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Journal articles on the topic 'Laundry detergents'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Vukanac, Ivana, Aleksandar Kandic, Mirjana Djurasevic, Bojan Seslak, Igor Celikovic, Aleksandar Jevremovic, and Suzana Bogojevic. "Radionuclide content in laundry detergents commercially available on the Serbian market and assessment of radiological environmental hazards." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 32, no. 4 (2017): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1704366v.

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Laundry detergents are chemicals widely used in everyday life, and in numerous industry branches. In order to perceive the radiological aspect of environmental pollution by wastewater, the analysis of laundry detergents available on the Serbian market was undertaken. Laundry detergent samples were measured by means of gamma spectrometry and the results are presented in this paper. Analysis of the obtained activity concentrations showed that laundry detergents in Serbia mostly fulfill the international recommendation and requirements regarding the phosphate content. Besides that, the content of the detected radionuclides in laundry detergent samples indicates the minor radiological risk to the environment via wastewaters.

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2

Johnson, Mary B., Elaine Cella, Amanda Pessler, Dan B. Dillard, and Andy Sullivan. "Enhancing Patient Compliance for Usage of Laundry Detergents Free of Dyes and Perfumes: Potential Impact of Better Cleaning Performance." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 4, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.4.3.4.

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Sensitive skin, an often self-reported condition, is characterized by an unpleasant sensory experience to a variety of consumer products. Certain ingredients in consumer products, such fragrances and dyes, are believed to exacerbate skin sensitivities. Due to an increased prevalence of people reporting sensitive skin, a variety of consumer products are formulated for people with this condition. A segment of commercially marketed laundry detergents, commonly known as free detergents, have been formulated without dyes and perfumes to accommodate skin sensitivities. In the US and Canada respectively, 80% and 97% of dermatologist recommend the use of free detergents for their patients with sensitive skin. However, consumers have expressed dissatisfaction with free detergents, with 39% reporting they are not satisfied with their free detergent’s cleaning performance. When people switch from the leading free laundry detergent, they will switch to a non-free detergent 60% of the time, going against dermatologist recommendations and potentially further aggravating their skin sensitivities. Recently, a survey of US households with sensitive skin showed that 98.8% said that they would be more likely to consistently use a detergent that cleans better. Herein are reported data showing Tide Pods Free & Gentle outperformed other free detergents in cleaning across a wide variety of laundry stains and in SEM visual analysis of soil residues on fibers. It is postulated that the better cleaning detergent may help drive patient compliance with dermatologist recommendations for usage of a free detergent for their patients with sensitive skin.

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3

Settimi, Laura, Felice Giordano, Laura Lauria, Anna Celentano, Fabrizio Sesana, and Franca Davanzo. "Surveillance of paediatric exposures to liquid laundry detergent pods in Italy." Injury Prevention 24, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042263.

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ObjectiveTo analyse paediatric exposures to pod and traditional laundry detergents in Italy and changes in exposure trends.MethodsAnalyses of a series of patients aged <5 years and exposed to laundry detergents between September 2010 and June 2015, identified by the National Poison Control in Milan.ResultsIn comparison with patients exposed to traditional laundry detergents (n=1150), a higher proportion of those exposed to pods (n=1649) were managed in hospital (68% vs 42%), had clinical effects (75% vs 22%) and moderate/high severity outcomes (13% vs <1%). Exposure rates were stable over time for traditional detergents (average 0.65 cases/day), but an abrupt decline in major company pods was seen in December 2012, 4 months after the introduction of opaque outer packaging (from 1.03 to 0.36 cases/day and from 1.88 to 0.86 cases/million units sold). The odds of clinical effects was higher for exposure to pods than for traditional detergents (OR=10.8; 95% CI 9.0 to 12.9). Among patients exposed to pods, the odds of moderate/high severity outcomes was four times higher for children aged <1 years than for the other age groups (OR=3.9; 95% CI 2.2 to 7.0). Ten children exposed to laundry detergent pods had high severity outcomes while no children exposed to traditional laundry detergents developed high severity effects.ConclusionsThe study confirms that exposure to laundry detergent pods is more dangerous than exposure to traditional detergents. In Italy, 4 months after the introduction of opaque outer packaging by a major company, product-specific exposure rates decreased sharply, suggesting that reducing visibility of laundry detergent pods may be an effective preventive measure. Further efforts are needed to improve safety.

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4

Kalak, Tomasz, Krzysztof Gąsior, Daria Wieczorek, and Ryszard Cierpiszewski. "Improvement of washing properties of liquid laundry detergents by modification with N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate sulfobetaine." Textile Research Journal 91, no. 1-2 (June 28, 2020): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520934161.

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Detergency of commercial liquid detergents before and after modification with SB3C16 (5%, m/m) sulfobetaine (N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) was examined using colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was used in washing tests under the following experimental conditions: the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/L, 30 min washing cycle, water hardness 5.35 mval/L, 40℃, 200 rpm. Results of physicochemical analysis of color, form, odor, pH, viscosity, density and content of anionic surfactants in detergents, as well as construction parameters of tested cotton fabrics, showed compliance with the requirements of standards and manufacturers’ declarations. The studies revealed that increasing the concentration of laundry detergent solutions caused a gradual increase in foaming power and detergency. Modification with SB3C16 positively improved washing ability and the maximum values were achieved at 23.7% (m-L1, 50 g/L) and 37% (m-L2, 40–45 g/L), respectively. Detergency efficiency was improved by 6.86% (m-L1) and 10.72% (m-L2) on average. EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing were subjected to microscopic observations, which showed no serious damage to the fibers, but only slight loosening of individual fibers. In summary, the results clearly indicate that SB3C16 sulfobetaine favorably improves washing performance and can be successfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its good surface properties.

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5

X.Cai, X. Cai, and Sergei Ostroumov. "NEW EXAMPLE OF USE OF LENS CULINARIS FOR PHYTOASSAY OF ECOTOXICITY OF CHEMICALS." PIRETC-Proceeding of The International Research Education & Training Centre 11, no. 01 (February 28, 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/1101202117.

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Previously, toxicity of some synthetic detergents (including laundry detergents) to the plant seedlings of several species of terrestrial higher plants was discovered in research conducted at Moscow University by S.A.Ostroumov. A new example of toxicity of a laundry detergent to plant seedlings was found in this study. The synthetic detergent tested, namely the liquid laundry detergent (LLD) “Blue Moon”, which was manufactured by Blue Moon Group Co, Ltd (Guangzhou, China), produced noticeable phytotoxic effects on the plant seedlings of the terrestrial higher plant Lens culinaris. This detergent at the concentrations 0.5 % - 1% induced a pronounced decrease in the average root length of the seedlings of Lens culinaris. The concentration 5% was lethal to Lens culinaris. Keywords: ecotoxicity, detergent, bioassay, terrestrial higher plants, plant seedlings, root elongation, phytotoxicity, environmental toxicology, Lens culinaris

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6

Hossain, MS, MS Rana, A. Sarkar, and T. Khandaker. "Comparative analysis of some Bangladeshi detergents." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, no. 4 (December 6, 2017): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i4.34818.

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Laundry detergents are widely used in domestic, industry and other sectors everyday all over the world. It consists of different chemical components; surfactants, phosphate, builders, bleaches, optical brighteners, anti-redepositing agents, enzyme, perfume and color. Among these ingredients, surfactants and phosphate are considered as hazardous materials. With this view, composition, critical micelle concentration, and dissolved oxygen (DO) level in aqueous solution of some laundry detergents available in Bangladesh such as Chaka, Keya, Rin, Jet and Smart were determined and try to analyzed the chemical contribution of laundry detergents to pollute the environment. For Smart and Rin, the surfactant and phosphate amount were maximum, while it was minimum in Chaka and Jet respectively. The DO level was minimum in Smart and maximum in Jet. The results indicated that Jet is the effective laundry detergent in both cleaning and environmental aspect.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(4), 321-324, 2017

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7

Stevens, Daryl, Peter Dillon, Declan Page, Michael Warne, and Guang Guo Ying. "Assessing environmental risks of laundry detergents in greywater used for irrigation." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.027.

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The objective of this study was to assess the environmental risk posed to Australian and New Zealand ecosystems by the presence of powdered laundry detergents in greywater used for irrigating gardens. Fifty powdered laundry detergents were assessed and all contained hazards which posed moderate to very high risks from increased alkalinity, sodicity and salinity to plants and soils when used at manufacturer-recommended doses and the resulting greywater used for irrigation. A number of detergents had phosphorus and boron concentrations considered to be a high risk for a number of plants. Risk to groundwater quality was also evaluated and found to potentially be a tighter constraint than risk to plants and soil where irrigation reuse is extensive in arid areas. A detergent environmental performance index was composed on risks assessed for three scenarios to compare with a washability performance index for the same powders. Only one detergent exceeded the 80% environmental index (100% = low risk from all hazards assessed) and maintained wash performance above 85%. The analysis suggests that for poorly drained soils greywater reuse is not recommended for most of the powdered laundry detergents evaluated. However the methodology may provide a basis for environmental labelling of detergents.

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8

Jasman, Jasman, and Anselmus Kabuhung. "Pemanfaatan Batu Kapur Dan Tempurung Kelapa Dalam Pengolahan Limbah Detergen." Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan 10, no. 1 (September 13, 2020): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47718/jkl.v10i1.881.

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Disposing of detergent waste into water bodies, both rivers and sea will affect biota in water, as the results of stated that the effect of laundry waste on nila mortality has a significant influence and differences in each concentration. A research on the design of appropriate technology for processing laundry waste (detergent) is required by using a combination of limestone and coconut shell filter media. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of limestone and coconut shell filter media to reduce detergent content, pH and TSS in wastewater. Quasi-experimental research methods with pre-test and post test design. Population and research samples are waste taken from laundry waste. The research data will be analyzed univariately in a descriptive and bivariate form with statistical analysis using the T-test. The results of the study laundry processing (detergent) using limestone and coconut shell media can reduce the content of detergents (39.75% - 67.14%), pH (0.89% - 4.68%) and TSS (0.00% - 96.72%). T test results show that there are very significant differences before and after treatment, meaning that waste treatment can reduce the content of detergents in laundry wastewater.

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9

Bajpai, Divya, and V. K. Tyagi. "Laundry Detergents: An Overview." Journal of Oleo Science 56, no. 7 (2007): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.56.327.

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10

Hu, Shan, Bo Zhang, and Yi Xu. "Using electric flocculation to treat domestic laundry wastewater with different types of detergents." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104008.

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Laundry wastewater contains a large number of surfactants, suspended solids and other pollutants, and the COD value is high. If the wastewater is discharged into the water without harmless treatment, it will cause serious environmental pollution. The electrocoagulation process was selected as a promising environmentally friendly technology for treating domestic laundry wastewater. In this paper, the contribution of the liquid and powder detergents to the composition of domestic laundry wastewater was investigated. Combination of stainless steel and aluminum anode electrodes were compared. The effect of electrolysis time and current density on the removal of COD, LAS and turbidity of liquid detergent and powder detergent laundry wastewater were evaluated. The experimental results showed the electrocoagulation process has significant removal. It was found that the electrolysis time in 25 minute, current density in 5 mA/cm2 had optimum efficiency when considering efficient removal and economic energy consumption. For Liquid detergent laundry wastewater, COD, LAS and turbidity removal rates were 84%, 93% and 96%. For powder detergent laundry wastewater, COD, LAS and turbidity removal efficiency were 80%, 83% and 91%, respectively. Energy consumption in the optimum conditions for liquid detergent and powder detergent laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation were 7.324KWh/m3, 3.642KWh/m3, respectively, while using combination of stainless steel and aluminum anode electrodes equals 1 to 1.

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11

Afreen, Sadia. "Developing A New Combination And Proportion Of Chemicals For The Production Of Laundry Detergent At Low Cost In Context Of Bangladesh." Journal of Chemical Engineering 26 (March 24, 2012): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10184.

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This work proposes a new combination and proportion of chemicals available in the local market to prepare laundry detergent at low cost in context of Bangladesh. The proposed formula ensures good foaming and washing quality of the detergent that can compete the existing other laundry detergents in the market. The pH of the product is maintained at 10 which is close to that of other detergent powder being sold in market now. The cost analysis in accordance with the proposed formula shows that the production of 1 kg detergent powder costs 20-25 BDT; therefore, can be sold at a price lower than the other detergents available in market. The proposed formula can reduce the selling price of the detergent at 40-45 BDT, whereas the other companies are selling it from 50-140 BDT in the market. This offers a new scope to produce laundry detergent at a very low cost as well as good washing performance of the product using the locally available chemicals in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10184 JCE 2011; 26(1): 50-53

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Wulandari, P. P., M. T. Adiwibowo, A. S. Redjeki, M. Ibadurrohman, and Slamet. "Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Detergent Based on Crude Palm Oil and Titania Nanoparticles." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 10 (August 30, 2019): 2394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.21984.

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In this work, we report the synthesis of eco-friendly detergent from crude palm oil and titania. Crude palm oil was converted into methyl ester sulfonate through esterification, transesterification and followed by sulfonation process. As-produced methyl ester sulfonate was characterized with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS) and surface tension analysis. Detergents were synthesized by dispersing titania nanoparticles into methyl ester sulfonate solution, forming a nanofluid. Stability and detergency of the nanofluidic detergents were then evaluated. The results showed that the nanofluid detergents were stable in the presence of 0.1 wt % titania and the photocatalytic activity of titania nanoparticles improved the ability of nanofluidic detergents to remove dirt as well as degrading the surfactant residues in the laundry waste stream.

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13

Nisa, Adninda Huda, Mela Firdaust, and Bayu Chondro Purnomo. "DESKRIPSI KUALITAS DAN KUANTITAS LIMBAH CAIR USAHA LAUNDRY DI KELURAHAN SUMAMPIR KECAMATAN PURWOKERTO UTARA KABUPATEN BANYUMAS TAHUN 2018." Buletin Keslingmas 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v38i2.4875.

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Background The development of laundry business in the increasingly rapid in Sumampir village make the aquatic environment in the region to be foamy and overgrown with microalgae. Research purposes to describe and to know the quality and quantity of waste water of laundry in Sumampir Village. Type of research, descriptive research. The subjects 9 laundry business, parameters measured are phosphate content of waste water, detergent type, detergent composition, detergent dosage, volume of waste water, frequency of waste water disposal and waste water management from laundry business.The results 89% of laundry business with average phospate 0,76 mg/L (content appropriate) and 11% laundry business with phosphate level of 5.84 mg/L (did not appropriate), 67% of the laundry business used liquid detergent, soft and matic top load type and 33% of respondents used powder detergent, hard and matic front load, 44% of respondents did not use detergents according to the type of washing machine. Detergent composition used by laundry business that is 25% Total Surfactant, Antibacterial Agent, Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate and Natrium Carbonate 20%. The majority of the detergent dosage used by the laundry business is 23 ml. The average volume of waste water produced from 9 laundry business 1038.57 liters/day. Average frequency of waste water disposal from 9 laundry business 13 times/day and 100% laundry business does not manage the waste water and does not have a waste water treatment facilities. Conclusion, the quality and quantity of wastewater at laundry business in Sumampir Village is at risk of environmental pollution

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Edser, Caroline. "Let's concentrate (on laundry detergents)." Focus on Surfactants 2007, no. 6 (June 2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1351-4210(07)70186-5.

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15

ITO, Susumu, Shuji KAWAI, and Kikuhiko OKAMOTO. "Alkaline cellulase for laundry detergents." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 64, no. 9 (1990): 1445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.64.1445.

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KALAK, TOMASZ, ALEKSANDRA GAŁKA, DARIA WIECZOREK, RYSZARD CIERPISZEWSKI, and JOANNA PIEPIÓRKA-STEPUK. "The effect of N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate addition on washing properties of liquid laundry detergents." Industria Textila 72, no. 03 (June 30, 2021): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.03.1742.

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The use of colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system to determine detergency of commercial liquid laundrydetergents before and after modification with SB3C14 sulfobetaine (N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) is presented. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was usedin washing tests under the following conditions: temperature 40°C, rotational speed 200 rpm, 30 minute washing cycle,water hardness 5.35 mval/l, the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/l. The physicochemical analysis ofcolour, form, odour, pH, density, viscosity and content of anionic surfactants showed compliance with the manufacturers’declarations. The studies demonstrated that with increasing laundry detergent concentration a gradual increase indetergency occurred. At the highest tested concentrations of 50 g/L, detergency of 18.1% and 22.2% for cheaper L1 andmore expensive L2 products was achieved, respectively. Modification with the 5% addition of the zwitterionicsulfobetaine SB3C14 led to an improvement of the washing properties by 4.7% on average. At a concentration of 50 g/l,the modified L1 and L2 solutions demonstrated the highest detergency equal to 22.8% and 35.3%, respectively. Thisproves the existence of synergistic effect by the interaction of all ingredients in the solutions with higher concentrations.Microscopic analysis of EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing processes showed no serious damage to the fibres,only the presence of slight fraying of individual ones. The results suggest that the SB3C14 sulfobetaine can besuccessfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its very favourable surface properties

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KALAK, TOMASZ, ALEKSANDRA GAŁKA, DARIA WIECZOREK, RYSZARD CIERPISZEWSKI, and JOANNA PIEPIÓRKA-STEPUK. "The effect of N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate addition on washing properties of liquid laundry detergents." Industria Textila 72, no. 03 (June 30, 2021): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/t.072.03.1742.

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The use of colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system to determine detergency of commercial liquid laundrydetergents before and after modification with SB3C14 sulfobetaine (N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) is presented. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was usedin washing tests under the following conditions: temperature 40°C, rotational speed 200 rpm, 30 minute washing cycle,water hardness 5.35 mval/l, the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/l. The physicochemical analysis ofcolour, form, odour, pH, density, viscosity and content of anionic surfactants showed compliance with the manufacturers’declarations. The studies demonstrated that with increasing laundry detergent concentration a gradual increase indetergency occurred. At the highest tested concentrations of 50 g/L, detergency of 18.1% and 22.2% for cheaper L1 andmore expensive L2 products was achieved, respectively. Modification with the 5% addition of the zwitterionicsulfobetaine SB3C14 led to an improvement of the washing properties by 4.7% on average. At a concentration of 50 g/l,the modified L1 and L2 solutions demonstrated the highest detergency equal to 22.8% and 35.3%, respectively. Thisproves the existence of synergistic effect by the interaction of all ingredients in the solutions with higher concentrations.Microscopic analysis of EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing processes showed no serious damage to the fibres,only the presence of slight fraying of individual ones. The results suggest that the SB3C14 sulfobetaine can besuccessfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its very favourable surface properties

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Handley, Heather G., and Lynn Rolland Hovda. "Risks of exposure to liquid laundry detergent pods compared to traditional laundry detergents in dogs." Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 31, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.13057.

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19

Mulyasari, Tri Marthy. "EFFECTIVENESS OF "SM" TOOL TO REDUCE DETERGENT LEVELS IN LAUNDRY WASTEWATER." Buletin Keslingmas 39, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v39i4.6587.

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Introduction: The use of detergent every year is increasing in line with the population growth rate in Indonesia. The impact of excessive use of detergent will result in pollution and damage to ecosystems and aquatic biota. The nature of detergents is to damage microorganisms. The dominant laundry waste comes from softeners and detergents. The research aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the "SM" tool to reduce detergent levels in laundry wastewater. Methods: This type of research was pre-experimental with a one-shot case study design. The independent variable was a tool to recycle laundry liquid waste into clean water "SM." The dependent variable was the detergent level (MBAS). The sample came from the laundry in the Kecamatan Baturraden area. Replication was carried out six times. Analyzing differences in detergent levels before and after being treated with the "SM" tool. The analysis used a paired T test. Result and discussion: The experimental results showed the “SM” tool could treat 960 liters of wastewater/day. The physical quality of the water after being treated using the “SM” tool, the water was colorless or clear, but it still smelled slightly fragrantly. The average level of detergent level checks before processing was 2.52 mg/L and after processing was 0.01 mg/L. The effective detergent parameter (MBAS) decreased by 99.51%, categorized as quite effective. The analysis using the paired T Test showed the p value of 0.239 with the lower and upper values being at one pole, meaning there was a significant difference between detergent levels before and after being processed utilizing the "SM" tool. Conclusion: Detergent levels (MBAS) after processing met the chemical quality requirements of clean water in accordance with Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 32 of 2017 concerning Environmental Health Quality Standards and Water Health Requirements for Sanitation Hygiene, Solus Per Aqua and Public Bathing Needs.

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Chauhan, Mamta, Rajinder Singh Chauhan, and Vijay Kumar Garlapati. "Evaluation of a New Lipase fromStaphylococcussp. for Detergent Additive Capability." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/374967.

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Lipases are the enzymes of choice for laundry detergent industries owing to their triglyceride removing ability from the soiled fabric which eventually reduces the usage of phosphate-based chemical cleansers in the detergent formulation. In the present study, a partially purified bacterial lipase fromStaphylococcus arlettaeJPBW-1 isolated from the rock salt mine has been assessed for its triglyceride removing ability by developing a presoak solution so as to use lipase as an additive in laundry detergent formulations. The effects of selected surfactants, commercial detergents, and oxidizing agents on lipase stability were studied in a preliminary evaluation for its further usage in the industrial environment. Partially purified lipase has shown good stability in presence of surfactants, commercial detergents, and oxidizing agents. Washing efficiency has been found to be enhanced while using lipase with 0.5% nonionic detergent than the anioinic detergent. The wash performance using 0.5% wheel with 40 U lipase at 40°C in 45 min results in maximum oil removal (62%) from the soiled cotton fabric. Hence, the present study opens the new era in enzyme-based detergent sector for formulation of chemical-free detergent using alkaline bacterial lipase.

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21

RACHNA and V. K. TYAGI. "Gels: Novel Detergents for Laundry Applications." Journal of Oleo Science 55, no. 11 (2006): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.55.555.

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22

Nehashi, T., Y. Fujii, and Y. Yamaguchi. "Water-soluble packages containing laundry detergents." Zeolites 15, no. 2 (February 1995): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(95)90099-3.

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23

Kottwitz, B., and H. Upadek. "Phosphate-free builders in laundry detergents." Zeolites 15, no. 7 (October 1995): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(95)96822-i.

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24

Zolotareva, V. V., and O. S. Popova. "Commodity expert research of liquid laundry detergents." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2103-09.

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The article is devoted to commodity expert research of liquid laundry detergents entering the domestic market. Studies of labeling, composition and quality indicators of liquid detergents were carried out.

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WATANABE, Toshiyuki. "Development and Future Prospects of Laundry Detergents." Oleoscience 3, no. 7 (2003): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.3.339.

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Vojcic, Ljubica, Christian Pitzler, Georgette Körfer, Felix Jakob, Ronny Martinez, Karl-Heinz Maurer, and Ulrich Schwaneberg. "Advances in protease engineering for laundry detergents." New Biotechnology 32, no. 6 (December 2015): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.12.010.

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27

Mer, Anjali, Rajesh Samant, and Prabha Padmanabha. "Characterization of commercial detergents and natural cleansing agents with comparison of their potential for biodegradability." International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 6, no. 1 (December 12, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v6i1.8505.

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Background: Commercial detergents are chemical formulations designed to dissolve or disperse grease, grime, and dirt by making them water soluble or suspending it in water. They are best known for their wide use in laundry industry and household cleaning. After use, the wash waters along with the residual detergents are discharged into sewage system and are carried to water bodies, which result in damaging the biodiversity of aquatic environment due to the non-degradable nature of the active detergent matter present in these cleansing agents.Method: A critical analytical study was conducted on the quality of popular detergent powders sold in the Indian market viz. Ariel, Surf Excel, Rin and Tide with respect to their moisture content, active and total alkalinity, active detergent matter, water-insoluble matter, oxygen releasing capacity and pH. Two natural cleansing agents viz. Areetha and Shikakai were tested for the same parameters. Bacterial cultures were isolated from detergent-rich soil in Dhobighat, Mumbai and used to study detergent degradation over a period of time. Methylene Blue Photometric Assay was used to estimate the reduction in active detergent matter.Result and Conclusion: Areetha and Shikakai were found effective as detergents but with certain limitations. Degradation was seen in the commercial detergents over a period of time.

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TSUJI, Michiko, and Masako SAITO. "Ingredients and Detergency of Commercial Laundry Detergents in Japan and United States." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 46, no. 11 (1997): 1383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1996.46.1383.

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Bianchetti, Giulia O., Carolyn L. Devlin, and Kenneth R. Seddon. "Bleaching systems in domestic laundry detergents: a review." RSC Advances 5, no. 80 (2015): 65365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05328e.

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Him, Nik Raikhan Nik, and Nurul Shafika Azmi. "Potential of a Novel Thermotolerant Lipase Bacillus stearothermophilus nr22 (Lip.nr-22) as Additive in High Temperature Operated-Neutral pH Liquid Detergent." Key Engineering Materials 735 (May 2017): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.735.136.

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Enzyme-added detergent must have the capability to operate at high temperature to support the enzyme proteins to clean soiled-fabrics at optimum conditions. Lipase from Bacillus stearothermophilus nr22 (Lip.nr-22) has improved the oil removal from soiled-cotton fabric by 38.8-51.4% in 4 types of local commercial detergents. The later was the oil removal from an unrevealed detergent. The optimum conditions were 108U/ml Lip.nr-22 in 0.1M, pH 7.0, washing temperature and washing time interval as 80°C and 40 min, respectively; shaking wash at 300 rpm and percentage of detergent concentration as 0.5. Lip.nr-22 is a very potential enzyme in high temperature-neutral pH operated laundry detergent formulations. It has exhibited a very excellent thermostability at 80°C, was very stable with surfactants, commercial detergents as well as with oxidizing agents (H2O2, NaBO3H2O and NaClO). Lip.nr-22 as additive in detergent formulation is a promise for better detergent formulation.

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Klint, Erik, and Gregory Peters. "Sharing is caring - the importance of capital goods when assessing environmental impacts from private and shared laundry systems in Sweden." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 6 (April 8, 2021): 1085–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01890-5.

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Abstract Purpose Previous studies on environmental impacts from domestic laundry have tended to focus solely on private washing machines and detergent. However, public procurement guidelines about the construction of laundry spaces may also be important. This article aims to expand the scope of previous work so that it also includes tumble drying and the building space. By doing this, we examine the potential for shared systems (which are common in Sweden) to reduce the environmental impacts of laundry activities, in comparison with consumer choices associated with machine operation (i.e., wash temperature and amount of detergent). Methods An LCA model was created using product information data from the European Union. Emissions from building use were taken from Swedish cradle-to-grave reports on energy-efficient buildings. The resulting model was run with additional sensitivity analysis of the variables, and the associated emissions from each of the scenarios were calculated. Results and discussion On average, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for private laundries in Sweden were estimated to be 190 g CO2 eq./kg laundry (washed and dried). If a shared laundry was used instead, the resulting emissions decreased by approximately 26%. The greatest contribution to GHG emissions was the use of detergent (22–33% of total emissions), followed by capital goods (11–38% of total emissions). Conclusion Deciding to construct shared laundries in newly built apartment buildings in Sweden, rather than in-unit machines, would reduce the emissions from domestic laundry for these tenants by approximately 26%. This is because materials used for manufacturing whitegoods, as well as the emissions associated with the building itself, play a much bigger role than previously thought. Additionally, since the cleaning efficiency of warm water and some of the components used in detergents rises with temperature, emissions from domestic laundering could for some consumers be reduced further by washing at higher temperature but with less detergent. This pattern could be seen in Sweden within regions with hard water, where the emissions from domestic laundry could be reduced by 6–12%.

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Deshmukh, A., B. Gogte, and M. Yenkie. "Liquid Laundry Detergents Based on Novel Polymeric Surfactants." International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2015): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2015/12459.

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NOGUCHI, Toshiharu. "The Progress of Laundry Powder Detergents in Japan." Oleoscience 8, no. 11 (2008): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.8.479.

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Paye, M., C. Block, N. Hamaide, G. E. Hüttmann, S. Kirkwood, C. Lally, P. H. Lloyd, P. Makela, H. Razenberg, and R. Young. "Antagonisms between Surfactants: The Case of Laundry Detergents." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 43, no. 6 (December 2006): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/113.100316.

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Lambert, P. M., M. J. Gillis, and A. M. Gourgue. "[Hydroxyethyllimidazoline derivatives as antistatic agents in laundry detergents." Zeolites 11, no. 3 (March 1991): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-2449(05)80261-1.

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Effkemann, Stefan, Ulrich Pinkernell, and Uwe Karst. "Peroxide analysis in laundry detergents using liquid chromatography." Analytica Chimica Acta 363, no. 1 (May 1998): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00040-3.

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Saouter, E. "Laundry Detergents: Cleaner Clothes and a Cleaner Environment." Corporate Environmental Strategy 9, no. 1 (February 2002): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1066-7938(01)00149-x.

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Okpokwasili, Gideon C., and Chigozie N. Nwabuzor. "Primary biodegradation of antionic surfactants in laundry detergents." Chemosphere 17, no. 11 (January 1988): 2175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(88)90165-8.

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Nehashi, T., S. Yabe, and F. Sai. "Powdered detergents for odor-free laundry dried outdoors." Zeolites 11, no. 2 (February 1991): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(91)80443-4.

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Read, Jennifer. "“Let us heed the voice of youth”: Laundry Detergents, Phosphates and the Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Ontario." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031109ar.

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Abstract This paper uses the 1960s detergent debate to examine the shift to environmental attitudes in Ontario. The first phase of the detergent issue began in 1963 and addressed excessive foaming in the province's water created by detergent residues. The Ontario Water Resources Commission ignored protest from municipal governments and allowed the manufacturers to resolve the problem on their own. In 1969, the environmental phase of the issue began when phosphate-based detergents were blamed for the dwindling quality of Great Lakes water. The appearance of strong advocacy groups, especially Pollution Probe from the University of Toronto, marked this stage. Pollution Probe used science and strong media relations to mobilise public support to ban phosphate-based detergents. The paper assesses the success of strategies employed during both phases of the debate and ties that to the emergence of environmental attitudes among the public.

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Li, H., Y. Wang, and Y. Hu. "Spectrometric Determination of Detergency of Laundry Detergents Using Sudan Red IV as Label." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 43, no. 6 (December 2006): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/113.100317.

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Rathinamoorthy, R. "Performance analysis of Polyvinylpyrrolidone." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-12-2018-0155.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the performance analysis of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) – Chitosan composite dye transfer inhibitor (DTI) for household laundry. The developed composite DTI is tested against different commercial dyes and detergent powders normally used in the household laundry for its performance. Design/methodology/approach The DTI article is tested for its performance against five commercial dyes and five commercial detergent compositions. The dye re-deposition behaviour of the control fabric was measured in terms of the colour difference (ΔE) values. The influence of PVP on the washing efficiency of detergent was evaluated against tea, coffee and juice stains. Findings The results showed that there is an excellent performance of the developed product noted in terms of DTI performance against reactive, basic and sulfur dyes. The DTI product showed a significantly (p<0.05) less performance against acid and direct dyes. There is no significant differences noted in the stain removal efficiency of the detergent in the presence of PVP in the wash liquor (p>0.05). Originality/value The usage of DTI polymer in the household laundry has no significant influence on the detergents performance in terms of stain removing efficiency. The DTI polymer’s function in the wash liquor depends up on the type of polymer used, as they are sensitive to the type of detergent compositions used and the type of dyes bleeds in the wash liquor.

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Shafran, A. W., A. Gross, Z. Ronen, N. Weisbrod, and E. Adar. "Effects of surfactants originating from reuse of greywater on capillary rise in the soil." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2005): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0690.

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Greywater is all domestic wastewater excluding toilet effluents. Detergents contain surfactants, which account for the highest concentration of organic chemicals in average domestic wastewater. Accumulation of surfactants in greywater-irrigated soils was determined in three household gardens. The effect of surfactants on capillary rise in loess and sand was then tested in the range of concentrations found in the garden soils. The capillary rise of freshwater in sieved oven-dried soil mixed with different concentrations of laundry detergent solution (10% w/w moisture content) was determined. In a second setup, the soil was mixed with freshwater and the rising solution contained different concentrations of detergent solution. The introduction of laundry solution to the soils caused a significant decrease in the capillary rise over the range of concentrations that is found in greywater-irrigated soils. The effect was more noticeable in the sand than in the loess. Interestingly, in the second setup, the capillary rise of the laundry solutions in the sand was almost similar to that of freshwater, whereas in the loess the capillary rise was significantly reduced. It is suggested that accumulation of surfactants in the soil might form water repellent soils that have a significant effect on agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.

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Laitala, K., and H. Mollan Jensen. "Cleaning Effect of Household Laundry Detergents at Low Temperatures." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 47, no. 6 (November 2010): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/113.110096.

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Dreja, Michael, Inga Vockenroth, Nicole Plath, Christine Schneider, and Erika Martinez. "Formulation, Performance and Sustainability Aspects of Liquid Laundry Detergents." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 51, no. 2 (March 17, 2014): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/113.110289.

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Karsa, David R. "The development of household laundry detergents in Western Europe." Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics 20, no. 1 (October 23, 2008): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1990.tb00075.x.

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Berry, G., J. M. Marynowski, and K. W. Kinne. "Perfume-containing capsules with good flowability for laundry detergents." Zeolites 15, no. 2 (February 1995): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(95)90097-7.

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CAO, Ling-Xian. "Phytotoxicity and oxidative stress of laundry detergents on maize." Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture 20, no. 3 (March 16, 2012): 384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2012.00384.

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King, Margaret M., and Evelyn M. Sabino. "An Overview of the Use of XRD as a Tool in the Total Analysis of Powdered Household Laundry Detergents." Advances in X-ray Analysis 33 (1989): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800019911.

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Manufacturers of household laundry products and laundry detergent builders want to know the exact formularies used in prospective customers' and competitive product lines. No convenient source exists for this information because published formularies are numerous and differ widely, (See Table 1.)

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Fergusson, Stanley MacArthur, and Rajiv Padhye. "The effect of domestic laundry detergents on the light fastness of certain reactive dyes on 100% cotton." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 6 (February 28, 2018): 1105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518760751.

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This study presents findings on the effect of several domestic laundry detergents on the fastness to light of selected fiber reactive dyes applied to cotton. Cotton fabric dyed with commonly used reactive dyes were laundered with water only, several domestic detergents, and a laboratory-formulated neutral detergent, and then exposed to light for 2 h in the wet state. Exposures were repeated 15 times, equivalent to 30 h of exposure. Color loss and color difference were measured after 5, 10, and 15 wash cycles, and 10 h, 20 h, and 30 h of exposure. When the fabric was exposed to light wet, the color faded more rapidly than when it was exposed dry. The presence of an oxidizing bleach (sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate) in the detergent increased color loss during washing and wet exposure to light. Ultraviolet radiation from the light source, heat, moisture, alkali, and oxidizing bleach during exposure resulted in hydrolysis of the dye–fiber bond, causing dye desorption during washing and rinsing. The combination of ultraviolet radiation and oxidizing bleaches altered the chemistry of the dye and hence its shade. This was particularly evident on the black dye and one of the navy blue dyes.

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