and in terms of the freedom-impairing effects, than a mixed-instrument approach oriented toward the model of "responsive regulation." According to this model, the law can no longer simply assume that those subject to the law will "obediently" execute the legal commands. It must ask itself what other factors determine behavior and under what boundary conditions changes can be expected in the direction of the desired behavior. For this reason, too, it must engage with the cognitive program of the behavioral sciences. This linkage opens up new perspectives for interdisciplinary research on the consequences of laws.